Mathematics KFP00205 Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions
TOPIC SUBTOPIC
: :
3.0 3.1
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Solving a Triangle by using Sine and Cosine formula and Area of Triangle.
LEARNING : OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to : a) Understand how to derive sine and cosine formula b) Understand how to use sine and cosine formula c) Solve area of triangle
3.1 Solution of Triangles The solution of a triangle is about finding the sides or the angels of a given triangle. We already know that, for solving a right-angled triangle, we can use Pythagoras Theorem and trigonometric ratios. We will look into the case where the triangle is not right-angled, where the solution of the triangle involves the use of the sine and cosine rules. The Sine Rule Consider the two triangles ABC below, one an acute-angled and the other an obtuse-angled at B. Let the perpendicular from C meet AB produced, at D with CD = h. C b A a h B D a B Figure 3.1 (b) A D Figure 3.1 (a) From figure 3.1(a), we have and From figure 3.1(b), we have and Since Using and , therefore , we get: .
h
C b
Mathematics KFP00205 Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions
Therefore:
Similarly, by drawing a perpendicular from B to AC and using similar steps, we can show that:
By combining these results, we get:
Example 1: In ABC, correct to one decimal place. C and c = 20cm. Solve the triangle, giving your answer
b 62.5 A 20cm
a 41 B
By using sine rule:
Mathematics KFP00205 Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions
Hence,
(correct to 1 decimal place)
(correct to 1 decimal place) Hence, the solution are Example 2: In ABC, B = 34, c = 25cm and b = 15cm. Find C and a. Based on the information given, it is found that two triangles may be drawn as below; and .
15 15 A 25 Hence we need to solve two triangles. By using the sine rule, 34 B
Mathematics KFP00205 Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions
When C = 68.74,
Using the sine rule:
When C = 111.26,
Using the sine rule:
Hence, the solution are; a) b) From example 2 above, we know that if non-include angle and length of two sides are given, two possible triangles can be drawn. This is know as ambiguity case and occurs when ,b and c are given but with b < c (see the diagram of example 2).
Mathematics KFP00205 Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions
The Cosine Rule In the triangle ABC, when two sides and an include angle are given, or only the three sides are given, the sine rule cannot be used. Consider the two triangles ABC on the coordinate plane, one acute-angled at A, as show in the diagram below: C C a b A c Figure 3.2(a) a B b A c Figure 3.2(b) B
In the two diagrams above, the coordinate of the points A, B and C are (0,0),(c,0) and (b cos A,b sin A) respectively.
The above equation is called the cosine rule, and is true foe any angle A in the triangle ABC. Similarly, we can also derive the formula for B and C. Hence, for any triangle ABC
Rewriting the above rule, we get
Mathematics KFP00205 Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions
Example 1: Solve the ABC, with By using the cosine rule: , .
Hence, the solution to the ABC are A = 44.05, B = 52.62 and C = 83.33. Example 2: Solve the ABC with By using the cosine rule, , and .
= 119.9595 c = 10.953 = 11.0cm (correct to 1 decimal place).
Mathematics KFP00205 Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions
By using the sine rule;
= 0.5358
Hence, the solution to the ABC are Area of Triangle Consider the triangle ABC with the pependicula from C meeting AB, or AB produced, at D, as shown in figure 3.3(a) and 3.3(b) below. C b A D c Figure 3.3(a) Let CD = h In figure 3.3(a), a h B D A c B C a
Figure 3.3(b)
Infigure 3.3(b)
Mathematics KFP00205 Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions
Area of the triangle = = Similarly, by drawing the perpendicular from A and B respectively to opposite sides, we can show that the area of ABC is also equal to
From Identity
Let represent the area of ABC.
Mathematics KFP00205 Topic 3: Trigonometric Functions
Let s be the semiperimeter of the ABC, i.e. Then,
This is known as Herons Formula. Example: The sides of triangle are 18.6cm, 12.7cm and 8.5 cm. Find the area of the triangle. Solution: Let ABC be the given triangle and a = 18.6cm, b = 12.7cm and c = 8.5cm. Let s be semiperimeter of the
