Macmillan Heinemann English Language Tesching Between Towns Read, Oxford OX4 PP, UK A éivision of Macmillan Publishers Limited ‘Companies and representatives throughout the workl ISBIV 0 485 241249 wich key (0435 24125 7 without hey © Michael Vince 1994 Design ad illustration © Macmnllen Publishers Limited 1998 First Published 1994 All sights reserved no patt of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retceval system, ransmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers ‘The author would like o thank everyone who has sade comments on this book, and in particular my editors Xanthe Sturt Taylor and Sue Jones. Many thanks also ro colleagues and students in Athens at The British Council Teaching Cente, at CELT Athens, and at Profile, Athens ‘The publishers would like to thank Tony Triggs Original design by Mike Brain ustated by: Rowan Barnes-Musphy (p18, 127, 129, 133) Ed McLachlan (p5, 11, 16, 22, 52, 68, 70, 99, 103, 112, 134) David Parkins (p3, 10, 12, 37, 45, 51, 73, 123, 140, 148), Bl Seow (p40, 46, 75, 83,'98, 110) Printed in Spain by Mateu Cromo, S.A. Pinto (Madrid) 2004 2003 2002 2001 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14Contents Introduction viii Grammar Unit 1 Tense consolidation: present time 1 Present simpleand present continuous 1 «facts, habits, states, temporary actions, actions happening atthe moment of speaking State verbs and event action or dynamic) verbs 1 + sate verbs normally without a continuous form « difference of mesning in statve and ative Other uses of present continuous 2 «temporary or epeate actions «complains about bad habits «verbs describing change and development Other uses of present simple 2 « making declarations headlines, nstuctions + summaries of event, histori present Unit 2 Tense consolidation: future time 7 Will, Going to, present continuous: basic contrasts 7 + wil predictive wil, asumption, immediate decision + be going to:intensions ad plans, presen cause «+ present continuous fixed arrangements «speaker preference Futurecontinuous 7 ‘an venthappening st future point ‘events which wil happen ‘anyersy politeness 1 fixed arrangements and plans Future perfect 8 ime which we look back at from future point + assumption Other ways of referring to thefuture 8 sitlare tobe, be about to, be onthe point of, be dee to + presen simple future ime clauses «present perfet when the completion of an events emphasised «present simple for ixed evens not simply the wishes ofthe speaker Other future references 9 «hope, verbs of thinking, jut, shall Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time 14 ast simple and past continuous 14 «past simple: completed ations, habits, states «past continuous: temporary actions, interrupted ations, background description, changing tats, repeated + noc used vo describe habitual ations Past perfect simple and continuous 14 « past peefect tenses: events in the past before other ‘events inthe past + past perfect continuous: contrasts as between past simple and past continuous indirect speech Used to and would 15 + wsedtoscontrast with the present, negtive forms, no present time reference «+ world repeated actions not states, contrasted with sed ta, contertsoF use Unfulfilled past events 15 04s going to, was thinking of, was about to, wis tohave done Polite forms 16 swith wonder Contrasts with present perfect (see Units) Unreal time «(see Units 8 and 9 for pst tense forms used to express unreal ime) Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect 20 Present perfect simple 20 s recent events without a definite time eeference, indefinite vent, indefinite events wich an obvious result in the present, astat sting up tothe present, habitual aston in a period of time up tothe present ‘contrasts with past simple speaker choice Present perfect continuous 20 ‘+ astatelasting up tothe present moment, sn incomplete tivity, 1 emphasise duration, a ecertly finished astivity, a epeated activity ‘contrasts with presen perfect simple: choice of verb, completion and incompletion ‘Time expressions with present perfect 21 ‘contrast with past simple may depend on choice of ime expression + sometime expressions are not stocated with paniculartense Unit 5 PROGRESS TEST 25 Unit 6 Passive 1 30 Basic uses 30 « transitive and intransitive, agentand instrument, verbs with ewo objects, verbs with object and complement, translation tenses itiAdvanced Language Practice Using and not mentioning the agent 31 + change of focus, unknown agent, generalised agent ‘obvious agent ‘unimportant agent, impersonality Unit 7 Passive 2 35 Have and get something done, need doing 35 shave something done, get something done, need dong Passive get 35 + forming the passive with get in spoken language Reporting verbs 35 « present reference, pat reference, pat reporting verbs, passveinfnitve, verbs with two objects, continuous infinitive Verbs with prepositions 36 sending 2 sentence with preposition, byand with, be made to «+ verbs followed by with, by orn. ‘Common contexts for the passive 37 ‘formality, impersonality