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LECTURE OBJECTIVES Differentiate acids and bases, strong and weak, based on their properties and based on theories of Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry. (CO1) Write and balance acid-base neutralization reactions. (CO1)
+ REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Chapter 4
+
Have a Cause
ACIDS sour taste
BASES
Have bitter Cause
taste
color changes in plant dyes with certain metals to produce H2 with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce CO2 acid solutions conduct electricity
color changes in plant dyes slippery
React
Feel
Many
React
soaps contain based base solutions conduct electricity
Aqueous
SOLUTIONS: ACID-BASE REACTIONS
Aqueous
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ACIDS
BASES
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Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity. No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution C6H12O6 (s) H2O C6H12O6 (aq)
Non-electrolyte
Weak electrolyte
Strong electrolyte
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4.1
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STRONG ACIDS AND BASES
STRONG ACID 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. STRONG 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
How does electrolytes conduct electricity in solution? Cations (+) and Anions (-)
BASE Strong Electrolyte 100% dissociation/ionization H2O NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) Weak Electrolyte not completely dissociated/ionized CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
HCl HBr HI HNO3 H2SO4 HClO4
LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Ba(OH)2
A reversible reaction. The reaction can occur in both directions.
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4.1
Strong Acid
Weak Acid
Hydration is the process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.
d-
d+ H2O
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15.4
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4.1
ACID-BASE DEFINITIONS
Svante Arrhenius, 1859-1927 (J.N. Bronsted and T.M. Lowry, 1923)
Hydronium ion, hydrated proton, H3O+
Arrhenius
ACIDS
Bronsted-Lowry
produce hydronium ion, H3O+ or hydrogen ion, H+ in aqueous solutions produce OH- in aqueous solutions
ACIDS are proton, H+ donors are proton acceptors
BASES
BASES
IONIZATION/DISSOCIATION REACTIONS
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4.3
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DISSOCIATION REACTIONS
A Brnsted acid is a proton donor A Brnsted base is a proton acceptor
base
acid
acid
base
A Brnsted acid must contain at least one ionizable proton!
4.3
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4.3
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+ Conjugate base product formed when an acid
loses a proton
Conjugate
H2O(l) + NH3(aq) Acid Base
NH4+(aq)
OH-(aq) Conjugate base
Conjugate acid
acid- product formed when a base accepts a proton
Conjugate acid-base pairs: H2O-OH-; NH3-NH4+ H2O(l) + HF(aq) H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)
Base Acid Conjugate acid Conjugate base Conjugate acid-base pairs: H2O-H3O+; HF-F-
base
acid
Conjugate acid Conjugate base
H2O is AMPHIPROTIC/AMPHOTERIC Substance that can act either as a proton donor or proton acceptor
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Lewis Definition
Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-1946)
Acid-Base Definition
Acids yields H3O+ in solution Bases yields OH- in solution proton (H+) acceptor electron pair donor
Definitions Arrhenius
Acids accept electron pair (2 dots)
Brnsted-Lowry proton (H+) donor Lewis electron pair acceptor
Bases donate an electron pair
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Dissociation/Ionization reactions
Acids
Strong
Bases
Strong
or weak or
or weak or polybasic
Monoprotic
Monobasic Arrhenius
polyprotic
Arrhenius
or Bronsted-
or Bronsted-
Lowry
Lowry
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15.4
Neutralization/Acid-Base Reaction
During neutralization, an acid reacts with a base, forming water and a salt.
Neutralization/Acid-Base Reaction
The amount of acid (or base) in a solution is determined by careful neutralization.
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ACID-BASE/NEUTRALIZATION REACTION
acid + base HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H+ + Cl+ Na+ + OHsalt + water NaCl (aq) + H2O Na+ + Cl- + H2O H2O
H+ + OH-
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