Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 94, 351366, 2009

FOCAL REGION FIELD OF A PARABOLOIDAL RE-

FLECTORCOATEDWITH ISOTROPIC CHIRAL MEDIUM
T. Rahim and M. J. Mughal
Faculty of Electronic Engineering
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
Topi, Swabi 23640, N.W.F.P., Pakistan
Q. A. Naqvi and M. Faryad
Electronics Department
Quaid-i-Azam University
Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
AbstractMaslovs method is used to derive the expressions for high
frequency elds around the focal region of a paraboloidal reector
coated with isotropic and homogeneous chiral medium. The eld
expressions thus calculated are solved numerically, and the results are
presented in the paper. Moreover, the dependency of the electric eld
on the thickness of the coated chiral medium and its properties is also
studied. The results of this study are presented in the paper, and the
conclusions are drawn accordingly.
1. INTRODUCTION
Asymptotic ray theory (ART), or geometrical optics (GO) is widely
used to analyze RF waves at high frequencies in various mediums
as given in [13]. However, these high frequency techniques fail
at caustics. In various applications, such as parabolic reectors
and other focusing systems, the eld strength at these regions is of
practical importance. Hence, an asymptotic method based on Maslovs
theory is used to study the behavior of eld pattern around the focal
regions [4, 5]. Maslovs method is used by many authors to study the
eld behavior of various focusing systems [617]. In this method, the
Corresponding author: T. Rahim ([email protected]).
352 Rahim et al.
ray is expressed in hybrid coordinates, chosen from the wave vector
coordinates P = (p
x
, p
y
, p
z
) and space coordinates R = (x, y, z).
Maslovs method uses the simplicity of ray theory and the generality
of Fourier transform to avoid the singularity at caustics. In the
present work, our interest is to apply Maslovs method to nd the
eld around the focal region of a paraboloidal reector coated with
isotropic and homogeneous chiral medium. This work is an extension
of the previous work, in which eld at the caustic of a two dimensional
coated parabolic reector was studied [13], to three dimensional case in
which eld is calculated at the focus of a paraboloidal reector coated
with an isotropic and homogeneous chiral medium. Chiral medium
is microscopically continuous medium composed of chiral objects,
uniformly distributed and randomly oriented [19]. A chiral object is a
three dimensional body that cannot be brought into congruence with
its mirror image through translation or rotation e.g., helix, animal
hands, Aspartame, three dimensional tetrahedron etc. The behavior
of electromagnetic waves in chiral medium has been analyzed by many
authors [1925].
In Section 2, the general expressions for elds in free space
are developed using GO and Maslovs method. In Section 3, the
reection coecient of plane waves from a chiral slab backed by perfect
electric conductor is discussed. In Section 4, expressions for eld
around the focal region of a paraboloidal reector coated with chiral
medium are calculated. In Section 5, plots of eld around the focal
region for various values of geometric and chiral parameters are given.
Concluding remarks are given in Section 6.
2. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND MASLOVS METHOD
IN FREE SPACE
The GO and Maslovs method have been used to analyze many
focusing systems [6, 12, 13], but here it is applied to a paraboloidal
reector coated with chiral medium. Consider a three dimensional
wave equation
_

2
+ k
2
0
_
u(r) = 0 (1)
where, r = (x, y, z),
2
=
2
/
2
x
+
2
/
2
y
+
2
/
2
z
and k
0
=

0
is
wavenumber of the medium. Solution of Eq. (1) may be assumed in
the form of Luneberg-Kline series as
u(r) =

