2009-2012
John
Yeary
Advanced
Class
Design
Oracle
Certied
Professional,
Java
SE
7
Programmer
Module
2
Module
2
-
Objectives
Identify
when
and
how
to
apply
abstract
classes.
Construct
abstract
Java
classes
and
subclasses.
Use
the
static
and
nal
keywords.
Create
top-level
and
nested
classes.
Use
enumerated
types.
Abstract
Classes
A
class
declared
as
abstract
can
not
be
instantiated,
and
must
be
sub-classed.
as
abstract.
A
class
is
must
be
declared
abstract
if
any
method
is
declared
Fields
declared
in
an
abstract
class
are
not
public,
static,
or
nal
by
default
like
an
interface.
9.3
If
an
abstract
class
contains
only
abstract
methods,
it
should
be
declared
as
an
interface.
Abstract
Classes
(cont.)
If
a
class
implements
an
interface,
but
does
not
provide
an
implementation
for
all
of
the
interface
methods,
it
must
be
declared
as
abstract.
An
enum
can
not
be
declared
as
abstract.
An
abstract
class
is
used
to
encapsulate
elds
and
behaviors
which
are
expected
in
sub-classes.
nal
modier
nal
can
be
applied
to
classes,
elds,
and
methods.8.1.1.2,
8.3.1.2,
and
8.4.3.3
A
nal
class
can
not
be
sub-classed.
All
methods
of
a
nal
class
are
nal,
and
can
not
be
overridden.
A
static
nal
eld
that
is
not
denitely
assigned
must
be
initialized
by
a
static
initializer.
8.3.1.2
at
the
end
every
constructor.
8.3.1.2
A
nal
eld
that
is
not
denitely
assigned
must
be
initialized
nal
modier
A
method
can
be
declared
nal
to
prevent
sub-classes
from
overriding,
or
hiding
it.
8.4.3.3
At
run-time,
a
machine-code
generator
or
optimizer
can
"inline"
the
body
of
a
nal
method,
replacing
an
invocation
of
the
method
with
the
code
in
its
body.
The
inlining
process
must
preserve
the
semantics
of
the
method
invocation.
8.4.3.3
Local
eld
declarations
can
be
nal.
A
resource
of
a
try-with-resources
statement
(14.20.3)
and
an
exception
parameter
of
a
multi-catch
clause
(14.20)
are
implicitly
declared
nal.
4.12.4
static
modier
A
static
class
modier
can
be
only
applied
to
member
classes
(inner
classes).
8.1.1
(created).
8.3.1.1
A
static
eld
is
incarnated
when
the
class
in
initialized
A
static
method
is
also
called
a
class
method.
A
static
method
can
be
invoked
without
reference
to
a
specic
instance
of
the
object.
static
nal
modiers
A
eld
declared
as
static
and
nal
is
considered
a
constant.9.3
If
the
eld
is
a
primitive,
or
String
and
its
value
is
known
at
compile
time.
It
is
a
compile
time
constant.
The
compiler
replaces
all
instances
with
the
actual
value.
Class
Declaration
A
public
class
must
be
in
a
source
le
which
has
the
same
name
as
the
public
class
name.7.6
Any
number
of
individual
classes
may
be
in
a
given
source
le
as
long
as
none
are
declared
public.
contained.
The
source
le
does
not
need
to
be
named
for
any
of
the
classes
import
and
package
declarations
apply
to
all
classes
within
the
source
le.
Class
Declaration
(cont.)
If
there
is
a
package
declaration,
it
must
be
the
rst
item
occurring
before
any
imports,
or
class
declarations.
and
before
the
class
declaration.
If
there
are
any
imports,
they
must
occur
after
the
package
name,
A
class
may
be
declared
inside
of
another
class
(enclosing
class).
This
results
in
a
member
class,
or
inner-class.
classes.
There
are
two
types
of
nested
(inner-classes):
static,
and
instance
A
class
may
created
as
an
anonymous
inner-class
by
directly
implementing
an
interface.
enum
types
An enum can not be abstract.
8.9 An enumerated type can not be cloned.
8.9 It is a compile time error to explicitly instantiate an enum.
15.9.1
An enum contains constants which form the body of the
enumeration.
8.9.1
You can use == or equals to determine equality since
there is only one enum constant.
8.9.1
enum
types
(cont.)
It
is
a
compile-time
error
if
a
constructor
declaration
of
an
enum
type
is
public
or
protected.
8.9.2
If
an
enum
type
has
no
constructor
declarations,
then
a
private
constructor
that
takes
no
parameters
(to
match
the
implicit
empty
argument
list)
is
automatically
provided.
8.9.
An
enum
constant
is
implicitly
static
and
nal.
16.5
A
nested
enum
is
implicitly
static.
8.9
An
enum
may
not
be
local,
nor
can
it
be
inside
an
inner
class.
enum
types
(cont.)
An
enum
can
be
used
in
place
of
a
primitive
int
type
in
a
case
statement.
The
use
of
enum
in
a
case
statement
is
a
vast
improvement
over
using
simple
primitives.
enum
example
public
enum
Coin
{
PENNY(1),
NICKEL(5),
DIME(10),
QUARTER(25);
Coin(int
value)
{
this.value
=
value;
}
private
nal
int
value;
public
int
value()
{
return
value;
}
}
References
Java
Language
Specication,
Java
SE
7
Edition,
James
Gosling,
Bill
Joy,
Guy
Steele,
Gilad
Bracha,
and
Alex
Buckley.
Preparation
for
Java
Programmer
Language
Certication
Sun
Certied
Java
Programmer
for
Java
6
Study
Guide,
Kathy
Sierra,
and
Bert
Bates
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