An interview with

Mr.AdrianJoyce,
The Director of the Renovate
Europe Campaign
Vol ume: 49 I s s ue: 6 De c e mbe r 2012 www. r e hv a . e u
REHVA
Federation of
European Heating,
Ventilation and
Air Conditioning
Associations
The REHVA
European HVAC Journal
ENERGY EFFICIENT RENOVATION
Renovation experience from Hungary, Slovakia and Romania
Heat pumps in refurbishment of existing buildings

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REHVA.Guidebooks......Back.cover

Volume:49Issue:6December2012
Rehva BoaRd
President: MichaelSchmidt
President elect: KarelKabele
vice Presidents:
StefanoCorgnati
IoanSilviuDobosi
JarekKurnitski
ZoltnMagyar
BjarneW.Olesen
editoRial BoaRd - 2012
FrancisAllard,France
AhmetArsoy,Turkey
JanAufderheijde,theNetherlands
DerrickBraham,UK
MariannaBrodatch,Russia
VincencButala,Slovenia
FrancescaR.dAmbrosio,Italy
IoanSilviuDobosi,Romania
SignhildGehlin,Sweden
JaapHogeling,theNetherlands
KarelKabele,CzechRepublic
JarekKurnitski,Estonia
ZoltnMagyar,Hungary
EduardoMaldonado,Portugal
LivioMazzarella,Italy
RenatoMerati,Italy
BjarneW.Olesen,Denmark
DuanPetr,Slovakia
MichaelSchmidt,Germany
OlliSeppnen,Finland
JerzySowa,Poland
BranislavTodorovic,Serbia
MaijaVirta,Finland
General executive:SleymanBulak
editor-in-chief:OlliSeppnen
[email protected]
associate editor:StefanoCorgnati,Italy
editorial assistant:CynthiaDespradel
Guest editor:MarijaTodorovic
UniversityofBelgrade,Serbia
E-mail:[email protected]
adveRtisements
MsCynthiaDespradel
[email protected]
suBscRiPtions and
chanGes of addResses
REHVAOFFICE:
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1050Brussels,Belgium
Tel:32-2-5141171,Fax:32-2-5129062
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REHVA Journal is distributed in over 50 countries through the
Member Associations and other institutions. The views expressed
in the Journal are not necessarily those of REHVA or its members.
REHVA will not be under any liability whatsoever in respect of
contributed articles.
In cover Mr. Adrian Joyce, photo by OS
In the next issue of REHVA Journal
The REHVA
European HVAC Journal
Contents
Editorial
4 LargescaleRESintegrated
refurbishmentR&Disneeded
Marija Todorovi
5 NEws
iNtErviEws
18 InterviewwithMr.AdrianJoyce,TheDirec-
toroftheRenovateEuropeCampaign
21 InterviewwithMr.IsmoGrnroos-Saikkala,
HeadofSector,theEnergyEfficiencyUnit,
Directorate-GeneralforEnergy
articlEs
23 Nearly-zero,NetzeroandPlus
EnergyBuildingsHowdefinitions&
regulationsaffectthesolutions
Karsten Voss, Igor Sartori & Roberto Lollini
28 Useofbiofuelsinthedistrictheating
systemofRiga
Normunds Talcis & Egils Dzelztis
34 Energysavingpotentialbyretrofitting
residentialbuildingsinEurope
Cristina Becchio, Ilaria Ballarini,
Stefano P. Corgnati & Vincenzo Corrado
40 Energy-efficientrefurbishmentofpublic
buildingsinSerbia
Sanja Petrovi Beirovi & Mileva Vasi
45 Heatpumpsinrefurbishmentofexisting
buildings
Renato Lazzarin, Filippo Busato & Marco Noro
50 Calculatedandmeasuredenergyuse
beforeandafterthermalrenovationfor
Romanianapartmentbuildings
Silviana Brata, Ioan Bistran,
Ioan Silviu Dobos & Sorin Brata
casE studiEs
54 Effectofrefurbishmentonthermal
comfortandenergyuseinresidential
multifamilybuilding
Hana Pustayov & Duan Petr
58 EnergyEfficientRefurbishmentof
HospitalBuildingsinHungary
Zoltn Magyar
rEHva world
62 FinnBuild2012asuccessfulshowcase
fortheFinnishconstructionindustry
PublicatioNs
64 VDI-Guidelinespublished
OctoberDecember2012
67 CIBSEsKnowledgePortalagreatsuccess
68 ImportantCIBSEtitlespublishedin2012
Product NEws
69 TrailblazingBelimoEnergyValve
knowswheretheenergyisused
70 CIATsuppliesairconditioningintothe
nationallibraryinUzbekistan
74 EvENts iN 2012 2014
www.rehva.eu
Theme: Air tightness of building envelope and air ducts...
Guest.Editor:.Dr. Rmi Carri,.Senior.Consultant.from.INIVE...
Email:[email protected]
Send.the.manuscripts.of.articles.for.the.journal.to.oseppanen@rehva.eu
B
uilding. sector. not.
only. has. the. larg-
est. potential. for. re-
duction. of. GHG. emis-
sions,. but. also. that. poten-
tial. is. relatively. independ-
ent. of. the. cost. per. ton. of.
CO
2
. eqv.. achieved.. In. ad-
dition. to. the. energy. con-
sumed.during.the.building.
operation,. energy. is. used.
for. building. materials. and.
component.manufacturing,.
as.well.as.for.buildings.con-
struction. (embodied. ener-
gy).. Embodied. energy. in.
existing.buildings.(percent-
age.of.which.the.highest).is.
clear.evidence.that.the.larg-
est. energy. savings. can. be.
achieved. by. the. refurbish-
ment.of.the.existing.build-
ings,.particularly.residential.
(highest. percentage. of. the.
existing).
Energy.related.impacts.of.buildings.must.be.considered.
in.their.life-cycle.analysis.focusing.all.factors.relevant.to.
energy. use,. GHG. emissions,. and. implementing. a. ho-
listic.approach.to.determine.and.analyze.total.building.
performance:.energy.flows.and.interactions.between.the.
different.technical.systems.of.buildings..HVAC&R.and.
other. technical. systems,. as. well. as. a. multiple-domain.
comfort.and.IEQ.(thermal,.light,.air.quality,.acoustics,.
noise,.ionizing.and.electromagnetic.radiation,.etc.).
Beside,. a. series. of. actions. towards. Energy. Efficiency.
Improvement.and.Renewable.Energy.Sources,.conduct-
ed.by.the.professionals,.national.and.international.or-
ganizations,.and.globally.intensive.media.attention,.as.
well. as. the. governmental. bodies. policies. on. the. ener-
gy. saving. measures. introduced. worldwide,. realization.
of. the. planned. activities. is. far. behind. the. predictions.
and.expectations..Consequently,.concerning.the.share.of.
buildings.in.the.final.energy.consumption,.and.related.
near.and.midterm.energy.saving.targets,.it.is.hard.to.ex-
pect.that.required.deep.energy.refurbishment,.planned.
by.the.corresponding.National.Energy.Efficiency.Action.
Plans. (NEEAPs),. can. be. realized. if. there. are. missing.
developed. of. industrial. scale. buildings. architecture.
and.construction.refurbishment.technologies.and.cor-
responding.integrally.harmonized.HVAC/RES.systems,.
and.engineering.technologies,.developed.and.validated.
based.on.the.relevant.R&D.results..To.reach.predicted.
energy.saving.targets.a.large.scale.building.energy.refur-
bishment.industry.has.to.be.developed.for.all.types.of.
buildings.
Energy. Refurbishment. Industry. . Buildings.
Refurbishment/HVAC/RES.industry.-.commercialized.
integrated. refurbishment. design. and. engineering. as. a.
whole. integrated. process. (including. codes. and. stand-
ards),.is.to.be.established..To.approach.this.goal.there.is.
a.need.for.financial.support.to.HVAC.and.construction.
industry.for.the.joint.R&D,.aimed.at.founding.large,.
industrial.scale.RES.integrated.refurbishment.technol-
ogies.and.systems.for.different.types.of.existing.build-
ings/HVAC.combinations,.including.related.design.and.
commercial.manufacturing.
Developed,.mature,.commercially.available.on.the.mar-
ket,. pre-constructed. HVAC/RES/HP. and/or. HVAC/
RES/DHS/HP. systems. and. unified. retrofitting. con-
struction.works.as.well.as.corresponding.mechanical.and.
electrical.subsystems.would.eliminate.important.techni-
cal.and.technological.barriers.to.spread.deep.energy.re-
furbishment.projects.conducted.integrally.with.decen-
tralized.solar,.wind,.ground.or.groundwater.source.HP.
implementation. at. the. building. level,. at. its. yard. and/
or.at.the.municipal.level..In.addition,.development.of.
the.specific.hardware.and.software.within.the.building/
HVAC. retrofitting. system. can. directly. increase. com-
petitiveness. of. related. HVAC,. heat. pumps. and. other.
RES.systems,.including.renovated/refurbished.Zero.and.
Energy. Plus. Buildings. and. smart-grid. optimal. intelli-
gent.control.systems.industry..
Large scale RES integrated
refurbishment R&D is needed
Marija Todorovic
Prof. Dr, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Fellow ASHRAE,
Fellow REHVA,
Associate Fellow of WAAS
Research Professor Center for
Sustainable Healthy Buildings,
Kyung Hee University, Korea
Permanent Guest Professor Southeast
University, School of Energy &
Environment, China
REHVA Journal December 2012
Editorial
EHI, the Association of the European Heating
Industry, appointed Ms. Federica sabbati
as its new Secretary General, starting on16
August 2012. Born in Trieste, Italy, Federica
Sabbati came to Brussels in 1997, initially
working in the European Parliament for the
young European liberals (LYMEC) and the
ELDR Party. In 2000, Federica joined Liberal
International, a London-based worldwide
organisation grouping liberal parties from
across the world. From 2007, Federica was
Secretary General of the European Liberal
Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR), the or-
ganisation representing liberal democrats
parties in Europe, based in Brussels. She holds
a university degree in International Relations
from the University of Trieste (Gorizia base),
Italy, and a Masters Degree in Russian and
Post Soviet Studies from the London School
of Economics.
R
EHVA. journal. had. an. opportunity. to. have. an.
interview.with.the.new.secretary.general.focus-
ing.on.some.important.questions.on.the.future.
developments.energy.efficient.heating.
Interview by Prof. Olli Seppnen, Editor-in Chief, REHVA Journal
How can the modern heating technology to
improve the energy efficiency of existing
buildings?
-.Renovating.the.EU.existing.heating.appliances.stock,.
made.predominantly.of.fossil.fuel.heaters.with.low.ef-
ficiency,. has. the. biggest. potential. and. is. the. most. ef-
fective.way.of.contributing.to.energy.saving.in.the.EU.
building. sector. and. the. achievement. of. the. 20/20/20.
energy.targets.
98%.of.EU.private.dwellings.have.a.fossil.fuel.heat.gen-
erator. (121. out. of. 122.4. million),. and. around. 89%.
of.those.are.non-efficient..Only.10%.(12.million).use.
condensing. technology. (best. available. technology. for.
gas. and. oil. heating. appliances). and. 1. million. (<. 1%).
European Heating Industry
appointed new Secretary General
EHI, the Association of the European Heating Industry,.
represents.and.promotes.the.common.interests.of.35.mar-
ket. leading. company. members. in. the. European. heating.
sector,. which. produce. advanced. technologies. for. heating.
in.buildings,.including:.boilers,.burners,.heat.pumps,.mi-
cro.CHP,.solar.thermal,.geothermal,.biomass.and.radiators..
In.addition,.members.comprise.13.national.industry.asso-
ciations. from. the. EU. Member. States,. Liechtenstein. and.
Switzerland..The.industry.invests.massively.in.research.and.
development.in.order.to.create.technically.advanced,.safe.
and.energy.efficient.heating.systems.
REHVA Journal December 2012
News
are.electrical.heat.pumps.or.micro-combined.heat.and.
power.(micro-CHP).
Only. replacing. an. old. fossil. fuel. boiler. by. a. modern.
condensing. appliance. will. realise. more. than. 20%. en-
ergy. saving.. In. this. context,. condensing. technology. is.
therefore.key.to.the.modernization.of.the.installed.stock,.
particularly.due.to.its.affordability.and.the.existing.in-
stallation.conditions.
The.further.development.of.the.heat.pump.and.micro-
CHP. markets. across. Europe. in. a. sustainable. way. are,.
of.course,.equally.important.to.improve.the.energy.ef-
ficiency.of.the.building.stock.
We,.in.EHI,.are.of.the.opinion.that.in.order.to.maximise.
the.energy.efficiency.potential,.the.right.solution.should.
be.chosen.for.every.situation,.taking.into.account.cost-
effectiveness,.heat.demand,.climatic.conditions,.physi-
cal.feasibility,.etc..The.key.lies.in.ensuring.the.efficient.
performance.of.the.heating.system.as.a.whole.(including.
heat.emission,.heat.distribution,.heating.controls).
EPBD expands the boiler inspections to
heating system inspections what are the
major savings which can be expected from
those inspections?
-. Directive. 2002/91/EC. provided. for. the. inspection.
of. boilers,. with. Directive. 2010/31/EU. this. has. ex-
tended.this.to.accessible.parts.of.heating.systems,.such.
as. the. heat. generator,. control. system. and. circulation.
pumps.
As.an.alternative.to.inspections.Member.States.may.opt.
to.provide.advice.to.users.concerning.the.replacement.
of.boilers,.other.modifications.to.the.heating.system.and.
alternative.solutions.to.assess.the.efficiency.and.appro-
priate.size.of.the.boiler..The.overall.impact.of.this.ap-
proach.should.be.equivalent.to.that.of.inspections..To.
my.knowledge.no.Member.State.has.provided.a.figure.or.
calculation.of.the.expected.energy.savings.from.inspec-
tions..It.would.also.be.very.difficult.to.do.so.
Regular.maintenance.involves.in.practice.regular.clean-
ing.of.soot.in.oil.fired.boilers.thus.ensuring.that.appli-
ances.function.correctly..For.gas.fired.appliances.there.is.
in.general.no.additional.gain.from.the.appliance.inspec-
tion.because.there.is.no.deterioration.of.their.efficiency.
by.any.deposits.of.soot.or.so.
In.the.same.way.there.is.little.to.be.gained.from.inspect-
ing.circulation.pumps,.they.either.function.or.they.dont.
in.which.case.they.would.need.to.be.replaced.and.this.
would.already.have.been.identified.by.the.owner.well.in.
advance.of.any.inspection.
For.the.control.system.it.may.be.a.different.issue,.if.the.
persons. carrying. out. the. inspection. would. also. assess.
and.calculate.the.heating.system.and.check.if.the.con-
trols.would.fit.in.the.most.optimal.manner.
Because.there.is.no.harmonised.calculation.methodol-
ogy.available,.it.is.very.difficult.to.check.or.compare.the.
statements.made.by.Member.States.
How can renewable sources combined
best with traditional heating systems and
boilers?
-. Several. solutions. are. available. on. the. market. at. the.
moment.. Perhaps. the. most. well. known. is. the. com-
bination. of. condensing. boiler. technology. with. solar.
thermal.systems,.for.space.heating.and.hot.water.pro-
duction..There.are.multiple.advantages.to.using.such.
a. system.. It. is. an. affordable. solution,. contributes. to.
reduction.of.CO
2
.and.other.emissions,.it.is.easy.to.in-
stall. and. extremely. flexible. (both. for. new. build. and.
retrofit,.can.be.part.of.a.new.installation.or.an.add-on.
to.an.existing.system).
A.heating.system.with.great.potential.for.the.future.is.
also.the.combination.between.electrical.heat.pumps.and.
condensing. boilers,. what. we. call. a. hybrid. heat. pump.
system..This.kind.of.solution.is.meant.to.maximise.the.
advantages.of.both.technologies.and.is.a.further.proof.
that.the.industry.drive.is.to.go.beyond.the.energy.effi-
ciency.of.individual.appliances.
What are the most important opportunities
for EHI in the near future?
One.of.the.most.important.tasks.of.EHI.is.the.follow.up.
the. regulations. and. development. horizontal. activities..
We.feel.that.there.is.lack.of.consistency.between.DGs.
which.reduces.the.productivity.and.increases.the.cost..
Too.rapid.changes.in.policy.and.regulation.will.reduce.
the.predictability.and.increase.the.over-all.cost.
We.follow.closely.the.technical.development.of.micro.
generation,. heat. pump. technology. with. combination.
of. boilers.. However,. the. real. challenge. and. an. oppor-
tunity. is. the. renovation. of. heating. systems. of. existing.
buildings..We.see.also.heating.system.inspection.as.an.
increasing.opportunity.to.promote.the.energy.efficient.
technology.of.our.members..
REHVA Journal December 2012
News
Lindab
T
he. purpose. of. this. Memorandum. of.
Understanding.(MoU).is.to.strengthen.the.re-
lationship.between.REHVA.and.SHASE.and.to.
promote.substantial.and.tangible.actions.to.increase.the.
cooperation.between.the.two.associations.
REHVA. President,. Professor. Michael. Schmidt. and.
the. President. of. SHASE,. Shinsuke. Kato,. have. signed.
a. Memorandum. of. Understanding. in. Lyngby. to. pro-
mote. communication. and. information. exchange. be-
tween. the. two. organizations..This. agreement. aims. to.
boost.the.knowledge.of.standard.development.activities.
in.Japan.and.in.Europe..The.MoU.will.strengthen.the.
cooperation.which.has.included.the.translation.of.four.
REHVA.Guidebooks.(GB.1.Displacement.ventilation,.
GB.2.Ventilation.efficiency,.GB.6.Indoor.climate.and.
productivity.and.GB.10.CFD).in.Japanese.
The.Memorandum.stresses.the.need.to.develop.and.har-
monize. Japanese,. European. and. international. stand-
ards.on.heating,.ventilation.and.air.conditioning..Such.
common. standards. are. important. to. an. improvement.
of.health,.comfort.and.energy.efficiency.in.all.buildings.
and.communities,.events,.trainings.
Potential.future.activities.foreseen.within.the.framework.
of.the.Memorandum.include.the.following:
Promotion.of.the.co-operation.between.SHASE.
and.REHVA.technical.committees..Several.
REHVA.Guidebooks.will.be.translated.in.the.
near.future.by.SHASE.
Encourage.participation.at.official.meetings.of.
both.organizations.
Promote.the.knowledge.of.standard.development.
activities.in.Japan.and.in.Europe.
From left to right, Prof. Bjarne olesen (REHVAVice-President),
Prof.michael schmidt(REHVApresident),shinsuke Kato(SHASE
president)andJan aufderheijde(REHVASecretaryGeneral).
Established in 1917, SHASE, The Society of Heating, Air
Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan, is a major
organization with a history of over 90 years. It is also the
only scientific society in the field of air conditioning and
sanitary engineering in Japan with more than 16 000 in-
dividual members and 500 company members. It main
objective is to develop the science of building mechani-
cal service system and environmental engineering in-
cluding heating, ventilation, air conditioning and sanitary
engineering through education, publication, research,
collaboration, standard and qualifying examination.
SHASE
On August 4th 2012, at the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby a Memorandum
of Understanding was signed by the Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning Associations (REHVA) and the Society of Heating, Air Conditioning and Sanitary
Engineers of Japan (SHASE).
REHVA.has.signed.several.memorandums.of.understand-
ings.with.other.international.organisations.in.the.field.of.
heating,.ventilation.and.air.conditioning.such.as.ASHRAE,.
IIR,.AIVC,.INIVE,.CCHVAC.and.ISHRAE.
REHVA signed MoU for cooperation
with a Japanese organisation
REHVA Journal December 2012
News
AHRI
AHRI REHVA ADcmykOUTLINES.indd 1 8/27/12 3:20 PM
G
lobal. demand. for. HVAC. equipment. will.
rise.6.2%.annually.through.2014..The.Asia-
Pacific.Region.will.outpace.the.world.aver-
age,. led. by. China. and. India.. A. rapidly. progressing.
building.and.infrastructure.industry.in.India.contrib-
utes.about.20%.to.the.growth.of.the.countrys.econo-
my..This.industry.is.now.heading.towards.generating.
Green.Projects.which.are.environment-friendly..In.
a.pursuit.to.do.this,.the.industry.is.adopting.the.use.
of. environment. friendly. construction. materials. and.
equipments.
The.rapid.rise.in.the.demand.for.growth.and.distribu-
tion.of.fresh.foods.and.vegetables.across.the.globe.has.
been.the.prime.factor.for.increasing.investments.in.the.
cold.chain.industry..There.is.now.demand.for.energy.
efficiency,.better.technology.and.convenience.in.cold.
chain.and.its.management..The.latest.reports.show.that.
better.energy.efficiency.means.lesser.power.consump-
tion.and.increased.output,.with.minimal.pollution.
Such. increase. in. the. demand. for. HVAC&R. equip-
ments.and.technology.with.green.solutions.has.moti-
vated.Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE). with. the.
professional. expertise. of. UBM. India. to. present. the.
14
th
edition of ACREX India. ACREX India 2013.
with.the.theme.Dedicated to an eco-friendly envi-
ronment will be held at the Bombay Convention
& Exhibition Centre, Goregaon, Mumbai from
7
th
to 9
th
March 2013.. REHVA,. the. Federation. of.
European.HVAC.Associations.is.one.of.the.support-
ers.of.the.exhibition.
REHVA. Journal. will. publish. a. special. issue. for. the.
ACREX. exhibition. to. introduce. European. technol-
ogy. in. India. focusing. on. the. products. of. REHVA.
Supporters.. REHVA. will. also. organise. five. training.
sessions. during. ACREX. on. solar. shading,. kitchen.
ventilation,.air.distribution,.surface.cooling,.and.air.
conditioning.. REHVA. is. also. preparing. a. seminar.
with. EC.DG.ENERGY. and. ISHRAE. on. European.
and.Indian.energy.regulations.
ACREX.India.2013.will.present.over.350.global.ex-
hibitors.spread.over.an.exhibition.space.of.10,000.sq.
mt.and.will.see.participation.from.20.countries.and.
attract. 20,000. trade. visitors.. The. 14
th
. edition. of.
ACREX.India.will.also.offer.the.industry.an.oppor-
tunity.to.learn,.interact.and.network.at.the.three.in-
teractive.panel.discussions,.six.technical.seminars.and.
eight.workshops..The.panel.discussions,.seminars.and.
workshops.will.be.addressed.by.global.experts.in.the.
field. of. HVAC&R. equipments,. their. management,.
safety,.sustainability.and.the.allied.building.services.
The.event.will.showcase.a.wide.range.of.HVAC&R.
equipments,. technology. and. services.. Some. of. the.
product.categories.at.the.show.are:.Packaged.Chillers,.
Air. Handling. &. Distribution. Products,. Unitary.
Products.(Air.Conditioners),.Products.(Refrigeration),.
Refrigeration. Accessories,. Water. Distribution,.
Electricals,. Services,. Contractors,. Ventilation.
Equipments,.etc..The.event.will.offer.an.opportuni-
ty.for.the.entire.HVAC&R.industry.to.network.and.
establish.strategic.business.alliances.with.global.real.
estate. developers. and. builders,. Architects,. Interior.
Designers,. MEP. consultants,. Engineering. compa-
nies,. Project. Managers,. After. Sales. &. Maintenance.
Contractors,. Facility. Managers,. End. users. from. the.
private.and.public.sector.for.Residential,.Commercial.
and.Industrial.Buildings..
ACREX India 2013:
Showcasingthe
HVACandRefrigeration
industrysprogresstowards
aneco-friendlyenvironment
ACREX_India2013_Advert_21x29.7cms_4REHVA.indd 1 15-11-2012 12:27:53
REHVA Journal December 2012 10
News
largest iee supported project
The.iSERVcmb.project.has.now.completed.18.months.
of.its.3.year.funded.period..It.has.already.achieved.some.
notable.outputs.and.impacts.including:
A.sophisticated.stand-alone.spreadsheet.suitable.
for.collating.and.understanding.HVAC.systems.in.
new.and.existing.buildings..This.spreadsheet.has.
been.endorsed.by.CIBSE.and.REHVA.as.meeting.
professional.standards.for.this.purpose.
The.on-line.database.is.up.and.running,.with.a.
series.of.specific.reports.currently.being.written.to.
leverage.the.data.in.the.database.on.the.buildings.
and.the.systems.installed.
35.buildings,.213.HVAC.systems.and.1,096.HVAC.
components.have.been.entered.into.the.database.at.
the.present.time.
A.first.set.of.HVAC.component.benchmarks.by.
activity.have.been.produced.from.existing.data.
sources.to.demonstrate.how.the.benchmarking.
of.systems.and.activities.can.be.presented.and.
displayed..These.have.been.used.to.provide.the.first.
benchmarks.in.the.systems.entered.on.the.database.
achieved energy savings in a
participating building
iSERV.predicted.electrical.energy.savings.of.between.5.
to.60%.in.individual.HVAC.systems.assuming.no.pre-
vious.focus.on.reducing.energy.use..McKenzie.House.
in. Cardiff. University. has. achieved. a. reduction. in. its.
overall. BUILDING. electricity. use. of. over. 30%. since.
efforts.to.reduce.energy.use.started.in.2005,.of.which.
22%. (or. 43.kWh/m). is. due. to. better. control. of. the.
existing. HVAC. equipment.. In. this. one. building. the.
monetary. value. of. the. electrical. savings. alone. is. over.
80,000.per.annum.
Participating in iseRv
The.project.is.still.looking.for.owners.with.HVAC.sys-
tems. which. have. dedicated. energy. monitoring. for. at.
least.some.of.their.HVAC.components..If.you.are.inter-
ested.in.helping.set.new.benchmarks.for.HVAC.systems.
components.and.potentially.saving.significant.amounts.
of.money.please.register.your.interest.at.www.iservcmb.
info.and.one.of.the.iSERV.partners.will.contact.you.to.
tell.you.how.to.enter.your.system.into.the.project.on-
line.database..
SavingenergyinrealHVACsystems
the isErvcmb project at the halfway stage
The sole responsibility for the content of this article lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EACI nor the European Commission are responsible
for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
T
he.text.of.Directive 2012/27/EU on energy ef-
ficiency.was.published.on.Nov.14,.2012.in.the.
Official.Journal.of.the.EU..The.Directive.brings.
forward. legally. binding. measures. to. step. up. Member.
States.efforts.to.use.energy.more.efficiently.at.all.stages.
of.the.energy.chain..from.the.transformation.of.energy.
and.its.distribution.to.its.final.consumption..Measures.
include.the.legal.obligation.to.establish.energy.efficiency.
obligations.schemes.or.policy.measures.in.all.Member.
States..These.will.drive.energy.efficiency.improvements.
in.households,.industries.and.transport.sectors..Other.
measures.include.an.exemplary.role.to.be.played.by.the.
public. sector. and. a. right. for. consumers. to. know. how.
much. energy. they. consume..The. directive. is. available.
in.the.major.EU.languages.also.at.the.Build.Up.portal:.
www.buildup.eu/publications/32236
Finalversionoftheenergy efficiency directive
REHVA Journal December 2012 11
News
R
obur,. coordinator. of. the. HEAT4U. Project. ,.
hosted. institutional. representatives,. managers.
from. top. firms. and. HVAC. professionals. in. a.
Conference. entitled. HEAT4U,. 1
st
. year,. first. results,.
held. on. the. 11
th
. and. 12
th
. October. 2012. at. Fortezza.
Viscontea.in.Cassano.dAdda,.near.Milan..The.aim.of.
the. conference. was. to. highlight. the. latest. regulatory.
scenarios. and. incentive. measures. in. the. field. of. ener-
gy.efficiency.and.thermal.renewable.energy,.including.
European,.Italian.and.local.best.practices.
14.among.the.most.important.European.organizations.in.
the.energy,.industrial,.and.research.fields.are.involved.in.
such.project,.namely.Robur..which.is.also.the.project.co-
ordinator,.-.Pininfarina,.ENEA,.Polytechnic.University.of.
Milan,.DAppolonia.and.CF.Consulting.from.Italy;.Bosch.
Thermotechnology,.E.ON.and.the.Fraunhofer.Institute.
research.centre.from.Germany;.GDF.Suez.and.Gas.Reseau.
Distribution. France. from. France..The. Consortium. al-
so. includes. UK-based. British. Gas,. the. Polish. Flowair,.
and.the.Slovenian.company.ZAG..The.challenge.for.this.
project.is.to.implement.the.Gas.Absorption.Heat.Pump.
technology.currently.used.for.heating.light.commercial.
facilities.also.in.the.area.of.single-family.detached.resi-
dential.homes,.particularly.in.existing.buildings,.which,.
according.to.recent.studies.carried.out.by.the.European.
Union,. account. for. approximately. 49%. of. the. overall.
energy.consumption.in.terms.of.primary.energy,.and.for.
36%. of. greenhouse-gas. emissions..The. high. energy. ef-
ficiency,.the.considerable.renewable.energy.rate.and.the.
absence. of. investment. in. infrastructure. shall. make. the.
Gas.Absorption.Heat.Pump.technology.one.of.the.most.
competitive.solutions.in.the.heating.market.
After. the. opening. speeches. by. Mr.. Samuele Furfari.
-Directorate-General. for. Energy. and. Transport,. Mr..
Sebastiano Serra. . Head. of. the. Technical. Secretary.
of. the. Italian. Ministry. for. the. Environment. and. Mr..
Roberto Moneta. -. Technical. Secretary. of. the. Italian.
Ministry. of. Economical. Development. the. conference.
focused. on. the. first. results. achieved. by. the. HEAT4U.
Project. with. the. speech. of. Luigi Tischer,. the. Project.
Coordinator..A.first.important.result.is.the.analysis.on.
market.opportunities.and.value.chain.of.Gas.Absorption.
Heat. Pumps. for. existing. residential. buildings. and. the.
development.of.the.technology,.in.particular.the.opti-
mization. of. the. capacity. modulation,. reducing. power.
consumption.and.sound.pressure.
Moreover,. construction. of. test. laboratories. at. the.
Politecnico.di.Milano.and.at.the.Fraunhofer.Institute.was.
started.according.to.EN12309.protocol..The.first.pro-
totypes.have.fully.confirmed.the.performances.expected.
and.the.solution.of.the.technological.challenges.posed.by.
this.project,.namely.bringing.the.Gas.Absorption.Heat.
Pump. technology. into. the. typical. power. range. of. sin-
gle-family. detached. residential. homes. and. reaching. an.
estimated.global.efficiency.on.primary.energy.of.150%.
Mr.. Paolo Pininfarina,. President. of. Pininfarina,. fo-
cused. on. the. development. of. design. and. aeroacustic.
optimization..The.work.began.with.an.analysis.of.aer-
oacustic.benchmark.with.equivalent.heat.pump.units..
Then,.different.design.solutions.have.been.carried.out..
Styling,.functionality,.innovative,.user.friendly,.robust:.
these.are.the.keywords.of.the.design.work.
The.development.of.the.HEAT4U.Project.has.already.
had. a. positive. effect. on. the. professional. range. of. Gas.
Absorption.Heat.Pumps.currently.available.on.the.mar-
ket:.a.significant.reduction.in.power.consumption.and.
in.sound.pressure.
Two.real.cases.of.installation.with.Gas.Absorption.Heat.
Pumps.have.been.introduced..Aiming.at.reducing.ener-
gy.bills,.the.Technical.Department.of.Carrefour.Italy.has.
chosen.absorption.technology.in.ten.of.its.supermarkets..
Just.the.Carrefour.supermarket.in.Cusago.(near.Milan),.
with.sixteen.Gas.Absorption.Heat.Pumps.installed,.has.
cut. CO
2
. emissions. by. up. to. 53.6. tons. in. comparison.
to. conventional. boilers,. equivalent. to. those. absorbed.
by.7,314.trees..The.case.of.the.new.school.campus.in.
Agordo,.integrating.several.sources.of.renewable.energy,.
such.as.aerothermal,.geothermal.and.solar.energy,.is.a.
unique.facility.of.its.kind.in.Europe..Today,.thanks.to.
geothermal.Gas.Absorption.Heat.Pumps.installed,.the.
institute. has. a. consumption. of. only. 24.kWh/m. per.
year,. while. the. old. building. was. requiring. more. than.
140.kWh/m.per.year.of.primary.energy..The.refurbish-
ment.thus.enabled.the.management.to.save.up.to.80%.
on.operating.costs.compared. with. the.previous. build-
ing..The.conference.was.opened.and.closed.by.Benito.
Guerra,.President.of.Robur..
More information at www.heat4u.eu and www.robur.com
Under the EUs Seventh Framework Programme for Research
HEAT4U Project Promotes
Gas Absoption Heat Pums
REHVA Journal December 2012 12
News
I
n. 2008. Moscow. switched. from. selective. capital.
renovation.of.residential.buildings,.requiring.re-
placement.of.the.roof,.worn.out.utility.pipelines,.
replacement.of.electrical.cabling.and.elimination.of.
external. walls. defects. if. needed,. to. complex. capital.
overhaul.with.modernization.presuming,.in.addition.
to. the. abovementioned. works,. thermal. insulation.
of. the. building. envelope;. replacement. of. windows.
and.balconies.with.energy.efficient.and.more.airtight.
ones;.commercial.metering.of.heat.consumption.for.
heating. and. hot. water. supply. in. each. building;. im-
plementation.of.automated.control.stations.for.heat.
consumption.of.buildings.for.heating.and.individual.
automatic. regulation. of. heat. delivery. from. heating.
appliances.using.thermostats..The.capital.renovation.
volumes.have.increased.by.more.than.10.times.
It.was.presumed.that.this.will.reduce.the.thermal.ener-
gy.consumption.for.heating.by.more.than.2.times.and.
provide. for. achievement. of. annual. specific. heat. con-
sumption.indicators.close.to.new.construction.projects.
(corresponding. to. indicators. of. Northern. American.
countries. for. 2000).. However. comparison. of. the. re-
sults.of.actual.measured.heat.consumption.of.residen-
tial.buildings.after.the.capital.renovation.with.thermal.
insulation. of. building. with. indicators. of. the. energy.
certificate.of.designs.of.the.same.buildings.shows.that.
only.one.third.of.the.expected.savings.of.thermal.ener-
gy.is.achieved,.2/3.is.discharged.to.the.outside.literally.
and.figuratively.through.the.side.windows.
The. analysis. showed. that. this. overconsumption. of.
heat.is.related.to.oversized.heating.appliances.for.cre-
ation.of.a.reserve,.and.installing.the.heating.control-
lers.without.taking.this.into.consideration,.and.ther-
mostats.did.not.reduce.the.heat.delivery.from.heating.
appliances.because.there.were.no.thermostatic.heads.
installed. with. the. maximum. temperature. setting. of.
26C..This.means.that.in.case.of.full.opening.of.the.
valve.(and.the.mentality.of.a.Russian.resident.is.such.
that. he. is. not. looking. for. intermediate. positions. of.
the.thermostatic.head,.plus.thermostats.are.not.grad-
uated. by. temperature. degrees). thermostat. will. not.
close.automatically.while.the.room.temperature.is.be-
low.26C..Naturally,.even.the.most.heat.loving.resi-
dents.consider.such.temperature.excessive.and.open.
windows,.releasing.the.heat.to.the.outside.
In. order. to. exclude. overheating. of. buildings. in. the.
operating. mode. it. was. proposed. to. determine. the.
design.thermal.energy.consumption.for.heating.(and.
ventilation.in.residential.buildings.with.natural.ven-
tilation.system,.when.the.ventilation.loads.are.taken.
into.consideration.during.selection.of.heating.appli-
ances).on.the.stage.of.preparation.of.the.building.en-
ergy.certificate.using.the.methods.described.in.AVOK.
Manual..The. resulting. value. has. to. be. compared. to.
the.design.heat.consumption.for.heating.(and.venti-
lation).determined.in.the.Heating.and.Ventilation.
section. during. the. heating. system. calculation,. and,.
taking.into.consideration.the.reserve.heating.surface.
of. heating. appliances,. recalculate. the. temperatures.
of. heating. media. in. supply. and. return. pipelines. of.
the. heating. system.. After. that. setup. the. controller.
to. maintain. the. schedule. of. changes. of. heat. carrier.
temperatures.taking.into.consideration.the.increasing.
share. of. household. heat. emissions. in. the. buildings.
thermal. balance. with. increasing. outside. air. temper-
ature,.and.circulation.pump..to.provide.for.design.
consumption. of. heating. media. (when. the. heating.
media.increases.in.the.return.pipeline.of.the.heating.
system.above.the.schedule,.reduce.the.pump.engine.
rotation.frequency).
Subsequent.natural.tests.confirmed.that.after.imple-
mentation.of.the.abovementioned.solutions.in.a.build-
ing,.the.design.savings.of.thermal.energy.for.heating.
were.reached.over.the.heating.period,.and.comforta-
ble.conditions.were.maintained.inside.rooms..inside.
air. temperature. 2022C. and. nominal. air. exchange.
rate..2530.m/h.per.person..In.the.nearby.similar.
buildings.the.thermal.energy.consumption.for.heat-
ing. exceeded. the. design. values. by. 3035%,. the. air.
temperature.was.2225C..
REHVA News from Moscow
Control of radiator heating system is necessary
