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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

This worked example explains the procedure of determination of loads on a portal frame building. Two types of actions are considered: wind actions and snow actions.

1 Wind loads
Basic values Determination of basic wind velocity: vb Where: vb cdir cseason vb,0 = cdir cseason vb,0 basic wind velocity directional factor seasonal factor fundamental value of the basic wind velocity EN 1991-1-4 4.2

7,30 5,988
,00 72

Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European windmap): vb,0 = 26 m/s (for Aachen - Germany) z0 = 0,05 m z > zmin EN 1991-1-4 4.3.2 Table 4.1

0 7,2

[m] 30,00

Terrain category II

Basic data Total length : Spacing: Bay width : Height (max): Roof slope: b = 72,00 m s = 7,20 m d = 30,00 m h = 7,30 m Basic velocity pressure vb = cdir cseason vb,0 = 26 m/s

For simplification the directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason are in general equal to 1,0.

= 5,0
where:

qb =

1 2 air v b 2

Height above ground: h = 7,30 m

air = 1,25 kg/m (air density)

qb = 1 1,25 26 2 = 422,5 N/m 2

EN 1991-1-4 4.5 eq. 4.10

= 5
leads to: h = 7,30 15 tan 5 = 5,988 m

Peak pressure

1 q p (z) = [1 + 7l v (z)] v m (z) 2 2 Calculation of vm(z) vm(z) mean wind velocity vm(z) = cr(z) co(z) vb

EN 1991-1-4 4.5, eq. 4.8

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CALCULATION SHEET

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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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Where: co(z) cr(z)

is the orography factor is the roughness factor

for z min z z max

1 7 qp (7 ,30) = 1 + 1,25 26 2 ln (7 ,30 / 0,05) 2

0 ,07 0 ,05 0,19 ln (7 ,30 / 0,05) 0 ,05 2

z c r (z) = k T ln z 0

c r (z) = c r ( z min )

for z z min

Where: z0 kT

is the roughness length is the terrain factor, depending on the roughness length z0 calculated using z k T = 0,19 0 z 0,II Where:
0 , 07

7 = 1 + 422,5 0,947 2 10 3 = 0,911 kN/m ln (7 ,30 / 0 ,05)

Wind pressure on surfaces (pressure coefficients for internal frame)

EN 1991-1-4 7.2

z0,II = 0,05 (terrain category II)

zmin zmax

is the minimum height is to be taken as 200 m

EN 1991-1-4 4.3.2 Table 4.1

A positive wind load stands for pressure whereas a negative wind load indicates suction on the surface. This definition applies for the external wind action as well as for the internal wind action.
External pressure coefficients

Calculation of lv(z) lv(z) turbulence intensity

kI lv = co ( z ) ln( z / z 0 ) l v = l v ( z min ) Where: kI z so: = 7,30 m for z min z z max for z < z min
EN 1991-1-4 4.4 eq. 4.7

The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, we should be obtained from the following expression: EN 1991-1-4 5.2 eq. 5.1 we = qp(ze) cpe where: ze cpe is the reference height for the external pressure is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure depending on the size of the loaded area A. = cpe,10 because the loaded area A for the structure is larger than 10 m EN 1991-1-4 7.2 Table 7.1

is the turbulence factor recommended value for kI is 1,0

a) vertical walls h 7,30 for = = 0,24 0,25 d 30,00 D: E: cpe = 0,7 cpe = - 0,3

zmin < z < zmax

1 7k I 2 q p (z) = 1 + v b (k T ln( z / z 0 ) ) 4 3 co ( z ) z / z 0 ) 2 2 3 14 244 4442ln(443 14 4 wind profile 1 4 basic pressure
squared gust factor

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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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b) duopitch roofs with = 5,0,

= 0 (wind direction)
e = min (b; 2h) = min (72,00; 14,60) = 14,60 m
1) upwind face

EN 1991-1-4 7.2 Table 7.4a

The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of the openings in the building envelope. Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and opening ratio of the building. So cpi should be taken as the more onerous of + 0,2 and 0,3. In this case cpi is unfavorable when cpi is taken to + 0,2.
Wind loads

EN 1991-1-4 7.2.9 (6) Note 2

G: H: I: J:

cpe = - 1,2 cpe = - 0,6 cpe = - 0,6 cpe = 0,2 / - 0,6 cpe = - 0,6 (see Table 7.4a , Note 1)

2) downwind face

The wind loadings per unit length w (in kN/m) for an internal frame are calculated using the influence width (spacing) s = 7,20 m: w = (cpe + cpi) qp s Internal and external pressures are considered to act at the same time. The worst combination of external and internal pressures are to be considered for every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths. Characteristic values for wind loading in [kN/m] for an internal frame: - zones D, E, G, H, I and J
G: w = 9,18 H: w = 5,25 J: w = 5,25 I: w = 5,25

EN 1991-1-4 7.2.9

External pressure coefficients cpe (for zone D, E, G, H, I and J):

G: c pe = -1,2 H: c pe = -0,6 J: c pe = -0,6 I: c pe = -0,6

D: w = 4,59

E: w = 3,28

e/10 = 1,46

1,46 30,00 [m]

D: c pe = 0,7

E: c pe = -0,3

Internal pressure coefficient

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi should be obtained from the following expression wi = qp(zi) cpi where: zi cpi is the reference height for the internal pressure is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure

EN 1991-1-4 5.2 eq.5.2

7,30

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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
Date Date

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2 Snow loads
General

Snow load on the roof

s = 0,8 1,0 1,0 0,772 = 0,618 kN/m spacing = 7,20 m EN 1991-1-3 5.2.2 eq.5.1 for an internal frame: s = 0,618 7,20 = 4,45 kN/m
s = 4,45 kN/m

Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows: s = i ce cz sk where: i ce ct sk is the roof shape coefficient is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0 is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the relevant altitude

7,30

Roof shape coefficient

Shape coefficients are needed for an adjustment of the ground snow load to a snow load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and drifted snow load arrangements. The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle.
0 30

1 = 0,8

EN 1991-1-3 5.3 Table 5.1

30,00

[m]

Snow load on the ground

The characteristic value depends on the climatic region. For a site in Aachen (Germany) the following expression is relevant: A 2 s k = (0,264 2 0,002) 1 + kN/m 256 Where: z A is the zone number (depending on the snow load on sea level), here: z = 2 is the altitude above sea level, here A = 175 m EN 1991-1-3 Annex C Table C1

175 2 s k = (0,264 2 0,002) 1 + = 0,772 kN/m 256