= Fourth Edition Microprocessors and Microcomputers Hardware and Software Ronald J. Tocci Monroe Community College Frank J. Ambrosio Monroe Community College Lester P Laskowski University of Texas Medical Branch PRENTICE HALL Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, OhioLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data occ, Ronald Microprocessors and microcomputers: haniware and software / Ronald J Toc, Frank Ambrosio, Lester P. Laskowski he Pom Includes index. ISBN 0-13-235056-4 LMicroprocesson. 2. Microcomputers. 1. Ambrosio, Frank I Laskowski, Lester P. ll Tit, Qai6s 386 1997 104, 16—dc20 96-23742 cP Buitor: Charles E. Stewart, I. Production Editor: Mary Harlan Production Coordination; WordCrafters Editorial Designer: Linda Zk Cover Designer: Rod Harris, Production Manager: Patricia A. Tonneman Marketing Manager: Debbie Yarnell Illustrations: Diphrent Strokes, Cover photo: Superstock This book was set in Times Roman by The Clarinda Company and was printed and bound by R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color Corp. © 1997, 1987, 1982, 1979 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. ZZE Simon & Schuster! Viacom Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 {All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writin from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 109) eet) onsuaeanzel| ISBN 0-13-23594b-4 Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Ply. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall Canada Ine., Toronto Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A., Mexico Preatice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of Japan, Ine., Tokyo Simon & Schuster Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Lida., Rio de JaneiroPreface ‘This book was written to provide a comprehensible introduction to microprocessors and. microcomputers for a broad range of readers. It can serve as a textbook in electronic tech- nology, computer technology, and computer science programs from the vocational school to four-year college level, It can also be used by computer hobbyists as well as practicing technicians and engineers. A significant portion of the text requires a basic knowledge of digital principles and circuits. For this reason, a comprehensive review of this material is presented in the first three chapters to help those readers who have only a minimal back- ground or who have been away from the field for a while. The major philosophy that has been followed in this book is that the principles and techniques of microprocessors and microprocessor-based systems are the most important concepts to understand, and it is not necessary to survey the whole field of available mi- croprocessors and microprocessor applications. We believe that the best pedagogical ap- proach is to use a currently popular, powerful, yet easy-to-understand microprocessor chip as the vehicle for teaching these concepts. We also believe that since 8-bit microprocessors are simple and easy to understand, this makes them an appropriate choice for an introdue- tory textbook. As such, for this new edition we have chosen t0 use the 68HCI1 micro- processor as that vehicle (replacing the obsolete 6502 of the earlier editions). The 68HC11 is one of the most powerful and flexible 8-bit microprocessors in general use, and it con- tains all of the elements and features that need to be part of an introduction to micro- processors and microprocessor applications. Everything the reader learns and understands using this representative device can be readily transferred to other microprocessors and ap- plications, including the more complex 16-bit and 32-bit devices. This fourth edition retains all of the valuable learning aids of the previous editions, including (1) extensive use of clearly explained illustrative examples to provide immediate reinforcement; (2) clear, uncluttered diagrams to enhance the understanding of the written. ‘material; (3) liberal use of flowcharts; (4) glossaries of important terms at the end of each chapter for easy review of chapter contents; (5) more than 400 end-of-chapter questions and problems of varied complexity; and (6) an extensive appendix containing a detailed description of each of the 68HCI1's available instructions.This