Contemporary Moral Problems
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
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Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
James Rachels: Egoisim and Moral Skepticism
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Amazon:
Quote: “Our ordinary thinking about morality is full of assumptions that we almost
never question. We assume, for example that we have an obligation to consider the
welfare of other people when we decide what actions to perform or rules to obey”.
For me, Morality means safeguarding the fact and performing meritorious deeds. All
people have morality in life. They know what is right and what is wrong. I think that
morality is like rights. People are fighting for their own rights. For example, the
comments of the people in our government, they know what is right and what is wrong
in our government. I got this quote in this book. People know what’s best from them
especially the things that they will receive benefits. They know what’s right and what is
wrong. But people have different way of thinking. Others know they are best from them
but others think that they are wrong.
Learning expectation:
I expect to learn in this book is all the things that are discuss by the author. Actually, I
don’t have any idea in this chapter. I can’t understand what the book wants to tell to
me. I think that there are connected to each chapter.
Review:
This chapter talks about the egoism of the people. As is search the net I found out that
egoism It has something to do with yourself, and that you like yourself more, or
consider yourself to be more important than others. In this chapter talks about the
importance of themselves than others, just like self interest you have to do your best to
yourself. If I will ask you if you can do it to your friend what you are doing to yourself
maybe you will have to think twice. For me, it is the nature of all people in this world.
Many people are like this, they think about to their self.
What I have learn:
As I read the sub chapters I noticed that i am an egoistic person. I always think to
myself before others. But i realize that was wrong. You should be able to think the
people that you love before yourself. It’s too hard to do but we have to.
5 questions
1. Who is James Rachels?
2. Is egoism is connected to the next sub chapter?
3. What is egoism?
4. Is egoism bad or good?
5. What is ethical egoism?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
John Arthur: Religion , Morality and Conscience
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Amazon:
Quote: “My first and prime concern in this paper is to explore the connections, if any
between morality and religion”
I was wondering what is the difference of morality and religion, i think it is
connected to each other. I got this quote from this book. Yes it is said to explore the
connections. I think that as I read this topic I will understand what is the meaning of
these things.
Learning expectation:
I expect to learn all the topics that to be read in this book. I want to learn what are
their differences and how they are connected to each other. I was able to know all
about it when I just read this sub chapter. After I read those paragraphs I expect to
learn something from his writings.
Review:
All of us have religion. Because we should have a guide to what we should do and
believe in God. Morality is a force of how to be. As I read the book religion is based on
morality according to John Arthur. But I’m just wondering why religion is not important
in morality, he said it is social. Morality is based on our society or in other words society
influences our society. Morality has become a complicated issue in the multi-cultural
world we live in today. We should explore what morality is, how it affects our behavior,
our conscience, our society, and our religion. Morality plays a vital role in Religion,
conscience and behavior of one person. Religion is not really important according to
John Arthur. We should focus in our morality as a person. We should learn to grow and
accept the fact that morality is based on our society.
What I have learn:
I learned that morality is based on our society. Whatever you do to the people around
you they will treat you the same as you treat them. For me, religion is not really
important because they are the guidelines we should follow. But they are connected to
each other, as a person we all have different treats to the people around us. One more
thing that I have learn is to treat people good as you can.
5 questions
1. What is morality?
2. Why morality is based on our society?
3. What is the deeper meaning of religion
4. Is this chapter connected to the previous chapter?
5. Who is John Arthur?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
Friedrich Nietzsche: Master and Slavery Morality
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Quote:
“Nietzsche argues that a healthy society should allow superior or individuals to exercise
their will to power”
I got this from this book. I believe in what Nietzsche says. To have a better
society we must have to respect the rights and the will to power of other people.
Everyone should allow to be a superior and have will to power. It is one of the secret of
a healthy society because people are just have different ideas that will help our society
to become healthy.
Learning expectation:
I just want to learn all the topics that will discuss in this book. I’m just curios what is
Master-and Slave-morality. I hope it will answer my question what is the cause of an
unhealthy society.
Review:
I believe in what Nietzsche says that a healthy society should all superior or individuals
to exercise their “will to power”, their drive toward domination and exploitation of the
inferior. This topic talks about our society right now. What is happening in our society
and what are the causes of an unhealthy society. We should do all these things to have
a better society. Self discipline is one of the important things to do. I think that it is one
of the key of success of a healthy society. One more thing, we should must have a
unity as Filipinos in order to have a healthy society. Imagine that Philippines has a
healthy society, think of it what will happen to us if we have a healthy society.
What I have learn:
I learn all the things here in this chapter. I just learn what are the causes of our
unhealthy society and what are the things happening right now in our society. I think
we should be able to stop all those bad things happen in our society. We should start
for a change.