in achieving the predicted energy savings
REHVA Journal December 2012 13
News
S
ome. updates. on. EU.
policies. for. energy. ef-
ficiency. and. recent. de-
velopments. on. the. Directives.
on. Energy. Efficiency,. Energy.
Performance. of. Buildings.
and. Eco-design. and. Energy-
labelling. were. presented. by.
Clemens Haury. from. the.
European. Commission..
The. approval. of. the. Energy.
Efficiency. Directive. (EED).
gives. many. possibilities. to.
close.the.energy.efficiency.gap.
between.the.current.status.forecast.and.20%.objec-
tive.for.year.2020.by.altogether.11%..The.major.influ-
ence.of.EED.is.in.the.obligation.to.renovation..However,.
the.compromises.at.the.final.approval.stage..including.
some.watering.of.the.extent.of.obligatory.renovation.
of. public. buildings. -. looks. to. result. in. remaining. 3%.
gap,. and. in. a. need. for. some. new. measures.. In. EPBD.
implementation,. only. a. few. EU. Member. States. have.
done. all. required. implementing. measures. within. the.
given.schedule.
The.work.that.REHVA.has.done.so.far.for.harmonized.
definition.of.Nearly.Zero.Energy.Building.has.by.now.
received. positive. feedback. from. the. Commission,. and.
also.from.CEN.for.the.soon.starting.active.phase.of.re-
vision.of.the.CEN-EPBD.standards..The.current.status.
and.next.steps.in.the.Task.Force.for.revised.definition.
were. summarized. by. Jarek Kurnitski,. Vice. President.
REHVA..The.communication.with.CEN.has.been.pos-
itive..the.definition.was.found.very.useful,.but.some.
changes.are.needed.in.order.to.meet.the.needs.of.CEN..
Work.is.still.needed.in.some.key.items,.for.example.the.
system.boundary.for.renewables,.equations.for.calcula-
tion.of.the.share.of.renewables..and.several.minor.im-
provements.of.the.wording.of.definitions..It.looks.that.
the.revision.will.be.published.in.early.2013,.so.that.al-
so.the.deadline.for.implementation.of.the.cost-optimal.
methodology.can.be.met.
Ari Ilomki,.chair.of.CEN.TC.350.introduced.the.work.
of. CEN/TC. 350. and. the. standard. package. in. prepa-
ration,. partly. in. joint. efforts. between. CEN. and. ISO..
These.issues.have.not.been.much.known.among.our.pro-
fession,.even.though.their.high.relevance,.to.buildings.
but.also.to.many.HVAC.products..Health.and.comfort.
characteristics.are.in.the.scope,.including.ventilation.
The.president.of.ISHRAE,.Indian.Society.of.Heating.
Refrigerating.and.Air.conditioning.Engineers.Sushil
K. Choudhury.presented.the.history.and.activities.of.
his.society..He.also.highlighted.the.collaboration.be-
tween.ISHRAE.and.REHVA,.including.mutual.pro-
motion.of.the.ACREX.events.and.books.sales..Since.
its. foundation. in. 1981,. ISHRAE. has. grown. rapidly..
It. has. currently. about. 10000. members. in. 40. local.
chapters
Eurovent. Certification. was. presented. by. Sylvain
Courtney. from. Eurovent. Certification.. Eurovent.
Certification. prepares. voluntary. certification. schemes.
for.several.product.types.for.air.conditioning.and.ven-
tilation.. More. and. more. the. work. is. now. focused. on.
products.subject.(regulations.either.already.existing,.or.
in. preparation). to. mandatory. ecodesign. and. labelling.
requirements.
Francis Allard.from.the.University.of.La.Rochelle.showed.
French.policy.and.regulations.for.retrofitting..France.has.
launched. regulations. in. 2007. for. building. retrofitting,.
supported. by. voluntary. building. labelling. and. financial.
incentives..Since.then,.strategies.have.been.developed.fur-
ther.to.reduce.the.overall.primary.energy.use.of.existing.
Summary of the REHVA Seminar on
Buildings and HVAC-Products Related
to the EU Energy Efficiency Regulations
The REHVA annual technical seminar took place at Thon Hotel Bristol Stephanie in Brussels
on October. The seminar covered the hot topics related to energy efficiency from Commission
legislation to the European standardization.
Clemens Haury
DG Energy European Commission
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REHVA Journal December 2012 1
News
New online portal for buildings
performance data in Europe
buildings,.with.target.to.75%.savings.in.the.long.run..Still.
just.35%.of.building.retrofitting.is.initiated.by.energy.sav-
ing.reasons,.and.in.most.cases.improvements.are.limited.to.
the.building.envelope.not.the.technical.building.systems.
Bjarne W. Olesen,.Vice.President.REHVA.gave.a.brief.
overview.of.the.potential.new.standards.for.air.cleaners..
Ventilation.is.needed.for.human.health,.but.also.a.ma-
jor.energy.user..Air.cleaning.technology.has.been.devel-
oped. to. applications. where. ventilation. is. not. possible.
such.as.submarines..These.applications.could.be.used.in.
buildings.to.substitute,.at.least.partly,.ventilation..Some.
promising.test.results.have.been.achieved.using.a.desic-
cant.rotor..However,.test.standards.and.product.certifi-
cation.schemes.have.to.be.developed.further.
Donald Leeper.from.CIBSE,.The.Chartered.Institution.
of.Building.Services.Engineers.showed.the.benefits.of.
display.energy.certificated.in.the.United.Kingdom..The.
actual.energy.efficiency.of.buildings.is.not.necessarily.as.
good.as.predicted.at.the.design.stage..In.fact,.in.many.
relatively.new.buildings.the.credibility.gap.is.rather.
wide..and.looks.to.grow.even.wider.due.to.the.increas-
ing.complexity.of.buildings..Typically.the.gap.is.not.due.
to.a.single.failure,.but.a.sum.of.several.minor.issues:.lack.
of.feedback.to.the.designer,.lack.of.proper.commission-
ing,.lack.of.proper.information.to.the.users.
Frank Hovorka.from.Caisse.des.Dpts.presented.the.
performance.on.HVAC.systems.and.the.impact.of.the.
life.cycle.on.the.building.value..He.gave.examples.how.
energy.efficiency.of.buildings.can.be.improved.in.exist-
ing.buildings.in.real.practice..The.key.issue.is.to.con-
vince. the. building. owner,. and. this. can. be. done. only.
through. systematic,.reliable. and. understandable. data..
This. must. include. a. careful. assessment. of. the. actual.
building,.including.assessment.of.the.impact.of.occu-
pant.behaviour..The.assessment.can.finally.result.in.a.
Building.passport..Attention.must.be.paid.also.to.oc-
cupant.awareness,.only.proper.and.understandable.user.
information.can.change.occupants.behaviour..CD..
All.the.full.presentations.are.available.at..
www.rehva.eu/en/technical-information.
T
he. data. hub. has. been. created. to. assist. policy.
makers.at.EU.and.Member.State.level,.techni-
cal. experts,. building. professionals,. researchers,.
academics,.consultants,.NGOs.and.the.broader.energy.
efficiency.in.buildings.community..All.users.can.access.
country. profiles,. search. specific. parameters,. generate.
overviews. and. graphs. as. well. as. screen. the. underlying.
data..The.tool.allows.for.cross-country.comparisons.and.
cost.free.downloads..Only.the.access.to.the.original.data.
requires.prior.registration..Suggestions.for.data.updates.
and.corrections.will.be.possible.through.online.forms.
The.BPIE.data.hub.has.the.ambition.to.become.an.in-
depth.source.for.anyone.interested.in.energy.efficiency.in.
European.buildings..The.data.will.be.improved.on.an.on-
going.basis.and.over.time,.the.hub.will.get.enriched.with.
additional.topics.and.information.generated.through.data.
exchange.projects.and.research.partnerships..
The Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE) launched in November its data hub for
buildings performance and related policies in Europe, www.buildingsdata.eu. The compre-
hensive open data portal presents facts and figures collected for Europes Buildings under
the Microscope study released end of 2011. It includes a wide variety of technical data never
collected EU-wide before.
REHVA Journal December 2012 1
News
S
ome. 29,000. trade. visitors. and. 200. congress.
participants. made. their. way. to. Nuremberg. for.
Chillventa. and. Chillventa. Congressing,. which.
closed.its.doors.on.11.October..More.than.910.compa-
nies.from.all.over.the.world.presented.their.latest.prod-
ucts.and.trends. for. the. fields. of. refrigeration,.air. con-
ditioning,.ventilation.and.heat.pump..The.proportion.
of.international.visitors.rose.again.and.has.now.reached.
55%.. In. other. words,. more. than. one. in. two. visitors.
came.from.outside.Germany..
The.mood.in.the.refrigeration,.air.conditioning,.ventila-
tion.and.heat.pump.sectors.is.sound.to.good.again..This.
is.confirmed.by.both.exhibitors.and.visitors..The.new.
opening.days.of.Tuesday.to.Thursday.were.well.accept-
ed,.says.Richard.Krowoza,.Member.of.the.Management.
Board.of.NrnbergMesse.
A.new.Chairman.of.the.Chillventa.Exhibition.Committee.
was.elected.as.scheduled..Hans-Joachim.Socher,.General.
Manager. at. Walter. Meier,. replaces. Heinrich. Reu.. I.
am. looking. forward. to. my. new. tasks. as. Chairman. of.
the.Exhibition.Committee..Chillventa.2012.was.a.real.
success..It.is.the.industrys.most.important.international.
platform..I.and.my.colleagues.on.the.committee.will.be.
available.to.help.and.advise.the.organizers,.says.Socher.
in.an.initial.brief.statement.
More.information.at.www.chillventa.de
The.next.Chillventa.takes.place.in.the.Exhibition.Centre.
Nuremberg.from.1416.October.2014.
Successful Chillventa 2012 focused on
air conditioning and heat pumps
T
he.Technical.University.Braunschweig.and.the.
University.of.Leuven.with.partners.from.an.in-
ternational.project.GEOTABS.are.happy.to.host.
the.GEOTABS Symposium - the international expert
forum on optimal combination of near surface ge-
othermal energy and thermally activated buildings
systems..
The.international.symposium.will.focus.on:
experiences.in.enhanced.design.and.operation.of.the.
GEOTABS.in.office.buildings
all. relevant. aspects. concerning. basic. concepts. and.
technologies,. system. simulations,. monitoring. and.
control,.users.comfort.and.standards.
Speakers.from.research.centers,.industry.and.engineer-
ing. companies. will. share. their. experiences. and. find-
ings. of. the. international. project. GEOTABS.. Join. this.
exceptional. event. and. take. the. chance. to. learn. from.
experts. about. the. improved. design,. suitable. operation.
and.optimization.of.systems.with.ground.coupled.heat.
pumps.(GCHP).and.thermally.activated.building.sys-
tems.(TABS).in.office.buildings..
The.GEOTABS.symposium.is.organized.in.cooperation.
with. the. research. program. EnBop. (Commissioning).
funded. by. the. German. Ministry. of. Economics. and.
Technology.
For. more. information. and. registration. please. visit.
www.geotabs.eu/symposium-2013
GEOTABS
January 22
nd
, 2013
Hanover, Germany
TowardsOptimalDesignandControlofGeothermalHeatPumps
CombinedwithThermallyActivatedBuildingSystemsinOffices
International symposium
CD..
REHVA Journal December 2012 1
News
I
n June 2013, Prague will host one of the most significant pro-
fessional events of the year focused on heating, ventilation and
air conditioning in buildings the REHVA Congress CLIMA
2013. The Congress will be the 11th REHVA international Congress
in a row and, integrating also in the programme the IAQVEC,
the 8
th
Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy
Conservation in Buildings. Professor Karel Kabele, the president
of the Clima 2013 Congress is glad to announce that more than
1000 experts from 60 countries have submitted their abstracts
for presentations at the conference with theme, Energy Efficient,
Smart and Healthy Buildings, see the number of accepted ab-
stract by topic in Figure1.
The topics show a well balance conference presentations be-
tween energy efficiency and quality of indoor environment. One
of the main objectives of the conference is to promote and de-
velop technology which aims at the same on energy efficiency
and healthy, comfortable indoor environment.
The Clima conference attracts again participants from all conti-
nents, about half from Europe but significant delegations also from
Asia and North America. Good participation from outside Europe
may be partly due to cooperation agreements which REHVA has
negotiated with ASHRAE from USA, China Committee of HVAC,
Indian HVAC Association ISHRAE, and Japanese Association
SHASE. Japanese interest in Europe is shown with the highest
number of submitted abstracts (Figure2). The international par-
ticipation of the Clima Conference offers an excellent opportunity
for international contacts and exchange of information.
The Chamber of Czech Authorised Engineers and Technicians
active in the construction industry (CKAIT) and well-known Czech
Technical University (CVUT) take patronage over the Congress;
moreover negotiations are being held to win a support by cer-
tain Czech ministries and the Prague Magistrate. The interest of
sponsors is also satisfying where the company TA Hydronics has
already gained the position of the Diamond Partner, and Daikin
and 2VV the position of Bronze Partner.
In addition to the technical and scientific programme, a wide social
program is being prepared pro the Congress participants and their
accompanying persons. The programme offers opportunity to dis-
cover the most famous places in Prague and the Czech Republic
at the time of the Congress like the Municipal House where the
Farewell Congress Night-Out dinner with a rich cultural and so-
cial programme will take place.
The Congress is organised by STP, a Czech member of the
REHVA in co-operation with Guarant, its professional partner;
thus it is possible to register now at www.clima2013.org where
you can also find the up-to-date information.
The number of registered participants is
record high for Clima 2013 Conference
Registernowat www.clima2013.org
1. Energy Efficient Heating, Cooling and Ventilation of Buildings, 249
2. Renewable and High Efficient Energy Sources, 66
3. Advanced Heating, Cooling, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems for Buildings, 120
4. Energy Efficient Domestic Hot Water Supply Systems, 12
5. Sanitary Systems - Hygiene of Domestic Water Supply Systems, Efficient Use of Potable
Water, Environmental Friendly Sewage Disposal, 10
6. Advanced Technologies for Building Acoustics, 2
7. Artificial and Day Lighting, 20
8. Technologies for Intelligent Buildings, 58
9. Quality of Indoor Environment, 239
10. Building Certification Schemes, 30
11. Integrated Building Design, 47
12. Commissioning and Facility Management, 33
13. HVAC Best Practise Examples, 18
14. Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings
Implementation, 49
15. Zero Energy Buildings, 75
16. HVAC in Historical Buildings, 37
17. Fire Safety of the Buildings, 12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
figure 2.Rankingofthecountriesbasedonthe
numberofsubmittedabstracts.
figure 1.Topicsof1098submittedabstractsfromwhich
389werereturnedtoauthorsforimprovements.
162
14
14
16
17
18
18
19
22
24
26
26
26
27
27
27
29
31
32
34
36
36
41
51
51
57
63
79
104
0 50 100 150 200
Othercountries
Finland
Ireland
Austria
Latvia
HongKong
Turkey
Portugal
Canada
Sweden
Poland
Taiwan
UnitedKingdom
Denmark
India
Switzerland
Netherlands
Brazil
Slovakia
China
Belgium
Romania
Germany
France
Korea
Italy
CzechRepublic
UnitedStates
Japan
REHVA Journal December 2012 17
News
The REHVA journal had an opportunity to conduct an interview with Mr Adrian Joyce the Director
of the Renovate Europe Campaign which is an EU level Campaign initiated by EuroACE in 2011.
Its headline objective is to reduce the energy demand of the existing EU building stock by 80%
by 2050 as compared to 2005 consumption levels. In order to achieve this objective, it will be
necessary to increase the renovation rate of buildings in the EU by a factor of 2.5 to reach 3% per
year by 2020 and to maintain that rate until 2050. Investing in building renovation could accrue
up to 40 billion per year for public finances with an additional one-off boost to GDP in the
range of 153 to 291 billion for the years up to and including 2017. This is according to a new
report prepared by Copenhagen Economics for the Renovate Europe Campaign [1].
RenovateEuropeCampaigncallsfora
2.5foldincreaseoftherenovationrate
the director of the
Renovate europe campaign,
mr adrian Joyce, is an architect
and was formerly director at
the architects council europe.
Interview with Mr. Adrian Joyce,
TheDirectoroftheRenovateEuropeCampaign
InterviewbyProf. olli seppnen,Editor-inChief,REHVAJournal
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REHVA Journal December 2012 1
interviews
What would be the benefits of the Renovate
Europe campaign?
-.The. Renovate.Europe. Campaign,.which.has.23.part-
ner.companies.and.associations,.estimates.that.achieving.
its.goal.to.reduce.the.energy.demand.of.the.existing.EU.
building. stock. by. 80%. by. 2050. as. compared. to. 2005.
consumption.levels.would.boost.activity.in.the.EU.con-
struction.sector.by.up.to.830.billion.per.year.by.2020.
(at.2011.prices),.securing.up.to.two.million.direct.and.in-
direct.jobs.in.the.EU..In.addition.we.would.increase.our.
energy.security,.reduce.CO
2
.emissions,.improve.the.qual-
ity.of.life.for.EU.citizens.and.boost.public.finances.
To.achieve.the.goals.of.the.Campaign.and.thus.reap.the.
benefits. it. offers,. Member. States. must. put. ambitious.
building.renovation.roadmaps.to.2050.in.place.with.in-
termediate.targets.for.2020,.2030.and.2040.that.will.be.
used.to.benchmark.progress..In.parallel,.sources.of.fund-
ing.that.can.be.used.to.stimulate.renovation.in.line.with.
the.2050.Roadmaps.must.be.put.in.place.
You had an important Conference on
October 11
th
in Brussels- what were the
main results and conclusions?
-. We. know. that. many. Member. States. are. still. hesitant.
about.whether.or.not.to.invest.in.energy.efficient.build-
ing.renovation.programmes,.despite.the.requirements.of.
the.recently.adopted.Energy.Efficiency.Directive..We.pub-
lished.in.this.conference.a.new.report.Multiple.benefits.
of. investing. in. energy. efficient. renovation. of. buildings.
prepared. by. Copenhagen. Economics. for. the. Renovate.
Europe.Campaign..The.findings.in.this.report.should.pro-
vide. the. final. convincing. arguments. for. those. Member.
States,.thus.leading.them.to.act..Investing.in.energy.effi-
ciency.of.buildings.is.a.good.investment.in.the.short-term,.
the.medium-term.and.the.long-term..(The.report.is.avail-
able.at.our.website.http://www.renovate-europe.eu/)
The.report.shows.that.when.the.challenge.of.renovat-
ing.the.EU.building.stock.is.taken.up.with.a.high.level.
of.ambition,.permanent.increases.in.revenue.for.public.
finances.will.result..The.report.also.provides.a.number.
of.policy.recommendations.for.European.governments.
to.help.boost.public.finances.through.renovation..These.
include.shifting.or.reducing.incentives.such.as.favoura-
ble.tax.treatment.of.heating.and.electricity.use.in.build-
ings. to. encourage. a. lower. usage,. thus. rendering. ener-
gy. efficient. renovation. of. buildings. more. attractive..
Modernising.rent.regulation.to.allow.landlords.and.ten-
ants.to.share.the.benefits.from.energy.efficient.renova-
tions.is.another.example.
What are the bottle necks preventing
ambitious renovation of buildings in Europe?
-.Financing.is.still.the.most.important.obstacle,.particu-
larly. in. the. current. economic. climate. but. not. the. only.
one..The.member.states.have.not.yet.realised.all.the.bene-
fits.that.an.increased.renovation.rate.in.the.member.coun-
tries.will.bring.and.it.is.one.of.the.most.important.tasks.
of.this.campaign.to.raise.the.awareness.of.these.over-all.
benefits..I.am.personally.willing.to.speak.in.the.events.or-
ganized.in.the.Member.countries.for.professionals,.build-
ing.owners.or.authorities..Regarding.the.time.frame.we.
also.have.the.problem.of.the.inertia.in.the.member.states.
and.in.the.construction.industry..New.legislation.will,.in.
many.cases,.be.needed.to.push.renovation.as.the.construc-
tion.sector.is,.in.general,.very.conservative.and.may.not.be.
ready.or.willing.to.offer.the.services.needed.for.ambitious.
renovations..This.is.particularly.the.case.with.house.own-
ers..In.many.countries.the.majority.of.dwelling.are.single.
family.buildings,.especially.in.UK.and.Ireland.
In.the.commercial.sector.the.terms.of.lease.contracts.are.
one.major.obstacle.for.renovations..If.the.tenant.pays.
the.energy.bills,.there.is.no.motivation.for.the.build-
ing. owner. to. make. any. improvements. in. the. energy.
efficiency.of.buildings..The.mechanisms.that.split.the.
benefit.should.be.developed.
The.construction.sector.is.very.conservative.and.I.have.seen.
from.personal.experience.that.a.big.push.from.regulations.is.
needed.if.we.are.to.achieve.our.goals!.The.regulations.should.
be.progressively.more.demanding.in.line.with.the.long.term.
strategies.and.road.maps.which,.in.turn,.have.to.be.made.
publicly.available.so.that.the.industry.and.building.owners.
have.enough.time.to.prepare.for.the.necessary.changes.
How can IAQ be guaranteed in energy
renovation?
-.This.is.an.extremely.important.issue..It.is.important.
to.avoid.the.similar.problems.we.had.after.the.first.en-
ergy.crisis.in.70s.when.the.buildings.were.made.too.air.
tight.and.ventilation.was.forgotten..We.have.to.always.
remember.that.buildings.are.made.for.people.and.the.in-
door.environment.should.be.optimal.for.the.activities.in.
the.building..Good,.healthy,.indoor.environment.shall.
always.be.the.first.objective..Healthy.buildings.can.also.
be.very.energy.efficient..European.CEN.standards.have.
set.good.criteria.for.healthy.building,.and.can.be.used.
also.on.national.level.if.national.building.codes.are.not.
adequate..The.indoor.climate.evaluation.should.also.be.
included.in.the.heating.and.air.conditioning.inspections.
which.are.mandatory.according.to.EPBD.
REHVA Journal December 2012 19
interviews
EU is behind the 20-20-20 goals. Do you
think it still is possible to reach those
targets, what about the 2050 goals with
80% reduction of greenhouse gases?
-.Buildings.account.for.40%.of.Europes.energy.consump-
tion..As.such,.concrete.and.ambitious.action.to.tackle.un-
necessary.energy.use.in.the.EUs.building.stock.should.be.
the.absolute.priority.of.European.Energy.Policy.
The.deep.renovation.of.Europes.existing.buildings.will.
save.32%.of.the.total.primary.energy.used.in.Europe..This.
saving.is.equivalent.to.the.combined.total.energy.produc-
tion.of.the.European.coal.and.nuclear.energy.sectors.or.a.
saving.of.4.billion.barrels.of.foreign.oil.per.year.
However,. of. Europes. existing. buildings,. only. about.
1.2%.are.renovated.and.about.0.1%.demolished.in.any.
given. year.. Even. if. the. 1.2%. of. buildings. being. reno-
vated.incorporated.the.highest.standards.of.energy.effi-
ciency,.the.European.Union.would.miss.its.20%.energy.
saving. targets. for. 2020.. In. fact,. this. alone. will. deliver.
almost.zero.absolute.reductions.in.energy.use.from.the.
built.environment.
Missing. the. energy. savings. targets. means. turning. our.
backs.on.new.jobs,.money.savings.for.consumers.and.small.
businesses,.but.it.is.also.refusing.to.use.available,.proven.
technologies,.to.effectively.curb.carbon.emissions.
European.governments.must.make.the.right.choice.for.
the.future,.and.pick.the.deep.renovation.of.buildings.as.
frontrunner.for.an.ambitious.energy.agenda.
Reducing.energy.demand.has.the.potential.to.save.taxpay-
ers.money.while.making.their.homes.more.comfortable;.it.
has.the.potential,.as.already.pointed.out,.to.create.2.mil-
lion.new.jobs.and.to.pave.the.way.to.sustainable.growth.
I.know.that.the.goals.are.really.ambitious.but.they.can.be.
reached.if.all.Member.States.fully.implement.the.direc-
tives.the.European.Parliament.and.Council.of.Ministers.
have.approved..These.directives.show.that.political.will.
exists.at.EU.level,.but.the.real.challenge.is.to.ensure.that.
this.translates.into.real.action.in.the.Member.States.over.
the.coming.years.
What is the motivation for renovation as
energy is still so cheap?
-. In. addition. to. the. energy. savings. that. renovation. of.
the.existing.buildings.stock.will.bring,.there.are.a.range.
of.co-benefits,.which.can.also.be.harvested..By.reducing.
energy.consumption.and.focusing.on.indoor.climate.is-
sues.when.renovating,.co-benefits.can.be.achieved.such.
as. reduced. outlay. on. government. subsidies,. and. im-
proved.health.due.to.less.air.pollution.and.a.better.in-
door.climate,.both.of.which.also.lead.to.fewer.hospitali-
sations.and.improved.worker.productivity.
Harvesting. renovation. opportunities. could. bring. huge.
benefits. to. the. EU. economy. over. the. coming. decades..
Based.on.available.estimates.of.the.potential.for.energy.
savings.from.the.energy.efficient.renovation.of.buildings,.
the.Copenhagen.Economics.Study.suggests.a.monetised.
permanent.annual.benefit.to.society.of.104-175.billion.
in.2020.depending.on.the.level.of.investments.made.from.
2012.to.2020,.52-75.billion.from.lower.energy.bills,.and.
at.least.9-12.billion.from.the.co-benefits.of.reduced.out-
lay. on. subsidies. and. reduced. air. pollution. from. energy.
production..If.the.health.benefits.from.improved.indoor.
climate.are.included,.the.benefits.are.increased.by.an.ad-
ditional.42-88.billion.per.year..These.health.benefits.are.
evident,.but.very.uncertain.to.estimate,.and.should.be.in-
terpreted.accordingly..If.investments.are.continued.after.
2020,.these.annual.benefits.can.be.doubled.by.2030.
What is your opinion as an architect on the
most feasible technology for renovation?
Which technology/measures should be
implemented first?
-. In. think. that. it. is. important. to. develop. cost. effective.
renovation. packages. for. the. typical. buildings. in. each.
Member.Sate..I.support.the.principles.the.Commission.
has.developed.when.requesting.all.Member.States.to.de-
velop.reference. buildings. that.are. representative. for. the.
building.stock,.and.apply.the.set.of.measures.to.find.the.
cost.optimal.solution..These.measures.should.include.the.
improvement. of. the. thermal. properties. of. the. building.
envelope.as.well.as.the.improvement.of.the.building.serv-
ices.such.as.heating,.lighting,.air.conditioning,.ventilation.
and.domestic.hot.water..After.the.energy.use.is.reduced.
the.demand.should.be.covered.by.cost.effective.renewable.
sources.and,.finally,.by.clean.fossil.fuels.as.available..
EuroACE, The European Alliance of
Companies for Energy Efficiency in Building
Website:.http://www.euroace.org.
Reference
[1] Multiple Benefits of Investing in Energy Efficient Renovations
Impact on Public Finances. A Study by Copenhagen
Economics. Released at Renovate Europe Day, 11 October 2012.
www.renovate-europe.eu/Multiple-Benefits-Study
REHVA Journal December 2012 20
interviews
Interview with
Mr. Ismo Grnroos-Saikkala,
HeadofSector,theEnergyEfficiency
Unit,Directorate-GeneralforEnergy
Which products will be regulated next
based on the Ecodesign directive?
-.Currently,.we.are.preparing.regulations.for.about.12.
product.groups.to.be.adopted.before.the.end.of.2013..
This.work.includes.the.regulations.for.the.heaters.and.
water.heaters.that.are.almost.completed..We.have.worked.
with.them.for.several.years..Most.likely.these.regulations.
will.be.finalized.and.published.early.2013..The.prepara-
tion.of.these.regulations.has.taken.time.as.so.many.types.
As the Head of a Sector at the European Commissions energy efficiency unit Mr Grnroos-
Saikkala is in a key position to offer valuable insights into how the Ecodesign of Energy Using
Products Directive is being implemented. His Sector is in charge of developing Ecodesing
regulations. REHVA Journal was pleased to get an interview from Mr Saikkala-Grnroos during
his visit in Helsinki during FINNBUILD exhibition for the seminar organized by REHVA and the
Finnish member of REHVA, FINVAC.
The Directives on Ecodesign (ED*) and Energy
Labelling (ELD**) cover product groups rele-
vant for the energy performance of buildings
including heating products, motors, fans and
lighting. While the EPBD requires Member
States to set requirements at system level and
does not prescribe the level of the require-
ments (except for the fact that they have to
be cost-optimal), the ED and the ELD address
specific product groups and, in case of the
ED, set specific minimum requirements. In the
future, more Ecodesign requirements will be
adopted for products that are part of techni-
cal building systems, and possibly also part of
the building envelope (e.g. windows).
InterviewbyProf. olli seppnen,Editor-inChief,REHVAJournal
* Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of
Ecodesign requirements for energy-using products.
** Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labelling and standard product
information of the consumption of energy and other resources by en-
ergy-related products
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interviews
of. equipment. is. included:. oil. boilers,. gas. fires. boilers,.
heat. pumps. etc.. Additionally,. we. have. some. 20. more.
regulations.to.be.adopted.before.the.end.of.2014..The.
regulations.have.to.deal.equally.and.objectively.all.prod-
ucts..When.adapted.the.regulations.apply.to.products.
sold.or.manufactured.in.any.Member.State.
What is the definition of product? Can a
building be a product and regulated on the
base of the Ecodesign directive?
-. The. Ecodesign. directive,. in. principle,. would. allow.
regulation. of. any. product. or. system. if. it. is. placed. on.
the.market.or.put.into.service.(at.the.moment.of.receiv-
ing.the.CE-marking)..In.these.lines,.in.principle,.even.
a. building. placed. on. the. market,. could. be. considered.
as.a.product.
How can compliance of products related
Ecodesign regulations be controlled? Is it a
task of the Commission or Members States
or who? How can the products NOT
meeting the regulations be taken out of
market?
-. Compliance. is. the. responsibility. of. national. mar-
ket.surveillance.authorities..The.Commission.can.take.
measures. to. coordinate. and. support,. or. in. the. case. of.
non-existent.or.inappropriate.national.level.action,.re-
sort.to.legal.measures.against.a.member.state.not.fulfill-
ing.its.duties.
In.principle.when.national.market.surveillance.author-
ity.identifies.a.non-compliant.product.the.authority.has.
the. right,. and. the. obligation,. to. remove. the. product.
from.market.and.issue.a.fine.on.caused.damage,.if.ap-
propriate..The.exact.action.depends.on.the.product.and.
applicable.legislation.in.question.
What is the estimated effect of the
Ecodesign directive on primary energy use
in Europe?
-.It.has.been.calculated.that.the.first.twenty.Ecodesign.
regulations. would. save. some. 400.TWh. on. an. annual.
basis.by.2020,.equivalent.to.some.35.Mtoe.of.final.en-
ergy..In.primary.energy.this.would.correspond.close.to.
90.Mtoe.
Are Ecodesing regulations also giving
criteria /requirements other product
properties than energy related?
-.Any.significant.environmental.aspect.can.be.regulat-
ed. if. it. is. cost-effective. (no. unproportionate. negative.
effects).
Are indoor air quality and safety issues
included in the Ecodesign regulations?
-.EU.has.separate.legislation.for.health.and.safety..Indoor.
air.quality.and.health.regulations.are.prepared.by.DG.
SANCO. (Health. and. Consumers).. Ecodesign. regula-
tions.set.requirements.on.significant.environmental.im-
pacts.of.a.product,.considering.the.whole.life-cycle.of.
the.product.
What is the role of CEN and other
standards in relation to Ecodesign
regulations?
-.The.performance.of.a.regulated.product.is.measured.
on.the.basis.of.harmonized.European.standard,.which.
are.developed.by.the.European.standardization.organ-
izations. such. as. CEN. and. CENELEC. on. the. basis.
of. a. standardization. mandate. issued. by. the. European.
Commission.
What is the Eco labeling and energy
labeling? Are they part of Ecodesign
regulations?
-.No,.the.labels.are.not.part.of.the.Ecodesign.directive..
Ecodesign. requirements. remove. the. worst. performing.
products.from.the.market..The.mandatory.energy.leb-
elling.requirements.guide.consumers.towards.the.most.
cost. effective/energy. efficient. products..The. voluntary.
Ecolabel. indicates. products. with. highest. environmen-
tal.performance.
Which HVAC product will be included in the
next working programme?
-.The.Commission.is.preparing.currently.an.Ecodesign.
working.plan.for.the.years.2012.-.2014..In.the.priority.
list,. there. are. no. HVAC. related. products. included. in.
the.draft.working.plan..However,.other.products.such.
as.windows.and.insulation.materials,.smart.appliances/
meters.that.are.included.in.the.draft.plan.may.be.of.in-
terest.for.people.working.in.the.buildings.sector..Also,.
there.is.a.plan.to.study.the.energy.saving.potential.of.the.
power.generating.equipment..
REHVA Journal December 2012 22
interviews
introduction
The.term.ZEB.is.used.commercially.without.clear.agree-
ment.on.its.content.[1,.2]..In.general,.a.ZEB.is.under-
stood.as.a.grid-connected,.energy-efficient.building.that.
balances.its.total.annual.energy.consumption.by.on-site.
generation.and.associated.feed-in.credits..To.emphasize.
the. balance. concept. . in. contrast. to. an. autonomous.
building..the.term.Net.has.been.introduced,.so.that.one.
can.speak.of.Net.ZEB.and.the.variants.nearly.Net.ZEB.
or.Net.plus.energy.building,.as.shown.in.Figure 1.
Since.the.2010.recast.of.the.EC.Energy.Performance.of.
Buildings.Directive.[3],.the.discussion.has.become.even.
more. intensive.. REHVA. published. a. proposal. in. the.
May.2011.issue.of.its.Journal.[4]..The.EPBD.Concerted.
Action.offers.a.platform.for.member.states.to.discuss.the.
various.national.approaches.to.formulate.relevant.defi-
nitions.at.the.building.code.level.[5]..The.on-going.IEA.
activity.Towards.Net.Zero.Energy.Solar.Buildings.was.
formed.in.2008.as.a.scientific.forum.at.the.international.
level.[6]..The.authors.of.this.paper.are.members.of.the.
subtask,.Definitions.&.large-scale.implications.
Over.the.past.few.years,.the.IEA.working.group.has.an-
alysed.relevant.publications.on.the.ZEB.topic.and.has.
published.a.comprehensive.review.[7]..This.review.was.
followed. by. a. recently. published. article. addressing. a.
consistent.definition.framework.[8],.a.project.data.base.
[9].and.a.book.including.a.set.of.well-documented.ex-
Karsten Voss
University Wuppertal
Building Physics & Service Technology
Germany
[email protected]
Nearly-zero, Net zero
and Plus Energy Buildings
How definitions & regulations affect the solutions
The topic of Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) has received increasing attention in recent years,
up to inclusion in strategic energy policy papers in several countries. However, despite the
emphasis placed on the goals, the various ZEB definitions applied mostly remain generic and
are not yet standardised.
figure 1.GraphrepresentingthepathtowardsaNet
ZeroEnergyBuilding(NetZEB),withthenearlyandplus
variants.Source:UniversityWuppertal,btga.

