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Understanding the First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat transferred into the system minus the work done by the system. For a cyclic process starting and ending at the same state, the net heat transferred into the system must equal the net work done by the system over the cycle. If the net work done over the cycle is positive, it is called a power cycle. If the net work done is negative, it is called a refrigeration or heat pump cycle.

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127 views7 pages

Understanding the First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat transferred into the system minus the work done by the system. For a cyclic process starting and ending at the same state, the net heat transferred into the system must equal the net work done by the system over the cycle. If the net work done over the cycle is positive, it is called a power cycle. If the net work done is negative, it is called a refrigeration or heat pump cycle.

Uploaded by

09gamb4005
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

First Law of Thermodynamics

Q system W surroundings If a closed system undergoes a process from state 1 to state 2, then
E
1 2

= K

1 2

E + P

1 2

+ U

1 2

= Q

1 2

1 2

The increase in the KE + increase in PE + increase in internal energy = heat transferred into the system work done by the system For most situations change in KE and PE is negligible so
U
1 2

= Q
2

1 2

1 2

U = (U

U 1) = Q W

31

Developing a thermodynamic model involves defining the system and defining the process characteristics such as:

Adiabatic: Constant volume: Constant pressure: Isothermal:

Q = 0 P d = V0 P d = VP V T = c o n s Ut = 0

First Law on a per unit mass basis

a k

e L f a i rw s i tv a i n d d ue

g dt h r bo s yy

s t th se e sm

U Q W = M M M u = q w
where u = U/M, q = Q/M, w = W/M are referred to as specific quantities

32

Consider the system changes in time t Q time t U KE PE U+U KE+ PE+PE time t+t
A p p l i y r si nt g Lo aF t w e m s y : s t h t E ( t+ t )- E ( = t )Q W

[ ( +U U ) U ] + [ ( + ) ] + [ (P + P ) P ] = Q W d i v i dh ir no gu g t h b y E U K E P E Q W = + + = t t t t t t I n t h i te U d U lt si m e n 0d e,s g ., .t l o i m a t = t t 0 d t

33

d E d U d ( K ) E d ( P )E = + + = Q W d t d t d t d t w h e r e d E = t i m e o rf a c t he f a e n n g e oe r on g t y a i i cnt h e i d n s yw t sh t e e d t Q = n W = n e t e t rf a e t en rf a e t en er o ar gn ys t f o et r t h it ne m s y bt s yt r ah n e sa er o ar gn ys tf te o r f oy t hus t e e ms o r bk y w

34

Closed System Operating in a Cycle In a cycle the system starts and ends at the same state after executing a number of processes, e.g, 1
P1,V1

2
P2,V2

Qin

3
P3,V3

4
P4,V4

Qout

Qin

Qout

35

l i y r si nt g Lo E W

raF wt h i re f e e c n( y Kt c =El e P = Q W

E 0 =

c y c l e

c y c l e

c y c l e

c y c l e

= Q

c y c l e

c y c l e

= Q = W

1 2

+Q

2 3

+Q

3 4

+ Q

4 1

= Q
V2

i n

c y c l e

1 2

+ W

2 3

+ W

3 4

+ W

4 1

= P
V1

d + V P
V3

V4

P 2

3 4

-W

1 V

+W
V
V4 V1

Wc

c l e

= P
V3

d - V P
V2

36

c e s P i n d > V P
V3 V2

V4

V1

Wcycle > 0

net work produced

When the net work for a cycle is positive it is referred to as a Power Cycle For a power cycle W
c y c l e

= Q

c y c l e

= Q

i n

s i n W cc y e c > l e0

i n

> Q

When the net work for the cycle is negative it is referred to as a Refrigeration or Heat Pump Cycle

37

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