Network Models : ISO OSI & TCP/IP

Compiled By Wadkar Harshad Suryakant

References
Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking, 3rd Edition, TMH, Chapter 2 Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 4th Edition, Pearson, Chapter 1 William Stallings, Data & Computer Communications, Macmillan Publication, Chapter 12. http://inetdaemon.com/tutorials/basic_concepts/network_models/osi_model/what_is _the_osi_model.shtml erdos.csie.ncnu.edu.tw/~ccyang/TCPIP/Slides/Chap-02.ppt https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/...2.../OSIModel.pdf http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884 http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/network-basics-tcpip-and-osi-networkmodel-compari.html http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/getting-to-know-the-osi-model-for-theccna-exam.html http://its.psu.edu/training/handouts/GS_TCP-IPandOSIModel.pdf http://ciscoiseasy.blogspot.in/2010/08/lesson-4-introduction-to-tcpip-layers.html http://www.trainsignal.com/blog/networking-basics-tcp-udp-tcpip-osi-models http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Explain_the_benefits_of_layered_architecture
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ISO - OSI
International Standards Organization (ISO) Established in 1947 Multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) The Open Systems Interconnect Model (the OSI Model) is a theoretical model of networking Organizes network functions into seven layers Specifies the communication interfaces between the OSI Model's layers and between network endpoints utilizing an OSI Model-based protocol suite. Not a technology. Not a protocol. Not a program or software.
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OSI Model
A networking model offers a generic means to separate computer networking functions into multiple layers. Each of these layers relies on the layers below it to provide supporting capabilities and performs support to the layers above it. Such a model of layered functionality is also called a protocol stack or protocol suite. The Open System Interconnection model is a seven-layer structure that specifies the requirements for communications between two computers.

OSI Model Design Principles

Whenever a discrete level of abstraction is required, a new layer should be created. Each layer of the model should carry out a well-defined function. The function of each layer should define internationally standardized protocols. The boundaries of the layers should be placed to minimize the flow of information across interfaces. There should be a sufficient number of layers defined to prevent unnecessary grouping of functions and the number of layers should also be small enough so that the model remains manageable.

Advantages of Layered OSI Model Design Principles

Other applications will be able to reuse the functionality exposed by our layers. We will be able to distribute our layers over multiple physical tiers. This can make a very good impact on your application by improving performance (sometimes), scalability and fault tolerance. The maintenance of our application is easier because of the low coupling between layers. Adding more functionality to our application is made easier. Layers make our application more testable. Building a well formed layers makes the orientation in our application more easier.

Advantages of Layered OSI Model Design Principles

Having our application not layered means that we have to deal with all security threats in one place which is very difficult. Having our application distributed to layers makes it much easier for design and implement Without a good deployment plan it is not trivial to distribute our layers over multiple physical tiers in distributed computing. We need to plan ahead our layers when we create a distributed application.

OSI Model Layering

OSI Model Layering

Data Exchange

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Application Layer (7)

The layer provides an interface for the end user and application processes operating a device, to access network services. Examples of Application layer functionality include : File transfer Electronic mail Remote printer access Browsing the World Wide Web (WWW)
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Presentation Layer (6)

The layer responsible for how an application formats the data to be sent out onto the network. The presentation layer basically allows an application to read (or understand) the message. Examples of presentation layer functionality include: Encryption and decryption of a message for security Compression and expansion of a message so that it travels efficiently Graphics formatting Content translation System-specific translation

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Session Layer (5)

The layer establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction among communicating systems. Session layer functionality includes: Virtual connection between application entities Synchronization of data flow Creation of dialog units Connection parameter negotiations Acknowledgements of data received during a session
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Transport Layer (4)

The layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another. The transport layer provides: Message segmentation : accepts a message from the (session) layer above it, splits the message into smaller units (if not already small enough), and passes the smaller units down to the network layer. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles the message. Message acknowledgment : provides reliable end-to-end message delivery with acknowledgments. Message traffic control : tells the transmitting station to "back-off" when no message buffers are available.
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Network Layer (3)

The layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host. The network layer provides: Routing : routes frames among networks. Subnet traffic control : routers can instruct a sending station to "throttle back" its frame transmission when the router's buffer fills up. Frame fragmentation : if it determines that a downstream router's maximum transmission unit (MTU) size is less than the frame size, a router can fragment a frame for transmission and re-assembly at the destination station.
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Network Layer (3)

Logical-physical address mapping : translates logical addresses, or names, into physical addresses. Subnet usage accounting : has accounting functions to keep track of frames forwarded by subnet intermediate systems, to produce billing information.
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Data Link Layer (2)

The data link layer provides error-free transfer of data frames from one node to another over the physical layer, allowing layers above it to assume virtually errorfree transmission over the link. The data link layer provides: Link establishment and termination: establishes and terminates the logical link between two nodes. Frame traffic control: tells the transmitting node to "back-off" when no frame buffers are available. Frame sequencing: transmits/receives frames sequentially. Frame delimiting: creates and recognizes frame boundaries.
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Data Link Layer (2)

Frame acknowledgment: provides/expects frame acknowledgments. Detects and recovers from errors that occur in the physical layer by retransmitting nonacknowledged frames and handling duplicate frame receipt. Frame error checking: checks received frames for integrity. Media access management: determines when the node "has the right" to use the physical medium. 18

Physical Layer (1)

The layer is responsible for moving individual bits from one (node) to the next. The physical layer is concerned with : Physical Topology : How devices are connected bus, star, ring, tree, hybrid etc. Transmission mode : defines transmission direction - simplex, duplex : half, full Synchronization of bits : Synchronization of sender & receiver clocks Data rate : defines the number of bits sent each second
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Summary of Layers

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OSI Layers Function, PDU, Protocols

Layer 7 Name Application Function Network process to application Data Unit Data Protocols DNS, FTP, HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet MIME, XDR

Presentation Data representation, Data encryption and decryption, convert machine dependent data to machine independent data Session Inter host communication, managing sessions between applications End-to-end connections, reliability and flow control Data

SOCKS, TLS/SSL TCP, UDP

Transport

Segment

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OSI Layers Function, PDU, Protocols

Layer 3 2 Name Network Data Link Function Path determination and logical addressing Physical addressing Data Unit Protocols Packet/datagram ARP, IP, ICMP, IPSec Frame SDLC, HDLC, PPP, X.25, ATM, Frame Relay RS 232, RS 449, USB, Bluetooth

Physical

Media, signal and binary transmission

Bit

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Protocol List
Protocol DNS FTP HTTP SMTP Name Domain Name System File Transfer Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SNMP
Telnet MIME XDR TLS/SSL TCP UDP

Simple Network Management Protocol

Remote Terminal Access Protocol Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions External Data Representation Transport Layer Security Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol

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Protocol List
Protocol ARP IP ICMP SDLC Internet Protocol Internet Control Message Protocol Synchronous Data Link Control Name Address Resolution Protocol

PPP
ATM

Point to Point Protocol

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

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Comparison OSI & TCP/IP Model

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Comparison OSI & TCP/IP Model

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TCP/IP Protocol suite

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Thank You.

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