Weightedexport/generation
exceedsthedemand
W
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]

Referencebuilding
Weighteddemand
exceedsthesupply
Weighteddemand[kWh,CO
2
,etc.]
Efficiencypath
Igor Sartori
SINTEF Building and Infrastructure
Oslo, Norway
[email protected]
Roberto Lollini
EURAC research
Bolzano, Italy
[email protected]
REHVA Journal December 2012 23
articles
emplary.buildings.covering.a.wide.range.of.typologies.
and.climates.[10]..This.paper.summarizes.the.most.rel-
evant.findings,.adding.to.the.information.provided.in.
previous.issues.of.the.REHVA.Journal.
Physical and Balance Boundaries
Building.codes.focus.on.a.single.building.and.the.energy.
services.that.are.metered..Therefore,.it.is.possible.to.distin-
guish.between.a.physical.boundary.and.a.balance.bound-
ary..The.combination.of.physical.and.balance.boundaries.
defines.the.building.system.boundary,.see.Figure 2.
The. physical. boundary. identifies. the. building. (as. op-
posed.to.a.cluster.or.a.neighbourhood)..The.energy.anal-
ysis. addresses. energy. flows. at. the. connection. point. to.
supply.grids.(power,.heating,.cooling,.gas,.fuel.delivery.
chain).. Consequently. the. physical. boundary. is. the. in-
terface.between.the.building.and.the.grids..The.physical.
boundary.therefore.includes.up.to.the.meters.(or.delivery.
points)..The.physical.boundary.is.also.useful.to.identify.
so-called.on-site.generation.systems;.if.a.system.is.with-
in.the.physical.boundary.(within.the.building.distribu-
tion.grid.before.the.meter).it.is.considered.to.be.on-site,.
otherwise.it.is.off-site..Typical.on-site.generation.systems.
are. PV. and. micro. CHP,. which. allow. energy. to. be. ex-
ported.beyond.the.physical.boundary..The.yield.of.solar.
thermal. systems. is. typically. consumed. entirely. on-site.
due.to.technical.limitations.at.the.connection.point.to.
district.heating.systems..Therefore.solar.thermal.systems.
are.mostly.treated.as.demand-reduction.technology.(effi-
ciency.path,.x-axis.in.Figure 1)..A.typical.off-site.option.
is.a.share.in.a.wind.energy.turbine.which.is.financed.by.
the.building.budget..This.option.would.allow.economi-
cally.feasible.options.to.balance.the.building.energy.con-
sumption.[11],.but.should.be.considered.within.the.pri-
mary.energy.factor.for.the.imported.electricity.to.avoid.
double. counting.. However,. the. EPBD. addresses. only.
energy.generated.on-site.or.nearby..Therefore,.while.the.
concept.of.nearby.still.needs.to.be.better.defined,.off-
site.solutions.seem.to.be.beyond.its.scope.
The.balance.boundary.identifies.which.energy.services.
are. considered.. In. the. EPBD,. energy. balance. calcula-
tions.take.into.account.the.technical.services.for.heating,.
cooling,.ventilation.and.domestic.hot.water.(and.light-
ing.in.the.case.of.non-domestic.buildings)..Plug.loads.
and.central.services.are.not.included,.but.are.typically.
included.when.metering.energy.use.at.the.point.of.de-
livery..Some.pilot.projects.also.include.the.charging.of.
electric.vehicles.on-site.(before.the.meter.[8])..Although.
these.loads.are.not.related.to.the.building.performance,.
a. holistic. balance. including. all. electric. consumers. on-
site. helps. to. characterise. the. grid. interaction. in. more.
detail.(see.below)..Electric.cars.include.batteries,.thereby.
increasing.the.on-site.storage.capacity.
Other.forms.of.energy.consumption.that.do.not.appear.in.
the.annual.operational.phase.but.belong.to.the.life.cycle.of.
a.building.may.be.considered.within.the.balance.bounda-
ry,.such.as.embodied.energy/emissions.related.to.construc-
tion.materials.and.installations..The.recently.formulated.
definition.in.Switzerland.and.the.one.under.development.
in.Norway.address.this.issue.[9,.10]..The.result.of.a.re-
cent.study.on.the.life-cycle.energy.balance.of.low-energy.
delivered energy
exported energy
on-site
renewables
Net ZEB balance
Weighting system
[kWh, CO
2
, etc.]
weighted supply weighted demand
building system boundary
energy grids
electricity
district heating/cooling
natural gas
biomass
other fuels
generation
load
figure 2.Sketchoftheconnectionbetweenbuildingsandenergygridsshowingtherelevantterminology,source[8].
REHVA Journal December 2012 2
articles
and.net.zero-energy.buildings.indicates.that.the.embodied.
energy.of.a.building.increases.only.slightly.when.the.step.
towards.nearly.and.net.ZEBs.is.taken..This.is.due.to.the.
domination.by.structural.building.elements.compared.to.
energy-saving.measures.or.generation.systems.[11].
Weighting systems
The.weighting.system.converts.the.physical.units.of.dif-
ferent.energy.forms.into.a.common.metric.to.facilitate.
the.balancing.process,.Figure 2..According.to.the.EPBD.
recast,.the.metric.of.the.balance.for.a.nearly.ZEB.is.pri-
mary.energy..Nevertheless,.some.countries.prefer.carbon.
emissions. as. the. primary. metric.. Examples. of. weight-
ing.factors.are.documented.in.EU.standards.such.as.EN.
15603. but. many. different. factors. are. used. in. national.
building.practice,.reflecting.the.specific.national.or.local.
power. grid. structure. (annex. 1. in. [8]).. Factors. develop.
with. time. and. are. not. physical. constants.. Most. coun-
tries.typically.apply.factors.which.take.only.the.non-re-
newable.component.of.the.primary.energy.content.in-
to. account..This. is. the. background. leading. to. the. low.
conversion. factors. for. biomass. or. biofuels,. resulting. in.
market.stimulation.for.such.energy.supply.solutions.for.
Net.ZEBs..Some.countries.apply.politically.adjusted.(in-
creased). factors. in. order. to. reflect. the. regionally. lim-
ited. availability. of. biomass. and. biofuels. from. sustain-
able. forestry. or. agriculture. (e.g.. Switzerland. [16]).. In.
other. countries,. politically. adjusted. (decreased). factors.
are.applied.to.electricity.in.order.to.include.the.expected.
greening.of.the.power.sector.in.accordance.with.nation-
al.and.EU.road.maps.(e.g..Denmark.[17].and.Norway.
[18])..Such.discounting.of.electricity.favours.all-electric.
solutions.such.as.systems.based.on.heat.pumps,.facilitat-
ing.achieving.the.Net.ZEB.target.in.connection.with.de-
carbonised.power.grids.(with.a.high.share.of.renewable.
energy)..Similarly,.discounted.values.for.the.district.heat-
ing/cooling.grid.would.make.the.Net.ZEB.target.more.
feasible.in.connection.with.thermal.grids.based.on.large.
shares.of.renewable.energy.and/or.waste.as.fuel.
Typically,.symmetrical.weighting.factors.are.applied.when.
balancing.imported.and.exported.energy;.energy.delivered.
by.the.grid.and.fed.into.the.grid.is.given.the.same.value..
Other.developments.weight.asymmetrically.to.stimulate.
on-site.generation.approaches.(Germany.2012:.2.4.kWh.
primary. energy. per. kWh. electricity. delivered. from. the.
grid,.2.8.kWh.primary.energy.per.kWh.electricity.export-
ed.to.the.grid.[19])..Weighting.factors.may.vary.seasonally.
(or.even.at.the.daily.or.hourly.level).as.discussed.below.
Balance types
The. Net. ZEBs. annual. balance. between. weighted. de-
mand. and. weighted. supply. is. often. implicitly. under-
stood. as. the. so-called. import/export balance,. indicated.
by.the.green.line.in.Figure 3..Weighted.delivered.and.
exported.energy.quantities.can.be.used.to.calculate.the.
balance.when.monitoring.a.building,.as.long.as.all.con-
sumptions.are.included..Separating.some.components.
of.the.consumption.out.of.the.balance.creates.the.need.
for.more.sophisticated.(sub-)metering.
figure 3.Graphicalrepresentationofthethreetypesofbalance:import/exportbalancebetweenweightedexported
and delivered energy, load/ generation balance between weighted generation and load, and monthly net balance
betweenweightedmonthlynetvaluesofgenerationandload,source[8].
weighted supply
[kWh, CO
2
, etc.]
weighted demand
[kWh, CO
2
, etc.]
load delivered
energy
monthly net
load
generation
exported
energy
monthly net
generation
self-consumption
virtual monthly self-consumption
load/generation
balance
import/export
balance
monthly net
balance
energy efficiency
reference
building
G
E
G
m
L D L
m
delivered energy
exported energy
energy grids
generation
load
weighting factors
import/export
balance
load/generation
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REHVA Journal December 2012 2
articles
Such.quantities.are.known.in.monitoring,.but.in.the.de-
sign.phase.they.could.be.calculated.only.if.there.were.good.
estimates.of.self-consumption:.the.share.of.on-site.gen-
eration. that. is. immediately. consumed. in. the. building..
Self-consumption. differs. according. to. the. type. of. gen-
erating.technology,.the.type.of.building,.the.climate.and.
the.user.behaviour.because.it.depends.on.the.simultaneity.
between.generation.and.consumption..Currently.there.is.
not.enough.knowledge.about.self-consumption.to.estab-
lish.standardised.self-consumption.fractions..This.is.one.of.
the.points.which.were.left.open.in.the.previous.REHVA.
article. on. a. Net. ZEB. definition. [4].. In. order. to. enable.
the.import/export.balance.calculation.in.the.design.phase.
planners.need.to.have.data.on.end.uses.patterns,.e.g..for.
appliances,. cooking,. hot. water. use,. etc.. with. sufficient.
time.resolution..In.the.same.way.as.weather.data.are.stand-
ardized.to.provide.reference.climates.for.dynamic.simula-
tions,.user.profile.data.may.be.standardized.to.enable.an.
import/export.analysis.under.reference.conditions.
As.the.EPBD.recast.mainly.addresses.building.perform-
ance.requirements.in.the.planning.phase,.it.focuses.on.the.
balance.between.weighted.on-site.generation.and.the.cal-
culated.energy.demand,.the.so-called.load/generation bal-
ance.(red.line.in.Figure 3)..These.quantities.do.not.cross.
the.building.system.boundary,.so.the.grid.interaction.is.
disregarded..The.advantage.is.that.both.quantities.can.be.
calculated.independently.in.the.absence.of.detailed.infor-
mation.on.time-dependent.load.and.generation.profiles.
with. high. resolution..The. main. difference. between. the.
two.balance.types.is.the.self-consumed.fraction.of.energy.
generated.on.site,.resulting.in.different.numbers.
The.load/generation.balance.in.the.understanding.of.the.
EPBD.recast.addresses.generation.by.renewable.sources.
only..This.means.that.a.CHP.system.fuelled.by.natural.gas.
and.exporting.power.to.the.grid.is.not.taken.into.account.
on. the. generation. side,. whereas. it. typically. is. included.
with.its.power.generation.on.the.export.side.of.the.im-
port/export.balance..While.solar.thermal.gains.are.count-
ed. as. load. reduction. in. the. import/export. balance. (no.
heat.exported),.these.gains.are.counted.as.on-site.renew-
able.generation.within.the.load/generation.balance.and.
for.the.fraction.of.renewables.covering.the.load..As.the.
EPBD.calls.for.a.significant.share.of.renewables.to.cover.
the.remaining.load.of.a.Net.ZEB.or.nearly-Net.ZEB,.the.
total.share.of.renewables.needs.to.be.clearly.defined.
As. most. national. energy. codes. apply. calculations. on. a.
monthly.basis,.generation.and.consumption.may.be.cal-
culated.and.compared.on.a.monthly.level,.allowing.a.so-
called.virtual load match.to.be.determined..Monthly.on-
site.generation.up.to.the.level.of.the.monthly.load.is.count-
ed.as.virtual.self-consumption.(=.reducing.the.load,.effi-
ciency.path.in.Figure 1)..Only.the.monthly.residuals,.i.e..
monthly.generation.surplus.or.remaining.load,.are.added.
up.to.determine.annual.totals..Such.a.balancing.method.
may.be.called.monthly net balance.(blue.line.in.Figure 3)..
One.application.is.in.the.version.of.the.German.building.
energy.code.that.has.applied.since.2009.[20].
In.the.monthly.net.balance.the.annual.surplus.character-
izes.the.service.taken.over.by.the.grid.to.overcome.the.sea-
sonal.mismatch.between.load.and.generation..However,.
in.the.case.of.multiple.delivered.energy.forms,.the.annual.
surplus.is.also.influenced.by.the.substitution.effect;.i.e..
when.exported.electricity.is.also.used.to.compensate.for.
other.forms.of.energy.that.have.been.imported,.e.g..gas.
or.biomass..In.the.case.of.multiple.forms.of.exported.en-
ergy,.e.g..both.electricity.and.heat,.the.annual.surplus.is.
also.distorted.by.the.different.weighting.factors..Finally,.
the.result.depends.on.the.balance.boundary.with.respect.
to. plug. loads. and. central. building. services:. excluding.
part.of.the.loads.increases.the.monthly.surplus.(assuming.
constant. generation).. High-resolution. net. metering. in.
the.building.operation.phase.typically.results.in.a.lower.
load/generation.match.and.higher.export.than.that.esti-
mated.by.the.monthly.net.balance..The.monthly.net.bal-
ance.is.a.simplified.approach.for.the.design.phase,.when.
high-resolution.profiles.are.not.available.
transient characteristics
Buildings.using.on-site.generating.systems.have.different.
abilities.to.match.the.load.and.benefit.from.the.availabil-
ity.of.energy.sources.and.the.demands.of.the.local.grid.
infrastructure,.namely.the.power.grid.and.in.a.few.cases.
the.heating/cooling.grid..Differences.occur.in:
the.temporal.match.between.energy.generation.
on.site.and.the.building.load.(load.match)
the.temporal.match.between.the.energy.
transferred.to.a.grid.and.the.demands.of.a.grid.
(grid.interaction),.and
the.(temporal).match.between.the.types.of.
energy.imported.and.exported.(fuel.switching).
As.mentioned.above,.load.matching.and.grid.interaction.
have.to.be.discussed.with.respect.to.the.form.of.energy.and.
the.temporal.resolution..Calculations.have.to.be.made.for.
each.form.of.energy.separately..Simple.monthly.net.me-
tering.is.sufficient.to.describe.and.investigate.the.seasonal.
performance.(Figure 4, simplified.example.of.an.all-elec-
tric.building),.whereas.high-resolution.simulation.or.mon-
itoring.is.needed.to.describe.daily.and.hourly.fluctuations.
[21,.22]..Load.matching.and.grid.interaction.is.almost.ir-
relevant.in.the.context.of.fuel-based.energy.supply.but.is.of.
major.importance.for.the.electricity.grid.interaction.
REHVA Journal December 2012 2
articles
Increasing. the. load. match. is. not. an. intrinsically. fa-
vourable. strategy. for. a. grid-connected. building..The.
value. . expressed. in. the. weighting. metrics,. or. in. an.
equivalent.monetary.value..of.the.exported.energy.to.
cover.loads.somewhere.else.in.the.grid.may.be.higher.
than.losses.associated.with.on-site.storage.solutions.to.
increase.matching..The.value.may.vary.depending.on.
the.season.and.time.of.day,.due.to.the.varying.fraction.
of. renewable. power. available. in. the. grid..The. choice.
between. on-site. storage. and. export. will. depend. on.
such.dynamic.values..There.is.no. a priori.positive. or.
negative.implication.associated.with.high.or.low.load.
match..However,.a.load.match.calculated.on.monthly.
values.(=monthly.net.metering).will.at.least.give.a.first.
order.insight.to.characterize.the.service.taken.over.by.
the. grid. to. overcome. the. seasonal. mismatch. of. load.
and.generation.(calculated.on.each.single.energy.car-
rier,.so.without.the.distortions.affecting.the.monthly.
net.balance).
Weighting.factors.with.seasonal/monthly.variation.ap-
plied. within. building. energy. code. systems. present. a.
possible. future. method. to. influence. the. balancing. re-
sults.and.to.stimulate.beneficial.and.sustainable.devel-
opments.. The. factors. for. the. power. grid. can. address.
differences.in.the.fraction.of.renewables..In.the.case.of.
a.grid.with.high.penetration.of.solar.power.generation,.
large. seasonal. differences. will. be. typical. for. most. cli-
mates..Low.weighting.factors.during.summer.as.com-
pared.to.higher.factors.during.winter.would.stimulate.
building.energy.solutions.which.operate.to.the.benefit.
of.the.grids..Time-dependent.electricity.tariffs.are.a.typi-
cal.measure.within.smart.grids.to.communicate.such.
issues.at.the.financial.level.
conclusions
The.report.underlines.the.complexity.of.the.topic.and.
the.implications.of.definitions.and.regulations.for.ap-
propriate. solutions.. Nationally. specific. formulations.
have.to.clarify.the.balance.boundaries,.the.balance.type.
and. the. weighting. with. respect. to. the. EPBD,. the. al-
ready.established.national.building.energy.code.frame-
work.and.the.strategic.energy.plan..As.load.match.and.
grid.interaction.become.important.characteristics.in.fu-
ture.green.and.smart.grids,.it.is.important.that.calcula-
tion.procedures.reflect.these.issues..The.import/export.
balance. including. all. types. of. on-site. (before. the. me-
ter). generation. and. loads. in. a. harmonized. way. seems.
to.be.the.suitable.approach.in.the.medium-long.term..
However,.there.is.a.need.to.more.knowledge.on.tran-
sient.load.patterns.in.the.planning.phase..The.load/gen-
eration.balance.combined.with.a.monthly.net.balance.
approach.may.serve.as.a.compromise.
Asymmetrical.and.time-dependent.weighting.factors.for.
grid-based.energy.are.important.components.of.a.future.
method..Such.an.approach.would.be.in.line.with.tariff.
systems.which.communicate.the.strategy.to.consumers.
at.a.financial.level..However,.this.does.not.mean.that.a.
net-zero.or.nearly.net-zero.energy.building.would.have.
net.or.nearly.zero.energy.costs..This.is.due.to.the.cost.
of.using.the.grid.and.related.taxation.
As. an. aid. to. studying. the. various. definition. options,.
a. spread-sheet. tool. for. planning. and. monitoring. data.
analysis.that.addresses.the.most.relevant.combinations.
of.balance.boundaries,.balance.types.and.weighting.fac-
tors.will.be.made.available.by.the.IEA.working.group.at.
the.end.of.2012.(check.[6].for.free.download)..A.stand-
ardized.monitoring.procedure.with.protocols.to.check.
the.targets.has.been.developed..The.procedure.includes.
sixteen.steps.belonging.to.three.different.phases.of.the.
accomplishment.of.a.monitoring.campaign.[24].
acknowledgements
The.work.presented.in.this.paper.has.been.largely.devel-
oped.in.the.context.of.the.joint.IEA.SHC.(International.
Energy. Agency,. Solar. Heating. and. Cooling).Task. 40/
ECBCS. (Energy. Conservation. in. Buildings. and.
Community. Systems). Annex. 52:. Towards. Net. Zero.
Energy.Solar.Buildings.
References
See.the.complete.list.of.references.of.the.article.in.the.
html-version. at. www.rehva.eu. ->. REHVA. European.
HVAC.Journal.
figure 4.Monitoringresultsforasmallall-electric,nearly
NetZEBinGermany.ThebuildingistheWuppertalUniver-
sityentrytotheSolarDecathlonEurope2010inMadrid
[23].The data based on 5-min resolution are expressed
asaload/generationbalanceaswellasanimport/export
balanceincludingallon-siteloads.Monitoringstartedin
September 2011; data for July/August 2012 have been
estimated.Source:UniversityWuppertal,btga
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
Cumulative generation / exported in kWh
Cumulative load / delivered in kWh
2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 0
REHVA Journal December 2012 27
articles
The increasing demand for energy, the short-
age of the reserves of fuel, as well as the en-
vironment pollution and the global climate
changes are the reasons for the growing
interest in renewable energy resources in
Latvia where the share of renewable energy
resources account for one third in the total
balance of primary energy resources. Wood
and hydro energy are the two major types of
renewable energy resources. Latvia has set
the goal to increase the share of renewable
energy resources up to 40% by 2020. The big-
gest possibilities for the use of local renew-
able energy resources refer to heat produc-
tion this applies to energy resources, like
granulated wood or wood chips (hereinafter
referred to as biofuel) with the highest ef-
ficiency. This article demonstrates the use of
biofuel and the possibilities of increasing its
share, as well as measures for increasing the
efficiency of the biofuel fired heat sources in
the district heating system of Riga.
district heating system in Riga was
established in 1958
District.heating.system consists.of.the.supply.network.
of.heat.energy.and.heat.production.sources.for.a.city.or.
a.part.of.a.city..The.district.heating.system.is.a.modern.
heat.energy.supply.system,.which.provides.a.possibility.
to.produce.heat.in.cogeneration.cycle.and.to.use.biofuel,.
as.well.as.other.advanced.technologies.the.application.of.
which.is.not.efficient.or.feasible.in.local.heat.sources..At.
present.JSC.RGAS.SILTUMS.is.the.operator.of.the.
district.heating.system.in.Riga.and.is.in.charge.of.pro-
viding.heat.energy.supply.to.households,.state.authori-
ties. and. businesses. in. Riga.. JSC. RGAS. SILTUMS.
plays.an.important.role.in.the.heat.supply.of.Latvia.ac-
counting.for.53%.of.the.total.volume.of.the.district.heat.
supply.provided.by.the.district.heating.systems.
The.company.purchases.approximately.70%.of.the.heat.
required.for.the.needs.of.Riga.city.from.CHP.plants.of.
an.independent.producer.and.produces.the.remaining.
approximately.30%.by.itself.(Table 1).
The.implementation.of.the.rehabilitation.project.of.Riga.
district.heating.system.started.in.1996.and.was.aimed.at.
achieving.considerable.improvement.of.the.efficiency.of.
Riga. district. heating. system,. ensuring. its. competitive-
ness.and.reducing.the.impact.of.the.district.heating.sys-
tem.upon.the.environment..Within.the.framework.of.
the.rehabilitation.it.was.planned.to.eliminate.the.cen-
tralised.heat.substations,.to.reconstruct.individual.heat.
Normunds Talcis
M.sc.ing. JSC
RGAS SILTUMS Board Chairman, Riga, Latvia
[email protected]
Egils Dzelztis
Dr.habil.sc.ing.
Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
[email protected]
Use of biofuels in the
district heating system of Riga
heat capacity, mW
Owned by operator, including: 942
DHPImanta 405
DHPZiepniekkalns 104
DHPZasulauks 257
DHPDaugavgrva 32
DHPVecmlgrvis 63
38automatedsmalllocalboilerhouses 81
Heat sources owned by others, including: 1657
TEC-1 493
TEC-2 1148
Juglasjauda 16
total installed heat capacity 2599
table 1.Heatproductioncapacities
ofthedistrictheatingsystem.
REHVA Journal December 2012 2
articles
substations.and.pipeline.networks,.to.close.non-efficient.
medium.and.small.capacity.heat.sources.and.to.connect.
the.relevant.consumers.to.the.district.heating,.as.well.as.
to. reconstruct. the. major. heat. sources. of. JSC. RGAS.
SILTUMS..In.the.course.of.implementing.the.rehabili-
tation.project.the.arrangement.of.the.heat.metering.sys-
tem,.improvement.of.the.service.level.and.establishment.
of.the.possibilities.of.control.of.the.heat.consumption.by.
heat.consumers.were.defined.as.the.priority.areas.
individual heat metering installed
from 1996
3000.heat.meters.were.installed.in.Riga.until.September.
1996.based.upon.the.initiative.of.the.house.owners..In.the.
course.of.implementing.the.guidelines.of.the.rehabilita-
tion.project.of.the.district.heating.system,.the.installation.
of.heat.meters.started.in.1996.both.at.consumer.side.and.
in.heat.sources..The.costs.of.procurement.and.installation.
of.heat.meters.were.included.in.the.heat.tariff..In.October.
1997.the.installation.of.6000.heat.meters.was.completed.
and.it.permitted.to.transfer.to.the.system.of.settlements.
with.heat.consumers.based.upon.the.actual.consumption.
of.heat..The.metering.of.actual.heat.consumption.encour-
aged.the.arrangement.of.the.internal.heat.supply.systems.
of. buildings,. thanks. to. the. optimisation. of. the. flow. of.
network.water.and.hot.water.consumption..Residents,.in.
their.turn,.can.accurately.account.for.the.consumed.water.
based.upon.the.readings.of.the.meters.installed.in.apart-
ments.and.adjust.their.consumption.to.their.economical.
abilities..Settlements.for.heat.based.upon.meter.readings.
increased.the.consumers.interest.to.save.the.heat.energy,.
supplied. to. the. building,. and. to. demand. provision. of.
higher.quality.heat..The.measures.of.saving.and.improv-
ing.the.heat.quality.yielded.their.results.because.the.heat.
sales.to.households.decreased.
individual heat substations
Before.1997.approximately.46%.of.the.heat.consumers.
connected.to.Riga.district.heating.system.received.heat.
via.central.heat.substations.(places.where.the.heat.carri-
er.is.produced.for.ensuring.space.heating.and.domestic.
hot.water.supplies.to.a.group.of.buildings)..When.hot.
water.was.supplied.and.space.heating.was.provided.via.
the.central.heat.substations.it.was.not.possible.to.guar-
antee.the.high.quality.of.service.to.the.customers..In.au-
tumn.and.spring.periods.the.premises.were.overheated.
(the.adjustment.possibilities.were.limited)..In.the.result.
heat.was.not.used.efficiently..For.the.purpose.of.pro-
viding.the.required.amount.and.quality.of.heat.to.heat.
consumers,.improving.the.security.of.the.heat.supply.
and.achieving.more.efficient.use.of.heat.JSC.RGAS.
SILTUMS. was. consistently.implementing.the. meas-
ures.aimed.at.reducing.the.heat.demand,.including.the.
implementation.of.the.program.of.elimination.of.cen-
tral.heat.substations.and.setting.up.individual.automat-
ed. heat. substations..Within. this. program. 3008. mod-
ern.individual.heat.substations.were.constructed.in.the.
buildings..All.the.185.central.heat.substations.and.the.
hot.water.networks.associated.with.them.with.the.to-
tal.length.of.134.77.km.were.eliminated.by.the.end.of.
2001..At.present.more.than.8000.individual.heat.sub-
stations.have.been.modernised.
Reduction of heat transmission losses
For.the.purpose.of.ensuring.the.operation.of.the.dis-
trict.heating.system.and.its.competitiveness.on.the.heat.
market. the. good. technical. condition. of. the. elements.
of.the.heat.supply.systems.has.to.be.maintained..The.
main. and. distribution. heat. networks. are. major. ele-
ments.of.the.district. heating.system..By. maintaining.
the.good.technical.condition.of.the.main.and.distribu-
tion.heat.networks.JSC.
RGAS. SILTUMS.
provides. high. quali-
ty. heat. supply. to. cus-
tomers. and. is. reducing.
transmission. heat. loss-
es. and. leakages. of. the.
heat. carrier.. Generally,.
thanks. to. the. imple-
mentation.of.the.meas-
ures. aimed. at. reducing.
the. transmission. heat.
losses.it.was.possible.to.
reduce.the.transmission.
heat. losses. in. Riga. dis-
trict.heating.system.ap-
proximately. 2.3. times.
(Figure 1). figure 1.HeatlossesinDHnetworks.
1126
1007
969
818
763
771
745
637
581
540
461 461
451
489 489
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
thous. MWh
REHVA Journal December 2012 29
articles
Quality of
biofuels
In.order.to.reduce.depend-
ence. on. one. type. of. fuel,.
to.improve.the.security.of.
heat.supply.and.to.reduce.
carbon.dioxide.emissions,.
the.sustainable.justified.di-
versification.of.fuel.was.de-
fined.as.the.priority.aimed.
at. rapid. and. considerable.
increase.of.the.share.of.bi-
ofuel.. The. requirements.
were.set.to
composition.(bark,.
stones,.sand,.metal.
items,.ice,.etc.
fraction.size:.
2050.mm..
8990%,.100.mm.
.not.exceeding.1%,.5.mm.-.not.exceeding.10%
heating.value..2800.kWh/kg;
moisture..3055%.
Three. types. of. production. of. the. biofuel. were.
recognised:
1.. Planned.production.of.energy.wood.chips.by.
cutting.the.forest.trees.and.chipping.the.round.
timber.at.specially.equipped.places;
2.. At.the.felling.areas.where.the.waste.of.the.forest.
cutting.works.is.being.utilised.(branches,.stems,.
bushes,.etc.)..the.timber.is.chipped.at.the.site.
and.transported.to.boiler.houses;
3.. In.the.course.of.cleaning.the.protective.areas,.
constructing.roads.and.carrying.out.the.mainte-
nance.of.overhead.power.lines..the.chipping.of.
the.wood.is.done.at.the.site.and.then.it.is.trans-
ported.to.boiler.houses;
use of biofuels in the Riga dh system
Taking. into. account. the. particular. circumstances.
when.the.operator.of.the.district.heating.JSC.RGAS.
SILTUMS. can. operate. only. the. heat. production.
plants. owned. by. itself,. the. first. biofuel. fired. unit. in.
the. district. heating. system. of. Riga. was. installed. in.
1996.at.the.heat.plant.Daugavgrva..The.biofuel.pre-
furnace.with.the.heat.capacity.7.5.MW.and.with.the.
efficiency. rate. up. to. 75%. was. added. to. the. existing.
steam.boiler.
On.September.30,.2008.Riga.was.the.first.European.
capital,. which. has. signed. the. Covenant. of. Mayors..
The. Covenant. of. Mayors. is. the. main. document. of.
forming. the. European. energy. policy. uniting. 3000.
cities.in.the.European.Union.and.other.countries.
The. Covenant. of. Mayors. is. an. ambitious. initiative.
by.the.European.Commission.expressing.the.unilat-
eral.undertaking.to.reduce.the.CO
2
.emissions.caused.
by.the.EU.by.20%.until.2020,.and.achieving.this.by.
means. of. improving. energy. efficiency. by. 20%. and.
increasing. the. share. of. renewable. energy. sources. in.
the.total.energy.consumption.by.20%.
Taking. into. account. the. above,. as. well. as. the. rapid.
increase.of.natural.gas.prices.and.the.support.avail-
able. from. the. EU. structural. funds,. JSC. RGAS.
SILTUMS.has.actively.engaged.in.the.use.of.biofuel.
in.its.production.sites..The.use.of.biofuel.contributes.
to.the.fuel.diversification.aimed.at.more.intense.use.
of.local.renewable.energy.resources.and.reduces.the.
impact.of.the.natural.gas.upon.the.heat.price.
Along. with. the. development. of. the. biofuel. incin-
eration. technologies. and. in. the. course. of. continu-
ing.the.increase.of.the.share.of. biofuel.in.Riga.dis-
trict. heating. system. in. 2010. a. biofuel. fired. boiler.
house.with.the.capacity.of.14.MW.and.the.efficien-
cy.rate.up.to.85%.was.constructed.in.the.heat.plant.
Vecmlgrvis. (Figure 2). and. it. is. operated. at. the.
base.load.
figure2.ThebiofuelfiredboilerhouseattheplantVecmilgravis.
REHVA Journal December 2012 30
articles
In. summer. period. only. the. operation. of. the. bio-
fuel. fired. boilers. is. envisaged. in. the. heat. plants.
Daugavgrva. and. Vecmlgrvis.. For. the. purpose.
of.ensuring.the.compensation.for.the.daily.changing.
heat. loads. -. heat. accumulators. were. installed. in. the.
heat.plants.and.they.are.covering.the.heat.loads.dur-
ing.the.peak.hours.and.charge.the.load.of.the.boilers.
during.night.hours.
The. development. measures. implemented. at. the. heat.
plant. Vecmlgrvis. permitted. to. improve. the. opera-
tional.efficiency.of.this.heat.source.and.has.increased.the.
share.of.use.of.the.biofuel.in.the.total.production.scope.
from.2.4%.to.6.4%.
further development
of the biofuel usage
By. increasing. the. share. of. use. of. the. biofuel,. the. im-
pact.of.the.increase.of.natural.gas.prices.upon.the.heat.
production.costs.will.be.reduced..Currently.two.mod-
ernisation.projects.have.been.initiated.providing.for.the.
installation.of.highly.efficient.heat.production.units.us-
ing.biofuel:
a.cogeneration.unit.producing.up.to.22.MW.
heat.and.4.MW.electricity.with.the.total.
efficiency.rate.up.to.97%.will.be.installed.at.the.
heat.plant.Ziepniekkalns;
the.installation.of.the.water.heating.boiler.with.
the.capacity.of.20.MW.and.the.fluidised.bed.
furnace.allowing.to.burn.a.wide.range.of.biofuel.
is.planned.in.the.modernisation.project.of.the.
heat.plant.Zasulauks.
In.both.above.mentioned.projects.the.flue.gas.utilisation.
technologies.(flue.gas.condensers).will.be.installed.en-
suring.the.efficiency.rate.of.the.boiler.operation.close.to.
100%..The.maximum.automation.level.and.construc-
tion.of.the.automated.storage.of.biofuel.is.planned.to.be.
placed.at.the.boiler.houses..The.implementation.of.the.
projects.will.permit.to.save.the.natural.gas.consumption.
of.approximately.11.2.mill..n.m/year,.at.the.same.time.
increasing.the.consumption.of.biofuel.by.approximately.
112.thous..loose.m/year.
Following. the. implementation. of. the. projects. of. bio-
fuel.at.the.heat.plants.Ziepniekkalns.and.Zasulauks.
the.share.of.biofuel.in.the.total.production.volume.will.
reach.5.82%.(Figure 3).
By.year.2014,.thanks.to.the.implementation.of.the.mod-
ernisation.projects.providing.for.the.use.of.biofuel.in.the.
heat.plants.Ziepniekkalns.and.Zasulauks,.the.total.
consumption.of.biofuel.in.Riga.district.heating.system.
will. increase. from. approximately. 0.03.mill..loose.m.
per.year.to.approximately.0.4.mill..loose.m.per.year.or.
more.than.13.times.
Along.with.the.planned.increase.of.the.share.of.energy.
produced.on.the.basis.of.the.biofuel.in.the.total.volume.
of.heat.production.for.Riga.district.heating.system,.also.
measures. for. improving. the. efficiency. of. biofuel. fired.
heat.sources.are.consistently.implemented..In.the.near.
future,.in.addition.to.fossil.biofuel.fired.water.heating.
boilers.at.the.heat.plant.Vecmlgrvis,.it.is.planned.to.
installed.condensers.of.flue.gases..The.condensers.of.flue.
gases.will.be.installed.in.the.flue.gas.channel.behind.the.
boiler.and.flue.gas.treatment.devices,.and.by.means.of.
figure 3.Increaseoftheshareofbiofuelinheatsources(%).
0.75 0.72
1.32
1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92
1.95
3.90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
%
Plan
Current situation
3.87
5.82
REHVA Journal December 2012 31
articles
spraying.water.in.the.flue.gas.
flow. it. is. possible. to. recover.
a. considerable. portion. of. the.
heat.of.the.flue.gas.produced.
in. the. process. of. combustion.
of.the.biofuel..The.installation.
of.the.flue.gas.condenser.will.
result.in.the.increase.of.the.ef-
ficiency. of. use. of. the. biofu-
el. by. 15%. (Figure 4),. as. the.
temperature. of. emitted. flue.
gases.is.decreased.
Reviewing. further. possibili-
ties. of. the. use. of. wood. chips.
we. have. studied. the. imple-
mentation. of. the. gasification.
of.wood.chips.in.heat.produc-
tion. and. power. generation..
Taking.into.account.that.low-
capacity. units. are. used. now.
in.practice.we.are.planning.to.
consider.the.possibilities.of.in-
stallation. this. type. of. equip-
ment. in. the. small. scale. heat.
sources.where.the.winter.loads.
range.from.16.to.17.MW.and.
in. summer. the. load. decreas-
es.to.2.MW..Considering.the.
high.capital.investment.in.the.
wood.chips.gasification.equip-
ment. it. should. be. operated.
for. the. maximum. number. of.
hours.during.year..If.the.proc-
ess. of. gasification. of. wood.
chips.is.compared.to.the.clas-
sic. process. of. incineration. of.
wood. chips. the. gasification.
process. is. characterised. by. a.
better. proportion. in. produc-
ing.heat.and.electricity..Taking.
into.account.that.electricity.is.a.much.more.profitable.
product.that.can.be.sold.on.the.market,.the.technology.
with.the.maximum.electricity.generation.during.a.year.
is.more.profitable..It.is.planned.to.install.the.wood.chips.
gasification.unit.with.the.heat.capacity.of.1.9.MW
th
.and.
electrical.capacity.of.1.0.MW
el.
Generation of electricity at biofuel
fired heat sources
In.order.to.improve.the.efficiency.of.a.heat.source,.to.
provide. auxiliary. power. supply. and. to. sell. the. surplus.
electricity,. which. would. contribute. to. the. improve-
ment. of. the. overall. efficiency. of. the. district. heating.
system,.in.2004.the.modernisation.project.of.the.heat.
plant.Daugavgrva.was.implemented.with.the.instal-
lation.of.the.steam.turbine.with.the.electrical.capacity.
of.0.5.MW
el..
and.construction.of.the.heat.storage.tank.
with.the.volume.of.100.m..In.2007.the.capacity.of.the.
turbine.was.increased.up.to.0.6.MW
el.
.Due.to.the.im-
plementation.of.the.modernisation.project.at.the.heat.
plant.Ziepniekkalns..construction.of.the.biofuel.fired.
cogeneration.unit.with.the.electrical.capacity.of.4.MW,.
the.electricity.generation.based.on.biofuel.will.increase.
more.than.19.times.in.2014.compared.to.2010.and.will.
amount.to.24.thous..MWh.per.year.(see.Figure 5).
figure 4.Thedynamicsoftheimprovementoftheaverageefficiencyofuseofbiofuel.
73 73 73
87
91
73
77
95
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
%
figure 5.Biofuelbasedheatproductionandelectricitygeneration.
73 390
100 223
15 291
181 611
307 853
2 030
1 254
2 030
13 933
24 267
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
350 000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
MWh
th
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
MWh
el
Biofuel based heat production
Biofuel based electricity generation
REHVA Journal December 2012 32
articles
conclusions
In. the. current. situation. in. the. fuel. market. when. the.
prices.of.fossil.fuels.increase.rapidly.the.use.of.biofuel.
for. production. of. heat. and. generation. of. electricity. is.
economically. justified.. However,. I. would. also. like. to.
point.out.that.each.situation.has.to.be.analysed.on.case.
by.case.basis..The.example.described.by.me.provides.an.
insight.of.the.use.of.biofuel.in.the.district.heating.sys-
tem..When.a.new.biofuel.based.technologies.with.high.
efficiency. parameters. are. applied. for. the. heat. produc-
tion,.these.units.can.be.used.in.the.existing.and.newly.
constructed.production.sources.
When.biofuel.based.energy.production.sources.are.built.
or.reconstructed,.the.load.of.the.units.has.to.be.care-
fully.assessed..It.is.because.the.investments.in.biofuel.
based. units. are. much. higher. than. the. investments. in.
the. units. using. natural. gas.. Therefore,. in. the. course.
of. planning. it. is. necessary. to. ensure. that. the. selected.
biofuel.based.units.use.the.heat.produced.in.the.proc-
ess.to.the.maximum.extent.and.are.loaded.during.the.
whole.year.
The.district.heating.system.provides.a.possibility.for.the.
efficient.use.of.biofuel.in.heat.sources.because.the.heat.
sources.are.linked.within.a.common.system..When.sev-
eral.sources.operate.within.a.joint.system.it.is.possible.to.
ensure.that.the.biofuel.based.units.are.efficiently.loaded..
If.the.biofuel.based.production.sources.are.utilised.ef-
ficiently.within.the.district.heating.system.this.provides.
an.opportunity.to.produce.heat.the.costs.of.which.are.
competitive.in.the.heat.market.
References
[1] Zigurs A., Budjko Z., Cers A. etc. Biomass projects schemes
in Latvia // 16th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition,
Proceedings of the International Conference held in
Valencia, Spain 2-6 June 2008. - Valencia: 16th European
Biomass Conference & Exhibition, 2008. - 2443-2447.p.
[2] Zigurs A., Budjko Z., Cers A. etc. Cost effective biomass
conversion for energy in Latvia // 16th European Biomass
Conference & Exhibition, Proceedings of the International
Conference held in Valencia, Spain 2-6 June 2008. - Valencia:
16th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, 2008. -
1478-1482.p.
[3] Zigurs A., Cers A., Jirgens M. etc. Financing schemes for
biomass in Latvia // World Sustainable Energy Days 2008. -
Wels: World Sustainable Energy Days, 2008. - 1-9.p.
REHVA Journal December 2012 33
articles
Hitema
The national building typologies can be used as
data sources for forecasting and evaluating the
energy saving potential and the carbon dioxide
emission reductions for each European country.
Thereby the main objective of the IEE TABULA
project has been to create a harmonized structure
of the European building typologies and to iden-
tify representative building types. Two levels of
building retrofit have been considered: a stand-
ard refurbishment, applying measures which
are commonly used in the country; an advanced
refurbishment, applying measures which reflect
the best available technologies. The evaluation of
each reference building type has been performed
in each country by using the national EPBD as-
set rating method and by showing the energy
performance before and after the refurbishment.
Statistical information of construction methods
and of heating systems has made possible the
use of the reference building types as models for
the assessment of the energy performance of the
whole national building stock.
T
he. present. paper. reports. the. first. outcomes. of.
the.application.of.the.above.described.method-
ology.to.the.national.residential.building.stocks.
of.four.countries.representative.of.the.North,.Middle,.
South.and.East.European.Countries..It.summarizes.the.
results.presented.in.the.TABULA.report.Application of
Building Typologies for Modelling the Energy Balance of
the Residential Building Stock.
introduction
Building. typologies. developed. during. the. TABULA.
project.can.be.exploited.as.a.basis.for.analysing.the.na-
tional.housing.sector..Specifically,.as.shown.in.Figure 1,.
starting. from. global. statistics. at. national. and. region-
al. level. and. from. the. corresponding. available. residen-
tial.building.samples.divided.in.classes,.some.reference.
building.types.have.been.selected.in.order.to.obtain.a.
relevant.characterization.of.the.analyzed.buildings..They.
have.been.chosen.as.representative.of.a.large.portion.of.
the.national.residential.building.stock..Different.mod-
elling.approaches.were.chosen.by.the.partners.depend-
ing.on.the.available.statistical.data..Some.defined.a.set.
of.synthetic.buildings.reflecting.building.stock.averages;.
others.applied.a.set.of.generic.example.buildings.from.
the.national.TABULA.typologies.
For. each. reference. building. type. two. refurbishment.
measures. have. been. considered:. a. standard refurbish-
ment through. the. application. of. measures. commonly.
Energy saving potential
by retrofitting residential
buildings in Europe
The full length version of this article is availbale at the journal website http://www.rehva.eu/en/rehva-european-hvac-journal
Cristina Becchio
TEBE Research Group, Department of Energy,
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
[email protected]
Ilaria Ballarini
TEBE Research Group, Department of Energy,
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Stefano P. Corgnati
TEBE Research Group, Department of Energy,
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Vincenzo Corrado
TEBE Research Group, Department of Energy,
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
REHVA Journal December 2012 3
articles
applied.within.the.country;.an.
advanced refurbishment.through.
the. introduction. of. measures.
that. reflect. the. use. of. the. best.
available. technologies.. Finally.
additional. information. about.
the.number.and.the.frequency.
of. each. specific. building. type.
has. made. possible. the. applica-
tion.of.statistical.models.in.or-
der. to. estimate. the. overall. en-
ergy. performance,. energy. sav-
ing.potentialities,.carbon.diox-
ide.emissions.reductions.of.the.
building. stock. at. national/re-
gional.level.
This.paper.shows.the.first.out-
comes.of.the.application.of.the.
above.described.Energy.Balance.
Method. at. the. national. resi-
dential. building. stock. of. four.
countries:
Denmark,.as.a.representative.of.the.North.
European.countries;
Germany,.as.a.representative.of.the.Middle.
European.countries;
Italy,.as.a.representative.of.the.South.European.
countries;
Czech.Republic,.as.a.representative.of.the.East.
European.countries.
The.data.presented.in.this.paper.have.been.extrapolat-
ed.from.the.TABULA.report.Application.of.Building.
Typologies. for. Modelling. the. Energy. Balance. of. the.
Residential. Building. Stock. and. from. the. National.
Scientific.Report.on.the.TABULA.project.of.the.four.
analysed.countries.
denmark
The. energy. balance. of. the. Danish. residential. build-
ings.was.calculated.using.synthetical.average.buildings..
These.were.split.within.nine.different.construction.peri-
ods.and.three.building.types.(single.family.houses.SFH,.
terraced.houses.TH,.block.of.flats.AB).
In.order.to.estimate.energy.saving.potentials.the.nation-
al.Energy.Balance.method.was.used.
Refurbishment. measures. were. applied. only. to. the. en-
velope. and. consisted. in. two. different. levels. of. thermal.
insulation:.details.about.retrofit.actions.are.reported.on.
the. full. length. version. of. this. paper. on. the. web. site..
Consequently,.the.energy.saving.potential.was.calculat-
ed.only.in.term.of.net.energy.demand.for.heating.and.
DHW..The.results.of.the.analysis.are.presented.in.term.of.
energy.saving.and.CO
2
.emission.reduction.in.Table 1.
Germany
The. analysis. of. the. German. building. stock. was. con-
ducted.on.a.set.of.six.synthetical.average.buildings..Two.
building. size. classes. (single. family. houses. with. one. or.
two. dwellings. and. multifamily. houses. with. three. or.
more.dwellings).and.three.construction.periods.accord-
ing.to.different.levels.of.energy.saving.national.regula-
tions.were.considered.(see.full.length.version.of.this.pa-
per.on.the.web.site).
The.energy.balance.model.was.developed.on.basis.of.the.
available.statistical.input.data..The.energy.demand.for.
space.heating.of.the.considered.six.building.types.was.
calculated. according. to. a. seasonal. energy. balance. ap-
proach..In.this.way.an.estimation.of.energy.saving.po-
tentials.in.the.German.building.stock.for.heating.and.
hot.water.supply.was.carried.out..Details.about.retrofit.
actions.are.reported.on.the.full.length.version.of.this.pa-
per.on.the.web.site.
Energy. saving. potential. obtained. by. retrofitting.
the. German. residential. building. stock. is. reported. in.
Table 2.
figure 1.ProcedureforEnergyBalanceMethodusedintheTABULAprojecttopre-
dictthepotentialimpactofenergyefficiencymeasuresonnationalhousingsector.
REHVA Journal December 2012 3
articles
table 2.Annualenergysavingpotential(intermsofprimaryenergyforspaceheatingandDHW)andCO
2
emissions
reductionsbystandardandadvancedrefurbishmentofGermanresidentialbuildingstock.
original state standard Refurbishment advanced Refurbishment
Q
H,W,p
t
CO2
Q
H,W,p
%savings t
CO2
Q
H,W,p
%savings t
CO2
[10
3
GWh] [10
6
t] [10
3
GWh] [-] [10
6
t] [10
3
GWh] [-] [10
6
t]
661 136 304 -46% 63 512 -77% 100
table 3.Annualenergysavingpotentialities(intermsofprimaryenergyforspaceheatingandDHW)andCO
2