m=0
E
m
(r)
(jk
0
)
m
exp(jk
0
s) (2)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 94, 2009 353
Assuming large values of k
0
, in the above series, the higher order terms
can be neglected and only the rst term is retained. By putting Eq. (2)
in Eq. (1) and equating the coecients of k
2
0
, the eikonal equation is
obtained as given by [18]
(s(r))
2
1 = 0 (3)
similarly by equating the coecients of k
0
, the transport equation is
obtained
2E s + E
2
s = 0 (4)
in the above equation only E
0
has been retained and is denoted with
E. Wave vector is dene as p = s and Hamiltonian H(r, p) =
(p p 1)/2. So the eikonal equation becomes H(r, p) = 0. eikonal
equation can be solved by the method of characteristic as follows
dx
dt
= p
x
,
dy
dt
= p
y
,
dz
dt
= p
z
,
dp
x
dt
= 0,
dp
y
dt
= 0,
dp
z
dt
= 0 (5)
where, t is the parameter along the ray. The solution of Eq. (5) is
x= + p
x
t, y= + p
y
t, z = + p
z
t, p
x
=p
x
0
, p
y
=p
y
0
, p
z
=p
z
0
(6)
where, (, , ) and (p
x0
, p
y0
, p
z0
) are the initial values of (x, y, z) and
(p
x
, p
y
, p
z
) respectively. The phase function is given by
s = s
0
+
_
t
0
dt = s
0
+ t. (7)
Applying Gausss theorem to a paraxial ray tube, the solution of Eq. (4)
is given by [18]
u(r) = E(r
0
)J
1/2
exp(jk
o
(s
0
+ t)) (8)
where, E(r
0
) is the initial value of the eld amplitude and J =
D(t)/D(0) is the Jacobian for transformation from ray coordinates
(, , ) to Cartesian coordinate (x, y, z). As the GO solution is not
valid at the focal point (J = 0), so Maslovs method is used to nd
the eld around the caustic region of a focussing system as analyzed
by [620]. The equation which is valid around the focal point of a
paraboloidal reector is given as [6]
u(r) =
k
o
2
_

E(r
0
)
_
D(t)
D(0)
(p
x
, p
y
)
(x, y)
_

1
2
exp(jk
o
(s
0
+ t
x(p
x
, p
y
, z)p
x
y(p
x
, p
y
, z)p
y
+ xp
x
+ yp
y
))dp
x
dp
y
(9)
354 Rahim et al.
The expression
D(t)
D(0)
(p
x
,p
y
)
(x,y)
can simply calculated as,
D(t)
D(0)
(p
x
, p
y
)
(x, y)
=
1
D(0)
(p
x
, p
y
, z)
(, , )
. (10)
3. REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES FROM A CHIRAL
SLAB BACKED BY PERFECT ELECTRIC
CONDUCTOR
In this paper, we want to nd the reected eld around the focal region
of a paraboloidal reector coated with chiral medium. To achieve
this the reection of plane waves from a chiral slab backed by perfect
electric conducting (PEC) plane is discussed as in [13, 19]. As shown
in Figure 1 the region z 0 is occupied by free space. The constitutive
relations in this medium are given as
D =
0
E, B =
0
H
where, D and B are electric and magnetic ux densities respectively,
E and H are the electric and magnetic elds represented,
0
is the
permittivity and
0
is the permeability of the free space. The perfect
electric conductor (PEC) is placed at z = d as shown in the Figure 1.
Region 0 z d is occupied by the chiral medium dened by Drude-
Born-Fadorov (DBF) constitutive relations [19] as follows
D = (E+ E), B = (H+ H)
where, is the permittivity and is the and permeability of the coated
chiral medium. is the chirality parameter of this medium. The
x
E
z
r
d
Chiral
medium
PEC
E
i

Figure 1. Reection of plane waves from chiral slab backed by PEC

plane.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 94, 2009 355
incident electric eld (E
i
) and the reected electric eld (E
r
) makes
an angle with the normal to the surface and can be expressed as
E
i
=
_
A

a
y
+ A

k
0z
k
0
a
x
+
k
0x
k
0
a
z
__
exp(jk
0z
z + jk
0x
x) (11)
and the reected eld as
E
r
=
_
B

a
y
+ B

_
k
0z
k
0
a
x
+
k
0x
k
0
a
z
__
exp(jk
0z
z + jk
0x
x) (12)
where, A

, B

and A

, B

are the perpendicular and parallel

components w.r.t the plane of incident respectively. k
0
=

0
,
k
0z
= k
0
cos and k
0x
= k
0
sin. Field in the chiral layer can
conveniently be written in terms of Beltrami elds as
E = Q
L
jQ
R
(13)
H = Q
R
jQ
L
/ (14)
where
Q
R
= A
1
_
a
y
+ j
_
k
1z
k
1
a
x
+
k
0x
k
1
a
z
__
exp(jk
1z
z + jk
0x
x)
+B
1
_
a
y
+ j
_

k
1z
k
1
a
x
+
k
0x
k
1
a
z
__
exp(jk
1z
z + jk
0x
x) (15)
Q
L
= A
2
_
a
y
+ j
_
k
2z
k
2
a
x
+
k
0x
k
2
a
z
__
exp(jk
2z
z + jk
0x
x)
+B
2
_
a
y
+ j
_

k
2z
k
2
a
x
+
k
0x
k
2
a
z
__
exp(jk
2z
z + jk
0x
x) (16)
In the above relationships k =