5 questions
1. What is Slave –morality?
2. Are all of these statements are true?
3. Is will to power is the only key to have a healthy society?
4. Will everyone know about it?
5. Who is Nietzsche?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
Mary Midgley: Trying Out One’s New Sword
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Quote:
“I want to discuss here one very short way of dealing with this difficulty, a drastic way
which many people now theoretically favour”
It says that the author wants to discuss here one very short way of dealing with
this difficulty. The author stated an example to more about this quote. Every country
has own culture. So in other words every people in every country are different. I like
this line “We can’t understand every culture except our own. God made us unique why
we can’t understand why they are doing that things. I think that God has a plan for us
so they make us unique.
Learning expectation:
I want to learn why people are different from each other. We are all people but why
there are such differences things in every people to another people. I was so excited to
read all those lines in this chapter. I find it interesting to read and I want this book to
be answered every questions in my mind.
Review:
Mary Midgley taught philosophy at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England.
For twenty years and is now retired. She is the author of numerous books, including
animals and why they matter and many more. Midgley attacks moral isolationism, the
view of anthropologist and others that we cannot criticize cultures that we do not
understand. She stated an example of this thing. As I’ve said we are now living in
different cultures. We can’t understand why they are doing that things. According to
Mary Midgley, Moral Isolationism is a position that further holds that the world is
sharply divided into separate societies, sealed units, each with its own system of
thought.
What I have learn:
I learn all that we can say about them the things that come up in our mind but we don’t
really understand their doing. But for me, God created as unique individuals and God
only knows what’s the answer in our questions.
5 questions
1. Why people have different cultures?
2. Why people don’t understand everyone‘s culture?
3. Why people say a lot of things in other cultures?
4. Why every people are unique?
5. Who is for Moral Isolationism?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism
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Quote:
“Utilitarian standard is the greatest happiness of all.”
I like this quote. Everyone has a different happiness. Utilitarian means useful. The first
thing that comes up in my mind when I hear the word Utilitarian is help. Some people
find their happiness through helping other people. We should smile every day. Being
happy will give us benefits, in our heath heart etc. I think some people find their
happiness but a lot of people are still searching for their happiness.
Learning expectation:
I want to learn what is Utilitarianism means, I think it has deeper meaning when I read
this sub chapter. I also want to know what John Stuart Mill said in this book, what is his
point of view and what are the reasons why he wrote in this book.
Review:
John Stuart Mill was one of the most important and influential British philosophers. He
lived during the eighteen hundreds from 1806-1873. His most important works in ethics
are On Liberty (1859) and Utilitarianism (1861), from which the reading is taken. Mill
brings us the basic principles of utilitarianism, including the Principle of Utility (of the
Greatest Happiness Principle) and the hedonistic principle that happiness pleasure. Mill
explains to us the theory by replying to various objections and connections and
concludes with an attempt to prove the Principle of Utility. This are the things that mill
did. I think he contributed a lot of things in this book. For me, everyone has different
happiness. They will be happy if they got these things others are to be with their love
one etc. As a student I’m still searching for my greatest happiness. But I’m looking
forward that I will get it few years from now.
What I have learn:
I learn what is greatest happiness means, I really like this chapter. I think that all of us
will find the greatest happiness at the right time. I believe in this quote “Utilitarian
standard is the greatest happiness of all” It makes me think what is the greatest
happiness for me.
5 questions
1. Is everyone find their greatest happiness?
2. What other people understand the word Utilitarian?
3. What are the things that people make happy?
4. Is happiness is a sin?
5. What is theory of life?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
James Rachels: The Debate Over Utilitarianism
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Quote:
“The utilitarian doctrine is that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, and
the only thing desirable as an end; all other things being desirable as mears to that
end”
I think this quote is true. Base on my understanding it says that a person wants to be
happy he/she don’t care what’s happening around him/her. As I noticed it is happening
right now. People always think there self before them. As you can see there are so
many poor people that need help from us.
Learning expectation:
I want to learn the debate over utilitarianism. How it is connected to the previous
chapter. I want to learn all the topics that discuss here in this book. I also want to learn
the resilience of the theory, what is classical utilitarianism and other interesting topics
here in this sub chapter.
Review:
I like this line that I’ve read “Is happiness the only thing that matters”? I think its yes.
All people are working for their contentment in life or happiness is other words. Imagine
why people do a lot of things. All people want to be happy off course. According to this
book utilitarianism answers the question What actions are right? right actions, it says,
are the ones that produce the most good. I think this statement is true. Because
everyone needs a happiness but there are different reasons why people want to
become happy. All of us has different reasons why we wants to be happy.
What I have learn:
I learn all the topics that been discuss by the author. I know what are the reasons why
happiness in only thing that matters but there are deeper meaning about that thing.