edition represents an exter sive updating and revision of the last edition. The 68HCI is used as the representative microprocessor in all presentations, discussions, ex- amples, and applications. In addition to this major change, there are other substantial im- provements, Here is the list by chapter. All Chapters. Addition of instructional objectives. Chapter 1 Chapter 2. Chapter 3 Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Chapter 9 Addition of topics of negation and overflow. Considerable expansion of data bus concepts and operation. Expansion and updating of all memory types. Addition of flash memory. Increased coverage of DRAM operation and refreshing, Addition of topics of microprogramming, microcontrollers, and assem- blers. Addition of material on reset operation, on-chip memory and /O ports, and 4K pages. Expansion of two-operand ALU operations. Addition of material on MPU reset operation including Computer Operating Properly (COP) Re- set and Clock Monitor Reset, Addition of multiplication and division instructions. Addition of on-chip timer system. Expansion of programmed time intervals. Inclusion of on-chip A/D converter system. Addition of wide range of on-chip control registers, Expansion of material on Baud rate, synchronous communication, RS 232-C standard, and modems. Addition of material on 68HCI1's on- chip serial communication system, and on the Centronics printer inter- face, We wish to thank those who reviewed the manuscript for this edition: Howard Atwell, Fullerton College; Phillipe Cauvet, Bramson O RT Technical Institute; Donald C, Davis, ITT Technical Institute; James C. Graves, Jr., Indian River Community College: Shahram Latifi, University of Nevada; and Mohammad Dabbas, ITT Technical Institute We are also grateful for the valuable comments and suggestions from users of previous editions. Many of these contributions have been incorporated into this revision. We hope that this new edition with its updating and improvements and its new microprocessor has retained the same style, approach, and clarity that has made previous editions so well ac- cepted by instructors, students, and other users PREFACEContents > 1 NUMBER SYSTEMS AND CODES 1 LL Digital Number Systems, 2 12 Codes, 10 13° Binary Arithmetic, 14 1.4 Addition Using Signed Numbers, 18 1.5 Subtraction in the 2's-Complement System, 20 1.6 Multiplication of Binary Numbers, 21 1.7 Binary Division, 22 1.8 Hexadecimal Arithmetic, 23 > 2 DIGITAL CIRCUITS 28 2.1 Parallel and Serial Transmission, 29 2.2 Logic Gates, 30 23. Tri-State (Three-State) Logic, 32 2.4 Flip-Flops, 33 25 Clock Signals, 34 2.6 Clocked Flip-Flops, 36 2.7 Synchronous and Asynchronous FF Inputs, 38 2.8 Setup and Hold Times, 39 2.9 FF Registers, 40 2.10 IC Registers, 42 2.11 Data Busing, 45 2.12 Data Bus Operation, 46 2.13 Decoders, 54 2.14 Encoders, 56 2.15 Multiplexers (Data Selectors), 57 2.16 Arithmetic Circuits, 58> 3 MEMORY DEVICES 63 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3.10 BL 3.12 3.13 314 3.15 3.16 Memory Terminology, 65, General Memory Operation, 67 Read Only Memories, 69 ROM Architecture, 71 ROM Timing, 73 ‘Types of ROM, 74 Flash Memory, 82 ROM Applications, 86 ‘Semiconductor RAMs, 89 RAM Architecture, 89 Static RAM, 92 Dynamic RAM, 95 Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation, 96 DRAM READAWRITE Cycles, 101 DRAM Refreshing, 104 Expanding Word Size and Capacity, 105 > 4 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 119 41 42 43 44 4s 46 47 48 49 4.10 4a 412 413 414 415 4.16 47 ‘What Can Computers Do?, 120 How Do Computers Think?, 122 How Many Kinds of Computers Are There?, 124 Basic Computer Structure, 125 Microprocessors, 129 Computer Words, 129 Binary Data Words, 129 Coded Data Words, 131 Instruetion Words, 132 ‘The 68HCI1 MPU—A Simplified Version, 137 Executing a Program, 141 Jump and Branch Instructions, 145, Hardware, Software, and Firmware, 148 Programming Languages—Machine Language, 148 Assembly Language, 150 High-Level Languages, 152 Flowcharts, 154 > 5 MICROCOMPUTER STRUCTURE AND OPERATION 164 51 52 53 54 55 56 Microcomputer Elements, 165 Why MPs and wCs?, 166 Microcomputer Architecture, 168 READ and WRITE Timing, 174 Bus Activity During Program Execution, 178 MPU Address Space Allocation, 182 CONTENTS