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Methods for Finding Real Roots of Functions

This document contains instructions for using graphical, algebraic, and numerical methods to find real roots of polynomial functions. Several examples are worked through applying bisection, false position, Newton-Raphson, and secant methods to determine roots of polynomials with degrees from 2 to 5. Peculiar behaviors from initial guesses far from roots in Newton-Raphson examples are explained graphically.

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309 views26 pages

Methods for Finding Real Roots of Functions

This document contains instructions for using graphical, algebraic, and numerical methods to find real roots of polynomial functions. Several examples are worked through applying bisection, false position, Newton-Raphson, and secant methods to determine roots of polynomials with degrees from 2 to 5. Peculiar behaviors from initial guesses far from roots in Newton-Raphson examples are explained graphically.

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amrifa
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Shan Feng fengs2@mcmaster.

ca

Determine the real roots of f(x)=-0.5x2+2.5x+4.5 1) Graphically 2) Using the quadratic formula 3) Using three iterations of the bisection method to determine the highest root. Employ initial guesses of xl=5 and xu=1. Compute the estimated error and the true error after each iteration.

1) A plot indicates that roots occur at about x = 1.4 and 6.4.

Quadratic formula

First iteration:

Third iteration

Determine the real root of f(x)=-26+85x-91x2+44x3-8x4+x5 1) Graphically 2) Using bisection to determine the root to s=10%. Employ initial guesses of xl=0.5 and xu=1.0 3) Perform the same computation as in (2) but use the false-position method and s=0.2%

A plot indicates that a single real root occurs at about x = 0.58.

First iteration

Bisection:

The process can be repeated until the approximate error falls below 10%. As summarized below, this occurs after 4 iterations yielding a root estimate of 0.59375.

False position:
First iteration:

Second iteration:

The process can be repeated until the approximate error falls below 0.2%. As summarized below, this occurs after 4 iterations yielding a root estimate of 0.57956.

Determine the highest real root of f(x)=2x3-11.7x2+17.7x-5 1) Graphically 2) Newton-Raphson method (three iterations, x0 =3) 3) Secant method (three iterations, x1=3,x0=4)

Graphical

Newton-Raphson

Secant

Employ the Newton-Raphson method to determine a real root for f(x)=-2+6x-4x2+0.5x3 using initial guesses of 1) 4.52 2) 4.54 Discuss and use graphical and analytical methods to explain any peculiarities in your results

The Newton-Raphson method can be set up as

Using an initial guess of 4.52, this formula jumps around and eventually converges on the root at 0.214333 after 21 iterations:

The reason for the behavior is depicted in the following plot. As can be seen, the guess of x = 4.52 corresponds to a nearzero negative slope of the function. Hence, the first iteration shoots to a large negative value that is far from a root.

Using an initial guess of 4.54, this formula jumps around and eventually converges on the root at 6.305898 after 14 iterations:

The reason for the behavior is depicted in the following plot. As can be seen, the guess of x = 4.54 corresponds to a near-zero positive slope. Hence, the first iteration shoots to a large positive value that is far from a root.

Thanks~

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