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Vectors and Its Representations

This document defines and provides examples of vector spaces. A vector space is a collection of vectors where vector addition and scalar multiplication satisfy certain properties. Key properties include closure under addition and scalar multiplication. Examples of vector spaces given include the set of real numbers Rn, complex numbers Cn, function spaces such as L1(R) and L2(R) of integrable functions, and the space of sequences. Not all collections of vectors form a vector space, as shown by the examples of R+2 and the unit disk D in C.

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96 views2 pages

Vectors and Its Representations

This document defines and provides examples of vector spaces. A vector space is a collection of vectors where vector addition and scalar multiplication satisfy certain properties. Key properties include closure under addition and scalar multiplication. Examples of vector spaces given include the set of real numbers Rn, complex numbers Cn, function spaces such as L1(R) and L2(R) of integrable functions, and the space of sequences. Not all collections of vectors form a vector space, as shown by the examples of R+2 and the unit disk D in C.

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Franklyn Frank
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Connexions module: m10767

Vector Spaces
Version 2.4: Jun 23, 2005 4:13 pm GMT-5

Michael Haag Steven Cox Justin Romberg


This work is produced by The Connexions Project and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License

Introduction

Abstract This module will dene what a vector space is and provide useful examples to the reader.

Denition 1: Vector space

A linear vector space S is a collection of "vectors" such that (1) if f1 S f1 S for all scalars (where R or C) and (2) if f1 S , f2 S , then f1 + f2 S

To dene an abstract linear vector space, we need A set of things called "vectors" (X ) A set of things called "scalars" (A) A vector addition operator (+) A scalar multiplication operator () The operators need to have all the properties of given below. Closure is usually the most important to show.

2 Vector Spaces
If the scalars are real, S is called a real vector space. If the scalars are complex, S is called a complex vector space. If the "vectors" in S are functions of a continuous variable, we sometimes call S a linear function space

2.1 Properties
We dene a set V to be a vector space if 1. x + y = y + x for each x and y in V 2. x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z for each x, y, and z in V 3. There is a unique "zero vector" such that x + 0 = x for each x in V 4. For each x in V there is a unique vector x such that x + (x) = 0. 5. 1x = x 6. (c1 c2 ) x = c1 (c2 x) for each x in V and c1 and c2 in C. 7. c (x + y) = cx + cy for each x and y in V and c in C. 8. (c1 + c2 ) x = c1 x + c2 x for each x in V and c1 and c2 in C.
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Connexions module: m10767

2.2 Examples
Rn = real vector space Cn = complex vector space L1 (R) = f (t) | |f (t) |dt < is a vector space L (R) = { f (t) |f (t) is bounded} is a vector space L2 (R) = f (t) |
2

(|f (t) |) dt < = nite energy signals is a vector space

L2 ([0, T ]) = nite energy functions on interval [0, T] 1 (Z), 2 (Z), (Z) are vector spaces The collection of functions piecewise constant between the integers is a vector space

Figure 1

x 1 0 |x0 > 0 x1 > 0 is not a vector space. R+ 2 , but , < 0 : R+ 2 = x1 1 1 R+ 2 / 1 D = {z, |z| 1 : (z C)} is not a vector space. z1 = 1 D, z2 = i D, but z1 + z2 D, / |z1 + z2 | = 2 > 1
note:

Vector spaces can be collections of functions, collections of sequences, as well as collections of traditional vectors (i.e. nite lists of numbers)

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