,
0
=
_

0
/
0
, =
_
/,
k
1
= 1/(1 k), k
2
= 1/(1 + k), k
2
1z
+ k
2
0x
= k
2
1
and k
2
2z
+ k
2
0x
= k
2
2
.
To nd the expressions for reection coecient we apply boundary
conditions at z = 0 which yields the following equations
_
B

_
= [r]
_
A

_
+ [T]
_
A
1
A
2
_
_
B
1
B
2
_
= [R]
_
A
1
A
2
_
+ [t]
_
A

_
(17)
356 Rahim et al.
where, [r] , [T] , [R] and [t] are 2 2 matrices. Elements of the
matrices, which are Fresnel coecients, are given as
r
11
=
_
(
2
0

2
)(
1
+
2
) + 2
0
(
1

2
1)

/D
r
22
=
__

2
0

2
_
(
1
+
2
) 2
0
(
1

2
1)

/D
r
12
= 2j
0
(
1

2
) /D
r
21
= r
12
t
11
= 2 (
2
+
0
) /D
t
22
= 2 (
0

1
+ ) /D
t
12
= 2j (
0

2
+ ) /D
t
21
= 2j (
1
+
0
) /D
R
11
=
__

2
0
+
2
_
(
1

2
) + 2
0
(
1

2
1)

/D
R
22
=
_

2
0

2
_
(
1

2
) + 2
0
(
1

2
1)

/D
R
12
= 2j
2
_

2
0

2
_
/D
R
21
= 2j
1
_

2
0

2
_
/D
T
11
= 4
0

1
(
2
+
0
) /D
T
22
= 4
0

2
(
1
+
0
) /D
T
12
= 4j
0

2
(
1
+
0
) /D
T
21
= 4j
0

1
(
0

2
+ ) /D
where
D =
_

2
0

2
_
(
1
+
2
) + 2
0
(
1

2
+ 1)

1
= sec

1
_
k
0
k
1
_
2
sin
2

2
= sec

1
_
k
0
k
2
_
2
sin
2

Applying boundary conditions at z = d yields the following equations

_
A
1
exp(jk
1z
d)
A
2
exp(jk
2z
d)
_
=
1
k
2
k
1z
+ k
1
k
2z
_
k
2
k
1z
k
1
k
2z
2jk
1
k
2z
2j
k
2
k
1z

k
1
k
2z
k
2
k
1z
_

_
B
1
exp(jk
1z
d)
B
2
exp(jk
2z
d)
_
(18)
or
_
B
1
B
2
_
= [] [R
2
] []
_
A
1
A
2
_
(19)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 94, 2009 357
where
[] =
_
exp(jk
1z
d) 0
0 exp(jk
2z
d)
_
(20)
and
[R
2
] =
_
R
211
R
212
R
221
R
222
_
(21)
where
R
211
=
_
1
_
k
0
k
1
_
2
sin
2

_
1
_
k
0
k
2
_
2
sin
2

_
1
_
k
0
k
1
_
2
sin
2
+
_
1
_
k
0
k
2
_
2
sin
2

R
212
=
2j
_
1
_
k
0
k
2
_
2
sin
2

_
1
_
k
0
k
1
_
2
sin
2
+
_
1
_
k
0
k
2
_
2
sin
2

R
221
=
2j

k
0
k
1

2
sin
2

_
1
_
k
0
k
1
_
2
sin
2
+
_
1
_
k
0
k
2
_
2
sin
2

R
222
=
_
1
_
k
0
k
2
_
2
sin
2

_
1
_
k
0
k
1
_
2
sin
2

_
1
_
k
0
k
1
_
2
sin
2
+
_
1
_
k
0
k
2
_
2
sin
2

From Eq. (17) and Eq. (19), we have

_
B

_
=
_
[r] + [T] ([] [R
2
] [] [R])
1
[t]
_
_
A

_
(22)
Using these reection coecients, the initial amplitude and initial
phase are calculated for paraboloidal reector coated with chiral
medium in the next section.
4. GEOMETRIC OPTICS FIELD FOR THE
PARABOLOIDAL REFLECTED COATED WITH
CHIRAL MEDIUM
Consider the reection of a plane wave traveling along positive z-axis,
incident on a paraboloidal reector as shown in Figure 2. The equation
358 Rahim et al.
Z
x
normal
E
r
E
i

