End-to-end IP Service Quality and Mobility

- Lecture #6 Special Course in Networking Technology S-38.215 [Link]@[Link]

Vilho Risnen

Planned contents & draft schedule

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Introduction Characteristics of mobile applications Service quality requirement characterizations Challenges of mobile environment Mobility and QoS in GPRS Mobility and QoS in 3GPP systems Mobility and QoS with Mobile IP Mobile IP QoS enhancements Edge mobility Inter-system mobility End-to-end QoS management Summary
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Jan 13th Jan 20th Jan 27th Feb 3rd Feb 10th Feb 17th Feb 24th (Mar 3rd) (Mar 10th) (Mar 17th) (Mar 31st) (Apr 7th)

Dates in parentheses to be confirmed

Agenda
Taxonomy of 3rd generation systems Design principles of 3GPP systems WCDMA RAN 3GPP QoS model IMS QoS Summary

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Goals of this lecture

Types of 3rd generation systems Understanding of 3GPP 3rd generation systems Design principles Architecture WCDMA RAN (UTRAN) 3GPP QoS model IMS

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Taxonomy of 3rd generation systems

ITU-R 3rd generation radio interfaces: IMT 2000 WCDMA 3GPP EDGE cdma2000 3GPP systems use WCDMA and EDGE ETSI, ANSI-TI, ARIB, TTC, TTA, CWTS 3GPP2 systems use cdma2000 ARIB, TTC, TR.45, TTA Other fora: [Link]: core network IP focus MWIF: functional architecture studies
[Holma, Toskala]
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3GPP releases
R99 UTRAN: WCDMA R4 IP transport extension R5: GERAN Iu mode IMS support R6: WLAN interworking

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3GPP design philosophy

Targets: Multi-service support also for RT services
Delay Reliability

High spectral efficiency UTRA: UE and RAN redesigned Can interface both to GSM-like CS and PS core networks. End user services are supported using bearers, the properties of which are negotiated with the network. Connection set-up During connection Hide as much of mobility from CN as possible.
[Holma, Toskala / Wisely et al.]
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User perspective
Envisioned end user service types on 3rd generation schedule: Conferencing (includes telephony)
Voice conferencing Video conferencing

Streamed content
Audio Video

Interactive applications
Web browsing Network games

Background
Background downloading
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UMTS network architecture

Other PLMN MSC GMSC

IP domain UE Nobe B RNC HLR

GGSN

GRE Other GPRS domain

SGSN

UTRAN

CN
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Rles of network elements in UMTS

UE: capable of managing PDP contexts. Node B: convert data between radio interface (Uu) and UTRAN (Iub); participate to radio resource management. RNC: manage radio resources and handovers, act as a service access point towards CN for all UTRAN services, QoS. SGSN: handles terminal mobility and authentication, radio and GPRS QoS, temporary storage of subscription data. GGSN: edge router for GPRS, IP address allocation, GPRS QoS. HLR: stores subscriber data, including QoS profile.

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Mobility management in UMTS

UE states Detached PMM-connected PMM-idle Soft handover possible mobiles communicating via multiple Node Bs simultaneously. RNC manages topological diversity under Node Bs belonging to it. RNC can directly communicate with another RNC (serving / drift RNC). SGSN tracks mobility of UE at the granularity of RNC. RNC relocation message to SGSN (or MSC).
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UMTS bearers
UMTS bearer service defines service performance between UE and GGSN. UMTS bearer is requested by UE. UMTS bearer makes use of bearers beneath it. Bearer mapping is not standardized.
[23.107]
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UMTS TE MT UTRAN CN Iu EDGE NODE CN Gateway TE

End-to-End Service

TE/MT Local Bearer Service

UMTS Bearer Service

External Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service

CN Bearer Service

Radio Bearer Service

Iu Bearer Service

Backbone Bearer Service

UTRA FDD/TDD Service

Physical Bearer Service

Design principles of 3GPP QoS

Derivation of QoS attributes from application requirements shall be simple. QoS definitions shall be future proof. QoS has to be provided end-to-end. QoS mechanism have to allow efficient use of radio capacity. Allow evolution of UMTS network. Allow for independent evolution of core and access networks. UMTS shall provide for session-based QoS with possibility for asymmetric bearers on peer-to-peer basis between UE and gateway node.
[23.107]
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3GPP QoS profile

Traffic class ('conversational', 'streaming', 'interactive', 'background') Maximum bit rate (kbps) Guaranteed bit rate (kbps) Delivery order (y/n) Maximum SDU size (octets) SDU format information (bits) SDU error ratio Residual bit error ratio Delivery of erroneous SDUs (y/n/-) Transfer delay (ms) Traffic handling priority Allocation/Retention Priority Source statistics descriptor (speech/unknown)
[23.107]
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Value ranges for UMTS bearer