emissionsreductionsbystandardandadvancedrefurbishmentforItalianresidentialbuildingstock.
Reference
building type
original state standard Refurbishment advanced Refurbishment
Q
H,W,p
t
CO2
Q
H,W,p
%
savings
t
CO2
Q
H,W,p
%
savings
t
CO2
[10
3
GWh] [10
6
t] [10
3
GWh] [-] [10
6
t] [10
3
GWh] [-] [10
6
t]
SFH(until1900) 50.6 10.3 38.8 -77% 7.9 42.8 -85% 8.7
SFH(1921-1945) 22.1 4.5 17.8 -81% 3.6 19.4 -88% 3.9
MFH(1946-1960) 127.2 25.8 98.2 -77% 19.9 105.5 -83% 21.4
AB(1961-1975) 419.5 85.2 301.2 -72% 61.2 349.9 -83% 71
AB(1976-1990) 364.3 74 204.4 -56% 41.5 255.4 -70% 51.9
AB(1991-2005) 76.6 15.6 32 -42% 6.5 42.3 -65% 8.6
1060.5 215.3 692.5 -65% 140.6 815.4 -77% 165.5
table 4.Annualenergysavingpotentialities(intermsofprimaryenergyforspaceheatingandDHW)andCO
2

emissionsreductionsbystandardandadvancedrefurbishmentforCzechRepublicresidentialbuildingstock.
Reference
building type
original state Refurbishment
Q
H,W,p
t
CO2
Q
H,W,p
%savings t
CO2
[10
3
GWh] [10
6
t] [10
3
GWh] [-] [10
6
t]
SFH(until1979) 11.9 5.5 7.7 -65% 3.6
SFH(1980-2001) 12.7 5.9 4.8 -38% 2.2
SFH(2002-2010) 5.5 2.6 1.1 -20% 0.5
APT(until1979) 6.1 2.9 3.2 -52% 1.5
APT(1980-2001) 15.2 6.5 5.3 -35% 2.3
APT(2002-2010) 5.4 2.6 1 -19% 0.5
56.8 26 23.1 -41% 10.6
table 1.Annualenergysavingpotential(intermsofnetenergydemandforspaceheatingandDHW)andCO
2

