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Permutations & Combinations Guide

This document provides key concepts and formulae for permutation and combination in mathematics. It defines the multiplication and addition principles of counting, and explains that permutations involve arrangements where order matters, while combinations involve selections where order does not matter. It also presents commonly used notation such as n!, P(n,r), and C(n,r). Finally, it lists 14 important formulae for calculating permutations and combinations.

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Aniruddh Maheshwari
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339 views3 pages

Permutations & Combinations Guide

This document provides key concepts and formulae for permutation and combination in mathematics. It defines the multiplication and addition principles of counting, and explains that permutations involve arrangements where order matters, while combinations involve selections where order does not matter. It also presents commonly used notation such as n!, P(n,r), and C(n,r). Finally, it lists 14 important formulae for calculating permutations and combinations.

Uploaded by

Aniruddh Maheshwari
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Class XI: Math

Chapter 7: permutation and Combination
Chapter Notes


Key Concepts

1. Fundamental principle of counting: These are two fundamental
principles of counting as follows:

1) Multiplication Principle
2) Addition Principle

2.Multiplication Principle: If an event can occur in M different ways,
following which another event can occur in N different ways, then the total
number of occurrence of the events in the given order is M x N. This
principle can be extended to any number of finite events. Keyword here is
And

3. Addition Principle: If there are two jobs such that they can be
performed independently in M and N ways respectively, then either of the
two jobs can be performed in (M + N) ways. This principle can be extended
to any number of finite events. Keyword here is OR

4. The notation n! represents the product of first n natural numbers.
n!=1.2.3.4.n

5. A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a number of objects
taken some or all at a time. In permutations order is important.
6. The number of permutation of n different objects taken r at a time, where
0< r n and the objects do not repeat is n(n 1)(n 2). . . (n r + 1)
which is denoted by
n
P
r

7. The number of permutation of n different objects taken r at a time, where
repetition is allowed is n
r
.
8. The number of permutation of n objects, where p, objects are of one kind
and rest are all different is given by
n!
p!
.

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9.The number of permutation of n objects, where p
1
, objects are of one kind,
p
2
, are of second kind, p
k
, are of k
th
kind and the rest, if any are of
different kind is
1 2 k
n!
p !p ! p ! .
.
10. Keyword of permutations is arrangement

11. The number of combinations or selection of r different objects out of n
given different objects is
n
C
r
which is given by
( )
n!
n
C 0 r n
r
r! n r !
= s s



12 Number of combinations of n different things taken nothing at all is
considered to be 1

13. Counting combinations is merely counting the number of ways in which
some or all objects at a time are selected.

14. Keyword of combinations is selection.

15. Selecting r objects out of n objects is same as rejecting (n r) objects
so
n
C
n-r
=
n
C
r


16.Order is not important in combinations.


Key Formulae
1. n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x x n or n! = n x (n -1)!
2. n!=n(n-1)(n-2)!(provided n>2)
3. n!=n n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)! (provided n>3)
4. 0!=1!=1
5.
( )
n
r
n!
P , 0 r n
n r !
= s s


6.
( )
n
n
n! n!
P n!
n n ! 0!
= = =


7.
( )
n
0
n! n!
P 1
n 0 ! n!
= = =



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8.
( )
n!
n
C 0 r n
r
r! n r !
= s s


9.
n n
r r
P C r!, 0 r n = < s
10.
n
C
0
= 1
11.
n n
0 n
C C 1 = =
12.
n n
C C n
n
1
= =
13.
n
C
n-r
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n! n! n
C
r
n r !r! n r ! n n r !
= =


14.
n
C
a
=
n
C
b
a=b

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