Traffic class Maximum bitrate (kbps) Delivery order Maximum SDU size (octets) SDU format information Delivery of erroneous SDUs Residual BER SDU error ratio Transfer delay (ms) Guaranteed bit rate (kbps) Traffic handling priority Allocation/Retention priority Source statistic descriptor 1,2,3 Speech/unknown 1,2,3 Speech/unknown Conversational class < 2 048 (1) (2) Yes/No <=1 500 or 1 502 (4) (5) Yes/No/- (6) 5*10-2, 10-2, 5*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 100 maximum value < 2 048 (1) (2) Streaming class < 2 048 (1) (2) Yes/No <=1 500 or 1 502 (4) (5) Yes/No/- (6) 5*10-2, 10-2, 5*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6 10-1, 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 250 maximum value < 2 048 (1) (2) 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 Yes/No/- (6) 4*10-3, 10-5, 6*10-8 (7) 10-3, 10-4, 10-6 Yes/No/- (6) 4*10-3, 10-5, 6*10-8 (7) 10-3, 10-4, 10-6 Interactive class < 2 048 - overhead (2) (3) Yes/No <=1 500 or 1 502 (4) Background class < 2 048 - overhead (2) (3) Yes/No <=1 500 or 1 502 (4)

[23.107]

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GERAN
GERAN can interface both to GPRS and UMTS core networks. Terminal must operate either in GPRS mode (A/Gb mode) or UMTS mode (Iu mode).

MS

Um

BTS

BSC
BTS BSS Iur-g BTS Iu-ps Gb A Iu-cs

BSC
BTS BSS GERAN GSM/UMTS Core Network

[43.051]
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Secondary PDP context

In GPRS R97/98, simultaneous use of applications with different QoS requirements requires two different PDP contexts two different PDP addresses (APNs) 3GPP R99 secondary PDP context allows differentiated QoS under one APN. Traffic Flow Template (TFT) controls which traffic is mapped to secondary PDP context
[Wisely et al.]
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Valid combination types Packet filter attribute Source address Protocol number (IPv4) / Next header (IPv6) Single destination port (or port range) Single source port (or port range) IPsec Security Parameter Index (SPI) Type Of Service (TOS) in IPv4 / Traffic Class in IPv6 Flow Label (IPv6) X I X X X X X X X X II X X II I X

Secondary PDP context example

Britney wants to browse the home page of Trio Niskalaukaus. Terminal opens a (primary) PDP context to an APN for WAP browsing. Interactive traffic class. Britney clicks a link for watching an advertisement for Trios new song. UE activates a secondary PDP context. Streaming traffic class. Media stream of streamed video is mapped to the secondary PDP context using TFT. Same APN can be used for both browsing and streaming.

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UMTS QoS details

Air interface QoS controlled by Radio Resource Management Admission control Power control Code management Packet scheduling Handover control In 3GPP R4, IP transport can extend up to RNC. IP transport bearers can be managed with same principles as in GPRS. Interworking towards external networks as with GPRS. R5: linking of SIP session QoS to 3GPP QoS possible.
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3GPP QoS management functions

TE MT
Transl. Local Service Control Adm./Cap. Control

UTRAN
Adm./Cap. Control

CN EDGE
Adm./Cap. Control Subscr. Control

Gateway
Adm./Cap. Control Transl.

Ext. Netw.
Ext. Service Control

Control layer

UMTS BS Manager

RAB Manager

UMTS BS Manager

UMTS BS Manager

Local BS Manager

Radio BS Manager UTRA ph. BS M

Radio BS Manager UTRA ph. BS M

Iu BS Manager Iu NS Manager

Adm. Iu BS Contr Manager

CN BS Manager BB NS Manager

CN BS Manager BB NS Manager

Ext. BS Manager

Iu NS Manager

protocol interface

service primitive interface

User layer

TE

MT

UTRAN

CN EDGE

Gateway

Ext. Netw.

Class if Cond. Cond. Mapper Resource Manager Mapper Resource Manager Resource Manager

Class if Cond. Mapper Resource Manager

Local BS

Resource Manager

Resource Manager

External BS

UTRA phys. BS

Iu network service

BB network service

data flow with indication of direction

[23.107]

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IP Multimedia Subsystem
3GPP R5 brings with it support for SIP services in IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Call State Control Function (CSCF) = SIP proxy. Service signalling between CSCF and UE takes place using SIP. UE activates a suitable bearer for the SIP session.
Service Platform Home Network

Serving CSCF

Mw P-CSCF Gm UE Home/ Visited Network

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IMS QoS authorization

GGSN does not participate to SIP signalling. GGSN authorizes QoS for SIP session from Policy Control Function (PCF). PCF has received SDP session parameters from PCSCF, creates authorization token. UE uses token in opening PDP context.

P-CSCF

SIP

PCF

GGSN Home Network

UE

3GPP

[23.207]
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R5 example: SIP telephone call

Terminal contacts P-CSCF with the SIP identifier of the remote end (B subscriber). Terminals and SIP proxies negotiate codec parameters (SDP). P-CSCF sends SDP information to PCF and gets back authorization token. P-CSCF sends authorization token to UE. UE sends authorization token to GGSN when activating PDP context. GGSN checks PDP contexts from PCF using authorization token. PCF authorizes QoS parameters.

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Summary
3G R99 is based on GPRS core network. Radio interfaces: WCDMA, EDGE. WCDMA Radio Access Network (RAN) handles more of the mobility than in GPRS radio access network. Enhanced service quality support for packet traffic compared to GPRS. Conversational class Streaming class Secondary PDP context for better QoS differentiation. R5 brings support for SIP services for IMS.

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