emissionsreductionsbystandardandadvancedrefurbishmentofDanishresidentialbuildingstock.
Reference
building type
original state standard Refurbishment advanced Refurbishment
Q
H,W,p
t
CO2
Q
H,W,p
%
savings
t
CO2
Q
H,W,p
%
savings
t
CO2
[10GWh] [10
6
t] [10GWh] [-] [10
6
t] [10GWh] [-] [10
6
t]
SFHandTH 31.5 --- 14.6 -46% --- 15.6 -50% ---
AB 12.1 --- 5.3 -44% --- 5.9 -49% ---
43.6 --- 19.9 -46% 3.1 21.5 -49% 3.4
REHVA Journal December 2012 3
articles
italy
In.Italy,.six.reference.building.types.were.created.to.represent.
the.housing.stock.for.the.purpose.of.Energy.Balance.analysis.
(single.family.house.SFH,.multi-family.house.MFH,.apart-
ment.block.AB;.see.full.length.version.of.this.paper.on.the.
web.site).
These.reference.buildings.were.chosen.according.to.statisti-
cal.analysis:.they.are.representative.of.a.suitable.significant.
portion. of. the. entire. national. building. stock. considering.
both.the.construction.age.and.the.building.size.(i.e..number.
of.apartments,.floor.area).and.they.belong.to.the.Middle.
Climatic.Zone.(from.2100.to.3000.heating.degree.days),.
which.is.the.most.representative.of.the.Italian.climate.(about.
4250.municipalities.on.a.total.number.of.8100).
The. official. national. calculation. method. (Technical.
Specification. UNI/TS. 11300. -. National. Annex. to. CEN.
Standards).for.energy.certificates.was.applied.for.the.evalu-
ation.of.the.energy.demand.of.the.selected.reference.build-
ings.and.to.assess.the.energy.saving.potential.due.to.energy.
retrofit. actions. according. to. two. different. scenarios. (stan-
dard. and. advanced. refurbishment).. Details. about. retrofit.
actions.are.reported.on.the.full.length.version.of.this.paper.
on.the.web.site.
Energy. saving. potentialities. obtained. applying. the. men-
tioned. retrofit. measures. at. the. Italian. residential. building.
stock.are.reported.in.Table 3.
czech Republic
Six. reference. building. types. were. created. to. represent. the.
Czech. Republic. housing. stock. for. the. purpose. of. Energy.
Balance. analysis..This. set. of. buildings. was. categorized. by.
size.(single.family.house.SFH,.multi-family.house.and.apart-
ment.block.APT).and.age.(see.full.length.version.of.this.pa-
per.on.the.web.site).
The.buildings.are.theoretical.buildings.based.on.the.analysis.
of.available.statistical.data.and.on.the.knowledge.of.histori-
cal.standard.requirements.for.the.U-values.of.the.building.
envelope.and.the.usual.efficiency.of.the.heating.and.DHW.
systems.
The.energy.balance.model.was.created.on.basis.of.the.statis-
tical.data..The.delivered.energy.and.the.energy.demand.for.
space.heating.of.the.considered.six.groups.of.buildings.was.
calculated.using.national.calculation.method.
In.this.case.the.refurbishment.measures.were.fixed.on.the.
basis.of.recent.studies..Details.about.retrofit.actions.are.re-
ported.on.the.full.length.version.of.this.paper.on.the.web.
site..The.results.of.the.analyses.are.shown.in.Table 4.
REHVA Journal December 2012 37
articles
Eurovent
E
C
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0
6
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P
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t
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:
I
S
t
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c
k
The Eurovent Certifcation label is a guarantee that the energy level
indicated is based on certifed performances. Eurovent Certifcation
certifes the thermal and acoustic performance of air conditioning, ven-
tilation, heating and refrigeration equipment tested at independent
ISO 17025 accredited laboratories. The certifcation protocol includes
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quent publication of data.
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conclusion
The. analysis. shows. that. building. typologies. can. be. a.
helpful.tool.for.modelling.the.energy.consumption.of.
national.building.stocks.and.for.carrying.out.scenario.
analyses.beyond.the.TABULA.project..The.consider-
ation.of.a.set.of.representative.buildings,.which.reflect.
the.current.state.of.the.building.national.stock,.makes.
it.possible.to.have.a.detailed.view.on.various.packages.
of.refurbishment.measures.for.the.complete.buildings.
stock.or.for.its.sub-categories..The.effects.of.different.
insulation.measures.at.the.respective.construction.ele-
ments.as.well.as.different.system.supply.measures.in-
cluding.renewable.energies.can.be.considered.in.detail.
with.fast.analysis.
As. general. rule,. when. two. different. level. of. retrofit.
were. considered. it. is. noted. that. the. standard. refur-
bishment.is.associated.with.high.relative.percentage.of.
energy. saving. (Figure 2):. the. energy. saving. due. to. a.
standard.refurbishment.is.bigger.than.the.saving.vari-
ation. between. a. standard. refurbishment. and. an. ad-
vanced.refurbishment..In.fact,.national.building.stock.
is.often.characterized.by.low.energy.performance.and.
even.the.application.of.basic.energy.renovations.may.
provide. significant. increases. in. energy. performance.
and.consequent.reduction.of.CO
2
.emission.(the.case.
of.Italy.is.exemplificative.of.this.trend)..Thereby.from.
an.economic.point.of.view.it.is.more.convenient.to.ap-
ply. standard. refurbishment. measures. at. the. national.
building. stock. than. advanced. ones. that. are. the. most.
expensive.
It.was.highlighted.that,.even.with.standard.refurbish-
ments,.energy.saving.over.45%.can.be.achieved..As.a.
consequence.of.this.big.saving.potential,.suitable.poli-
cies.to.address.energy.retrofit.actions.of.existing.build-
ings.are.crucial.
Finally,. the. quality. of. future. model. calculations. will.
depend.very.much.on.the.availability.of.statistical.da-
ta.. For. reliable. scenario. analyses,. information. about.
the.current.state.of.the.building.stock.and.about.the.
current.trends.is.needed..The.availability.and.regular.
update.of.the.relevant.statistical.data.will.be.an.impor-
tant.basis.for.the.development.of.energy.strategies.in.
the.building.sector..
figure 2.Comparisonbetweenannualenergysavingpotentialbyapplyingastandardrefurbishmentandan
advancedonetotheDanish,GermanandItalianbuildingstock.
REHVA Journal December 2012 3
articles
ACREX.2013
ACREX_India2013_Advert_21x29.7cms_4REHVA.indd 1 15-11-2012 12:27:53
Energy-efficient refurbishment of
public buildings in Serbia
In order to contribute to global initiatives for reducing energy consumption through energy ef-
ficiency increase, Serbia has adopted a set of related national regulations and invested in several
large energy-efficient projects targeting the sector of public buildings. Since inefficient or inap-
propriate energy use in public buildings was often found to be coupled with compromised indoor
comfort conditions, national energy efficiency projects have been particularly designed to target
facilities providing services to the most vulnerable population, such as schools, health care and
social care institutions. Implementation of high technical norms related to building elements and
equipment to be installed when conducting energy efficient refurbishments has proven to be
highly beneficial with respect to both energy savings and improved comfort conditions. Reduced
emissions and use of renewable energy sources were found to be of high importance as well.
The full length version of this article is availbale at the journal website http://www.rehva.eu/en/rehva-european-hvac-journal
inefficiency in the use of energy
Energy.shortage,.energy.conservation,.energy.efficiency.
.the.terms.we.hear.more.and.more.often.when.discuss-
ing.somewhat.grim.predictions.about.the.future.of.glo-
bal. energy. supply,. energy. security. and. environmental.
problems. associated. with. energy. generation..Together.
with. increased. reliance. on. renewable. energy. sources,.
energy.efficiency.increase.was.recognized.as.one.of.the.
measures.that.can.lead.to.somewhat.better.energy.future.
if.implemented.systematically.and.methodically..
Inefficient.use.of.energy.represents.a.major.concern.in.
Serbia..Consumption.of.primary.energy.per.every.unit.
of.GDP.is.significantly.higher.than.in.the.EU.(13.times.
higher.than.in.Germany,.10.times.higher.than.in.France).
[1].. Many. studies. have. pointed. out. that. Serbia. has. a.
large. energy. efficiency. improvement. potential. in. the.
building. sector,. primarily. resulting. from. the. fact. that.
largest.portion.of.Serbian.building.stock.are.buildings.
built.during.the.70s.and.the.80s,.with.brick.walls.and.
no.thermal.insulation,.deteriorated.wood/metal.fenes-
tration.and.worn-out.metalwork..In.case.of.individual.
boilers.(usually.burning.coal.or.fuel.oil),.heating.instal-
lations.are.often.in.very.poor.condition,.without.prop-
erly.insulated.distribution.lines,.non-operating.control.
equipment.and.out.of.order.radiator.valves..As.a.result,.
efficiency.of.the.systems.is.low,.which.coupled.with.poor.
building.envelope.features.causes.valuable.energy.to.be.
wasted.. Having. in. mind. financial. hardships. Serbia. is.
facing.today,.any.effort.to.reduce.excessive.energy.con-
sumption.is.considered.largely.beneficial.
In. line. with. global. attempts,. Serbia. has. adopted. a. se-
ries. of. regulations. that. are. intended. to. contribute. to.
national.energy.efficiency.increase,.including.National.
Energy.Efficiency.Action.Plan.adopted.in.2010,.as.well.
as.Decree.on.Energy.Efficiency.in.Buildings.and.Decree.
on. Modalities. of. Issuing. and. Content. of. Building.
Energy.Performance.Certificates,.that.came.in.force.in.
late.2012..In.addition,.the.new.Law.on.Rational.Energy.
Use.is.expected.to.be.adopted.in.early.2013..As.specified.
in. the. National. Energy. Efficiency. Action. Plan,. build-
Sanja Petrovi Beirovi
Energy Efficiency and Environmental Specialist,
Energoprojekt ENTEL, Belgrade, Serbia,
[email protected]
Mileva Vasi
Energy Generation and Energy Efficiency
Specialist, Energoprojekt ENTEL, Belgrade,
Serbia, [email protected]
REHVA Journal December 2012 0
articles
ing.sector.is.expected.to.contribute.largely.to.national.
energy.efficiency.increase,.with.9%.reduction.in.the.fi-
nal. energy. consumption. planned. to. be. achieved. until.
2018.[2].
serbia energy efficiency Project
(seeP)
Public.sector.has.been.identified.as.a.sector.that.needs.
to.set.an.exemplary.role.in.the.implementation.of.ener-
gy.efficiency.measures.[3],.[4]..In.line.with.such.inten-
tion,.Serbia.has.implemented.several.projects.aimed.at.
energy-efficient.refurbishment.of.public.buildings,.par-
ticularly.schools,.health.care.and.social.care.institutions..
The. largest. energy. efficiency. project. is. Serbia Energy
Efficiency Project (SEEP),. funded. through. IDA. credit.
and.IBRD.loan.and.with.foreseen.total.investment.value.
of.49.million.USD.[1]..The.project.was.planned.to.be.
implemented.in.phases,.carried.out.from.2004.through.
2013.. The. project. objective. is. to. improve. energy. ef-
ficiency. in. public. buildings. in. Serbia. and. to. provide.
more.affordable.space.heating.services,.as.well.as.more.
functional.and.healthy.environment.for.the.end-users..
Table 1.summarizes.the.number.of.public.facilities.in-
cluded.in.the.first.and.the.second.project.phase,.while.
Figure 1.illustrates.location-wise.distribution.of.associ-
ated.buildings.[5].
energy saving opportunities
identified
Measures.implemented.in.public.buildings.included.in.
the. scope. of. SEEP. project. have. been. selected. so. as. to.
provide. the. best. cost-effective. building. refurbishment.
i.e..to.result.in.the.largest.energy.savings.in.the.shortest.
span. of. time.. Individual. measures. included. interven-
tion.on.building.envelope,.boiler.room.modernization,.
fuel.switch.(natural.gas.as.an.alternative.to.coal.or.fuel.
oil),.installation.of.thermostatic.radiator.and.balancing.
valves,.installation.of.variable.flow.pumps.and.automat-
ic.control.systems..Although.energy.audit.of.each.build-
figure 1.LocationsofpublicbuildingsincludedinthescopeofSEEPproject.
facility type Project Phase
Phase 1
(seeP1)
2004-2008
Phase 2
(seeP2)
2009-2012
Schools(elementaryand
secondaryeducationlevel)
16 28
Healthcareinstitutions 12 29
Socialcareinstitutions 5
total 28 62
table 1.Thescopeofserbiaenergyefficiency Project.
REHVA Journal December 2012 1
articles
ing.enabled.identification.of.all.feasible.refurbishment.
measures,.only.the.cost-optimal.combination.of.energy.
efficient.improvements.was.implemented.
It. should. be. mentioned. that. replacement. of. worn. out.
faade.joinery.and.installation.of.thermostatic.valves.have.
found.their.way.into.the.most.of.implemented.energy.effi-
ciency.packages,.as.seen.in.Table 2..This.demonstrates.par-
ticularly.poor.condition.of.fenestration.systems.prior.to.re-
furbishments,.whose.replacement,.apart.from.resulting.in.
significant.energy.savings,.considerably.improved.end-us-
er.comfort.by.reducing.infiltration..Installation.of.thermo-
static.radiator.valves.enabled.heating.regulation.and.pre-
vented.potential.overheating.in.buildings.whose.heat.loses.
were.considerably.reduced..On.the.other.hand,.fuel.switch,.
as.financially,.administratively.and.technically.more.com-
plex.and.demanding,.was.implemented.only.in.one.social.
care.institution.in.the.town.of.Panevo,.located.near.the.
capital.city.of.Belgrade,.where.new.gas-fired.boiler.was.in-
stalled.to.replace.light.fuel.oil.fired.boiler.utilized.previously..
This.was.deemed.largely.beneficial.for.local.population,.
having.in.mind.that.Panevo.inhabitants.frequently.strug-
gle. with. elevated. pollution. levels. due. to. large. industrial.
complexes,.including.oil.refinery,.petrochemical.plant.and.
fertilizer.factory,.located.and.operating.in.the.very.town.
of.Panevo.
Energy savings achieved in each group of buildings
are depicted in Figure2..Clinical.Centre.of.the.City.of.
Ni.is.presented.as.an.individual.building.group.since.it.
represents.a.19-building.complex..As.seen.in.Figure 2,.
figure 2.AnnualenergysavingsachievedinpublicbuildingsincludedinthescopeofSEEP2project.
type of measure
share of
buildings where
measure was
applied
Faade joinery replacement 79%
Faade insulation 37%
Attic/sloped roof/flat roof
insulation
69%
Installation of thermostatic
radiator valves
69%
Installation of balancing valves 21%
Installation of variable flow
pumps
6%
Modernization of boiler room 24%
Fuel switch 2%
Lighting system upgrade 13%
table 2.Individualmeasuresappliedinthebuildings
includedinthescopeofSEEP2project.
REHVA Journal December 2012 2
articles
in.average,.47%.energy.consumption.reduction.has.been.
achieved.in.62.refurbished.public.buildings..Although.
the.consumption.values.presented.surely.leave.room.for.
additional. improvements,. it. is. important. to. mention.
that.only.a.small.handful.of.buildings.have.been.fitted.
with.full.set.of.energy.efficiency.measures,.while.major-
ity.were.only.fitted.with.a.couple.of.improvements.se-
lected.as.the.cost-effective.refurbishment.solution..This.
was.mainly.due.to.budgetary.constraints.as.well.as.situ-
ations.when.end-users.failed.to.conduct.prerequisite.re-
pair.works.that.were.deemed.necessary.in.order.to.im-
plement.certain.energy.efficiency.improvement..In.addi-
tion,.facilities.were.required.to.remain.fully.operational.
during. the. entire. work. execution,. which. significantly.
slowed.down.the.works.and.was.particularly.challenging.
in.case.of.health.care.and.social.care.institutions.
It.is.also.worth.mentioning.that.measurements.conduct-
ed.in.some.of.the.refurbished.schools.prior.to.improve-
ments. have. indicated. that. indoor. temperatures. in. the.
classrooms. were. only. 1516C..The. fact. that. proper.
indoor. temperatures. were. measured. following. the. re-
furbishments.points.out.to.the.conclusion.that.energy.
savings.achieved.have.been.reduced.by.the.fact.that.por-
tion.of.potentially.saved.energy.needed.to.be.used.to.
provide.required.indoor.conditions.and.necessary.end-
user.comfort.
Savings.achieved.in.health.care.facilities.are.particular-
ly. important. when. considering. the. overall. annual. en-
ergy. consumption,. since. hospital. heating. systems. are.
designed.to.operate.continuously.i.e..24/7.and.achieve.
higher. indoor. temperatures. when. compared. to. social.
care. institutions. and. particularly. when. compared. to.
schools. whose. heating. systems. are. usually. completely.
shut-down.(or.operate.at.reduced.capacity).during.over-
night/.weekend.and.holiday.periods..This.is.more.evi-
dent.when.specifying.that.absolute.annual.energy.con-
sumption.of.62.considered.buildings.have.been.reduced.
by.29.114.MWh.in.total,.where.64%.of.this.annual.val-
ue.is.attributed.to.savings.achieved.in.29.health.care.in-
stitutions,.while.29%.comes.from.the.savings.achieved.
in.28.schools..The.remaining.7%.results.from.refurbish-
ments.carried.out.in.5.social.care.institutions.
economics of energy savings
Investment. costs. associated. with. execution. of. energy.
efficiency. improvements. amounted. to. 11.6. million.
EUR,.where.47%.of.the.funds.was.used.to.increase.en-
ergy. efficiency. in. schools,. while. 6%. to. improve. situ-
ation. in. social. care. institutions,. as. seen. in. Figure 3..
Interestingly. enough,. the. identical. 47%. of. the. funds.
enabled.improvements.of.health.care.institutions.(indi-
vidual.hospitals.and.the.complex.of.Clinical.Centre.of.
Ni).although.significantly.larger.area.was.services.(total.
figure 3.InvestmentcostsandsimplepaybackperiodassociatedwithSEEP2refurbishments.
REHVA Journal December 2012 3
articles
heated.area.of.the.health.care.institutions.amounted.to.
about.124.000.m.in.contrast.to.total.heated.area.of.the.
schools.that.reached.approximately.70.800.m).
Analysis.of.financial.data.points.out.to.the.conclusion.
that.such.situation.was.attributed.to.much.complex.lay-
out. of. the. schools. considered,. with. many. of. them. re-
quiring.additional.repair.or.fine.works.in.order.to.enable.
proper.implementation.of.intended.energy.saving.meas-
ures.. With. respect. to. simple. pay. back. period. (SPBP).
of.the.investment.made,.Figure 3 above illustrates.that.
predominant.use.of.low-price.domestic.coal,.as.in.the.
Clinical.Centre.of.Ni,.resulted.in.SPBP.of.over.13.years..
On.the.other.hand,.reduced.consumption.of.expensive.
fuel,.such.as.fuel.oil,.enables.faster.return.on.investment,.
evident.in.case.of.social.care.institutions..Higher.SPBP.
associated.with.energy.efficient.refurbishment.of.educa-
tional.institutions.results.from.higher.investment.costs.
associated.with.reasons.mentioned.earlier.
Apart.from.energy.savings.and.financial.benefits.achieved,.
environmental. effects,. reflected. through. reduced. CO
2
.
emissions,. and. social. benefits,. manifested. through. in-
creased.public.awareness.about.the.energy.efficient.refur-
bishments,.were.deemed.to.be.equally.important..
use of renewable energy sources
Besides. SEEP. project,. Serbian. public. authorities. have.
invested.or.have.planned.to.invest.in.a.number.of.simi-
lar.refurbishment.projects,.with.many.of.them.aimed.to-
wards.replacing.traditionally.used.fossil.fuels.with.renew-
able.energy.sources..For.example,.in.2008,.a.14.kW.heat.
pump.based.heating.system,.with.energy.extracted.from.
the.nearby.well,.was.installed.to.heat.elementary.school.
in.a.village.near.the.town.of.Varvarin.in.Central-Eastern.
Serbia..In.addition,.35.kW.solar.collectors.have.been.in-
stalled.on.the.roof.of.Railway.Student.Housing.building.
in.Belgrade,.generating.energy.sufficient.to.meet.63%.of.
total.heat.demand.of.the.facility.mentioned..Installation.
of.28.kW.solar.collector.system.on.the.roof.of.an.elemen-
tary. school. in. Belgrade. has. again. proven. to. be. largely.
beneficial.in.terms.that.72%.of.total.energy.demand.of.
the.school.is.now.met.by.solar.system.installed..
A.recent.study,.conducted.with.a.goal.to.promote.the.
use.of.geothermal.energy.in.balneology,.has.shown.that.
refurbishment. of. building. envelope. of. Rehabilitation.
Centre.in.Mataruka.Spa.in.Central.Serbia.would.enable.
heat.demand.of.the.Centre.to.be.reduced.by.57%,.there-
by.enabling.a.96.kW.heat.pump.utilizing.locally.avail-
able. geothermal. water. to. replace. the. existing. 740.kW.
liquid.fuel.fired.boiler.[7]..Even.if.financial.constraints.
manage.to.prevent.the.planned.building.refurbishment.
to.be.carried.out,.a.220.kW.heat.pump.is.deemed.to.be.
sufficient.to.meet.the.current.energy.demand.of.the.fa-
cility.considered.
combined heat and power generation
As.part.of.the.Serbian.national.energy.efficiency.initia-
tive,.a.6.5.million.EUR.worth.project.was.carried.out.
in.the.Clinical.Centre.of.Serbia,.the.top.medical.care,.
research.and.educational.institution.in.the.country..The.
Centre. comprises. 23. specialist. clinics. and. 9. emergen-
cy.and.other.centres.housed.in.76.buildings.located.in.
the.very.centre.of.the.capital.city.of.Belgrade..In.order.
to. replace. formerly. utilized. 19. coal. and. oil. fired. boil-
ers.distributed.throughout.the.heavily.polluted.Clinical.
Centres. area,. . a. new,. dedicated,. gas-fired,. combined.
heat.and.power.(CHP).generation.unit,.as.well.as.three.
hot.water.boilers,.generating.40.MW
th
.in.total,.was.con-
structed. and. commissioned. in. 2009..The. CHP. plant.
was.designed.to.be.of.sufficient.capacity.to.provide.all.
the.heat,.auxiliary.steam.and.power.needed.for.uninter-
rupted.operation.of.the.Clinical.Centre..The.fuel.switch.
was.deemed.particularly.important.having.in.mind.sen-
sitive.population.that.uses.services.of.the.Centre,.cou-
pled.with.the.fact.that.the.Centre.is.located.in.the.cen-
tral,.traffic.intense.area.of.the.capital..Financial.aspects.
of. plant. operation. were. made. favourable. by. proper-
ly. selected. capacity. of. the. CHP. unit. (1.8.MW
th
. and.
1.8.MW
e
).which.was.designed.so.as.to.be.sufficient.for.
all.year.round.operation,.while.also.providing.necessary.
amount.of.sanitary.hot.water.
conclusion
Based. on. the. result. achieved. in. the. projects. specified,.
it.is.concluded.that.implementation.of.energy.efficien-
cy.improvements.in.public.buildings.in.Serbia,.as.well.
as.implementation.of.energy.efficient.technologies.and.
use.of.renewable.energy.sources,.has.proven.to.be.high-
ly.beneficial,.both.with.respect.to.reduced.energy.con-
sumption.and.carbon.footprint,.as.well.as.associated.fi-
nancial.and.social.benefits..In.fact,.following.well.docu-
mented.success.of.energy.efficiency.projects.conducted.
up.to.date,.Serbia.is.now.in.the.process.of.selecting.an-
other.56.public.building.that.will.be.refurbished.in.ener-
gy.efficient.manner..Taken.together,.it.may.be.conclud-
ed.that.energy.efficiency.projects.carried.out.in.Serbia.
demonstrate. benefits. of. national. energy-related. poli-
cies.and.measures.promoted.through.national.legislation.
and.carefully.selected.financial.incentives.
References
See.the.complete.list.of.references.of.the.article.in.the.
html-version. at. www.rehva.eu. ->. REHVA. European.
HVAC.Journal.
REHVA Journal December 2012
articles
effect of temperatures on performance
Heat. pumps. can. result. in. a. great. advantage. even. in.
the. refurbishment. of. buildings,. providing. that. its. dif-
ferent. behavior. from. a. traditional. boiler. is. carefully.
considered.
First.of.all.a.heat.pump.requires.a.heat.source:.availabil-
ity.and.thermal.level.of.the.source.strongly.influence.the.
performance. both. in. capacity. and. efficiency..Whereas.
the.thermal.level.of.the.produced.heat.little.modifies.a.
boiler.performance,.it.changes.strongly.the.heat.pump.
efficiency,.and.even.less,.its.capacity.
The.usual.upper.thermal.limit.for.a.heat.pump.is.around.
60C:.this.creates.problems.with.the.most.widespread.
heat.distributing. devices. in. the.existing.buildings,. the.
radiators,.and.other.questions.regarding.to.the.DHW.
(Domestic.Hot.Water).production.
The.first.cost.of.a.heat.pump.is.much.more.dependent.
on.its.capacity.than.boiler.capacity..Thus.a.higher.ca-
The full length version of this article is availbale at the journal website http://www.rehva.eu/en/rehva-european-hvac-journal
Heat pumps in refurbishment of
existing buildings
This article analyses the opportunities of heat pump applications in the refurbishment of exist-
ing buildings. The first issue is the temperatures in the heating system. The high original design
temperature for the radiator system, mostly incompatible with the heat pump operations, is
mainly due to poorly insulated buildings. The improvement of the building envelope insulation
during the refurbishment makes it possible to reduce the radiators supply water temperature
and improve the COP of heat pump.
The second problem is the production of domestic hot water (DHW). While the boiler selection
can be driven by the instantaneous need of domestic hot water, thus to higher heating capac-
ity than that required for space heating, the heat pump selection given the higher capacity
cost, since the higher technology level of the product should be conducted more carefully.
First of all the heat pump requires a hot water storage with an adequate sizing of the heat
exchanger and of the DHW set point. The risk is that the heat pump cannot supply its heating
capacity to the storage, particularly when in summer its capacity is higher due to the favorable
source temperature: the heat pump would then be heavily modulated, requiring a long time
to satisfy the DHW demand.
Renato Lazzarin
University of Padova Department of
Management and Engineering
[email protected]
Filippo Busato
University of Padova Department of
Management and Engineering
Marco Noro
University of Padova Department of
Management and Engineering
REHVA Journal December 2012
articles
pacity. device. has. a. higher. cost;.
moreover.when.the.heat.pump.is.
electrically.driven.a.more.expen-
sive.power.engagement.with.the.
utilities.is.due.
Then. the. selection. of. the. heat.
pump. capacity. is. of. paramount.
importance..The.capacity.is.gen-
erally.lower.than.the.design.load..
This. is. particularly. true. for. air.
source.heat.pump,.as.an.outdoor.
air. temperature. reduction. faces.
a. heat. pump. capacity. reduction.
just.when.the.load.is.increasing.
If. the. heat. pump. capacity. is. se-
lected.after.the.design.load,.apart.
the.costs.just.reminded,.the.heat.
pump.almost.always.operates.at.
part. load. with. potential. perfor-
mance.reductions.
Figure 1.better.explains:.it.repre-
sents.winter.and.summer.loads.of.
a.building,.considering.that.they.
are.essentially.dependent.on.the.
outdoor. air. temperature.. Loads.
are.given.by.two.straight.lines.with.opposite.slope,.ris-
ing.from.zero.to.the.left.(winter).and.to.the.right.(sum-
mer)..The.figure.shows.the.heat.pump.capacity.both.in.
winter.and.summer,.the.former.increasing.and.the.latter.
decreasing.with.the.outdoor.air.temperature..The.inter-
section.between.the.heat.pump.heating.capacity.and.the.
load.is.referred.to.as.the.balance.point,.in.the.figure.just.
little.below.0C..For.higher.temperatures.the.heat.pump.
fully.satisfies.the.loads,.whereas.at.lower.temperatures.
an.auxiliary.heating.is.needed.such.as.a.small.gas.boiler.
or.electrical.resistance.heating..The.optimal.selection.of.
the.balance.point.is.probably.one.of.the.most.critical.el-
ements.of.the.design.
The.main.data.requested.for.the.heat.pump.application.
in.a.refurbishment.are:
Cumulative.curve.of.the.heating.(and.cooling).
building.demand.as.a.function.of.the.outdoor.
temperature.in.a.given.location;
Heating.distributing.devices.characteristics;
Assumed.trend.and.amount.of.DHW.demand;
Electricity.and.natural.gas.tariffs,.present.and.
likely.future;
Availability.and.properties.of.the.heat.source.for.
the.heat.pump.
The. most. relevant. elements. in. the. refurbishment. are.
discussed.in.the.next.chapters.
heat pump types
A.first.important.classification.is.between.electrical.and.
gas.driven.heat.pumps..The.latter.can.be.absorption.or.
motor.driven..Another.important.classification.regards.
the. heat. pump. source,. frequently. outdoor. air. for. the.
easy. availability,. but. also. surface. or. well. water. or. the.
ground..Outdoor.air.is.the.most.common.source.in.re-
furbishment.as.drilling.is.often.prevented.by.the.exist-
ing.buildings.and.infrastructure..If.a.mechanical.venti-
lation.system.is.provided,.then.a.suitable.source.can.be.
the. recover. on. the. exhausted. air..The. selection. of. the.
heat.pump.type.is.in.some.way.connected.to.the.possi-
ble.source..In.fact.electrical.heat.pumps.are.particularly.
sensitive.to.the.temperature.difference.between.the.heat.
source.and.the.thermal.useful.effect..A.typical.example.
figure 1.Thermal-coolingpowerproduced,electrical
powersuppliedtotheheatpumpsbothinheatingand
coolingmode,COPandthermalandcoolingloadsof
thebuildingasafunctionofoutdoorairtemperature.
REHVA Journal December 2012
articles
is. illustrated. in. Figure 2. where. for. a. low. source. tem-
perature. (air. at. 2C). COP. and. PER. (Primary. Energy.
Ratio. for. an. electricity. conversion. factor. of. 0.45). are.
evaluated. as. a. function. of. the. hot. water. temperature..
In.the.interval.from.30C.to.60C.COP.and.PER.are.
almost.halved.
Absorption. heat. pumps. are. less. sensitive. and. motor.
driven.heat.pumps.are.intermediate..An.absorption.heat.
pump.PER.is.represented.in.the.temperature.field.from.
45. to. 65C. in. Figure 3:. at. lower. supply. temperature.
the.behavior.is.a.little.less.favorable,.but.surely.better.at.
higher.temperature,.particularly.starting.from.50C.
The. selection. of. the. most. suitable. heat. pump. type. is.
fundamental.in.refurbishment..The.most.important.el-
ements.to.be.considered.are:
1). The.temperature.differences,.as.already.
mentioned;
2). The.availability.(and.the.relative.cost).of.electric-
ity.and.natural.gas;
3). The.possibility.of.an.eventual.easy.exhaust.of.the.
combustion.gases;
4). The.availability.of.a.suitable.heat.source;
5). The.ratio.between.winter.and.summer.loads.
heat distribution
In.residential.buildings.the.most.common.heating.de-
vices. are. hot. water. radiators.. Low. temperature. radi-
ant. emitters. are. recently. more. widespread. than. radi-
ant. floors. or. ceilings.. A. recent. study. in. Germany. re-
ports.that.radiators.represent.53%.of.the.heat.emitters.
in.existing.buildings,.while.combined.systems.20%,.and.
floor.heating.systems.only.2%.
It.is.really.unlikely.that.even.the.heat.distributing.devic-
es.are.replaced.during.a.refurbishment.as.it.would.mean.
to.let.out.the.inhabitants.for.a.period.of.at.least.15.days..
Then.the.radiators.are.kept.usually.intervening.on.the.
insulation.and.on.the.central.heating.plant..The.radia-
tors.sizing.is.usually.based.on.a.supply.temperature.of.
80C.and.a.return.at.60C.in.design.conditions..Thus.
nominal.thermal.emission.is.obtained.with.a.tempera-
ture.difference.of.50C.(difference.between.the.average.
temperature.of.the.radiator,.70C,.and.the.room.tem-
perature.of.20C).
In.spite.of.its.name.a.radiator.exchanges.heat.mainly.by.
convection.(about.70-80%).and.the.thermal.emission.
can.be.evaluated.as.the.product.of.the.nominal.emission.
and. the. ratio. of. the. two. temperature. differences. (the.
actual.and.the.nominal.calculated.by.EN442.standard).
raised.to.an.exponent.n,.usually.around.1.3:
.................
.
50
442
n
eff
EN eff
t
P P

'

