Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas(TKK564) Instructor:[Link] ([Link] ) Email:istadi@[Link].
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I t t B k d InstructorsBackground
BEng.(1995):Universitas Diponegoro Meng.(2000):Institut Teknologi Bandung PhD.(2006):Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Specialization:
CatalystDesignforEnergyConversion ProcessDesignforEnergyConversion P D i f E C i CombustionEngineering ComputationalFluidDynamic(CFD)
CourseSyllabus:(Part2) y ( )
1. 2. 3. 4. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Hydrocarbons Recovery (Pengambilan Kembali Hidrokarbon) g j g g g ) Nitrogen Rejection/Removal ( (Penghilangan Nitrogen) Trace Component Removal (Penghilangan Komponen lainnya) Natural Gas Liquid Processing and Sulfur Recovery (Pemrosesan Cairan Gas Alam dan Penghilangan Sulfur) Gas Transportation and Storage (Transportasi dan Penyimpanan Gas) Liquified Natural Gas #1 (Gas Alam Cair) Liquified Natural Gas #2 (Gas Alam Cair) Second Assignment Ujian Akhir Semester
Thischapterdiscusses processing the hydrocarbon liquids processingthehydrocarbonliquids
Liquidstreamproceedinaglassplan
Condensate processing
NGLprocessing
CONDENSATEPROCESSING
TwostepsofCondensate Processing
Water washing additives to remove salt and
Condensate stabilization
remaining lighter hydrocarbons are stripped and recombined with the gas that leaves the inlet receiver to produce a bottom prod ct that has prod ce product specifications to be sold as natural gasoline or slop oil
Sweetening for Liquid Processing SweeteningforLiquidProcessing
Ideally, the sulfur compounds go with the light gases stripped e o ed in t e stab e , so t at t ey ca be removed in gas t eat g the stabilizer, that they can treating. Most of the H2S and CO2 will be removed along with COS, CS2, and mercaptans. To enhance acid gas removal sweet natural gas can be used removal, as a stripping gas. This process can reduce H2S levels to the 10 ppmv range. However, However the cost is increased recycle compression compression. If the natural gasoline is sour, the plant can either treat it or take a price penalty and sell the liquid as sour crude. The price differential between sweet and sour crude drives the need for sweetening. In many cases, the liquid volumes are low and sweetening at the plant is not justified. justified
NGLProcesssing
SweeteningMethodinNGL Processing
Amine Treating Most remove only CO2 and H2S . Two amines, DGA and DIPA, will remove 2S G COS, but none remove CS2 and merchaptans. Amine treating is often used upstream of caustic treaters to minimize caustic consumption caused by irreversible reactions with CO2. Adsorption Able to remove sulfur compounds down to low levels when no water is p present, which makes it attractive for treating demethanizer bottoms. g
Either promoted alumina, 13X or 5A molecular sieve will remove H2S, COS, and mercaptans from LPG. The larger pore 13X is usually preferred because it has a higher capacity
Caustic Treating Regenerative Nonregenerative
= sodium hydroxide. = ZnO, KOH
Regenerativecausticwashand water wash. waterwash.
ChemistryinvolvedinWashing y g
Air is added to the rich caustic, with a catalyst to oxidize the mercaptan to a disulfide: 2RSNa + 1/2 O2 + H2O RSSR + 2NaOH
DehydrationProcessinNGL y
Adsorption Processes Desiccant Dehydration Gas Stripping Distillation Absorption
Currently only two methods are available for dealing with large quantities of H2S: 1. Disposal of the gas by injection into underground formations 2. 2 Conversion of the H2S into a usable product product, elemental sulfur
PropertiesofSulfur
SULFURRECOVERYPROCESSES
1. Claus Process
All Claus units involve an initial combustion step in a furnace. The combustion products then pass through a series of catalytic converters, each of which produces elemental sulfur.
Basic Process H2S + 3/2 O2 H2O + SO2 2 H2S + SO2 2 H2O + (3/x) Sx The first Th fi t reaction i a hi hl exothermic combustion ti is highly th i b ti reaction, whereas the second is a more weakly exothermic reaction promoted by a catalyst to reach equilibrium. Kohl and Nielsen (1997) point out that at a sulfur partial pressure of 0.7 psia ( f i (0.05 b ) and t bar) d temperatures b l t below 700F (370C), the vapor is mostly S6 and S8, but at the same partial pressure and temperatures over approximately 1,000F (540C), S2 predominates.
Process
[Link]
Before sulfur emissions restrictions were imposed, the offgas from the Claus unit was imposed flared to convert the remaining H2S to SO2. Now, environmental agencies demand higher sulfur recovery than can be achieved with a standard Claus unit, and additional treating of the Claus tail gas is needed. The tail gas cleanup entails either an add-on at the end of the Claus unit or a modification of th Cl it difi ti f the Claus unit it lf it itself.
g three categories for final sulfur removal (Kohl and Nielsen, 1997): Direct oxidation of H2S to sulfur Sub-dew point Claus processes SO2 reduction and recovery of H2S d ti d f
Direct Oxidation of H2S to Sulfur DirectOxidationofH2StoSulfur
Catalytic Reaction : 2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O The selective oxidation catalyst in the third reactor does not promote the reaction d t t th ti 2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O or th reverse reaction of sulfur with H2O the ti f lf ith 3S + 2H2O 2H2S + SO2 Total revovery rate = 99%
Sub DewPoint Claus Processes SubDew PointClausProcesses
SO2reductionandrecoveryofH2S
SulfurStorage
Sulfur from the Claus unit is withdrawn as a liquid and is generally stored and transported in the molten state. A number of potential problems are associated with sulfur storage, including release of H2S dissolved in the molten sulfur and the possibility of sulfur fires, which will produce highly toxic SO2.
Sulfur fires. U S lf fi Uncommon, b t th can produce l but they d large amounts of t f SO2. H2S. Any H2S dissolved in the molten sulfur from the condensers y g pp p g g q may be a significant hazard if appropriate degassing techniques are not used. Corrosion. A wet sulfidic atmosphere can lead to severe corrosion of carbon steel. SO2. SO2 Highly toxic and it forms highly corrosive sulfurous acid in the presence of water. Static discharge. Because of the excellent insulating properties of molten sulphur, static discharge may occur under certain conditions and l d t possible fires or explosions. diti d lead to ibl fi l i