Figure 2. Paraboloidal reector with chiral layer dene by = g(, ).

of the surface of the paraboloidal reector is given by
= f(, ) = f

2
4f
= f

2
+
2
4f
where, (, , ) are the Cartesian coordinates of the point on the
paraboloidal reector, f is the focal length of the paraboloidal reector
and
2
=
2
+
2
. The incident wave traveling along z-axis is expressed
as
E
i
= a
x
exp(jk
o
z) (23)
this wave makes an angle with unit surface normal
a
n
= sincos a
x
+ sinsina
y
+ cos a
z
(24)
where, and are given as
sin =

_

2
+ 4f
2
, cos =
2f
_

2
+ 4f
2
, tan =

(25)
The wave reected from the reector coated with chiral medium is
given by
E
r
= E
ro
exp{jk
o
(xsin2cos + y sin2sin + z cos 2)} (26)
The initial value of reected wave may be obtained by Snells law of
reection as
E
r
= E
i
+ 2(E
i
a
n
)a
n
(27)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 94, 2009 359
and its rectangular components can be represented as
E
xo
= B

sin
2
B

cos
2
cos 2 (28)
E
yo
= cos sin(B

cos 2 + B

) (29)
E
zo
= B

sin2cos (30)
The reected wave vector is found using the relation p
r
= p
i
2(p
i

a
n
)a
n
, which is derived from Snells law, and is given as
p
r
= 2 sin2cos a
x
2 sin2sina
y
cos 2a
z
(31)
The Jacobian of transformation from the Cartesian to the ray
coordinates is given by J(t) = D(t)/D(0), where
D(t) =
(x, y, z)
(, , t)
=

1 +
p
x

t
p
y

+
p
z

t
p
x

t 1 +
p
y

+
p
z

t
p
x
p
y
p
z

(32)
D(t) = Ut
2
+ V t + W (33)
J(t) =
U
W
t
2
+
V
W
t + 1 (34)
solving the above determinant we get the values of
U =
cos
4

f
2
, V = 2
cos
2

f
, W = 1
thus Jacobian (J(t)) becomes
J(t) =
cos
4

f
2
2
cos
2

f
+ 1 =
_
cos
2

f
t 1
_
2
(35)
The phase function s can be written as
s = + t (36)
The GO eld is given by
E
r
(r) = E
ro
_
cos
2

f
t 1
_
1
exp{jk
o
( + t)} (37)
360 Rahim et al.
The GO eld can also be written in their rectangular components as
follows
E
rx
(r) =
_
B

sin
2
B

cos
2
cos 2
_
_
cos
2

f
t 1
_
1
exp{jk
o
( + t)} (38)
E
ry
(r) = cos sin
_
B

cos 2 + B

_
_
cos
2

f
t 1
_
1
exp{jk
o
( + t)} (39)
E
rz
(r) = B

sin2cos
_
cos
2

f
t 1
_
1
exp{jk
o
( + t)}(40)
The focal point equation is obtained by putting the Jacobian equal to
zero, the following equation is obtained
f = t cos
2
(41)
At the point satisfying Eq. (41), the GO eld becomes innite. So to
nd nite eld around this point, we use Maslovs method. To evaluate
eld by Eq. (9), for which Eq. (10) is calculated, as follows
J(t)
(p
x
, p
y
)
(x, y)
=
1
D(0)

p
x

p
y

0
p
x

p
y

0
0 0
z
t

=
cos
4
cos
2
2
f
2
(42)
the phase function in Eq. (9) can be calculated as
s(p
x
, p
y
) = +
z
p
z
( + p
x
t)p
x
( + p
y
t)p
y
+ xp
x
+ yp
y
by putting = f cos 2/ cos
2
, = 2f tansin and =
2f tancos the phase function for these rays are
s(p
x
, p
y
) = 2f xsin2cos y sin2sin z cos 2 (43)
by putting Eq. (42) and (43) in Eq. (9), the eld expression which is
valid around the focal point of the paraboloidal reector coated with
chiral medium is given by
E
r
(r) =
k
0
2
_

E
ro
_
cos
4
cos
2
2
f
2
_
1
2
exp{jk
o
(2f
xsin2cos y sin2sin z cos 2)}dp
x
dp
y
(44)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 94, 2009 361
Conversion from Cartesian coordinates (p
x
, p
y
) to ray coordinates (, )
is given as
(p
x
, p
y
)
(, )
=
cos
4
cos 2
f
2
(45)
Changing from (, ) to angular coordinates (, ) by
(, )
(, )
=
4f
2
sin
cos
3