Figure 4. illustrates. the. emission. reduction. as. a. func-

tion.of.the.inlet.temperature.(a.5C.lower.temperature.
is. considered. at. the. outlet).. A. supply. temperature. of.
55C,.consistent.with.the.heat.pump.utilization,.gives.
an.emission.slightly.less.than.60%.of.the.nominal.val-
ue..For.a.design.temperature.of.5C.the.corresponding.
load.could.be.for.an.outdoor.condition.of.5C..It.could.
be. also. the. design. load. for. a. refurbishment. providing.
good.insulation.even.only.on.windows.
Besides,.as.reminded.above,.the.heat.pump.heating.ca-
pacity. should. not. be. selected. according. to. the. design.
figure 2.CoefficientofPerformance(COP)andPri-
maryEnergyRatio(PER)ofatypicalelectricheatpump
dependingonthesupplytemperatureinawaterbased
heatingsystem(outdoorairtemperature2C).
figure 3.PrimaryEnergyRatioofatypicalabsorption
heatpumpasafunctionofsupplytemperature.
REHVA Journal December 2012 7
articles
conditions.as.for.a.boiler:.the.cost.would.be.high.and.
the.heat.pump.would.be.almost.always.operating.at.part.
load..Even.a.heat.pump.equipped.with.an.inverter.for.
a.continuous.capacity.control.would.not.always.be.the.
best.solution.as.the.control.seldom.arrives.below.30%.of.
the.nominal.capacity..Instead,.selecting.correctly.a.bal-
ance.point,.the.heat.pump.satisfies.completely.the.load.
at.higher.temperatures,.whereas.at.lower.temperatures.
an.auxiliary.heating.is.provided,.normally.a.boiler.in.the.
refurbishments.. A. boiler. can. easily. provide. the. higher.
temperatures.requested.by.the.radiators.in.case.of.very.
cold.weather.
Production of domestic hot water
A. building. refurbishment. usually. allows. a. significant.
reduction.of.the.loads,.but.DHW.demand.remains.the.
same.or.it.is.even.increasing.
A.DHW.storage.must.be.provided.as.the.heat.pump.does.
not.allow.the.instantaneous.production..When.storage.
already. exists. with. built-in. heat. exchanger,. sized. for. a.
gas.boiler,.it.must.absolutely.be.replaced.with.a.storage.
equipped.with.a.much.higher.capacity.heat.exchanger.
The. DHW. set. point. is. to. be. determined. considering.
the.heat.pump.temperature.limits..If.the.highest.tem-
perature.supply.of.the.heat.pump.is.of.60C,.setting.the.
storage.temperature.only.some.degrees.below.that.value.
makes.the.heat.pump.to.operate.at.part.load.for.hours,.
as.the.bottle.neck.is.just.the.heat.exchange.that.is.pro-
portional.to.the.temperature.difference..Thus,.besides.
the.long.time.requested.to.storage.charging.at.low.effi-
ciency,.the.building.heating.is.not.assured.meanwhile..
Provided.a.minimum.value.of.at.least.5C.in.the.temper-
ature.difference,.sizing.and.quality.of.the.heat.exchanger.
is.of.paramount.importance.
The. most. critical. operation. for. DHW. production. is.
not,.as.one.might.think,.at.a.low.temperature.of.the.
heat.source,.but.at.higher.temperatures.when.the.heat.
pump.capacity.increases..Let.us.consider.a.heat.pump.
that. gives. 18.kW. for. 7C. heat. source. (outdoor. air).
reference. temperature.. When. the. air. temperature. is.
35C,.this.heat.pump.capacity.arrives.at.28.kW..A.gas.
boiler.sized.built-in.heat.exchanger.is.able.to.exchange.
around. 20-30.kW. for. 80C. inlet. temperature. and.
20C. temperature. difference..The. heat. pump. should.
operate. with. 5C. temperature. difference,. that. means.
4. times. lower. heat. exchange.. If. the. heat. pump. gives.
28.kW,. while. only. 6.kW. can. be. exchanged,. the. ma-
chine.operates.at.part.load.with.frequent.ON-OFFs..
Even.a.heat.pump.equipped.with.an.inverter.and.vari-
able. speed. compressor. cannot. be. a. solution,. because.
the.speed.reduction.goes.seldom.below.1/3.of.the.top.
speed. (typically. the. inverter. frequency. field. is. from.
30.to.90.Hz)..Moreover,.the.capacity.reduction.is.not.
proportional. to. the. compressor. speed.. In. fact. when.
the. refrigerant. flow. is. reduced,. also. pressure. drop. at.
inlet/outlet. of. compressor. and. friction. are. lowered..
Consequently.the.refrigerant.density.is.higher,.so.that.
a.volumetric.flow.reduction.of.50%.produces.a.capac-
ity.reduction.of.about.30%..Such.a.coupling.of.heat.
pump.and.heat.exchanger.does.not.work.satisfactory.
even.in.winter..In.fact.for.a.15.kW.heating.capacity,.a.
6.kW. heat. exchanging. ability. obliges. the. heat. pump.
to. produce. DHW. for. 2.5. longer. time. than. it. would.
be. necessary.. During. this. period. no. ambient. heating.
is.provided.
The. solution. is. a. generously. sized. built-in. or. external.
heat.exchanger..A.selection.of.a.heat.exchanger.able.to.
exchange.100.kW.for.the.classical.20C.temperature.dif-
ference.solves.the.just.described.problems,.as.it.can.ex-
change.25.kW.for.5C.temperature.difference.
heat pump in the refurbishment of
apartment buildings
Most. of. heat. pump. applications. in. residential. build-
ings.are.actually.for.single-family.houses,.both.because.
builders. of. apartment. buildings. tend. to. the. cheapest.
solutions. on. the. market. for. the. heating. plant. and. for.
tariff.problems.
However,. the. most. suitable. heat. pump. application. is.
just. on. apartment. buildings. (Figure 5).. Here. a. short.
list.of.advantages:
Significant.economy.of.scale..The.unitary.
capacity.cost.lowers.with.the.heat.pump.
capacity.
figure 4.Radiatorheatemissionsasafunctionof
supplywatertemperature.
REHVA Journal December 2012
articles
Fewer.problems.regarding.DHW.production.as.
the.simultaneous.load.of.all.the.apartments.is.
unlike..A.well.sized.storage.can.equipped.with.a.
timer.for.nocturnal.charging.at.lower.electricity.
tariffs.
The.plant.can.be.used.for.summer.cooling.
Higher.capacity.heat.pumps.often.operate.at.
some.percent.higher.COP.
The.overall.engaged.power.is.lower.than.the.sum.
of.the.requested.power.of.many.single.apartment.
heat.pumps.
A.thorough.analysis.is.presented.in.the.full.paper.ver-
sion,.considering.a.comparison.of.heat.pumps.vs..con-
densing. boiler. in. apartment. buildings. located. in. the.
three.cities.of.Athens,.Strasbourg.and.Helsinki.
conclusions
The. heat. pump. can. be. an. excellent. solution. in. refur-
bishment. of. existing. buildings.. The. selection. of. type.
and. capacity. must. be. carefully. considering. the. heat-
ing. system. and. its. operating. temperatures,. the. insula-
tion.provided.to.the.building.and.the.availability.of.a.
suitable.heat.source..The.right.selection.of.the.balance.
point.as.a.function.also.of.the.load.cumulative.curve.is.
particularly.sensitive.
Temperature.levels.for.the.heat.emitters,.climatic.con-
ditions.for.an.outdoor.air.source.and.electricity.and.gas.
tariffs.lead.to.the.choice.between.electrically.or.gas.driv-
en.heat.pumps.
The. use. of. the. heat. pump. in. apartment. buildings. is.
normally.very.favorable..Economic.evaluations.suggest.
simple.payback.periods.of.around.5.years.for.a.suitable.
heat.source.with.the.further.advantage.of.summer.cool-
ing.allowed.by.the.reverse.cycle.heat.pump.
References
See.the.complete.list.of.references.of.the.article.in.the.
html-version. at. www.rehva.eu. ->. REHVA. European.
HVAC.Journal..
figure 5.Acentralizedheatpumpinanapartment
building. [CourtesyofRobur]
REHVA Journal December 2012 9
articles
Topics of the Congress related to the motto: Energy efficient, smart and healthy buildings:
Energy Efficient Heating, Cooling and Ventilation of Buildings Renewable and High-Efficient Energy
Sources . Advanced Heating, Cooling, Ventilation and Air conditioning Systems for Buildings Energy
Efficient Domestic Hot Water Supply Systems . Sanitary Systems Hygiene of Domestic Water Supply
Systems,EfficientUseofPotableWater,EnvironmentalFriendlySewageDisposal.AdvancedTechnologies
for Building Acoustics Artificial and Day Lighting Technologies for Intelligent Buildings Quality of
Indoor Environment Building Certification Schemes Integrated Building Design Commissioning
andFacilityManagementHVACBestPractiseExamplesDirectiveonEnergyPerformanceofBuildings
ImplementationZeroEnergyBuildingsHVACinHistoricalBuildingsFireSafetyoftheBuildings.
For more information visit www.clima2013.org.
Regulatory background
The.Directives.2002/91/CE.and.2010/31/EU.regarding.
the.energy.performance.of.buildings,.recommended.that.
each.energy.performance.of.buildings.should.be.deter-
mined.independently.nationally.based.on.a.methodology.
that.includes.the.thermal.insulation.of.buildings,.and.the.
modernization.of.the.building.installations..[1].[2].[6]
As.a.result.of.EPBD.2002.directive.Romania.enforced.
the.372/2005.law.that.regarded.the.increase.in.building.
energy.performance..The.law.covers.the.general.frame-
work. for. the. energy. performance. of. buildings. includ-
ing.calculation.methodology..In.2006,.the.Mc001/2006.
methodology.for.determining.the.energy.performance.
of.buildings.was.elaborated.and.approved.
The.National.Program.for.Thermal.Refurbishment.initi-
ated.by.the.Ministry.of.Development,.Public.Works.and.
Buildings.for.increasing.the.energetic.performance.of.res-
idential.buildings.is.based.on.the.Government.Emergency.
Ordinance.OUG.174/2002,.and.OUG.18/2009.and.the.
applicable.methodology.Norms..This.program.was.initi-
ated.out.of.the.need.to.reduce.the.energy.consumption.
of.buildings.while.maintaining.and.assuring.a.degree.of.
indoor.comfort..If.the.energy.consumption.is.reduced,.
the. heating. costs. of. buildings. and. the. greenhouse. gas.
emissions.will.be.reduced,.thus.also.improving.the.urban.
aspect.of.cities.in.a.noticeable.way.
thermal refurbishment measures and
financing
The.thermal.refurbishment.measures.have.been.taken,.
with.regards.to.the.all.the.quality.requirements.and.the.
mandatory.norms.afferent.to.law.no.10/1995.for.mul-
ti-story. buildings. and. their. installations,. built. after. a.
standard.type.during.1950.and.1985,.in.heavily.popu-
lated. urban. areas,. which. are. connected. to. the. central.
district.heating.network..For.reducing.the.energy.use,.
the.following.measures.have.been.taken:
Thermal.insulation.of.the.exterior.walls;
Thermal.insulation.of.the.basement.floors;
Thermal.insulation.of.the.terrace-type.roofs;
Sealing/replacing.the.exterior.walls.and.windows;
Thermal.insulation.of.the.pipes.from.the.technical.rooms.
and.replacing.it.where.heavy.losses.have.registered;
Calculated and measured energy use
before and after thermal renovation
for Romanian apartment buildings
The objective of the article is to analyse the energy use for space heating and production the
domestic hot water (DHW) before and after the thermal refurbishment of five blocks of flats in
Timisoara, Romania which have been included in the multi-annual National Program, financed
in 2009, to increase of the energy performance of blocks of flats. In addition we estimate the
factors that lead to the differences between the calculated and measured energy use, and
recommend some energy saving measures for the future.
Ioan Silviu Dobos
REHVA vice-president; Dosetimpex,
Timisoara, Romania,
[email protected]
Silviana Brata
Politehnica University of
Timisoara, Romania,
[email protected]
Sorin Brata
student,
Politehnica University of
Timisoara, Romania,
[email protected]
Ioan Bistran
Dosetimpex,
Timisoara, Romania,
[email protected]
REHVA Journal December 2012 0
articles
Thermal.energy.metering;
Installing.heating.cost.allocator.and.thermostatic.
radiator.valves.for.the.heating.units;
Measuring.individual.domestic.hot.water.
consumption.
At.that.time,.the.financing.for.the.technical.documen-
tation.and.for.the.refurbishment.works.had.been.made.
as.follows:.34%.from.the.state.budget,.33%.from.the.
local.budgets.and.33%.from.the.reparation.funds.of.the.
House.Tenants.and.Flat.Owners.Association.
heating energy use of blocks of flats
Five. blocks. of. flats. in. chosen. to. the. study. (Figure 1).
were.built.during.1970..1977,.and.had.exterior.walls.
of.large.prefabricated.panels.made.out.of.reinforced.con-
crete.with.three-layer.panels.with
Interior.resistance.layer;
Thermal.insulating.layer;
Exterior.layer.for.protection.of.the.thermal.
insulation.
An. exception. from. this. pattern. is. the. block. of. flats.
Case.4,.built.in.1965,.with.brick.walls.
The.exterior.windows.are.partial.double.windows.with.
simple.glass.and.partially.insulating.glass.windows..The.
air.change.rates.were.estimated.to.be.(0.7.-.0.8).h
-1
..The.
interior. two. pipe. hot. water. radiator. heating. units. are.
supplied.from.energy.thought.the.centralized.municipal.
thermal.energy.station.
During.the.first.phase.of.the.process,.the.energy.use.was.
calculated.for.the.following.climatic.data.scenarios:
The.energy.simulation.before.the.thermal.
refurbishment:
. conventional.year
. year.2007;
The.energy.simulation.after.the.thermal.
refurbishment:
. conventional.year
. year.2010;
figure 1.Casebuildingsbeforeandafterrenovation.
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5
Before
refurbishment
Net heated
area, [m]
4.843 5.303 3.135 2.712 2.325
Net heated
volume, [m]
13.252 14.501 8.465 7.458 6.207
After
refurbishment
Annual
Average
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Conventionalyear 10.6 1.6 1.2 5.8 11.2 16.3 19.4 21.1 20.4 16.5 11 5.6 0.8
2007 12.4 4.4 5.5 8.6 12.7 18.3 22.4 24.2 23 14.8 10.7 4.2 0
2010 11 1 1 6 12 16 20 23 22.2 16.4 9.4 9.1 0
table 1.Monthlyaverageofoutdoortemperatures,inC.
REHVA Journal December 2012 1
articles
In.the.second.phase.of.the.process.the.calculated.ener-
gy.use.[3][4][5].were.compared.with.the.consumption.
registered.on.the.invoices,.based.on.the.thermal.energy.
meter.readings..The.energy.demand.was.determined.at.
the.boundary.of.the.building.
Taking.into.consideration.the.two.calculus.hypotheses,.
we.have.the.following.energy.use.distribution:
before.the.thermal.refurbishment.(Figure 2):
. conventional.year:.(168.6..205.4).kWh/ma,.
most.belonging.to.the.energy.class.D.(House.2.
belonging.to.the.energy.class.C);
. year.2007:.(140.5..174.9).kWh/ma
. measured.values:.(130.2..167.4).kWh/ma
after.thermal.refurbishment,.Figure 3:
. conventional.year:.(85.1..98.6).kWh/ma,.be-
longing.to.the.energy.class.B;
. year.2007:.(84.8..98.2).kWh/ma,.belonging.
to.the.energy.class.B;
. measured.values:.(101.4..128.4).kWh/ma,.be-
longing.to.the.energy.classes.B.and.C;
The.study.showed.that.through.the.thermal.refurbish-
ment.of.buildings.there.was.an.estimated.reduction.of.
energy.use.of.50%..In.reality.the.consumption.was.low-
ered.with.approximately.(20..25)%.
energy use for dhW
The.energy.use.for.preparing.DHW.is.determined.ac-
cording.to.the.net.surface.and.the.average.number.for.
occupying.the.block.of.flats.in.the.Timis.County,.from.
which.Timisoara.is.part.of..Figures 4 and 5.synthesize.
the. energy. use. before. and. after. the. thermal. refurbish-
ment.in.all.the.five.cases.taken.into.consideration:
before.the.thermal.refurbishment,.Figure 4:
. conventional.year:.(61.9..97.2).kWh/ma,.be-
longing.to.the.energy.classes.D.and.E;
. measured.values:.(38.1..55.8).kWh/ma,.be-
longing.to.the.energy.class.C;
after.the.thermal.refurbishment,.Figure 5:
. conventional.year:.(50.4..7.2).kWh/ma,.be-
longing.to.the.energy.classes.C.and.D;
. measured.values:.(31.8..46.8).kWh/ma,.be-
longing.to.the.energy.classes.B.and.C;
Besides. the. reduction. of. the. energy. use. for. produc-
tion.of.DHW,.determined.by.the.refurbishment.meas-
ures,.the.reduction.of.DHW.can.also.be.motivated.by.
the.increase.of.the.hot.water.costs.with.62.6%,.during.
2010..2011.compared.to.2007..2008.
conclusions
The.causes.for.the.differences.between.the.measured.and.
calculated.consumption.are.estimated.as.follows:
for.the.heating.installation:
. incorrect.estimation.value.of.the.thermal.resistance;
. actual.indoor.temperatures.can.be.higher.than.the.
conventional.ones;.Energy.demand.depends.strong-
ly.on.indoor.temperature.shown.in.Table 2.
air.change.rates.can.be.higher.than.the.conventional.
(estimated).air.change.rates..Energy.demand.depend.
strongly.on.air.change.rate.as.shown.in.Table 3.
not.using.heating.cost.allocators.
figure 2. Calculatedenergyusebeforethermalrefur-
bishmentusingconventionalor2007weatherdataand
measuredenergyuse,inkWh/ma.

0
50
100
150
200
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5
Conventional 2007 Measured
figure 3. Calculatedenergyuseafterthermalrefurbish-
mentusingconventionalor2010weatherdataand
measuredenergyuse,inkWh/ma.

0
50
100
150
200
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5
Conventional 2010 Measured
REHVA Journal December 2012 2
articles
moment.the.reduction.being.up.to.20..25%);
reducing.the.indoor.temperature.and.the.number.of.
air.change.rates.to.the.point.of.indoor.comfort;
energy.consultancy.
for.the.domestic.hot.water.installation:
. the.conventional.(estimated).number.of.people.
may.be.different.than.the.real.one;
. the.temperature.values.for.the.DHW.prepara-
tion.and.supply.and.the.temperature.of.the.cold.
water.that.enters.the.DHW.installation.may.be.
different.than.the.values.from.the.conventional.
calculus;
. the.calculation.of.the.heat.losses.from.supplying.
the.consumer.with.DHW,.presents.differences.
in.the.proposed.volume.calculation.methods.of.
the.DHW,.corresponding.to.the.losses.of.water,.
which.is.calculated.according.to.the.following:
specific.DHW.losses
dimensioning.factors
table.values
By.analysing.all.the.case.study.results,.the.following.rec-
ommendations.for.reducing.costs.are.proposed:
a.better.understanding.on.behalf.of.the.owners.and.
tenants.of.the.way.how.the.building.functions,
installing.heating.cost.allocators.onto.each.heating.
unit;
periodic.analysing.the.energy.bills;
quantifying.the.energy.cost.reduction.potential.
with.up.to.50%.from.the.initial.situation.(at.the.
References
[1] Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of
the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of
buildings. http://www.energy.eu/directives/2010-31-EU.pdf
[2] Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 16 December 2002, on the energy performance of
buildings
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:
L:2003:001:0065:0071:EN:PDF
[3] Metodologia de calcul al performanei energetice a cldirilor
MC 001/2006:
Partea I Anvelopa cldirii, indicativ Mc 001/1 2006;
Partea a II a Performana energetic a instalaiilor
aferente cldirii;
Partea a III a Auditul i certificatul de performan a
cldirii.
[4] Program de calcul al performanei energetice a cldirilor
Doset-PEC.
[5] Implementarea Metodologiei Mc001/2006 n practic. - Conf.
Dr. Ing. Silviana BRATA, Universitatea Politehnica, Timioara;
Dr. Ing. Ioan Silviu DOBOI, Dosetimpex SRL Timioara; Prof.
Ioan BISTRAN, Dosetimpex SRL Timioara (Revista Instalatorul
Nr. 4 - 2012).
[6] Zoltan Magyar Buildings in the key role in the EU Energy
Efficiency Action Plan, The Rehva European HVAC Journal,
Volume:48, Issue:3, May 2011, pag. 86-88.
figure 4.Calculated(conventionalyear)andmeasured
useofenergyforDHWbeforetherefurbishment.

0
20
40
60
80
100
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5
Conventional Measured
figure 5.Calculated(conventionalyear)andmeasured
useofenergyforDHWaftertherefurbishment.

0
20
40
60
80
100
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5
Conventional Measured
table 2.Effectofindoortemperatureon
heatingenergydemand(Case1).
Temperature,
o
C 20 22 23.3
Energydemand,kWh/ma 93.4 110.2 122.2
table 3.Effectofairchangerateon
heatingenergydemand(Case1).
Airchangerate,h
-1
0.7 0.9 1.1
Energydemand,kWh/ma 93.4 108.0 123.2
REHVA Journal December 2012 3
articles
Residential buildings in slovakia
The.situation.in.the.housing.sector.in.Slovakia.has.been.
changing.seriously.during.last.15.years..According.to.the.
Housing.census,.held.in.2008,.in.the.Slovak.Republic.
there.were.5.412.254.inhabitants..Total.housing.stock.
amounted.to.1.988.000.of.which.1.768.000.permanent-
ly. inhabited.. It. means. that. there. were. 367. dwellings,.
respectively. about. 327. inhabited. dwellings. per. 1.000.
inhabitants. (Ministry. of. Construction. and. Regional.
Development. in. Slovakia,. 2011).. The. new. housing.
production. has. decreased. considerably. in. comparison.
with.years.before.1990..The.production.was.highest.in.
1970s,.when.mainly.panel.buildings.constructed.of.pre-
fabricated,.pre-stressed.concrete.were.built.
Effect of refurbishment on thermal
comfort and energy use in
residential multifamily building
The full length version of this article is availbale at the journal website http://www.rehva.eu/en/rehva-european-hvac-journal
The article presents a case study performed on a multifamily residential building situated in
Slovakia. The building is a typical representative of the old panel houses built in era of the
massive prefabrication in Slovakia. The objective of the study was to clarify the relationship
between energy consumption, energy efficiency measures and the indoor environment.
The evaluation of the thermal comfort in apartments was carried out by means of a ques-
tionnaire distributed to the inhabitants. At the same time energy audit was performed to find
out the causes of high energy consumption and identify the energy saving potential. Based on
information obtained from an energy audit, the building model was constructed in simulation
program IDA ICE. The real (measured) energy consumption was obtained from the administra-
tor of the building. Through these simulations of the building a profiles of the heat balance
and air temperature were determined, which depend on different conditions. Results were
compared with subjective evaluation. The results show how the measures taken to reduce the
energy consumption may influence the thermal comfort of indoor environment.
Hana Pustayov
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava,
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovakia
e-mail: [email protected]
Duan Petr
Professor
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava,
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovakia
Poor.insulation.and.inadequate.heating.systems.must.
be. addressed. given. the. constant. increase. in. energy.
costs..The.lack.of.funds.adds.to.the.challenge..In.ad-
dition,. the. population. expects. better. housing. condi-
tions..In.2006,.a.survey.indicated.that.more.than.50%.
of. the. population. was. unsatisfied. with. their. housing.
situation.
We. can. conclude. dwelling. houses. were. constructed.
using. almost. only. one. technology. in. many. decades..
Consequently,.the.number.of.different.structural.sys-
tems.is.restricted..This.fact.can.be.an.advantage.for.the.
refurbishment.of.buildings.in.Slovakia.
REHVA Journal December 2012
case studies
case building
The.building.is.situated.in.Bratislava,.Slovakia.and.was.
built.in.1987..The.building.consists.of.9.floors.and.1.
underground.garage..On.the.1
st
.floor.there.are.entrances.
and.common.premises.serving.mainly.as.storage.spaces,.
2
nd
.to.9
th
.floor.form.the.residential.part.(Figure 1).
External. walls. are. made. of. porous. concrete. panels,.
300.mm.thick..During.the.renovation.the.building.was.
insulated. with. polystyrene. (thickness. 80.mm). which.
was.added.to.the.building.on.the.outside.of.the.facade..
The.flat.roof.was.considered.to.possess.insufficient.ther-
mal.insulation;.therefore.the.thickness.of.insulation.was.
also.increased.during.renovation..Original.windows.in.
common.premises.are.constructed.with.wooden.frames.
and.double.glazing..All.of.them.have.been.replaced.by.
plastic.windows.with.significantly.improved.heat.trans-
fer.coefficient.than.prior.to.renovation..The.entrance.of.
building.was.also.renovated..Floors.are.without.insula-
tion,.except.the.floor.above.the.unheated.1st.floor.
Heat. and. DHW. is. supplied. from. a. heat. exchange.
station. connected. to. the. building.. The. piping. is. led.
through. the. wall. of. the. building..The. main. branch. is.
evaluation of energy use and thermal
environment
Because. every. building. is. unique,. each. project. must. be.
treated.separately.to.find.individual.energy.efficient.pos-
sibilities..An.energy.audit.was.performed.as.a.first.step.to.
reveal.actual.energy.efficiency.potential.of.building..This.
process. consisted. of. building. inspection,. evaluation. and.
analysis.of.the.existing.situation.and.various.energy.efficient.
measures.that.could.be.implemented.in.order.to.reduce.the.
energy.consumption.(Dahlsveen.and.Petr,.2005).
The.values.of.real.measured.energy.consumption.were.
obtained.from.the.administrator.of.the.building.
Simulations.were.performed.in.the.IDA.Indoor.Climate.
and.Energy.(IDA.ICE),.which.is.a.tool.for.simulation.
of.thermal.comfort,.indoor.air.quality.and.energy.con-
sumption.in.buildings.
For.the.purpose.of.subjective.evaluation.a.questionnaire.
was.created.and.completed.by.inhabitants.of.the.build-
ing.. Each. questionnaire. consisted. of. number. of. ques-
tions.which.were.divided.into.four.main.parts:
Basic.information.about.respondent
Building.constructions
Thermal.comfort.(general.thermal.comfort.and.
local.thermal.discomfort)
Ventilation.habits
The.evaluation.of.thermal.environment.was.performed.
using.PMV.and.PPD.indices.
The.PMV.index.predicts.the.mean.value.of.the.thermal.
votes.of.a.large.group.of.people,.on.the.7-point.thermal.
sensation.scale,.exposed.to.the.same.environment.
The.PPD.index.establishes.a.quantitative.prediction.of.
the.number.of.thermally.dissatisfied.people..The.PPD.
predicts.the.percentage.of.a.large.group.of.people.likely.
to.feel.too.warm.or.cool,.i.e..voting.hot.(+3),.warm.(+2),.
cool.(2).or.cold.(3).on.the.7-point.thermal.sensation.
scale.(CEN.CR.1752).
For.subjective.evaluation.of.thermal.comfort.acceptabil-
ity.scale.was.used..This.scale.is.continuous.and.is.divided.
into.two.parts.-.from.clearly.unacceptable.(1).to.just.
unacceptable.(0.01).and.from.just.acceptable.(+0.01).
to.clearly.acceptable.(+1).
When.the.PMV.value.has.been.determined,.the.PPD.
can.be.determined.from.the.equation:
PPD.=.100..95.e. (1)

a)
b)
figure 1.Frontside(southfacade)ofthebuilding.
a)beforerenovation,b)afterrenovation.
-(0.03353PMV
4
.+.0.2179PMV
2
)
REHVA Journal December 2012
case studies
led.under.the.ceiling.of.the.1st.floor.from.which.other.
branches.are.rising.to.the.residential.part,.and.are.led.in.
shafts..The.main.branch.was.insulated,.unlike.the.dis-
tribution.parts.led.in.shafts,.which.are.without.any.kind.
of. insulation.. After. renovation. the. thermal. insulation.
from.main.branch.was.replaced.for.a.more.recent.type.
possessing.increased.insulation.properties..Heat.in.the.
residential.apartments.is.emitted.by.means.of.radiators..
During.the.renovation.most.of.the.old.control.valves,.
have.been.replaced.by.thermostatic.valves.with.manual.
regulation..As.the.last.step.the.heating.system.was.hy-
draulically.balanced.
energy use and thermal environment
before and after renovation
Since.the.start.of.renovation.energy.consumption.of.the.
building.has.been.decreasing.year.by.year.as.the.energy.
efficient. measures. have. been. implemented.. In. 2007,.
thermal.insulation.of.the.facade,.thermal.insulation.of.
the.roof.and.replacement.of.all.windows.took.place..In.
2008.the.heating.system.was.balanced.and.old.valves.in.
apartments. were. replaced. by. thermostatic. valves. with.
manual.regulation..In.2009,.complete.renovation.of.the.
building.was.finished..By.implementing.energy.efficient.
measures.the.energy.performance.has.been.improved.by.
45%..Energy.consumption.was.also.simulated.in.pro-
gramme.IDA.ICE4.as.presented.in.Table 1.
Further.on.the.Figure 2.show.the.monthly.energy.use.of.
typical.floor.of.the.building..Heating.season.in.Bratislava.
where.the.building.location.is.from.October.to.April.
The.simulation.program.also.provides.the.fluctuation.of.
indoor.temperature.during.the.year.as.shown.in.figures.
below.. Although. considerable. amount. of. energy. was.
saved,.the.range.of.simulation.temperature.of.building.
was. not. substantial. changed..This. fact. approved,. that.
building.in.original.condition.was.in.bad.physical.con-
dition.and.had.inappropriate.thermal.protection,.which.
caused.escape.supplied.heat.from.the.building.
During. the. heating. season. the. indoor. air. temperature.
was.99%.of.time.in.the.range.of.21..25C.which.is.the.
specification. of. the. category. I. for. living. spaces. in. the.
standard.EN.15.251.
The.subjective.evaluation.of.the.indoor.environment.was.
carried.out.in.years.2007.and.2009..The.personal.ques-
tionnaires.were.completed.by.representatives.of.75.per-
cent.of.the.residents.of.the.apartments..Questionnaires.
were.completed.two.times:.before.and.after.the.renova-
tion..For.the.results.to.be.comparable,.surveys.were.car-
ried.out.in.approximately.the.same.season.i.e..the.mid-
dle.of.heating.season..General.
thermal. sensation. of. the. in-
habitants. was. indicated. by. a.
tick.on.the.7-point.scale.and.
perception.of.the.temperature.
was.tick.on.acceptability.scale..
Figure 3.presents.the.respons-
es. of. thermal. sensation. and.
inhabitants. perceived. tem-
perature.in.their.apartments:.
before. renovation. and. after.
complex.renovation.
In. the. questionnaires. peo-
ple. were. asked. also. to. mark.
the. thermal. environment.
they. would. be. satisfied. with..
Inhabitants. preferred. ther-
mal.sensation.between.slight-
ly. warm. and. warm,. PMV.
presents. value. 1.45.. It. is. a.
figure 2.Monthlyenergyuseforheatingoftypicalfloorofthebuildingbefore
andaftertherenovation.

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
k
W
h
Month
year 2007 year 2009
table 1.Annualheatingenergyconsumptionofthe
wholebuildingin2007and2009.
Year energy
consumption*
measured
[kWh]
energy
consumption*
simulated
[kWh]
2007 248472 239192
2009 93095 107344
REHVA Journal December 2012
case studies
figure 3.Evaluationofthermalsensationinapartmentsduringwholeperiodofrefurbishment.
1-.Thermal.sensation.before.renovation,..
2-.Thermal.acceptability.before.renovation,..
3-.Thermal.sensation.after.renovation,..
4-.Thermal.acceptability.after.renovation,..
5-.Ideal.thermal.sensation.for.occupants.in.the.building
good.indicator.for.comparison.of.inhabitants.perception.
during.the.survey..Table 2.also.shows.results.of.subjective.
evaluation.using.PMV.and.PPD.indices,.in.each.year.
conclusions
This.study.focuses.on.the.relationship.between.energy.
consumption.and.thermal.comfort..Although.the.com-
plex.renovation.of.residential.building.can.clearly.con-
tribute.to.improvement.of.indoor.environment,.with-
out.thorough.planning.and.implementation.it.may.in-
fluence.the.indoor.environment.in.an.undesirable.way..
In.order.to.keep.the.energy.consumption.on.the.desired.
low.level,.we.should.ensure.correct.operation.and.main-
tenance.of.the.building..This.case.study.also.shows.that.
occupant.behavior.influences.energy.consumption..It.is.
very.important.to.educate.occupants.new.behavior.as.
the.difference.between.indoor.environment.before.and.
after.renovation.is.significant.
acknowledgement
The.publication.is.supported.by.Scientific.Grant.Agency.
of. the. Ministry. of. Education. of. Slovak. Republic. and.
Slovak.Academy.of.Sciences.(VEGA).1/1052/11.
References
See.the.complete.list.of.references.of.the.article.in.the.
html-version. at. www.rehva.eu. ->. REHVA. European.
HVAC.Journal.
table 2.Thermalsensationandacceptabilityofindoor
environment.
thermal sensation
2007
before renovation
2009
after renovation
PMV 1,12 1,61
PPD% 31,3 56,8
thermal acceptability
0,18 0,52
Box Plot of multiple variables
Spreadsheet7 5v*35c
Median; Box: 25%-75%; Whisker: Non-Outlier Range
Median
25%-75%
Non-Outlier Range
Outliers
Extremes
1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

Hot
Warm
Slightlywarm
Neutral
Slightlycool
Cool
Cold
Clearlyacceptable
Justacceptable
Justunacceptable
Clearlyunacceptable
Box Plot of multiple variables
Spreadsheet7 5v*35c
Median; Box: 25%-75%; Whisker: Non-Outlier Range
Median
25%-75%
Non-Outlier Range
Outliers
Extremes
1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

Hot
Warm
Slightlywarm
Neutral
Slightlycool
Cool
Cold
Clearlyacceptable
Justacceptable
Justunacceptable
Clearlyunacceptable
Box Plot of multiple variables
Spreadsheet7 5v*35c
Median; Box: 25%-75%; Whisker: Non-Outlier Range
Median
25%-75%
Non-Outlier Range
Outliers
Extremes
1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

Hot
Warm
Slightlywarm
Neutral
Slightlycool
Cool
Cold
Clearlyacceptable
Justacceptable
Justunacceptable
Clearlyunacceptable
Box Plot of multiple variables
Spreadsheet7 5v*35c
Median; Box: 25%-75%; Whisker: Non-Outlier Range
Median
25%-75%
Non-Outlier Range
Outliers
Extremes
1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

Hot
Warm
Slightlywarm
Neutral
Slightlycool
Cool
Cold
Clearlyacceptable
Justacceptable
Justunacceptable
Clearlyunacceptable
Box Plot of multiple variables
Spreadsheet7 5v*35c
Median; Box: 25%-75%; Whisker: Non-Outlier Range
Median
25%-75%
Non-Outlier Range
Outliers
Extremes
1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

Hot
Warm
Slightlywarm
Neutral
Slightlycool
Cool
Cold
Clearlyacceptable
Justacceptable
Justunacceptable
Clearlyunacceptable
Box Plot of multiple variables
Spreadsheet7 5v*35c
Median; Box: 25%-75%; Whisker: Non-Outlier Range
Median
25%-75%
Non-Outlier Range
Outliers
Extremes
1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

Hot
Warm
Slightlywarm
Neutral
Slightlycool
Cool
Cold
Clearlyacceptable
Justacceptable
Justunacceptable
Clearlyunacceptable
Box Plot of multiple variables
Spreadsheet7 5v*35c
Median; Box: 25%-75%; Whisker: Non-Outlier Range
Median
25%-75%
Non-Outlier Range
Outliers
Extremes
1 2 3 4 5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

