Phys 371: Materials Physics (An Introduction to Materials Science)
Instructor: Prof. Ahmad Masadeh Office: #12 Phys Bldg. Scope: Provide an introduction to the science and engineering of materials (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors). Objective: Develop an awareness of materials and their properties. To reveal the relationships between
Processing - Structure - Properties - Performance To
develop
ideas behind materials selection and design. (Enginerring)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Introduction to Engineering Materials
Dr. Masadeh Department home page: http://www2.ju.edu.jo/sites/Academic/Ahmad.Masadeh/default.aspx
On the website students will find: Announcements: topics, assignments (reading, HW, exams), etc. Lecture notes Handout
Text: Materials Science & Engineering: An introduction Callister and Rethwisch (Special 7th edition for Phys371)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Units of Length
1 cm 1 mm 1 micron (m) 1 Angstrom ()
102 m
0.01 m 0.001 m 0.000001 m 0.000000001 m 0.0000000001 m
103 m 106 m 109 m 1010 m
1 nanometer (nm)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Metrics Made Easy:
UNITS are Important!
Some Rough Equivalent 1 packet of sugar substitute: 1g (gram) 1 small apple: 1 N (Newton) 100 kg person : 1kN (kilo-Newton) 1 square table: 1m2 (meter squared) 1 square toothpick end: 1mm2 (millimeter squared) Visualizing Pressure 1 Pascal (1 Pa, or 1 N/m2): Imagine applesauce made from an apple and spread thinly enough to cover the card table. (too small) Experiencing Pressure 1 Mega-Pascal (1 MPa, or 1 MN/m2): Stick one end of the toothpick into apple and balance the end on your finger.
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Six Major Classes of Materials
Some of these have descriptive subclasses. Classes have overlap, so some materials fit into more than one class.
Metals
Iron and Steel Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications) Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials)
Ceramics
Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing) Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating) Whitewares (e.g. porcelains) Glass Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers, etc.) Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and concrete)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Six Major Classes of Materials
Polymers
Plastics Liquid crystals
Electronic Materials
Composites
Silicon and Germanium III-V Compounds (e.g. GaAs) Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs) Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different material) Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets, Damascus steel ) Fiber reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass)
Biomaterials (really using previous 5, but bio-mimetic)
Man-made proteins (cytoskeletal protein rods or artificial bacterium) Biosensors (Au-nanoparticles stabilized by encoded DNA for anthrax detection) Drug-delivery colloids (polymer based)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Periodic Table of Elements
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Properties of Materials
An alternative to major classes, you may divide materials into classification according to properties. One goal of materials engineering is to select materials with suitable properties for a given application, so its a sensible approach. Just as for classes of materials, there is some overlap among the properties, so the divisions are not always clearly defined
Mechanical properties
A. Elasticity and stiffness (recoverable stress vs. strain) B. Plasticity (non-recoverable stress vs. strain) C. Strength D. Brittleness or Toughness E. Fatigue is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading.
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Properties of Materials
Electrical properties
A. Electrical conductivity and resistivity
Dielectric properties
A. Polarizability B. Capacitance C. Ferroelectric properties D. Piezoelectric properties E. Pyroelectric properties
The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure is the ability of certain materials to generate a temporary voltage when they are heated or cooled
Magnetic properties
A. Paramagnetic properties B. Diamagnetic properties C. Ferromagnetic properties
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Properties of Materials
Optical properties
A. Refractive index B. Absorption, reflection, and transmission C. Birefringence (double refraction): is the optical property of a material having a refractive index
that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light
Corrosion properties: is the gradual destruction of material, usually metals, by chemical reaction with
its environment.
Biological properties
A. Toxicity B. bio-compatibility
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Materials Science & Engineering in a Nutshell
Performance Materials Engineering Designing the structure to achieve specific properties of materials. Structure Processing Processing Structure Properties Materials Science Investigating the relationship between structure and properties of materials.
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Properties Performance
Multiple Length Scales Critical in Engineering
In Askeland and Phules book, from J. Allison and W. Donlon (Ford Motor Company)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Metals
Distinguishing features Atoms arranged in a regular repeating structure (crystalline) Relatively good strength (defined later) Dense Malleable or ductile: high plasticity (defined later) Resistant to fracture: tough Excellent conductors of electricity and heat Opaque to visible light Shiny appearance Thus, metals can be formed and machined easily, and are usually long-lasting materials. They do not react easily with other elements, however, metals such as Fe and Al do form compounds readily (such as ores) so they must be processed to extract base metals. One of the main drawbacks is that metals do react with chemicals in the environment, such as iron-oxide (rust). Many metals do not have high melting points, making them useless for many applications.
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Metals
Elemental metals are in yellow we need to recall and use knowledge from the periodic table
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Metals
Applications Electrical wiring Structures: buildings, bridges, etc. Automobiles: body, chassis, springs, engine block, etc. Airplanes: engine components, fuselage, landing gear assembly, etc. Trains: rails, engine components, body, wheels Machine tools: drill bits, hammers, screwdrivers, saw blades, etc. Shape memory materials: eye glasses frames Magnets
Examples Pure metal elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ag, etc.) Alloys (Cu-Sn=bronze, Cu-Zn=brass, Fe-C=steel, Pb-Sn=solder) Intermetallic compounds (e.g. Ni3Al)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Ceramics
Distinguishing features Except for glasses, atoms are regularly arranged (crystalline ) Composed of a mixture of metal and nonmetal atoms Lower density than most metals Stronger than metals Low resistance to fracture: low toughness or brittle Low ductility or malleability: low plasticity High melting point Poor conductors of electricity and heat Single crystals are transparent
Alumina (Al2O3)
Where metals react readily with chemicals in the environment and have low application temperatures in many cases, ceramics do not suffer from these drawbacks. Ceramics have high-resistance to environment as they are essentially metals that have already reacted with the environment, e.g. Alumina (Al 2O3) and Silica (SiO2, Quartz). Ceramics are heat resistant. Ceramics form both in crystalline and non-crystalline phases because they can be cooled rapildy from the molten state to form glassy materials.