5 questions
1. Why people should believe in this?
2. Why it said that happiness the only thing that matters?
3. Why are they are connected to the previous chapter?
4. What is hedonism?
5. What are rights?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
Immanuel Kant: The Categorical Imperative
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Quote:
“It is impossible to conceive anything at all in the world, or even out of it.”
Yes it is true. All things are impossible to get. But if you have a hard to work in all
things you will easily get it. Human is always be a human. All the things that other can
do I sure you that you can do it as well.
Learning expectation:
I want to learn all the topics that discuss the author in this book. I want him to
elaborate all the things here in this book and it helps me to understand whatever he
says. I must learn it because I want to apply all these things in my daily life.
Review:
Kant is a German and was one of the most important philosophers of all time. He made
significant contributions to all areas of philosophies, which I find very amusing. For a
philosopher who contributes to all areas of philosophy is something. Probably not
something but it is a great achievement for him and as well as philosophy itself. Kant
had written many books; the most important ones are Critique of Pure Reason,
Prolegomena to All Future Metaphysics, and many more. Immanuel Kant believes that
our moral duty can be formulated in one supreme rule, which is non other than the
main topic of this chapter, The Categorical Imperative. It is known as from where all
our duties can be derived. He discusses all those things related to Categorical
Imperative. He talks about the good will. I believe that every person has a good will in
life. He elaborate what is good will and the other topics next to good will. It was a nice
discussion of the author.
What I have learn:
I learn what is Good will, The good will and duty, the good will and it’s results, the
motive duty and many more. I was impressed because he can discuss it clearly to the
reader of his book. I want to apply this in my life as a student. I think I can do all these
things in my life.
5 questions
1. Aside from the results of good will is there anything else?
2. How can I apply this is my daily life?
3. How can I help others to do the things that is written on this book?
4. Is there any wrong information in this book?
5. Are all these things are true?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
Aristotle: Happiness and Virtue
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Quote:
“Aristotle argues that all human beings seek happiness, and that happiness is not
pleasure, honor, or wealth but an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue”
Yes it is true. We all know what happiness are the pleasures or the leisure’s but an
activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. It is true that people are now seeking for
happiness. My question is When they will experience the greatest happiness in life?
Learning expectation:
This chapter is familiar to me, but I not read yet all of these. I want to learn what is the
real happiness means, I think that Aristotle will discuss it clearly for me to help me to
understand what is it all about.
Review:
According to this book Aristotle made important contributions to all areas of philosophy
, including the formulation of traditional logic. Along with his teacher plato, he is
regarded as one of the founders of western philosophy. The discusses here the
happiness and virtue. As I read the book I was impressed all the words that he says
and all of these are true. As a student I am seeking for my happiness. I thought being
happy is with money and material thing. But this is wrong, I got many things in this
world but I’m not happy. I agree what Aristotle tells us that happiness are the activity
of the soul in accordance with virtue. I think that I’m still seeking for the real happiness.
I’m looking forward that I will be happy few years from now. All of us are seeking for
happiness but not all are fortunate to make their dreams come true. I think that they
must have patience and hard work.
What I have learn:
I learn what is the meaning of a greatest happiness, I have learn that happiness and
virtue is related to each other. I understand why people are seeking for a true
happiness.
5 questions
1. Is anyone disagreeing with this topic?
2. How many people feel a greatest happiness?
3. It is a sin?
4. What is the contrast of virtue and happiness?
5. Who is Plato?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
Joel Feinberg: The Nature and Value of Rights
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Quote:
“Feinberg wants to demonstrate that rights are morally important.”
Yes, it is true. All of us have human rights. For example of this here in Philippines the
rally that happens few years ago, humans has also human rights even kids have human
rights. We are all humans, God created us humans meaning everyone has a right to live
in this world.
Learning expectation:
I want to learn the human rights. In this chapter the author discusses about the nature
of rights and its values. I just want to learn all the topics that discuss the author in this
book. I hope that I can apply this learning’s in my life.
Review:
Before I begin I give the brief background of Joel Feinberg. Joel Feinberg is professor of
philosophy at the University of Arizona. He is the author of Doing and Deserving(1970),
social Philosophy (1973), the moral Limits of the Criminal Law (1984-1989) in four
volumes, and freedom and fulfilment(1994). Feinberg wants to demonstrate that rights
are morally important. In this chapter, Feinberg also discusses to us the doctrine of the
logical correlativity rights and duties. I believe in every word that he says on this book.
People have rights and duties. We all created by God with rights and duties. We should
use these things in order to have a better life. We should also respect the rights of
other people. So they also respect your rights as well as your duty in life. The author
also explains if the person deserve something good he deserve it. And I agree with this
statement.