Hot
Warm
Slightlywarm
Neutral
Slightlycool
Cool
Cold
Clearlyacceptable
Justacceptable
Justunacceptable
Clearlyunacceptable
REHVA Journal December 2012 7
case studies
According to the Hungarian decrees (7/2006
TNM and 40/2012 BM) in case of substantially
renovated buildings, the specifications given
for the doors and windows, slabs, walls, and
floors have to be met, besides, the overall
energy characteristics of the building must
be below the specified value. The required
figures of overall energy characteristics are
specified for residential and accommodation-
type buildings, office blocks, and educational
buildings; buildings of other purposes belong
to other category. There are no specific re-
quirements for healthcare facilities, thus, the
energy consumption of healthcare institu-
tions, and the energy characteristics of some
specific buildings of this type have to be sur-
veyed by taking the requirements of the rel-
evant Hungarian decrees into consideration.
the procedure of preparing an energy
audit and assessment
The.procedure.includes.the.following:
establishment.of.the.requirements;
identification.of.energy-consuming.systems;
establishment.of.actual.energy.consumption;
comparison.of.actual.energy.consumption.and.
the.designed.figures;
proposing.energy-saving.measures.
The.tasks.of.energy.audits.and.assessment.do.not.include.
exact. cost-and-return-on-investment. calculations. since.
they.would.require.asking.for.quotations,.which.belongs.
to.the.scope.of.feasibility.studies..However,.all.energy.audits.
are.required.to.include.calculations.with.at.least.approxi-
mate.precision.which.help.the.owners.or.decision-makers.
decide.which.investments.to.launch.or.else.which.invest-
ments.require.the.accomplishment.of.feasibility.studies.
The.aim.of.energy.audits,.therefore,.is.to.survey.the.ener-
gy.consumption.of.the.buildings.concerned,.and.propos-
ing.energy-saving.initiatives.for.refurbishment..However,.
as.it.is.specified.in.EU.directives,.indoor.environmental.
Zoltn Magyar
PhD, REHVA vice-president
Head of HVAC Department
University of Pecs, Hungary
[email protected]
Energy Efficient Refurbishment of
Hospital Buildings in Hungary
requirements. have. to. be. taken. into. consideration. for.
energy-saving. measures.. Concerning. the. air. supply. of.
healthcare. institutions,.the. Hungarian. standard.is.sug-
gested.by.MSZ.03-190:1987.can.be.taken.into.account..
In.case.of.and.public.spaces.and.offices,.the.CEN.report.
CR.1752.and.standard.EN.15251.are.applicable.
As.for.the.institutions.surveyed,.energy.assessment.has.
been.carried.out.according.to.the.following.steps:
1.. Identification.of.the.buildings.to.be.surveyed.
within.the.scope.of.the.audit..Establishing.the.in-
ternal.requirements.(according.to.the.data.avail-
able.or.the.function.of.the.premises.concerned).
2.. Collecting.the.design.documentation.available.
(architectural.and.engineering.implementation-
plans,.implementation.plans.of.electrical.network.
designs,.technical.specifications.etc.).
3.. Identification.of.power-supply.systems,.and.areas.
of.consumption..Clarification.of.the.site-plan.
4.. Collecting.the.utility.and.maintenance.contracts,.
data.of.energy.consumption.(settling.bills).con-
cerning.the.previous.3.years.
5.. Preliminary.site.survey,.discussions.with.build-
ing.operators.and.technical.staff,.recording.oper-
ating.experience.
6.. Establishing.actual.consumption.data.according.to.
the.available.bills..Analysis.of.consumption.data,.de-
termination.of.average.energy-consumption.charac-
teristics.by.taking.heating.degree-days.into.consider-
ation,.assessment.of.committed.quantities..Analysis.
of.energy.cost,.establishment.of.the.actual-consump-
tion-dependent.and.independent.cost.proportions.
7.. On-site.survey.of.building.envelop.and.the.asso-
ciated.HVAC.and.lighting-technology.systems,.
field.measurements.(parameters.of.indoor.cli-
mate,.circulation.time.of.DHW).
REHVA Journal December 2012
case studies
8.. Assessment.and.summary.of.the.results.of.the.
on-site.measurements.
9.. Heating-technology.sizing.of.the.buildings,.ac-
cording.to.the.actual.function.of.the.premises.
(rooms),.the.current.internal.environmental.re-
quirements,.and.the.current.status.of.the.build-
ing.structure.
10.. Determining.the.actual.primary.energy.demand.
of.the.HVAC.systems.
11.. Comparison.of.the.actual.and.design.figures,.ex-
ploring.the.reasons.for.any.differences.
12.. Proposing.energy-saving.measures..Assessment.of.
the.energy.impact.of.the.proposed.initiatives.ac-
cording.to.the.expected.changes.in.specific.heat.
loss.figures,.and.the.primary.energy.demand.of.
HVAC.and.lighting-technology.systems.
13.. Analysis.of.payback.times.according.to.specific.
investment.costs.
evaluation of energy saving measures
The.heating-technology.sizing.for.the.individual.build-
ings.and.the.establishment.of.primary.energy.demand.
of.HVAC.systems,.and.the.analyses.of.the.energy.im-
pacts.of.energy-saving.measures.have.been.carried.out.by.
means.of.the.Hungarian.WinWatt.design.software.
We. have. elaborated. the. energy-saving. measures. con-
cerning.building-structure.renovation,.and.modernisa-
tion. of. HVAC. systems. and. the. electric. network..The.
building-structure. refurbishment. in. general. includes.
the. replacement. or. modernisation. of. doors. and. win-
dows,.and.the.external.thermal-insulation.of.the.build-
ing.concerned.
Modernisation.of.the.heating.system,.by.all.means,.shall.
include.the.replacement.or.renovation.of.outdated.heat-
ing.systems,.hydronic.balancing,.installation.of.radiators.
with.thermostatic.valves.
Concerning. water. supply,. by. installing. water-saving.
faucets,.toilet.tanks,.and.urinal.rinse.tanks,.the.amount.
of.water.used.and.thus.the.total.operation.costs.can.be.
reduced.. In. case. of. healthcare. facilities,. prevention. of.
legionella.infection.is.particularly.important..This.can.
be. achieved. by. providing. sufficient. DHW,. and. estab-
lishing. suitable. hot-water. systems. (by. the. elimination.
of.stagnant.water-line.sections,.and.providing.satisfac-
tory.circulation).
The. modernisation. of. electric. networks. includes. the.
replacement.of.the.existing.lighting.system.with.ener-
gy-saving. alternatives..When. replacing. the. fluorescent.
lamps,.the.transition.to.modern.electrical.ballasts.is.also.
advisable..Additional.savings.can.be.realised.by.install-
ing.motion-detector.lighting.design,.where.it.seems.ap-
propriate..It.is.generally.recommended.to.check.the.effi-
ciency.of.the.electric-power-consuming.machinery.and.
equipment,.and.to.replace.the.outdated.ones..Thereby.
inductive. idle. power. is. also. going. to. be. reduced,. im-
plying. further. cost. saving.. A. further. option,. in. order.
to.reduce.reactive.performance,.is.offered.by.installing.
multiple.power.factor.correction.units..In.this.case,.the.
instrumental.analysis.of.the.impact.of.the.performance.
to.be.compensated.to.the.network,.and,.if.necessary.the.
installation.of.filter-circle.power.factor.correction.units.
are.recommended.
In.addition.to.the.above,.in.order.to.rationalise.energy.
consumption,.it.is.always.recommended.to.provide.en-
ergy.training.to.the.staff,.users.and.operator.in.order.to.
realise.energy-conscious.behaviour.
technical systems in case buildings
In.case.of.the.institutions.involved.in.the.study,.a.total.of.
18.buildings.and.the.related.HVAC.systems.and.lighting.
systems.have.been.assessed,.predominantly.according.to.
their.primary.energy.consumption..The.buildings.are.lo-
cated.in.Hungary,.Gyor.[2].and.Derecske.[1].
The.structure.of.the.dominantly.brick-masonry.build-
ings.were.seriously.deteriorated..With.the.exception.of.
some. buildings. no. significant. renovations. have. been.
completed,. only. on-going. repairs. and. facade. renova-
tions.have.been.implemented..Consequently,.in.the.ma-
jority.of.the.buildings.most.of.the.problems.have.been.
implied.by.the.outdated.windows.and.roof.structures..
(In.relation.to.this,.in.the.buildings.concerned.draught.
problems.have.been.experienced.almost.constantly.)
The.heating.and.domestic.hot.water.supply,.with.one.
exception,.is.provided.by.the.district-heating.network..
Natural.gas.and.steam.are.used.for.technological.pur-
poses.only..The.heat.emitters.of.the.buildings.are.usu-
ally.cast-iron.radiators,.typically.installed.without.ther-
mostatic.radiator.valves..The.pipe.networks.are.of.mixed.
design.(one-pipe.without.bypass,.one-pipe.with.bypass.
and.two-pipe.systems).
On.the.secondary.side.pumps.with.constant.speed.were.
installed..In.many.cases.the.control.on.the.second.side.
does.not.function.adequately,.therefore,.manual.control.
is.applied..The.hydronic.balancing.of.the.systems.have.
not.been.accomplished,.the.relevant.valves.needed.for.
it.are.missing..In.several.cases,.technological.heat.usage.
is.wasteful.
REHVA Journal December 2012 9
case studies
V Q
tr
q
calc
q
all
q
calc
/q
all
q
h
E
h
E
DHW
[m
3
] [kW] [W/(m
3
K)] [W/(m
3
K)] [%] [kWh/m
2
a] [kWh/(m
2
a)] [kWh/(m
2
a)]
Derecske Paediatric surgery 1059 47 0,857 0,454 189% 235,0 298,8 14,7
Gyor Hd-street site 8680 252 0,592 0,304 195% 183,4 222,1 47,1
Building"A" 44152 1009 0,319 0,200 160% 84,3 118,4 48,2
Building"B" 36241 701 0,257 0,244 105% 77,4 109,9 48,2
Building"C" 29273 833 0,411 0,200 206% 119,4 160,8 48,2
Building"E" 29839 748 0,417 0,223 187% 113,9 154,3 48,2
Clinic 9968 267 0,414 0,245 169% 114,0 154,8 48,0
Nursing ward "A" 3119 88 0,385 0,219 176% 106,4 137,0 46,2
Nursing ward "B" 4664 122 0,479 0,242 198% 95,7 124,4 45,8
Dermatology 2428 76 0,531 0,287 185% 109,6 140,9 46,2
Psychiatry block 17637 468 0,356 0,237 150% 126,4 158,1 45,4
Infectology 3402 113 0,450 0,200 225% 126,1 159,1 46,2
Isotope diagnostics 4548 120 0,482 0,220 219% 95,1 123,6 45,8
Laboratory, pharmacy 4563 128 0,438 0,273 160% 136,5 170,5 45,8
Oncology 8790 183 0,279 0,200 140% 78,9 104,8 45,8
Morgue 956 40 0,785 0,315 249% 138,3 175,7 48,1
Pulmonology 7283 200 0,507 0,235 216% 154,9 191,1 45,8
Lung screening 2160 67 0,486 0,271 179% 102,2 132,6 46,6
G
y

r
,
Z
r

n
y
i


S
t
r
e
e
t
Premises
Characteristics of the present state
G
y

r
,
M
a
g
y
a
r

S
t
r
e
e
t
The.faucets.are.traditional.and.single-lever.mixing.de-
sign..The.flush.of.the.toilets.are.of.mixed.types;.it.is.ei-
ther. supplied. by. upper. flushing. tanks,. or,. in. the. ren-
ovated. toilets,. (about. 15%). there. are. flushing. tanks.
equipped. with. flush-stop. function.. Domestic. hot. wa-
ter.is.circulated.in.the.majority.of.the.buildings,.how-
ever,. according. to. users. complaints,. circulation. is. in-
sufficient..This. was. justified. by. on-site. measurements.
as. well..The. electric. systems. of. the. buildings. were. in-
stalled.predominantly.in.the.seventies,.and.they.repre-
sent. the. technological. standards. of. the. era. concerned..
The.estimated.average.age.of.lighting.systems.can.be.be-
tween.20-30.years,.in.most.cases.they.are.outdated.and.
fail.to.meet.the.modern-day.standards..In.some.specific.
buildings,. energy-effective. (and. reliable). operation. is.
hindered.by.20-30-year-old.distributor-fuse.equipment..
Meanwhile,.the.gradual.replacement.of.lighting.units.to.
modern. mirror-reflection. energy-efficient. versions. be-
gan.in.the.recent.years.
table 1.Thethermalenergyuseofbuildingsaccordingtothesurvey.
Q
tr
.[kW].=.total.heat.loss.of.the.building
q
calc
.[W/(mK)].=.calculated.specific.heat-loss.coefficient
q
all
.[W/(mK)].=.allowed.value.of.specific.heat-loss.coefficient
q
h
.[kWh/(ma)].=.net.thermal-energy.value.of.heating
E
h
.[kWh/(ma)].=.primary.energy.demand.of.the.heating.system
E
DHW
.[kWh/(ma)].=.primary.energy.demand.of.the.DHW.system
Results of the energy audit and
assessment
In.the.following.the.assessment.of.energy.saving.initia-
tives.and.their.estimated.effect.are.presented.
Installation.of.thermostatic.radiator.valves.and.
their.adjustment.
Replacement.or.modernisation.(by.replacing.
their.seals.and.by.applying.the.so-called.Duplo-
Duplex.method).of.doors.and.windows.
Decrease.of.filtration.by.the.alteration.of.internal.
space.connections.
Subsequent.external.thermal.insulation.(walls.
and.slabs).
Complete.thermal.insulation.of.the.building.(Sub-
sequent. external. thermal. insulation. and. replace-
ment.or.modernisation.of.doors.and.windows.
REHVA Journal December 2012 0
case studies
Complete.thermal.insulation.of.the.
building.and.modernisation.of.the.
heating.system.(exchange.of.radiators,.
installation.of.thermostatic.radiator.
valves,.balancing.valves.and.balancing.
the.heating.system).
Complete.modernisation.with.individual.
gas.boiler.(total.thermal.insulation.of.the.
building.and.modernisation.of.the.heating.
system,.installation.of.individual.gas.boiler.
with.control.by.outdoor.temperature.and.
variable.speed.pumps).
Complete.renovation.with.individual.
condensing.gas.boiler.total.thermal.in-
sulation.of.the.building.and.modernisa-
tion.of.the.heating.system,.installation.
of.individual.gas.boiler.with.control.by.
outdoor.temperature.and.variable.speed.
pumps).
Remark:. In. case. of. hospitals. with. several. pavilions.
this.solution.does.not.make.management.with.state-of.
art.technology.possible.or.the.application.of.alterna-
tive.fuels..It.can.be.a.good.solution.in.case.of.clinics.
Table 1.shows.the.actual.energy.consumption.of.
different.parts.of.the.hospital..Based.on.the.calcu-
lation.different.measures.were.suggested..The.es-
timated.reduced.energy.consumption.in.primary.
energy.demand.is.presented.in.the.Figure 1.
conclusion
The. article. presented. the. possible. energy. ef-
ficient. refurbishment. in. Hungarian. hospitals..
The.current.energy.consumption.is.show.in.the.
table..The.effects.of.the.energy.saving.options.
are.presented.in.Figure 1..Based.on.this.study.
the.energy.efficient.refurbishment.has.started.
and.will.be.completed.soon..A.few.years.later.
the.real.energy.consumption.will.be.compared.
with.the.calculated.measures.
References
1. Feasibility Study on the Energy Refurbishment
of the Premises of the City Council of Dereceske,
Hungary; Comfort Consulting Ltd. 2007.
2. Feasibility Study on the Energy Refurbishment of
Aladar Petz County Hospital, Hungary, Comfort
Consulting Ltd. 2007.
3. Kontra, J.: Experience Concerning Energy
Reconstruction of Hospitals; Hungarian HVAC
Magazine, Budapest, 2004.
4. Magyar,Z. - Leitner,A. - Berenyi, A.: Energy audit of
Healthcare Institutions, Hungarian HVAC Magazine,
Budapest, 2007.
figure 1.Thecalculatedimpactofenergy-savingmeasures
onprimaryenergydemandofheatingsystems.
0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 300,0
Paediatric surgery
Hd-Street site
Building "A"
Building "B"
Building"C"
Building "E"
Clinic
Nursing ward "A"
Nursing ward "B"
Dermatology
Psychiatry
Infectology
Isotope Diagnostics
Laboratory, pharmacy
Oncology
Morgue
Pulmonology
Lung Screening
EF [kWh/m
2
a]
Modernization of heating
system
by condensing gas boiler
Modernization of heating system
by low temperature gas boiler
Complete external thermal insulation,
replacement or renovation of
Complete external thermal insulation
replacement or modernisation of
doors and windows + installation of
thermostatic valves
Replacement or renovation of
doors and windows
Complete external thermal insulation
Thermal insulation of the
bordering walls
Installation of thermostatic valves
Actual value
Modernization of heating
system
by condensing gas boiler
Modernization of heating system
by low temperature gas boiler
Complete external thermal insulation,
replacement or renovation of
Complete external thermal insulation
replacement or modernisation of
doors and windows + installation of
thermostatic valves
Replacement or renovation of
doors and windows
Complete external thermal insulation
Thermal insulation of the
bordering walls
Installation of thermostatic valves
Actual value
REHVA Journal December 2012 1
case studies
ThenextFinnbuildexhibitionwilltakeplaceinOctober9-12,2014
Moreinformationatwww.finnbuild.fi
Finland.is.to.reach.the.objectives.set.to.build.nearly.zero.
energy.buildings.and.defined.for.the.use.of.renewable.
energy.sources..Speaker.of.the.seminar.are.well.recog-
nized.experts.in.Finland.and.internationally.
Half. of. the. presentations. at. seminar. were. in. English.
and. half. in. Finnish.. All. presentation. are. available. at.
www.rehva.eu.->.seminar.presentations..The.presenta-
tions.in.English.were:
Improvement of energy efficiency of buildings in
EU.by..Policy.Officer.Ismo Grnroos-Saikkala,
Energy.Efficiency.Unit,.DG.Energy,.European.
Commission.
EPBD implementation situation - Finland slowing
down.by.Senior.Lead,.Built.Environment,.D.Sc..
(Tech.).Jarek Kurnitski, Sitra,.the.Finnish.
Innovation.Fund.
HVAC products subject to stringent mandatory
energy requirements sooner or later.by.Chairman.
Jorma Railio,.REHVA.Technology.and.Research.
Committee
Cost-optimal level study of energy performance
requirements for buildings.by.Lic.Sc..(Tech.)..
Mika Vuolle,.Equa.Simulation.Finland.Oy..

F
inlands. largest. building. and. building. servic-
es. trade. fair,. FinnBuild. 2012,. was. held. at. the.
Helsinki. Exhibition. &. Convention. Centre. on.
912.October.2012..This.years.event.was.the.20th,.the.
first.FinnBuild.was.organized.in.1974.
FinnBuild.and.the.other.simultaneously.arranged.fairs.
gathered.more.than.32.500.professional.visitors.of.the.
building.and.building.services.industry,.as.well.as.stu-
dents.of.the.construction.trade.
The. economic. recession. did. not. show. its. marks. at.
FinnBuild.. The. exhibition. was. bigger. than. two. years.
ago.. This. year. almost. 18.000.m. of. exhibition. space.
was. booked,. and. the. exhibitors. represented. 16. differ-
ent. countries,. including. the. Baltic. countries,. Sweden,.
Denmark.and.China.
awarded products
For.the.third.time,.an.impartial.jury.chose.the.FinnBuild.
Highlights,.which.were.announced.in.the.beginning.of.
the.exhibition..The.Highlights.exhibition.showcased.a.
selection.of.the.most.interesting.innovations.at.the.fair..
The.Highlights.of.2012.FinnBuild.were:
KLIK.Partition.wall.framework.by.Muotolevy,
adjustable.crowbar.by.Hultafors,
Ruukki.smart.roof.(alert.system.for.snow.on.the.roofs),
Uponor.HOME.net.service.for.HPAC.purchasing,
Lindab.InCapsa.(combining.of.installation.and.
casing.of.the.ventilation.duct.in.one.working.stage),
Vexve.Verto.(remote.readable.water.meter),
Fitfire+.and.HT1000.by.Suomen.Hormistokeskus.
(a.new.technique.for.repairing.chimneys.and.
ventilation.ducts).
FinnBuild 2012
a successful showcase for the Finnish construction industry
A.
seminar.on.Implementation.of.the.EU.energy.
policy.and.objectives.in.Finland.attracted.about.
200.participants,.mainly.designers.and.building.
owners.. It. was. organized. by. Federation. of. European.
Heating,.Ventilating.and.Air-conditioning.Associations.
REHVA,.The. Finnish. Association. of. HVAC. Societies.
FINVAC.and.FinnBuild.
This.seminar.focused.on.how.the.energy.use.of.buildings.
can.be.saved.and.made.more.effective..Implementation.
of.the.energy.policy.and.objective.in.Finland.were.com-
pared.to.the.objectives.and.policy.set.by.the.European.
Union..The. seminar. also. describes. the. current. use. of.
energy.in.buildings.and.illustrates.opportunities.to.im-
prove.the.energy.efficiency.of.building.further..An.im-
portant.topic.of.the.seminar.was.also.how.to.reach.in.
REHVA FINVAC seminar at FinnBuild
AllpresentationsofREHVA-FINVACseminarareavailableatwww.rehva.eu->seminarpresentations
Ismo Grnroos-Saikkala Jarek Kurnitski Jorma Railio Mika Vuolle
REHVA Journal December 2012 2
rEHva world
ThenextFinnbuildexhibitionwilltakeplaceinOctober9-12,2014
Moreinformationatwww.finnbuild.fi
Helsinki. Exhibition. &. Convention. Centre. hosted. five.
other. professional. events. simultaneously. with. the.
FinnBuild. fair:. the. fair. for. technical. infrastructure.
InfraExpo,.Arena.-.the.fair.for.constructing.the.sporting.
arenas.-.and.the.Environment.and.Municipal.Engineering,.
Water.and.Wastewater,.and.Waste.and.Recycling.events.
The.culmination.of.FinnBuild.was.on.Friday,.when.the.
exciting. finals. of. the. SPAN. bridge. competition. took.
place.. 9. student. teams. had. planned. and. constructed.
one.meter.wide.wooden.bridges,.which.were.tested.on.
Friday.afternoon..The.bridge.of.the.winning.team.car-
ried.an.almost.400.kg.load..
Camfil Farr focused on High Performance City Filter and
a heated frost protected outdoor air grille (in picture)
REHVA supporters strongly visible at FinnBuild
Halton, the leader in air distribution, presented
new products for air distribution, chilled beams
and emergency ventilation.
Belimo actuators are used by many
Finnish manufacturers and contactors.
FlktWoods is the market leader in fans
and many other products.
Systemair introduced new product for
the smoke and emergency ventilation.
Lindab has developed a new system for
demand controlled ventilation.
Koja, the Finnish representative of
Italian Rhoss, presented heat pump
systems for cold climate.
Grundfos is the leading supplier in Finnish market for
pumps for buildings, industry and infrastructure.
Swegon introduced a complete, demand
controlled, energy efficient air conditioning
and ventilation system Tellus.
. Text and photos by OS
REHVA Journal December 2012 3
rEHva world
VDI 2169 Functional checking and yield rating
of solar thermal systems
This guideline is intended for planners and executing com-
panies, pointing out the options for functional checking and
checking of output of solar thermal components in installa-
tions and listing the prerequisites to their application
VDI 6003 Water heating systems; Comfort
criteria and performance levels for planning,
evaluation and implementation
The guideline provides information about the expert plan-
ning, evaluation and implementation of water heating sys-
tems that are built in sanitary facilities of residential properties
and similar buildings.
VDI 2073/1 Hydraulic systems in building
services; Hydraulic circuits
Each distribution system in a building must be tailored to
the conditions in the building and calculated individually to
meet user requirements. This guideline is intended to specify
the fundamentals for the design of hydraulic distribution sys-
tems. It aims at conveying, to the planning engineer, contrac-
tor or user of a heating or air-conditioning or other hydrauli-
cally supplied system the basics of the conceptual design of
the structure of hydraulic distribution systems to be observed
for various applications.
VDI 2077/ 3.1 Energy consumption
accounting for the building services;
Determination of reimbursable costs of heat
generation by CHP systems
The guideline is applied to cogeneration systems (CHP gener-
ation systems) subject to the German heating-cost ordinance
(HeizkostenV), where heat is used completely (excluding
emergency cooling), and describes methods for billing those
costs for heat generation which can be apportioned.
VDI 2262/2 Workplace air; Reduction of
exposure to air pollutants; Processing and
organization measures
The guideline is addressed to employers. By way of example
it provides guidance and ideas on how to comply with legal
stipulations regarding occupational health and safety for air
pollutants. A well-structured and documented organization
aids in ensuring unimpeded and controllable production pro-
cesses. The generation and release of air pollutants during the
production process must be avoided or reduced. Air pollutant
concentrations in the air at the workplace can be reduced by
preventing or reducing emission and by air-conditioning.
VDI 3807/2 Characteristic values of energy
consumption in buildings; Characteristic
heating-energy, electrical-energy and water
consumption values
This guideline applies to the use of characteristic energy and
water consumption values for buildings supplied with heat-
ing energy, electrical energy and water, especially where val-
ues for individual buildings are compared to the averages and
standard values given in this guideline.
VDI 6025 Economy calculation systems for
capital goods and plants
This guideline deals with all dynamic methods of calculation
of economic efficiency for capital goods and plants, which
are characterized by the following features: use of different
change rates for various costs or types of payment, explicit al-
lowance for costs and payments which occur at different peri-
ods, i.e. doing away with average cost rates per period, in con-
trast to the static method, and taking account of the uncer-
tainty or risk of future costs or payments.
VDI 6008/1 Barrier-free buildings;
Requirements and fundamentals
The present part 1 of the series of guidelines shows the main
needs and basics for planning barrier free buildings regard-
ing the technical building services. The supplements also deal
with broader, user-specific needs of people of all ages with
and without mobility limitations or disabilities.
VDI 6008/2 Barrier-free buildings; Aspects of
sanitary installation
The guideline gives a summary overview of the main needs of
persons and the requirements they place on sanitary installa-
tions. This guideline deals with requirements and solution ap-
proaches in real estate properties regarding sanitary installa-
tions and their useful combinations with solutions from elec-
trical installation and furnishing.
VDI/VDE 6008/3 Barrier-free buildings;
Aspects of electrical installation and building
automation
The guideline gives a summary overview of the main needs
of persons and requirements they place on electrical installa-
tions and building automation.
VDI 6022/7.1 Ventilation and indoor-
air quality; Branch-specific guides; Waste
treatment plants
The guideline is complementary, industry-specific informa-
tion on VDI 6022 Part 1 for use in waste treatment plants. It
applies to design, construction and operation of all HVAC sys-
tems and equipment and their centralized and decentralized
components that influence the supply air in waste treatment
plants according to Waste Law.
VDI- Guidelines published October December 2012
= Draft Guideline
Check out NEW products
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www.vaisala.com/HVAC
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store.vaisala.com
Reliable and Cost-efcient
HVAC Products
When performance cant be compromised,
choose Vaisala for humidity and
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1511-RehvaJ_CEN-TIA-G-HVAC-ad-12/2012/210x297.indd 1 31.10.2012 8.17
All the VDI Guidelines are available in hard copy or in PDF at www.beuth.de
REHVA Journal December 2012
Publications
Vaisala
Check out NEW products
www.vaisala.com/HVAC
www.vaisala.com/HVAC
[email protected]
store.vaisala.com
Reliable and Cost-efcient
HVAC Products
When performance cant be compromised,
choose Vaisala for humidity and
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measurements.
1511-RehvaJ_CEN-TIA-G-HVAC-ad-12/2012/210x297.indd 1 31.10.2012 8.17
ODE
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CMY
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ODE_ilan_A4.pdf 1 18.07.2012 11:29
T
he jewel in CIBSEs crown, the Knowledge Portal,
has proved a tremendous success since its launch
in late 2011. It has already received over 100 000 vis-
itors from 151 countries.
Visitors have downloaded more than 38 000 documents
since CIBSE made its vast reservoir of technical information
available to help members design projects, specify equip-
ment and help deliver high-performance buildings.
All CIBSE publications are available online at the Portal,
including its building services and lighting guides, com-
missioning codes, applications manuals and technical
memoranda.
They can be searched and cross-referenced using dy-
namic search tools; entries can be browsed by title or
identified using text search.
This free access has dramatically improved the flow of
valuable technical information to building services engi-
neers. It has also cut costs for the Institution by reducing
postal charges and making it easier to revise and update
documents.
Best practice on all aspects of building services engineer-
ing is available.
However, only one in three CIBSE members have regis-
tered to use the Portal - so two thirds have still not taken
advantage of this significant member benefit.
CIBSE members are given free access to full texts as elec-
tronic (PDF) files, where available. There are also a number
of CIBSE briefings, bulletins and similar documents includ-
ed in the Portal, while CIBSE books can be bought as hard
copy with preferential prices for CIBSE members.
Complimentary titles from leading publishers can also
be found. These are only available to buy as hard copy
at present, but CIBSE members benefit from preferential
pricing.
An up-to-date list of more than 3 000 British Standards rel-
evant to building services engineers is included. Each en-
try is hot-linked to the BSI Shop website page, with more
information on that standard and how to purchase it.
CIBSE guides offer comprehensive technical guidance
on key areas of building services engineering; technical
memoranda (TMs) and application manuals (AMs) focus
on specific areas, such as building energy metering or
natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings, and again
offer in-depth technical guidance.
The knowledge series (KSs) publications offer accessible
introductions and practical guidance on particular areas.
The commissioning codes (CCs) present current standards
of good commissioning practice and the lighting guides
(LGs) give essential information for any lighting specialist.
The availability of such a wide range of technical and
practical guidance to the full building services commu-
nity should make it easier to meet government and client
targets for high quality buildings.
The Institution is now developing the next version of the
Portal - version 1.1, aiming for launch later this year. KP2
will follow in 2013. CIBSE is very keen for members input
into the new versions so any knowledge gaps are identi-
fied and plugged, and welcome any comments and sug-
gestions for the Knowledge Portal itself.
Members and others keen to help develop the Portal
should contact Nick Peake via [email protected]
CIBSEs Knowledge Portal a great success
www.cibseknowledgeportal.co.uk
REHVA Journal December 2012 7
Publications
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
New REHVA Guidebooks New REHVA Guidebooks
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
HVAC in Sustainable Office Buildings
A bridge between owners and engineers
Editor: Maija Virta
Contributing Authors: Frank Hovorka, Andrei Litiu and Jarek
Kurnitski
T
his book was created for building a bridge between the real
estate community and the engineering community. It
explains the challenges of property valuation based on real
data and how the sustainability and HVAC-technology can have an
impact on value. HVAC in Sustainable Office Buildings gathers the
latest HVAC- and other technologies used in sustainable buildings
and gives some real case study examples. Maybe the most
important part in terms of improved communication between the
owners and engineers is the list of questions to be asked during the
life time of a building. It is impossible to give the right answers in
this book, but we can raise some pertinent questions. As climates
and cultures are different, as well as existing building types and
energy production, the same solutions do not solve problems
universally.
NEW
New REHVA Guidebooks New REHVA Guidebooks

Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

Design of energy efficient ventilation and air-
conditioning systems

Editor: Nejc Brelih

Contributing Authors: Olli Seppnen, Thore Bertilsson,
Mari-Liis Maripuu, Alex Vanden Borre and Herv Lamy

