Pipeline Coatings The Petrobrs Experience
Joaquim P. Quintela Jorge Taves
PETROBRS, BRAZIL
PIPELINE COATINGS THE PETROBRAS EXPERIENCE
JOAQUIM P. QUINTELA JORGE TAVES
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PURPOSE
A REVIEW INCLUDING: Historical The performance of pipeline coatings used by PETROBRAS over the last forty years. Development from the early eighties to the present day. Several programs carried out last years including inspections at random bell holes, laboratory tests, material properties and research projects.
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PIPELINE COATINGS IN BRASIL COAL TAR ENAMEL The oldest coating, very important in the past (mainly in USA) High thickness (3 - 5 mm) Easy application Very large experience (old coating) Good results
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1970 - CAMPOS BASIN
PROBLEM WITH RAW MATERIALS SUPLIERS
Difficult to have Coal Tar Enamel Importation restricted
First alternative: Asphalt Enamel Development of new alternatives for the Brazilian market
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STUDY OF NEW MATERIALS
Cold Applied PE and PVC Tapes Heat Shrinkable PE Sleeves and Tapes Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Liquid Epoxy and Polyurethane Coatings Two and Three Layers Extruded PE.
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METHODOLOGY
Specifications and procedures based on materials used in outside countries. Laboratory tests in the new materials to verify the specified properties. Small applications following the specific procedures Laboratory test on applied coatings, including accelerated aging. Performance evaluation on installed pipelines coated with these materials and procedures (field evaluation)
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QUALIFIED PROCEDURES IN EIGHTIES
FUSION BONDED EPOXY (FBE) TWO LAYERS EXTRUDED PE THREE LAYERS EXTRUDED PE COLD APPLIED PE TAPES HEAT SHRINKABLE SLEEVES LIQUID COATINGS
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FIELD INSPECTION
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FIELD INSPECTION RESULTS
ADHESION FAILURES ON FBE, TWO AND THREE LAYERS PE. COATING DISBONDING IN ALL TYPES OF APPLIED COATINGS. NO CORROSION PROCESS WAS OBSERVED
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FIELD INSPECTION
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ADHESION LOSS OF FBE COATINGS
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ADHESION TEST OF PE COATINGS
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FIELD INSPECTION CONCLUSION
TO START A RESEARCH PROGRAM
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
UFRJ
Evaluation of physical and chemical properties (standard tests) of new materials applied under old and new application conditions (old and new samples). Cathodic Disbonding Tests. Polarisation Tests at different levels. Evaluation based on Electrochemical Impedance Measurements - new and aged samples. Polymers and Microbiologycal Analysis INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE Technical meetings with independent survey consultants technical staff of pipeline operators companies and coating appliers and manufacturers.
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RESULTS
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Each COATING showed different behaviour and forms of damage under different tests conditions. The modern coatings require more control in all process steps and coating requirements. Important coating properties: Adhesion Impact and Abrasion Resistance Flexibility Electrical Properties Chemical and Physical Stability Compatibility with Cathodic Protection
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Bituminous coating are being replaced all over the world by modern coatings for two reasons: requirements of environmental laws and decreasing of efficiency (permeation, cracking, sagging and chemical deterioration). European Companies prefer PE and PP coatings. The philosophy of passive protection. Extremely watertight coating, high dielectric strength and thickness and drain a very low CP current. USA, UK prefer FBE, despite attributing to the coating, gives CP a much more important function. In this case the coatings, even with reasonable impermeability, are thinner and more compatible to CP systems.
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CONCLUSIONS (I)
The anti-corrosive properties of coatings, applied to cathodic protected pipelines , deteriorates with time. CP may always protect the steel and, at the same time, accelerate coating deterioration. The system require excellent coating quality. Peeling of coatings can occur due to intrinsic or external causes. Elevated temperature, soil stress, SRB attach, severe current situations and third part damages are the main external agents. But, after all, a good quality coating is formulated to resist all the foreseen external agents.
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CONCLUSIONS (II)
No significant difference was observed in the initial impedance measurements, between new and old samples. This fact suggests that the best performance of new samples is related to changes on coating application procedures. The smaller extent of cathodic disbonding values, exhibited by new samples, submitted to cathodic protection until - 1,5 V, demonstrated that, under these potentials levels, CP is not the main factor responsible for coating disbonding.