(46)
and using the polar coordinates (r, , ) instead of Cartesian
coordinates (x, y, z) gives
E
r
(r) =
j2k
0
f

_
H
0
_
2
0
E
ro
tanexp{jk
o
(2f
r sin sin2cos( ) r cos cos 2)}dd (47)
The upper limit of integration with respect to is culculated as
H = tan
1
(D/2f)
where, D is the height of the paraboloidal reector from horizontal
axis. The integration with respect to in Eq. (47) can be performed
by using the integral form of Bessel function as given by
1
2j
n
_
2
0
exp(ja cos( )) exp(jn)d = J
n
(a)
where J
n
is Bessel function of nth order. The rectangular components
of reected wave is given by
E
rx
(r) = jk
o
f
_
H
0
2 tan
_
J
0
(k
0
r sin sin2)(B

cos 2)
J
2
(k
o
r sin sin2) cos 2(B

+ B

cos 2)
_
exp{jk
o
(2f + r cos cos 2)}d (48)
E
ry
(r) = jk
o
f
_
H
0
2 tansin2(B

+B

cos 2)J
2
(k
o
r sin sin2)
exp{jk
o
(2f + r cos cos 2)}d (49)
E
rz
(r) = k
o
f
_
H
0
8 sin
2
cos B

J
1
(k
o
r sin sin2)
exp{jk
o
(2f + r cos cos 2)}d (50)
362 Rahim et al.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To study the eld behavior around the focal region Eq. (47) was solved
numerically. In all the simulations k
o
= 1, f = 100, H = /4 and
=
o
were used. The eect of thickness of chiral layer d, chirality
parameter and the relative permittivity on the focal region eld,
simulations were carried out by varying these parameters.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
z
|
E
r
(
r
)
|
d=0
d=0.3
d=0.6
Figure 3. Plot for |E
r
(r)| along z-axis, with the dielectric layer of
varying thickness d.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
z
|
E
r
(
r
)
|
d=0
d=0.3
d=0.5
=0.5, =1
Figure 4. Plot for |E
r
(r)| along z-axis, with the dielectric layer of
varying thickness d. The impedance of chiral medium is equal to that
of free space.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 94, 2009 363
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
z
|
E
r
(
r
)
|
=0
=0.3
=0.5
d=0.5, =1
Figure 5. Plot for |E
r
(r)| along z-axis, showing the eect of chirality
parameter . The impedance of chiral medium is equal to that of free
space.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
z
|
E
r
(
r
)
|
=1
=3
=5
d=0.5, = 0
Figure 6. Plot for |E
r
(r)| along z-axis, showing the eect of relative
permittivity of dielectric layer.
Figure 3 shows the eect of increase in the value of d keeping = 0
and = 3, in this case the paraboloidal reector is coated with ordinary
dielectric medium. The plots show that by increasing the thickness of
coated material the eld strength around the focal region increases.
Figure 4 shows the eect of increase in the value of d keeping = 0.5
and = 1, as a consequence the impedance of chiral medium becomes
equal to that of free space. As evident from the plots, increase in the
value of d increases the eld strength around the focal region. Figure 5
shows the eect of increase in the value of keeping d = 0.5 and = 1.
364 Rahim et al.
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
z
|
E
r
(
r
)
|
=1
=2
=3
d=0.5, = 0.3
Figure 7. Plot for |E
r
(r)| along z-axis, showing the eect of relative
permittivity of chiral layer.
This gure shows that increase in the value of also increases the eld
strength around the focal region. Figure 6 shows the eect of increase
in the value of keeping = 0 and d = 0.5, and the graph shows
that by increasing the value of , we observe an increase in the eld
strength around the focal region. Figure 7 shows the eect of changing
the value of keeping = 0.3, d = 0.5, the eld strength around the
focal region again shows an increase with the increase in the value of
.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The geometrical optics eld reected from a paraboloidal reector
coated with chiral medium was calculated using Maslovs method.
The reected eld was analyzed numerically, and the results were
discussed. These results show that with increase in the value of
chirality parameter, thickness of the chiral coated layer and relative
permittivity, the absolute value of the eld strength of the paraboloidal
reector around the focal region increases.
REFERENCES
1. Felson, L. B., Hybrid Formulation of Wave Propagation and