T
his guidebook covers numerous system components of
ventilation and air-conditioning systems and shows how
they can be improved by applying the latest technology
products. Special attention is paid to details, which are often
overlooked in the daily design practice, resulting in poor
performance of high quality products once they are installed in
the building system.
NEW
REHVA Guidebooks are available at www.rehva.eu or through REHVA National Members
hvac in sustainable office Buildings A bridge between owners and engineers
Editor: Maija Virta. Contributing Authors: Frank Hovorka, Andrei Litiu and Jarek Kurnitski
This book was created for building a bridge between the real estate community and the engineering community. It explains the challenges
of property valuation based on real data and how the sustainability and HVAC-technology can have an impact on value. HVAC in Sustainable
Office Buildings gathers the latest HVAC- and other technologies used in sustainable buildings and gives some real case study examples.
Maybe the most important part in terms of improved communication between the owners and engineers is the list of questions to be asked
during the life time of a building. It is impossible to give the right answers in this book, but we can raise some pertinent questions. As climates
and cultures are different, as well as existing building types and energy production, the same solutions do not solve problems universally.
tm44 inspection of air conditioning
systems new edition
CIBSE.TM44.is.used.as.the.guidance.for.air.conditioning.
inspections.in.the.UK,.the.Republic.of.Ireland,.Malta.and.
Gibraltar..The.guidance.is.primarily.intended.to.support.
inspections.which.are.carried.out.for.compliance.with.the.
EPBD,.but.will.also.be.useful.to.anyone.who.wishes.to.as-
sess.the.energy.efficiency.of.an.air.conditioning.system.
With.the.benefit.of.the.experience.gained.over.the.past.
three.years,.and.to.clarify.some.of.the.questions.about.
air. conditioning. system. inspections. that. have. arisen.
over. that. period,. the.TM. has. been. revised..The. revi-
sion.also.takes.into.account.the.reporting.templates.pro-
duced.by.the.Department.for.Communities.and.Local.
Government.for.the.production.of.reports.in.England.
and.Wales..These.templates.will.also.form.the.basis.for.
statutory.lodgement.of.air.conditioning.inspection.re-
ports,.which.will.be.required.in.England.and.Wales.as.
from.6th.April.2012.under.amendments.to.the.Energy.
Performance. of. Buildings. Regulations. 2007.. The. re-
vision. has. also. provided. the. opportunity. to. incorpo-
rate.the.separate.legislative.requirements.for.Northern.
Ireland.and.Scotland.in.the.main.text.of.the.TM,.rather.
than.as.separate.addenda.
TM44. provides. guidance. on. conducting. an. air. con-
ditioning.inspection.to.satisfy.the.requirements.of.the.
EPBD.Directive.as.expressed.in.the.various.regulations.
in.the.UK..The.focus.is.on.systems.that.use.refrigerants.
to.produce.cooling..Some.of.the.guidance.may.also.be.
applicable.to.elements.of.other.forms.of.cooling.systems,.
such.as.those.that.use.pipes.or.ducts.built.into.the.fab-
ric.of.the.building.(e.g..cooled.deck.or.ceiling.slabs),.or.
those.which.use.aquifers.or.local.water.sources.to.pro-
vide.cooling.solutions.
Guide f energy efficiency in buildings
- new edition
This. 2012. edition. of. CIBSE. Guide. F. includes. a. new.
section.on.developing.an.energy.strategy..This.reflects.
the.changes.to.planning.policy,.which.now.include.tar-
gets. for. reducing. carbon. dioxide. emissions. from. new.
developments.and.the.need.to.submit.a.detailed.energy.
strategy.report.as.part.of.the.planning.application.
Energy.management.has.moved.up.the.corporate.agen-
da,.aided.by.the.work.of.the.Carbon.Trust.and.the.im-
plementation. of. the. CRC. Energy. Efficiency. Scheme..
Part. B. of. this. Guide. (covering. the. operation. of. the.
building). has. been. updated. to. include. more. informa-
tion.about.carbon.management,.and.the.need.for.im-
proved.metering.and.monitoring.
In. addition,. the. section. on. energy. efficient. refurbish-
ment.has.been.expanded.in.recognition.of.the.pressing.
need.to.upgrade.the.existing.building.stock.and.the.op-
portunities.to.improve.performance.
This.edition.incorporates.the.new.and.revised.guidance.
that. has. been. published. since. 2004..This. includes. key.
CIBSE.documents.and.publications.by.the.Carbon.Trust.
and.BSRIA..These.key.references.have.informed.many.of.
the.updates.and.are.referenced.throughout.the.Guide.
introduction to energy efficiency
companion to Guide f
This.new.document.Introduction.to.energy.efficiency.
constitutes.a.companion.guide.to.the.2012.edition.of.
CIBSE.Guide.F,.which.has.been.fully.updated.from.the.
previous.2004.edition.which.it.supersedes..It.introduces.
the.main.Guide.and.summarises:
(1). the.current.policy.agenda,
(2). the.changing.role.of.building.services.engineers,.
(3). the.key.themes.of.Guide.F.
This.publication.is.primarily.intended.to.provide.guid-
ance. to. those. responsible. for. the. design,. installation,.
commissioning,.operation.and.maintenance.of.building.
services..It.is.not.intended.to.be.exhaustive.or.definitive.
and.it.will.be.necessary.for.users.of.the.guidance.given.
to.exercise.their.own.professional.judgement.when.de-
ciding.whether.to.abide.by.or.depart.from.it.
All.CIBSE.titles.are.available.in.hard.copy.or.in.PDF.at.
www.cibseknowledgeportal.co.uk
Important CIBSE titles
published in 2012
Engineering a sustainable
built environment
Inspection of air
conditioning systems
A guide to EPBD compliance
TM44: 2012
2
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REHVA Journal December 2012
Publications
M
easuring,. controling,. balancing. and. shut-
ting. with. only. one. valve. . the. pressure-in-
dependent.characterised.control.valves.from.
Belimo. have. been. making. this. possible. for. some. time.
now..The.provider.from.Switzerland.has.now.developed.
this.unique.technology.further.and.is.offering.trailblaz-
ing.new.possibilities.with.the.intelligent.Energy.Valve:.
The. consumption. values. of. the. water. circulations. are.
recorded.and.saved.through.the.integration.of.state-of-
the-art.web.technology..Available.for.call-up.at.any.time.
for.the.previous.13.months,.the.energy.monitoring.sup-
plies. the. bases. not. only. for. monitoring. and. analysing.
hot.and.cold.water.circulations,.but.also.for.optimising.
them.with.respect.to.energy.
As.the.worlds.leading.specialist.for.electrical.damper.ac-
tuators.and.motorised.valves.in.heating,.air-condition-
ing.and.ventilation,.Belimo.invests.considerably.more.in.
research.and.development.than.others.do..At.the.fore-
front.of.this.process.is.the.determination.to.improve.the.
controls. of. HVAC. systems. by. means. of. decentralised.
logic,.to.reduce.the.consumption.of.water.and.energy.
and.to.improve.the.transparency.of.the.processes.
simple valve design, optimised
consumption
Exemplary.for.this.development.is.the.new.Energy Valve..
First.of.all,.it.combines..as.does.the.electronically.con-
trolled,.pressure-independent.EPIV.characterised.control.
valve.that.was.already.introduced.in.2010..the.meas-
uring,.controlling,.balancing.and.shutting.func-
tions.in.a.single.valve..This.offers.a.whole.series.of.unique.
advantages:.expenditure.for.valve.design,.for.example,.is.
considerably.reduced,.because.there.is.no.need.to.calcu-
late.the.k
vs
.value..In.addition,.the.flow.rate.is.measured.
electronically.on.a.permanent.basis.and.is.immediately.
adjusted.automatically.in.the.event.of.pressure.changes..
The.desired.setpoint.is.maintained.at.all.times,.energy.
losses.caused.by.pressure.fluctuations.are.avoided..And.
hydraulic.balancing,.which.is.otherwise.associated.with.
great.effort.and.expense,.is.dispensed.with.
The.mechanical.parts.of.the.Energy Valve.are.based.on.the.
Belimo. characterised. control. technology. that. has. prov-
en. itself. millions. of. times. over. and. for. which. the. pat-
ented.characterising.disk.guarantees.an.equal-percentage.
valve.characteristic.curve..The.form-fit.sealing.of.the.ball-
shaped.valve.cone.closes.off.the.valve.absolutely.air.bubble.
tight,.even.with.high.differential.pressures..In.contrast.to.
conventional.metal.seats,.the.seals.exhibit.no.signs.of.wear.
.leakage.losses.are.thus.reliably.avoided.over.the.years.
intelligent energy monitoring
But.thats.not.all..With.the.Energy Valve..besides.the.
flow.rate.sensor..two.additional.sensors.also.measure.
the.medium.temperatures.in.the.supply.and.return.as.a.
fifth.function..That.means.that.energy.consumption.for.
heating.and.cooling.is.determined.on.a.continuous.basis.
and.then.saved.on.the.web.server.integrated.in.the.actua-
tor..The.current.consumption.values.can.be.called.up.at.
any.time..either.onsite.with.a.laptop.(RJ45.Ethernet.in-
terface).or.through.the.management.system..Because.the.
measurement.data.remain.saved.for.13.months,.analyses.
and.documentation.are.possible.over.extended.periods.
in.order.to.discover.where.the.energy.is.going.and.where.
it.is.not.being.used.efficiently.
The.Energy Valve.is.used.for.modulating.water-side.control.
of.air.processing.and.heating.systems.in.closed.cold.or.hot.
water.circulations..If.the.conditions.in.the.system.change.
after.the.commissioning.of.the.system,.then.this.will.be.
recognised.with.the.aid.of.the.data.provided.by.the.valve..
Thus,. for. example,. reductions. in. output. performance.
caused.by.the.soiling.of.the.heat.exchanger.can.be.readily.
detected.on.the.basis.of.the.reconstructable.characteristic.
curve,.and.suitable.measures.can.be.taken.up.in.response..
Furthermore,.additional.functions.contained.in.the.Energy
Valve,. e.g.. the. T. manager,. enable. the. continuous.
Trailblazing Belimo Energy Valve
knows where the energy is used
TheBelimoEnergyValvecanmeasure,control,
balanceandshut.Anditisthefirstvalvetoalsoshow
wheretheenergyisgoing.
1) Temperature sensors; 2) Integrated Web server;
3) Actuator; 4) Characterised control valve; 5) Measuring
pipe with velocity sensor; 6) Sensor electronics.
REHVA Journal December 2012 9
Product news
operation.of.the.heat.exchanger.in.the.range.that.is.opti-
mum.with.respect.to.energy..This.supports.energy-opti-
mised.operation.and.ensures.that.the.systems.will.maintain.
their.value.throughout.the.entire.period.of.operation.
use with retrofit measures
It.is.often.discovered,.when.valves.are.replaced.in.older.sys-
tems,.that.the.system.data.have.become.lost.over.time.or.
that.they.are.unknown.due.to.various.adaptations.that.are.
made..Here,.too,.the.Energy Valve.offers.an.irresistibly.sim-
ple.solution..Missing.data.can.be.reconstructed.without.
difficulty.with.the.aid.of.the.integrated.web.server..This.
means.that.the.maximum.flow.rate.can.be.set.precisely.and.
that.it.can.be.optimised.at.any.time.if.necessary.
The. combination. of. innovative. valve. technology. and.
state-of-the-art. IT. thus. brings. about. something. that.
was.previously.not.possible:.The.simple.monitoring.and.
optimisation.of.the.energy.consumption.of.heating.and.
cooling. circuits. with. the. aid. of. intelligent. valves..The.
contemporary.demand.for.ensuring.a.responsible.han-
dling. of. resources. and. maximum. economic. efficiency.
is.optimally.met..That.is.why.the.future.belongs.to.the.
Energy Valve.and.its.trailblazing.technology..The.Energy.
Valve.from.Belimo.is.available.starting.summer.2012.in.
the.nominal.widths.of.DN.65.to.DN.150..
More.information.under.www.belimo.eu..
WiththedatarecordedbytheBelimoEnergyValve,
thesystemcanbemonitored,analysedandoptimised
forenergy-efficientoperation. ThewebserverintheBelimoEnergyValvecanrecon-
structearliersystemdata:Thismakesiteasiertomake
adjustmentsonretrofitprojects.
T
he. contract,. which. amounts. to. over. 1.5.M,. is. a.
major. achievement. as. this. is. the. largest. building.
constructed.in.Central.Asia.in.2011..The.entire.instal-
lation,. from. the. chillers. to. the. comfort. units,. and. in-
cluding.technical.assistance,.was.supplied.by.CIAT..The.
Uzbekistan. national. library. is. the. countrys. biggest. li-
brary.. It. houses. more. than. 3.5. million. printed. works,.
including.200,000.copies.of.documents.that.date.from.
the.fifteenth.to.the.nineteenth.centuries..500,000.peo-
ple. use. the. library. every. year.. Inaugurated. in. 2011,. a.
new.building.covering.an.area.of.38,000.sq..m.compris-
ing.reading.rooms,.storage.rooms,.a.conference.centre.
with.seating.for.960.people,.and.a.book.museum,.was.
added..The. book. storage. areas. are. kept. at. a. constant.
temperature.of.18C.
It.took.only.6.months.to.finalize.the.design.work.for.the.
new.building,.order.all.the.equipment.for.the.finishing.
work.(air.conditioning,.lifts,.glazing,.etc.).and.install.it..
The.CIAT.group.carried.out.the.entire.air.handling.in-
stallation.and.equipped.the.building.with.18.Airtech.air.
treatment.units,.28.Expair.precision.air.handling.cabi-
nets,. 50. Magma. ventilation. and. air. extraction. units,.
205.Major.Line.comfort.units,.4.Powerciat.LXH.chilled.
water.production.units.(cooling-only.version.with.HPS.
(High. Power. System). hydraulic. system),. 3. ITEX. gas-
keted.plate.heat.exchangers,.and.2.domestic.hot.water.
tanks..One.of.the.main.difficulties.was.to.supply.chillers.
that.could.be.installed.on.the.roof,.and.assembled.and.
dismantled.on.site..
CIAT supplies air conditioning into the national library in Uzbekistan
REHVA Journal December 2012 70
Product news
Belimo
We make energy currents visible.
You optimise the water circuits.
In addition to the ow rate, the sensors in our electronically regulated Energy
Valve also measure the temperatures in the supply and return lines, e.g. with
heat exchangers. The values are saved in the integrated webserver for up to 13
months and are visible, e.g. onsite on the laptop. The current consumption can
also be depicted on the management system. This way, you can analyse and
document which direction the energy is owing to and optimise the energy ows
of the hot and cold water circuits at any time.
BELIMO Automation AG, Brunnenbachstrasse 1, CH-8340 Hinwil
Tel. +41 43 843 61 11, Fax +41 43 843 62 68, [email protected], www.belimo.com
Ad_Exp_Eff_full_en_REHVA_4_12.indd 1 29.06.12 08:43
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Tel: +90 216 394 12 82 (pbx) Fax: +90 216 394 12 87
e-mail: [email protected]
web: www.friterm.com
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tion form or change of address to REHVA office.
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Telephone: +32 2 514 11 71 - Telefax: +32 2 512 90 62
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Send information of your event to Ms Cynthia Depradel [email protected]
Events in 2012 2014
conferences and seminars 2012
December 5 7 43
th
International congress of Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Belgrade, Serbia
www.kgh-kongres.org/
December 6 7 7
th
International Energy Forum on Solar Building Skins Bressanone, Italy
www.energy-forum.com
conferences and seminars 2013
January 22 GEOTABS - Towards optimal design and control of geothermal heat
pumps combined with Thermally Activated Building Systems in offices
Hannover, Germany
www.geotabs.eu/symposium-2013
January 26 30 ASHRAE 2013 Winter Conference Dallas, Texas, USA
www.ashrae.org/membership--conferences/conferences/dallas-conference
February 8 9 ACRECONF New Delhi, India
www.acreconf.org
April 8 10 ISH China & CIHE Beijing, China
www.ishc-cihe.com
April 10 11 European Biomass to Power Krakow, Poland
www.wplgroup.com/aci/conferences/eu-ebp3.asp
April 15 17 3
rd
International Conference in Microgeneration and Related Technologies
in Buildings - Microgen III
Naples, Italy
www.microgen3.eu
May 9 11 5
th
International Conference on Amonia Refrigeration Technology Ohrid, Macedonia
www.mf.edu.mk
May 27 28 36
th
Euroheat and Power Congress Vienna Austria
www.ehpcongress.org
May 30 31 Energy Performance of Buildings and Related Facilities Bucharest, Romania
www.aiiro.ro
June 3 8 eceee 2013 Summer Study on energy efficiency Toulon/Hyere, France
www.eceee.org/summerstudy
June 7 8 The Latest Technology in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Industry Milan, Italy
www.centrogalileo.it/milano/CONGRESSODIMILANO2013english.html
June 16 19 11
th
REHVA world congress Clima 2013 Prague, Czech Republic
www.clima2013.org
June 19 21 Intersolar Europe 2013: Innovative Technologies and New Markets Munich, Germany
www.intersolar.de
June 22 26 2013 ASHRAE Annual Conference Denver, Colorado
www.ashrae.org/membership--conferences/conferences/ashrae-conferences/denver-2013
June 24 28 EU Sustainable Energy Week 2013 in Brussels Brussels, Belgium
www.eusew.eu
June 26 28 Central Europe towards Sustainable Building Prague 2013 Prague, Czech Republic
www.cesb.cz/en
September 25 27 5
th
International Conference Solar Air-Conditioning Kurhaus Bad Krotzingen,
Germany
www.otti.eu
September 25 29 International Conference on Sustainable Building Restoration and
Revitalisation
Shanghai, China
www.wta-conferences.org/conference/1869
October 3 4 CLIMAMED - VII Mediterranean Congress of Climatizacion Istanbul, Turkey
www.climamed.org
October 15 16 European Heat Pump Summit Nrnberg, Germany
www.hp-summit.de
October 15 18 IAQ 2013 - Environmental Health in Low Energy Buildings Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada
www.ashrae.org/membership--conferences/conferences/ashrae-conferences/iaq-2013
October 16 18 Building Services for the Third Millenium Sinaia, Romania
www.aiiro.ro
October 18 19 COGEN Europe Annual Conference & Dinner Brussels, Belgium
www.cogeneurope.eu
October 20 21 Energy Efficiency & Behaviour Helsinki, Finland
www.behave2012.info
October 24 50
th
REHVA anniversary Brussels, Belgium
www.rehva.eu
Exhibitions 2013
January 28 30 AHR Expo Dallas, Texas, USA
www.ahrexpo.com
February 5 8 Aqua-Therm Russia 2013 Moscow, Russia
www.aquatherm-moscow.ru/en/home/
February 26 March 1 Climatizacion Madrid, Spain
www.ifema.es/web/ferias/climatizacion/default.html
February 27March 1 World Sustainable Energy Days - the WSED 2013 Wels, Austria
www.wsed.at
March 7 9 ACREX 2013 Mumbai, India
www.ishrae.in
March 12 16 ISH Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
www.ish.messefrankfurt.com
November 4 8 Interclima+Elec Paris, France
www.interclimaelec.com
Exhibitions 2014
April 1 4 NORDBYGG 2014 Stockholm, Sweden
www.nordbygg.se
March 18 21 MCE - Mostra Convegno Expocomfort 2014 Fiera Milano, Italy
www.mcexpocomfort.it
March 30- April 4 Light + Building Frankfurt, Germany
www.light-building.messefrankfurt.com
May 7 May 10 ISK - SODEX 2014 Istanbul, Turkey
www.hmsf.com
October 14 16 Chillventa 2014 Nuremberg, Germany
www.chillventa.de/en/
September 30 October 3 Finnbuild 2014 Helsinki, Finland
www.finnbuild.fi
ISH.Frankfurt
Energy that moves the world.
ISH is the worlds most important showcase for efficient building and energy
technology in combination with renewable energies. Make sure youre here to
experience sustainable system solutions. Keep ahead of your competitors with
the latest information and benefit from new inspirations for your business.
www.ish.messefrankfurt.com
Frankfurt am Main
12 16. 3. 2013
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Energy
The worlds leading trade fair
The Bathroom Experience, Building,
Energy, Air-conditioning Technology
Renewable Energies
REHVA.Guidebooks
REHVA GUIDEBOOKS
REHVA GUIDEBOOKS
REHVA REHVA Guidebooks are written by teams of European experts Guidebooks are written by teams of European experts
www.rehva.eu [email protected] REHVA Office: 40 rue Washington, 1050 BrusselsBelgium Tel + 32 2 514 11 71 Fax +32 2 512 9062
REHVA Guidebooks are available at www.rehva.eu or through REHVA National Members
Improving the ventilation effectiveness allows the indoor air quali-
ty to be significantly enhanced without the need for higher air
changes in the building, thereby avoiding the higher costs and
energy consumption associated with increasing the ventilation
rates. This Guidebook provides easy-to-understand descriptions
of the indices used to mesure the performance of a ventilation
system and which indices to use in different cases.
NO: 2 NO: 2
Chilled beam systems are primarily used for cooling and ventila-
tion in spaces, which appreciate good indoor environmental quali-
ty and individual space control. Active chilled beams are con-
nected to the ventilation ductwork, high temperature cold water,
and when desired, low temperature hot water system. Primary air
supply induces room air to be recirculated through the heat ex-
changer of the chilled beam. In order to cool or heat the room
either cold or warm water is cycled through the heat exchanger.
NO: 5 NO: 5
Indoor Climate and Productivity in Offices Guidebook shows how
to quantify the effects of indoor environment on office work and
also how to include these effects in the calculation of building
costs. Such calculations have not been performed previously,
because very little data has been available. The quantitative
relationships presented in this Guidebook can be used to calcu-
late the costs and benefits of running and operating the building.
NO: 6 NO: 6
This Guidebook describes the systems that use water as heat-
carrier and when the heat exchange within the conditioned space
is more than 50% radiant. Embedded systems insulated from the
main building structure (floor, wall and ceiling) are used in all
types of buildings and work with heat carriers at low temperatures
for heating and relatively high temperature for cooling.
NO: 7 NO: 7
Cleanliness of ventilation systems Guidebook aims to show that
indoor environmental conditions substantially influence health and
productivity. This Guidebook presents criteria and methods on
how to design, install and maintain clean air handling systems for
better indoor air quality.
NO: 8 NO: 8
Hygiene requirement is intended to provide a holistic formulation of
hygiene-related constructional, technical and organisational requi-
rements to be observed in the planning, manufacture, execution,
operation and maintenance of ventilating and air-conditioning
systems. These requirements for ventilating and air-conditioning
systems primarily serve to protect human health.
NO: 9 NO: 9
CFD-calculations have been rapidly developed to a powerful tool
for the analysis of air pollution distribution in various spaces.
However, the user of CFD-calculation should be aware of the
basic principles of calculations and specifically the boundary
conditions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in Ventilation
Design models is written by a working group of highly qualified
international experts representing research, consulting and de-
sign.
NO: 10 NO: 10
Air filtration Guidebook will help the designer and user to unders-
tand the background and criteria for air filtration, how to select air
filters and avoid problems associated with hygienic and other
conditions at operation of air filters. The selection of air filters is
based on external conditions such as levels of existing pollutants,
indoor air quality and energy efficiency requirements.
NO: 11 NO: 11
Solar Shading Guidebook gives a solid background on the phy-
sics of solar radiation and its behaviour in window with solar
shading systems. Major focus of the Guidebook is on the effect of
solar shading in the use of energy for cooling, heating and ligh-
ting. The book gives also practical guidance for selection, installa-
tion and operation of solar shading as well as future trends in
integration of HVAC-systems with solar control.
NO: 12 NO: 12
School buildings represent a significant part of the building stock
and also a noteworthy part of the total energy use. Indoor and
Energy Efficiency in Schools Guidebook describes the optimal
design and operation of schools with respect to low energy cost
and performance of the students. It focuses particularly on ener-
gy efficient systems for a healthy indoor environment.
NO: 13 NO: 13
This new REHVA Guidebook gives building professionals a
useful support in the practical measurements and monitoring of
the indoor climate in buildings. Wireless technologies for mea-
surement and monitoring has allowed enlarging significantly
number of possible applications, especially in existing buildings.
The Guidebook illustrates with several cases the instrumentation
for the monitoring and assessment of indoor climate.
NO: 14 NO: 14
This guidebook is focused on modern methods for design, control
and operation of energy efficient heating systems in large spaces
and industrial halls. The book deals with thermal comfort, light and
dark gas radiant heaters, panel radiant heating, floor heating and
industrial air heating systems. Various heating systems are illus-
trated with case studies. Design principles, methods and modeling
tools are presented for various systems.
NO: 15 NO: 15
This guidebook talks about the interaction of sustainability and
Heating, ventilation and airconditioning. HVAC technologies used
in sustainable buildings are described. This book also provides a
list of questions to be asked in various phrases of buildings life
time. Different case studies of sustainable office buildings are
presented.
NEW
NO: 16 NO: 16
REHVA GUIDEBOOKS
REHVA GUIDEBOOKS
REHVA REHVA Guidebooks are written by teams of European experts Guidebooks are written by teams of European experts
www.rehva.eu [email protected] REHVA Office: 40 rue Washington, 1050 BrusselsBelgium Tel + 32 2 514 11 71 Fax +32 2 512 9062
REHVA Guidebooks are available at www.rehva.eu or through REHVA National Members
Improving the ventilation effectiveness allows the indoor air quali-
ty to be significantly enhanced without the need for higher air
changes in the building, thereby avoiding the higher costs and
energy consumption associated with increasing the ventilation
rates. This Guidebook provides easy-to-understand descriptions
of the indices used to mesure the performance of a ventilation
system and which indices to use in different cases.
NO: 2 NO: 2
Chilled beam systems are primarily used for cooling and ventila-
tion in spaces, which appreciate good indoor environmental quali-
ty and individual space control. Active chilled beams are con-
nected to the ventilation ductwork, high temperature cold water,
and when desired, low temperature hot water system. Primary air
supply induces room air to be recirculated through the heat ex-
changer of the chilled beam. In order to cool or heat the room
either cold or warm water is cycled through the heat exchanger.
NO: 5 NO: 5
Indoor Climate and Productivity in Offices Guidebook shows how
to quantify the effects of indoor environment on office work and
also how to include these effects in the calculation of building
costs. Such calculations have not been performed previously,
because very little data has been available. The quantitative
relationships presented in this Guidebook can be used to calcu-
late the costs and benefits of running and operating the building.
NO: 6 NO: 6
This Guidebook describes the systems that use water as heat-
carrier and when the heat exchange within the conditioned space
is more than 50% radiant. Embedded systems insulated from the
main building structure (floor, wall and ceiling) are used in all
types of buildings and work with heat carriers at low temperatures
for heating and relatively high temperature for cooling.
NO: 7 NO: 7
Cleanliness of ventilation systems Guidebook aims to show that
indoor environmental conditions substantially influence health and
productivity. This Guidebook presents criteria and methods on
how to design, install and maintain clean air handling systems for
better indoor air quality.
NO: 8 NO: 8
Hygiene requirement is intended to provide a holistic formulation of
hygiene-related constructional, technical and organisational requi-
rements to be observed in the planning, manufacture, execution,
operation and maintenance of ventilating and air-conditioning
systems. These requirements for ventilating and air-conditioning
systems primarily serve to protect human health.
NO: 9 NO: 9
CFD-calculations have been rapidly developed to a powerful tool
for the analysis of air pollution distribution in various spaces.
However, the user of CFD-calculation should be aware of the
basic principles of calculations and specifically the boundary
conditions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in Ventilation
Design models is written by a working group of highly qualified
international experts representing research, consulting and de-
sign.
NO: 10 NO: 10
Air filtration Guidebook will help the designer and user to unders-
tand the background and criteria for air filtration, how to select air
filters and avoid problems associated with hygienic and other
conditions at operation of air filters. The selection of air filters is
based on external conditions such as levels of existing pollutants,
indoor air quality and energy efficiency requirements.
NO: 11 NO: 11
Solar Shading Guidebook gives a solid background on the phy-
sics of solar radiation and its behaviour in window with solar
shading systems. Major focus of the Guidebook is on the effect of
solar shading in the use of energy for cooling, heating and ligh-
ting. The book gives also practical guidance for selection, installa-
tion and operation of solar shading as well as future trends in
integration of HVAC-systems with solar control.
NO: 12 NO: 12
School buildings represent a significant part of the building stock
and also a noteworthy part of the total energy use. Indoor and
Energy Efficiency in Schools Guidebook describes the optimal
design and operation of schools with respect to low energy cost
and performance of the students. It focuses particularly on ener-
gy efficient systems for a healthy indoor environment.
NO: 13 NO: 13
This new REHVA Guidebook gives building professionals a
useful support in the practical measurements and monitoring of
the indoor climate in buildings. Wireless technologies for mea-
surement and monitoring has allowed enlarging significantly
number of possible applications, especially in existing buildings.
The Guidebook illustrates with several cases the instrumentation
for the monitoring and assessment of indoor climate.
NO: 14 NO: 14
This guidebook is focused on modern methods for design, control
and operation of energy efficient heating systems in large spaces
and industrial halls. The book deals with thermal comfort, light and
dark gas radiant heaters, panel radiant heating, floor heating and
industrial air heating systems. Various heating systems are illus-
trated with case studies. Design principles, methods and modeling
tools are presented for various systems.
NO: 15 NO: 15
This guidebook talks about the interaction of sustainability and
Heating, ventilation and airconditioning. HVAC technologies used
in sustainable buildings are described. This book also provides a
list of questions to be asked in various phrases of buildings life
time. Different case studies of sustainable office buildings are
presented.
NEW
NO: 16 NO: 16
REHVA GUIDEBOOKS
REHVA GUIDEBOOKS
REHVA REHVA Guidebooks are written by teams of European experts Guidebooks are written by teams of European experts
www.rehva.eu [email protected] REHVA Office: 40 rue Washington, 1050 BrusselsBelgium Tel + 32 2 514 11 71 Fax +32 2 512 9062
REHVA Guidebooks are available at www.rehva.eu or through REHVA National Members
Improving the ventilation effectiveness allows the indoor air quali-
ty to be significantly enhanced without the need for higher air
changes in the building, thereby avoiding the higher costs and
energy consumption associated with increasing the ventilation
rates. This Guidebook provides easy-to-understand descriptions
of the indices used to mesure the performance of a ventilation
system and which indices to use in different cases.
NO: 2 NO: 2
Chilled beam systems are primarily used for cooling and ventila-
tion in spaces, which appreciate good indoor environmental quali-
ty and individual space control. Active chilled beams are con-
nected to the ventilation ductwork, high temperature cold water,
and when desired, low temperature hot water system. Primary air
supply induces room air to be recirculated through the heat ex-
changer of the chilled beam. In order to cool or heat the room
either cold or warm water is cycled through the heat exchanger.
NO: 5 NO: 5
Indoor Climate and Productivity in Offices Guidebook shows how
to quantify the effects of indoor environment on office work and
also how to include these effects in the calculation of building
costs. Such calculations have not been performed previously,
because very little data has been available. The quantitative
relationships presented in this Guidebook can be used to calcu-
late the costs and benefits of running and operating the building.
NO: 6 NO: 6
This Guidebook describes the systems that use water as heat-
carrier and when the heat exchange within the conditioned space
is more than 50% radiant. Embedded systems insulated from the
main building structure (floor, wall and ceiling) are used in all
types of buildings and work with heat carriers at low temperatures
for heating and relatively high temperature for cooling.
NO: 7 NO: 7
Cleanliness of ventilation systems Guidebook aims to show that
indoor environmental conditions substantially influence health and
productivity. This Guidebook presents criteria and methods on
how to design, install and maintain clean air handling systems for
better indoor air quality.
NO: 8 NO: 8
Hygiene requirement is intended to provide a holistic formulation of
hygiene-related constructional, technical and organisational requi-
rements to be observed in the planning, manufacture, execution,
operation and maintenance of ventilating and air-conditioning
systems. These requirements for ventilating and air-conditioning
systems primarily serve to protect human health.
NO: 9 NO: 9
CFD-calculations have been rapidly developed to a powerful tool
for the analysis of air pollution distribution in various spaces.
However, the user of CFD-calculation should be aware of the
basic principles of calculations and specifically the boundary
conditions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in Ventilation
Design models is written by a working group of highly qualified
international experts representing research, consulting and de-
sign.
NO: 10 NO: 10
Air filtration Guidebook will help the designer and user to unders-
tand the background and criteria for air filtration, how to select air
filters and avoid problems associated with hygienic and other
conditions at operation of air filters. The selection of air filters is
based on external conditions such as levels of existing pollutants,
indoor air quality and energy efficiency requirements.
NO: 11 NO: 11
Solar Shading Guidebook gives a solid background on the phy-
sics of solar radiation and its behaviour in window with solar
shading systems. Major focus of the Guidebook is on the effect of
solar shading in the use of energy for cooling, heating and ligh-
ting. The book gives also practical guidance for selection, installa-
tion and operation of solar shading as well as future trends in
integration of HVAC-systems with solar control.
NO: 12 NO: 12
School buildings represent a significant part of the building stock
and also a noteworthy part of the total energy use. Indoor and
Energy Efficiency in Schools Guidebook describes the optimal
design and operation of schools with respect to low energy cost
and performance of the students. It focuses particularly on ener-
gy efficient systems for a healthy indoor environment.
NO: 13 NO: 13
This new REHVA Guidebook gives building professionals a
useful support in the practical measurements and monitoring of
the indoor climate in buildings. Wireless technologies for mea-
surement and monitoring has allowed enlarging significantly
number of possible applications, especially in existing buildings.
The Guidebook illustrates with several cases the instrumentation
for the monitoring and assessment of indoor climate.
NO: 14 NO: 14
This guidebook is focused on modern methods for design, control
and operation of energy efficient heating systems in large spaces
and industrial halls. The book deals with thermal comfort, light and
dark gas radiant heaters, panel radiant heating, floor heating and
industrial air heating systems. Various heating systems are illus-
trated with case studies. Design principles, methods and modeling
tools are presented for various systems.
NO: 15 NO: 15
This guidebook talks about the interaction of sustainability and
Heating, ventilation and airconditioning. HVAC technologies used
in sustainable buildings are described. This book also provides a
list of questions to be asked in various phrases of buildings life
time. Different case studies of sustainable office buildings are
presented.
NEW
NO: 16 NO: 16
This guidebook covers numerous system components of ventilation
and air-conditioning systems and shows how they can be improved
by applying the latest technology products. Special attention is paid
to details, which are often overlooked in the daily design practice,
resulting in poor performance of high quality products once they are
installed in the building system.
This guidebook talks about the interaction of sustainability and
Heating, ventilation and airconditioning. HVAC technologies used
in sustainable buildings are described. This book also provides a
list of questions to be asked in various phrases of buildings life
time. Different case studies of sustainable office buildings are pre-
sented.