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CONCLUSIONS (III)
The main causes for coating disbonding observed in field inspection were related to surface preparation (contaminants on the surface), application quality control, materials quality, and inspections. Production, laboratory and field tests are mandatory. PETROBRAS MUST CHANGE SPECIFICANTIONS AND START A NEW QUALIFICATION PROGRAM WITH SUPPLIERS AND COATING APPLICATORS ACCORDING TO ACCURATE SPECIFICATIONS
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GASBOL
GAS PIPELINE BRASIL/BOLVIA TOTAL LENGTH: 3.160 Km Coated external area: 6.6 million sq.m Coated internal area: 5.4 million sq.m Coating cost: US $ 630 million QUALIFIED COATINGS
COAL TAR ENAMEL FUSION BONDED EPOXI THREE LAYERS EXTRUDED POLIETILENE
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GASBOL
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GASBOL - COATINGS
Participation per coated area
24,3 48,2
27,5
Coal-tar
FBE
PE
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PROCEDURES QUALIFICATION
APPLICATION PLANT INSPECTION RAW MATERIALS LABORATORY TESTS COATING APPLICATION IN 5 PIPES FOLLOWING PETROBRAS APPROVED PRE-QUALIFIED APPLICATION PROCEDURE. PRODUCTION TESTS LABORATORY TESTS OF COATED SAMPLES FIELD TESTS.
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RESULTS
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GASBOL - COATINGS
THREE LAYERS EXTRUDED PE PE was the most reliable despite river transport. Very good mechanical properties. Low quantity of damage and repairs in all steps including crossing. Very good dielectrical properties, low initial protection current density - 0.6 mA/sq.m = 10% of installed capacity. Used in direction drilling crossing.
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GASBOL - PE COATING
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CROSSING - PE COATING
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GASBOL - COATINGS
FBE Great quantity of transport damage ( more than one per tube) Low quantity of bending or welding damage. Low cost and time for repairs. COAL TAR ENAMEL Great quantity of damage during transport, handling, storage and welding. Excessive bending damage.
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GASBOL - FBE COATING
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GASBOL - CTE COATING
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GASBOL - CTE COATING
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GASBOL - CTE COATING
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GASBOL - CTE COATING
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GASBOL - CTE COATING
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GASBOL - CTE COATING
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FIELD JOINTS
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REPAIRS COLD APPLIED PE TAPES
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THERMAL INSULATION COATINGS
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THERMAL INSULATION COATINGS
PETROBRAS SPECIFICATION PRIMER POLYURETHANE FOAM POLYETHYLENE PROTECTIVE LAYER OPERATION TEMPERATURE: UP TO 80C
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THERMAL INSULATION COATINGS
PROBLEM Severe corrosion process and pipe rupture. CAUSES Break of external polyethylene layer Moisture and water penetration. Chemical reaction between water and foam that was formed with halogen gases (CFC) Very low pH (2-3) electrolyte solutions. Corrosion.
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THERMAL INSULATION COATINGS NOWADAYS
PETROBRAS is repairing many pipelines with this thermal insulation coating using new materials and special (non corrosive) polyurethane foams. PETROBRAS will start new research project in order to evaluate different foams (polyurethane, epoxy and polypropylene) synthetic materials.
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FIELD JOINT OF THERMAL INSULATED OFFSHORE PIPELINE
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FIELD JOINT OF THERMAL INSULATED OFFSHORE PIPELINE
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FIELD JOINT OF THERMAL INSULATED OFFSHORE PIPELINE
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OFFSHORE PIPELINE LAYING
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INTERNAL COATINGS
ROUGHNESS REDUCTION
API - STANDARD
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INTERNAL COATING
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CONCLUSIONS
PETROBRAS has now more experience in external coatings, using modern specifications, qualified procedures, laboratory tests, development of aging tests, and electrochemical evaluation tests. PETROBRAS follows API standards for internal coatings. PETROBRAS develops two new research programs: Thermal Insulation Coatings In-situ Internal Pipe Coatings
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