CHM 092

TUTORIAL 4 (Chemical Bonding)

July 2012

1.

Give the formula of one ion likely to be formed by each of the following elements. a) b) c) d) Rb S Cu Sr

2.

Give the formula of an ionic compound likely to be formed between each of the following pairs of elements. a) Mg and Br b) Na and N c) Ga and O d) Fe and S

3.

Give the formula of a covalent fluoride for each of the following elements with electron configuration of: a) b) c) [He] 2s 2p 2 10 2 [Ar] 4s 3d 4p 2 10 4 [Kr] 5s 4d 5p
2 3

4.

Use the Lewis symbol method to show the formation of ions by electron transfer between the following pairs of elements. Write the formula of the ionic compound in each case. a) b) c) d) Mg and H K and S Li and N Sr and Br

5.

The valence shell configuration of elements X and Y are given as: X: [He] 2s
1

Y:

[Ne] 3s 3p

If X and Y combine to form an ionic compound, what should be the cation and anion in the compound? What is the formula of the compound? 6. An ionic compound has the formula YZ2. If Y is an alkaline earth element, what should be the group number of Z? Draw the Lewis structure of YZ2. Draw the Lewis structure for the following molecules: a) c) e) 8. HCN CF2Cl2 CCl2O b) d) OCl2 NF3

7.

Which of the following ions has a noble gas configuration? Mn , Zn , Sc

9.

Which of the following elements may form compounds with an expanded octet? Al, C, I, N

10. All the species below do not obey the octet rule except: A C PF6 SnCl3

B D

BeF2 IF5

11. a) b)

State the octet rule The following species do not obey the octet rule. Draw a Lewis structure for each species and state the type of octet rule exception. i) ii) iii) AlF3 ICl2 SF6

12. An element X forms an ionic oxide XO. Say whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. a) b) c) d) e) X is a metal. X belongs to the same group as sodium, Na. Ion X has a noble gas electron configuration. X is a halogen. XO is not soluble in CCl4.

13. Briefly explain each of the following statements. a) b) c) d) Ionic compounds usually formed between metals and nonmetals. Ionic compounds have higher melting points than covalent compounds. Liquid ionic compounds conduct electricity while covalent compounds do not. Metals conduct electricity in both solid and liquid states.

14. What is the ideal bond angle for the following molecular geometry? a) b) c) d) 15. a) b) Trigonal planar Linear Tetrahedral Trigonal bipyramidal (Two different bond angles) What is coordinate (or dative) bond? Show the formation of coordinate bonds between the following pairs of molecules. In each case, identify the donor atom. i) ii) NCl3 and H NH3 and BF3
+

16. Predict the geometrical shapes for the following molecules or molecular ions. a) c) e) CHF3 POCl3 + IF4 b) d) f) PH3 ICl3 TeF5

17. T and U are elements of Period 2. Element T has a half-filled L shell. Element U is a halogen. T and U combine to form a molecular compound. a) b) c) State the group number for T and U respectively Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule formed between T and U. Predict the shape of the molecule.

18. A dative bond is formed in the reaction between BCl3 and Cl : BCl3 + Cl BCl4

a) Use the Lewis electron-dot method to show the formation of the dative bond. b) What is the geometrical shape of BCl4 ? 19. Draw the best Lewis structure and calculate the formal charge of each atom in the following species. a) b) c) CS2 ClO3 NOCl

20.

Arrange the following set of elements in order of increasing electronegativity. a) b) c) S, O, Si Mg, P, As I, F, O

21.

Use the VSEPR theory to predict the molecular geometry of: (a) (b) (c) CF4 OF2 CS2

22.

Draw the Lewis structure, and determine the shape and ideal bond angle for the following: a) b) c) d) BCl3 BCl4 + PCl4 CS2

23.

Indicate the polarity of each bond using: (i) partial charges (+, ), a) b) c) d) F Br NB HO Se O SCl2 , CS2, CF4, BrCl (ii) dipole arrows.

24.

Consider the following molecules:

Select the molecule(s) which has a net dipole moment (overall polarity). 25. Are the bonds in each of the following substances ionic, nonpolar covalent, or polar covalent? a) b) c) d) e) 26. RbCl Br2 SF2 BF3 CsI

Rank the members of each of the following sets of compounds in order of increasing ionic character of their bonds. (Hint: Determine the EN values of the bonds) a) b) c) HBr, HCl, HI H2O, CH4, HF SCl2, PCl3, SiCl4

27.

Determine whether the following molecules are polar or non-polar? Show the overall polarity for the polar molecules you have selected. a) b) c) d) BeCl2 NF3 H2S ICl3

28.

Draw the resonance structures for the following species, and calculate the formal charges: (a) (b) (c) ClO4 HCO2 N2O (arrangement of atoms :NNO)

29.

Given below are the three resonance structures for [OCN] . Select the most probable structure based on formal charge rules. [O C N] (I) [O = C = N] (II) [O C N] (III)

30.

Identify the intermolecular forces as dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, or dipole-dipole interactions that occur in: a) b) c) d) Ar HBr C10H22 NH3

31.

Methylamine, CH3NH2 and methyl fluoride, CH3F have about the same relative molecular masses. a) b) What types of intermolecular forces exist in each of these substances? Which substance has higher boiling point?

32.

State the type of intermolecular forces for each of the following substances. Explain the differences in their boiling points. NO, N2, NH3

33.

In which of the following molecules are all the carbon atoms sp hybridised? A. B. C. D. CH3COCH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2COOCH3 CH3C(CH3)2 CH2COOH

34.

Identify the type of hybridization and bond types ( or bonds) in the following molecules. a) b) H2CCHCH3 HCCClCH2CH3

35.

Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing boiling point. Explain your answer. HBr, HCl, HF, HI

36.

Use the orbital diagrams to show the hybridization of the central atoms, and draw the overlapping of orbitals to form and bonds in the following molecules. Name the shape of the molecule, and state the bond angle(s) in each case. a) SiH4 b) HCN c) ClF3

37

The molecule BrF5 has a VSPER formula of AX5E. a) b) c) d) Draw the Lewis dot structure of the compound. State the geometrical shape of the molecule. What are the hybrid orbitals of the central atom? Would you expect the compound soluble or not soluble in water? Explain your answer in terms of polarity.