Scattering, Nato ASI Series, Martinus Nijho, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands, 1984.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 94, 2009 365
2. Dechamps, G. A., Ray techniques in electromagnetics, Proc.
IEEE, Vol. 60, 10221035, 1972.
3. Chapman, C. H. and R. Drummond, Body wave seismograms
in inhomogeneous media using Maslov asymptotic theory, Bull.
Seismol., Soc. Am., Vol. 72, 277317, 1982.
4. Maslov, V. P., Perturbation theory and asymptotic methods,
Moskov., Gos., Univ., Translated into Japanese by Ouchi et al.,
Iwanami, Moscow, 1965 (in Russian).
5. Maslov, V. P. and V. E. Nazaikinski, Asymptotic of operator and
pseudo-dierential equations, Consultants Bureau, N.Y., 1988.
6. Ghaar, A., Q. A. Naqvi, and K. Hongo, Analysis of the
elds in three dimensional Cassegrain system, Progress In
Electromagnetics Research, PIER 72, 215240, 2007.
7. Hussain, A., Q. A. Naqvi, and K. Hongo, Radiation
characteristics of the Wood lens using Maslovs method, Progress
In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 73, 107129, 2007.
8. Ji, Y. and K. Hongo, Field in the focal region of a dielectric
spherical by Maslovs method, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 8, 1721
1728, 1991.
9. Hongo, K., Y. Ji, and E. Nakajima, High frequency expression
for the eld in the caustic region of a reector using Maslovs
method, Radio Sci., Vol. 21, No. 6, 911919, 1986.
10. Hongo, K. and Y. Ji, High frequency expression for the eld
in the caustic region of a cylindrical reector using Maslovs
method, Radio Sci., Vol. 22, No. 3, 357366, 1987.
11. Hongo, K. and Y. Ji, Study of the eld around the focal region
of spherical reector antenna by Maslovs method, IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propagat., Vol. 36, 592598, May 1988.
12. Faryad, M. and Q. A. Naqvi, High frequency expression for the
eld in the caustic region of cylindrical reector placed in chiral
medium, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 153
182, 2007.
13. Faryad, M. and Q. A. Naqvi, High frequency expression for the
eld in the caustic region of a parabolic reector coated with
isotropic chiral medium, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and
Applications, Vol. 22, 965986, 2008.
14. Faryad, M. and Q. A Naqvi, Cylindrical reector in chiral
medium supporting simultaneously positive phase velocity and
negative phase velocity, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and
Applications, Vol. 22, No. 563572, 2008.
15. Ghaar, A., A. Hussain, Q. A. Naqvi, and K. Hongo, Radiation
366 Rahim et al.
characteristics of an inhomogeneous slab using Maslovs method,
Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 22,
No. 2, 301312, 2008.
16. Aziz, A., A. Ghaar, Q. A. Naqvi, and K. Hongo, Analysis
of the elds in two dimensional Gregorian system, Journal of
Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 22, No. 1, 8597,
2008.
17. Aziz, A., Q. A. Naqvi, and K. Hongo, Analysis of the elds in
two dimensional Cassegrain system, Progress In Electromagnetics
Research, PIER 71, 227241, 2007.
18. Balanis, C. A., Advanced Engineering Electomagnetics, John
Wiley and Sons, 1989.
19. Lakhtakia, A., Beltrami Fields in Chiral Media, Contemporary
Chemical Physics, World Scientic Series, 1994.
20. Lakhtakia, A., V. K. Varadan, and V. V. Varadan, Time
Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields in Chiral Media, Springer,
Berlin, 1989.
21. Jaggard, D. L., X. Sun, and N. Engheta, Canonical sources and
duality in chiral media, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagt., Vol. 36,
10071013, 1988.
22. Engheta, N. and D. L. Jaggard, Electromagnetic chirality and its
applications, IEEE Antennas Propagat. Soc. Newslett., Vol. 30,
612, 1988.
23. Bassiri, S., Electromagnetic waves in chiral media, Recent
Advances in Electromagnetic Theory, H. N. Kritikos and
D. L. Jaggard (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990.
24. Engheta, N., Special issue on wave interaction with chiral
and complex media, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and
Applications, Vol. 5/6, 537793, 1992.
25. Lindell, I. V., A. H. Sihvola, S. A. Tretyakov, and A. J. Viitanen,
Electromagnetic Waves in Chiral and Bi-Isotropic Media, Artech
House, MA, 1994.