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Ceramics
Elemental occurring in ceramics are in blue Alumina (Al2O3)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Ceramics
Applications Electrical insulators Abrasives Thermal insulation and coatings Windows, television screens, optical fibers (glass) Corrosion resistant applications Electrical devices: capacitors, varistors, transducers, etc. Highways and roads (concrete) Biocompatible coatings (fusion to bone) Self-lubricating bearings Magnetic materials (audio/video tapes, hard disks, etc.)
Examples Simple oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO) Mixed-metal oxides (SrTiO3, MgAl2O4, YBa2Cu3O7-x, having vacancy defects.) Nitrides (Si3N4, AlN, GaN, BN, and TiN, which are used for hard coatings.)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Polymers
Distinguishing features Composed primarily of C and H (hydrocarbons) Low melting temperature. Some are crystals, many are not. Most are poor conductors of electricity and heat. Many have high plasticity. A few have good elasticity. Some are transparent, some are opaque Polymers are attractive because they are usually lightweight and inexpensive to make, and usually very easy to process, either in molds, as sheets, or as coatings. Most are very resistant to the environment. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and tend to be easy to bend, which makes them very useful as insulation for electrical wires.
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Polymers
Two main types of polymers are thermosets and thermoplastics. Thermosets are cross-linked polymers that form 3-D networks, hence are strong and rigid. Thermoplastics are long-chain polymers that slide easily past one another when heated, hence, they tend to be easy to form, bend, and break.
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Polymers
Elements that compose polymers: limited
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Polymers
Applications and Examples Adhesives and glues Containers Moldable products (computer casings, telephone handsets, disposable razors) Clothing and upholstery material (vinyls, polyesters, nylon) Water-resistant coatings (latex) Biodegradable products (corn-starch packing peanuts) Biomaterials (organic/inorganic intefaces) Liquid crystals Low-friction materials (teflon) Synthetic oils and greases Gaskets and O-rings (rubber) Soaps and surfactants
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Semiconductors
Distinguishing features Made primarily from metalloids Regular arrangement of atoms (crystals, but not, e.g., solar cell amorphous Si) Extremely controlled chemical purity Adjustable conductivity of electricity Opaque to visible light Shiny appearance Some have good plasticity, but others are fairly brittle Some have an electrical response to light Semiconductors define the Digitial Revolution and Information Age. Starting with extremely pure crystalline form, their electrical conductions can be controlled by impurity doping (and defect). The result is a tiny electrical switching called a "transistor". Transistors (at present) can be packed to about 1 billion in the size of a Lincoln Penny.
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Semiconductors
Elements occurring in semiconductors
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Semiconductors
Applications and Examples Computer CPUs Electrical components (transistors, diodes, etc.) Solid-state lasers Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) Flat panel displays Solar cells Radiation detectors Microelectromechanical devices (MEMS) Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs, and InSb
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Classes and Properties: Composites
Distinguishing features Composed of two or more different materials (e.g., metal/ceramic, polymer/polymer, etc.) Properties depend on amount and distribution of each type of material. Collective properties more desirable than possible with any individual material. Applications and Examples Sports equipment (golf club shafts, tennis rackets, bicycle frames) Aerospace materials Thermal insulation Concrete "Smart" materials (sensing and responding) Brake materials Examples Fiberglass (glass fibers in a polymer) Space shuttle heat shields (interwoven ceramic fibers) Paints (ceramic particles in latex) Tank armor (ceramic particles in metal)
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Materials Science Goals
Understand the origin and relationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance. Use the right material for the right job. Help recognize within your discipline the design opportunities offered by materials selection.
While nano-, bio-, smart- materials can make technological revolution, conservation and re-use methods and policies can have tremendous environmental and technological impacts!
Hybrid cars in 2004 are as efficient as fuel-cell cars of tomorrow! Considering reforming, or energy needed to produce hydrogen, or that gasoline has much more energy density than hydrogen.
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
Alloying and Precipitation: T-vs- c and TTT diage
As noted, alloying can lead to new or enhanced properties, such as advanced precipitation hardened 767 aircraft skin. Controlling the size and type of precipitates requires knowledge T vs. c phase diagrams andT-T-T diagrams to know treatment.
Impacting mechanical response through:
Precipitates from alloying Al with Li, Zr, Hf, Grain Boundaries
Wiley, from Callister and Rethwisch, Ed. 3 Chapter 11 Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
PHYS 371: Introduction to Engineering Materials
Because without materials, there is no engineering. Engineering Requires Consideration of Materials The right materials for the job - sometimes need a new one. We will learn about the fundamentals of Processing Structure Properties Performance We will learn that sometime only simple considerations of property requirements chooses materials. Consider in your engineering discipline what materials that are used and why. Could they be better?
Phys371: Materials Physics
Prof. Ahmad Masadeh