What I have learn:
I learn the rights and duties of every person. I also learn the concepts of personal
desert. It is very interesting chapter. I really find it easy to understand.
5 questions
1. What is the contrast of rights and duties?
2. Are people knows about this?
3. Should people believe on this?
4. Why people have rights?
5. Why people have duties?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
Annette Baier: The Need for More than Justice
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Quote:
“Justice Perspective by itself is inadequate as a moral theory.”
I like this quote. Justice can be define in different ways with other people.
I like this quote it helps me to think why Justice Perspective by itself
inadequate as a moral theory.
Learning Expectation:
I want to learn why justice Perspective by itself is inadequate as moral theory. I think
my questions in my mind will answer after when I finish reading this book.
Review:
Before I begin I want to know about Annette Baier. Annette baier teaches philosophy at
the University of Pittsburgh. She is the author of A progress of sentiments: Reflections
on Hume’s Treatise (1991) and Moral Prejudices: essays on Ethics (1995). Following
Carol Gilligan, Baier Distinguishes between the justice perspective of philosophers such
as Kant and Rawls and the care perspective Giligan found in her studies of the moral
development of women. Baier argues that the justice perspective by itself is inadequate
as a moral Theory.
I think it depends on the people point of view. We have different point of view as a
person. But my point of view is justice is really important. Everyone is fighting for their
justice in life. I think it is connected to the previous sub chapter.
What I have learn:
I learn what is the need for more that justice. This chapter talks about justice but it has
different perspective.
5 questions
1. What people say about this topic?
2. Is this chapter is true?
3. Why people have different point of view?
4. How can they affect our society?
5. Why we should fight for?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
John Rawls: A Theory of Justice
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Quote:
“Principles are there to ensure that no one is to take any advantage or have
disadvantage over situations.”
I got this from this chapter. Actually I agree with this. All of us have principles in life. It
says that principles help us to secure every situation in our life.
Learning Expectation:
I want to learn about principles and justice of one person. I want to learn about the
theory of justice and how it affects other people as well as our society. I’m looking
forward that I will learn all these things as I finish reading this book.
Review:
These are the things that people fighting for, their principles and justice. Even though
you are rich or poor you have principles in life. I like this topic because it discuses
principles and justice of a person. As what I’ve said even you are rich or poor principles
are equal to them as well as in the eyes of God. These are the things that God want to
us. He wants us to fight for our principles and justice.
I want to give you a brief introduction and background on the author, John Rawls,
Rawls is actually a professor also, just like the many philosophers who also are
professors. Rawls taught at the Harvard University. And just like many philosophers
who taught, Rawls is the author of books, namely Justice as Fairness: A Restatement,
and the Law of Peoples. This reading though is taken from his book called A Theory of
Justice, which he wrote even before the two books mentioned.
What I have learn:
I learn what the theories of justice as well as principles are, I also learn that we should
fight for our own principles and we will have our justice as well.
5 questions
1. What is the deeper meaning of justice?
2. Why people have own principles?
3. How they are connected to each other?
4. How can they affect our society?
5. Are all people know about it?
Mark Emmanuel Bayaoa
Book review Chapter 1: Ethical Theories
Ronald Dworkin: Taking Rights Seriously
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Quote:
“If a people have a right to do something, then it is wrong to interface with them.”
All of us have human right. I believe in this quote. God created us humans he give us
rights.
Learning expectation:
I want to learn all the topics to be discuss here by the author. I want to learn more
about the rights of citizens.
Review:
Before I begin I give the brief background of Ronald Dworkin. Ronald Dworkin is
University Professor of Jurisprudence, Oxford University and professor of law, New York
University. He is the author of A Matter of principle (1985) and many more. On
Dworkin’s view, if a people have a right to do something, then it is wrong to interface
with them. For example, if citizens have a right to free speech, then it is wrong for the
government to interfere with the exercise of this right. Basically everyone has rights.
But it is for us how we use it. I like what Dworkin’s view. We are all humans. We have
to respect the rights of other people. I like this quote “do unto others what others want
do to you”. Jesus said that, we have to respect the rights of other people. Dworkin
believes that this notion of rights rest on the Kantian idea of treating people with
dignity as members of the moral community, and also on the idea of political quality. It
is true, I believe in what Dworkin says. Yes all people have dignity we should learn how
to respect other people.
What I have learn:
I learn that you must not get in the way with some one’s rights. I find this chapter very
interesting to read. People should know about this. Because nowadays humans rights is
not that important for other people.
5 questions
1. How this chapter connected to the previous chapter?
2. Are all people believe in what Dworkin says?
3. Should people read this chapter?
4. Is human rights is important?
5. Do you think the other author believe in what Dworkin Belief?
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