Unit 8 Conditionals and if sentences 41 Basic contrasts 41 «+ whatisalways true: present + present ‘ewhat was always true past + past «real situations: present + will «hypothetical situations: past + wowld s hypothetical patstuaiont: pat perfect + would have «with modal sifonly ‘sunless,and other akeenativestoifas long a, o long a, provided sonlyif, cvenif « pastevents with results inthe present «colloquial pst situations Other tenses in conditional sentences 42 #goingto present perfect, sdoubtand uncertsinny sthould shappento ‘#ificwere no for, ifthadn’t been for «will and would politeness and emphasis (Other ways of making a conditional sentence 43 supposing otheraive «but for ifs, ifnoe + colloquial omission off sifand adjectives ‘ifmeaning although Unit 9 Unreal tenses and subjunctives 4 T'stime 48 it's, is high time, wasand were Wishes 48 + present, ould and could, past, wish and hope Pd rather 49 sd rather and I'dsoomer,'d prefer Asif, asthough 49 + realand unreal, present and past Suppose and imagine 49 ‘understood conditions, present or pst Formal subjunctives 50 inset demand, sgest, require sieisnecesery, essential, portent ‘es formal usage with should, past ense or infin Formulaic subjunctive 50 + God Save the Queen, be that asitmay, come chat Unit 40 PROGRESS TEST 54 Unit 14 Modal auxiliaries 1: present/futur Don't have to and mustnot 59 «absence of obligation, obligation no tod somethi Should 59 ‘expectation, recommendation, criticism ofan atio «with verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance + afer case to emphasise unlkehood Could 59 « possiblity or uncertainty, with comparative adjecti to express possibilty orimpossblity suggestions, unwillingness Can 60 criticism, capailcy ‘Must and can’t 60 ‘certainty, present time reference only May and might 60 ‘salchough clauses, may/might as wel, possibility or uncertainty ewithery Shall 60 s certainty, what the speaker wants to happen Will 61 «assumption, intention, refs and insist Would 61 ‘annoying habit, certainey, with adjectives toexpre Need 61 ‘need to nota modal, need parly a modalRelated non-modal expressions 61 shad beter, be boundto Unit 12 Modal auxiliaries 2: past 65 Had to and must have 65 «past obligation, past certainty Should have and ought 10 bave 65 s expectation citeim ofan aetion, should have and verbs of thinking «with be and actives describing chance, polteexpressions Could have 65 ‘past possibilty or uncertainy, with comparative adjectives ‘unwillingness Could 66 «past permission or abily, compared with could bave May have and might have 66 ‘past posibiliy, uncertaimy, annoyance irony Must have and can’t have 66 ‘certiny, with surely Would not 66 unwillingness Would have 66 ‘ events inthe pst which didnot happen, assumptions Needn’t have and didn't need to 66 s unnecessary actions done and noc done Adverbs and modals 67 «ell, easily, obvioutly, realy, just Unit 13 Inversion 71 Inversion 71 + using aquestion form ofthe main verb, changing the normal poston of verb and subject, Inversion after negative adverbials 71 content of we:never rarely seldom; hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner, phases containing no/no, ile Inversion after so that, such that 72 s context of use, sxc, inversion rules Inverted conditional sentences without if 72 semences beginning Were. Should, Had inversion atera, formal uses ‘inversion aftr so neither, norechoing statements Unit 14 Emphasis 77 Changing word orderto change focus 77 « passive fronting and inversion, may clauses, cle and nglt..or with what pscuda cleft sentences beg clauses, or with all Content: Adding words for emphasis 78 + o1n, very and indeed, negatives, the, question words ending ever + auxiliary do, adverbs and adjectives, echoing phrases withse Other means 79 ‘time phrases, repetition of main verb, starting a sentence with a porsessive pronoun Unit 15 PROGRESS TEST 84 Unit 16 Indirect speech and reporting 89 Problems 89 + indirect speech with modal, with conditional don't think, pastcenses Reporting verbs 90 followed hat + clase followed by person +0, followed by subjunctive o- should, other types, that + classe containing wowld « verbs used impersonally witht Functions 91 + verb that describe a function, verbs that describe actions ‘Changes of viewpoint this and that 91 ‘time place, person Unit 17 Articles 95 Definitearticle 95 «clases, atonal groups, other groups, ‘unique object titles «other tiles, musical instruments, emphatic us, seographical names «place names, most andthe most importance of context Indefinite article 97 «jobs, measuring, unknown people Zero article 97 names, unique organisations, streets Translation problems 97 + problems with use ofthe article Unit 18 Relative/nor-finite clauses 101 Defining and non-defining 101 ‘defining, non-defining Which and that 101 ‘which in defining clauses, which in non-defining clauses, ‘which alter prepositions, sbatinstead of who Who and whom 101 ‘formal use of whom, whom after prepositions Whose 102 sofwhom When and where 102 ‘non-defining defining