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Embedded System Design (BEE-446) : General-Purpose Processors (Software)

The document discusses selecting processors for embedded systems. It describes general purpose processors (GPPs), application specific instruction set processors (ASIPs), and two common ASIP examples - microcontrollers and digital signal processors (DSPs). Microcontrollers are well-suited for embedded control applications involving events and bit manipulation. DSPs are designed for signal processing applications involving large amounts of streaming data. The document also discusses trends in customized ASIPs and methods for evaluating and selecting microprocessors based on technical and non-technical considerations.

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Humna Khan
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76 views

Embedded System Design (BEE-446) : General-Purpose Processors (Software)

The document discusses selecting processors for embedded systems. It describes general purpose processors (GPPs), application specific instruction set processors (ASIPs), and two common ASIP examples - microcontrollers and digital signal processors (DSPs). Microcontrollers are well-suited for embedded control applications involving events and bit manipulation. DSPs are designed for signal processing applications involving large amounts of streaming data. The document also discusses trends in customized ASIPs and methods for evaluating and selecting microprocessors based on technical and non-technical considerations.

Uploaded by

Humna Khan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Embedded System Design (BEE-446)

BEE-446 2011

Winter in Islamabad 2011

Lecture #06

General-Purpose Processors (Software)


Muhammad Jameel <muhammad.jameel@seecs.edu.pk>

Outline
Parallel Port Driver Example Application Specific Instruction Set Processors (ASIPs) Selecting a microporcessor

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik

Example: parallel port driver


LPT Connection Pin 1 2-9 10,11,12,13,15 14,16,17 I/O Direction Output Output Input Output Register Address 0th bit of register #2 0th bit of register #2 6,7,5,4,3th bit of register #1

Pin 13

PC Parallel port
Pin 2 LED

Switch

1,2,3th bit of register #2

Using assembly language programming we can configure a PC parallel port to perform digital I/O
parallel port monitors the input switch and turns the LED on/off accordingly

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik

Parallel Port Example


; This program consists of a sub-routine that reads ; the state of the input pin, determining the on/off state ; of our switch and asserts the output pin, turning the LED ; on/off accordingly .386 CheckPort push push dx mov in and cmp jne SwitchOff: mov in and out jmp SwitchOn: mov in or out Done: pop pop CheckPort proc ax extern C CheckPort(void); // defined in // assembly void main(void) { while( 1 ) { CheckPort(); } }

; ; dx, 3BCh + 1 ; al, dx ; al, 10h ; al, 0 ; SwitchOn ;

save the content save the content base + 1 for register #1 read register #1 mask out all but bit # 4 is it 0? if not, we need to turn the LED on

Pin 13

PC Parallel port
Pin 2 LED

Switch

dx, 3BCh + 0 ; base + 0 for register #0 al, dx ; read the current state of the port al, f7h ; clear first bit (masking) dx, al ; write it out to the port Done ; we are done

LPT Connection Pin


dx, al, al, dx, 3BCh + 0 ; base + 0 for register #0 dx ; read the current state of the port 01h ; set first bit (masking) al ; write it out to the port ; restore the content ; restore the content

I/O Direction Output Output Input Output

Register Address 0th bit of register #2 0th bit of register #2 6,7,5,4,3th bit of register #1 1,2,3th bit of register #2

1 2-9 10,11,12,13,15

dx ax endp

14,16,17

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik

Application-Specific Instruction-Set Processors (ASIPs)


General-Purpose Processors (GPPs)
Sometimes too general to be effective in demanding application
e.g., video processing requires huge video buffers and operations on large arrays of data, inefficient on a GPP

Single-Purpose Processor (SPP) has high NRE, not programmable

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik

Application-Specific Instruction-Set Processors (ASIPs)


ASIPs targeted to a particular domain
Contain architectural features specific to that domain
e.g., embedded control, digital signal processing, video processing, network processing, telecommunications, etc.

Still programmable

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik

A Common ASIP: Microcontroller


For embedded control applications
Reading sensors, setting actuators Mostly dealing with events (bits): data is present, but not in huge amounts e.g., VCR, disk drive, digital camera (assuming SPP for image compression), washing machine, microwave oven

Microcontroller features
On-chip peripherals
Timers, analog-digital converters, serial communication, etc. Tightly integrated for programmer, typically part of register space

On-chip program and data memory Direct programmer access to many of the chips pins Specialized instructions for bit-manipulation
Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik 7

Another Common ASIP: Digital Signal Processors (DSP)


For signal processing applications
Large amounts of digitized data, often streaming Data transformations must be applied fast e.g., cell-phone voice filter, digital TV, music synthesizer

DSP features
Several instruction execution units Multiple-accumulate single-cycle instruction, other instrs. Efficient vector operations e.g., add two arrays

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik

Trend: Even More Customized ASIPs


In the past, microprocessors were acquired as chips Today, we increasingly acquire a processor as Intellectual Property (IP)
e.g., synthesizable VHDL model

Opportunity to add a custom datapath hardware and a few custom instructions, or delete a few instructions
Can have significant performance, power and size impacts Problem: need compiler/debugger for customized ASIP
One solution: automatic compiler/debugger generation
e.g., www.tensillica.com

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik

Selecting a Microprocessor
Issues
Technical: speed, power, size, cost Non-Technical: development environment, prior expertise, licensing, etc.

Speed: how evaluate a processors speed?


Clock speed but instructions per cycle may differ Instructions per second but work per instr. may differ Dhrystone: Synthetic benchmark, developed in 1984. Dhrystones/sec.
MIPS: 1 MIPS = 1757 Dhrystones per second (based on Digitals VAX 11/780). A.k.a. Dhrystone MIPS. Commonly used today.
So, 750 MIPS = 750*1757 = 1,317,750 Dhrystones per second

SPEC: set of more realistic benchmarks, but oriented to desktops EEMBC EDN Embedded Benchmark Consortium, www.eembc.org
Suites of benchmarks: automotive, consumer electronics, networking, office automation, telecommunications
Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik 10

Selecting a Microprocessor
Dhrystone: Synthetic benchmark, developed in 1984. Dhrystones/sec.
http://www.roylongbottom.org.uk/

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik

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General Purpose Processors


Processor Intel PIII Clock speed 1GHz Periph. 2x16 K L1, 256K L2, MMX 2x32 K L1, 256K L2 2x32 K 2 way set assoc. None Bus Width MIPS General Purpose Processors 32 ~900 Power 97W Trans. ~7M Price $900

IBM PowerPC 750X MIPS R5000 StrongARM SA-110 Intel 8051 Motorola 68HC811

550 MHz

32/64

~1300

5W

~7M

$900

250 MHz 233 MHz

32/64 32

NA 268

NA 1W

3.6M 2.1M

NA NA

12 MHz 3 MHz

4K ROM, 128 RAM, 32 I/O, Timer, UART 4K ROM, 192 RAM, 32 I/O, Timer, WDT, SPI 128K, SRAM, 3 T1 Ports, DMA, 13 ADC, 9 DAC 16K Inst., 2K Data, Serial Ports, DMA

8 8

Microcontroller ~1 ~.5

~0.2W ~0.1W

~10K ~10K

$7 $5

TI C5416

160 MHz

Digital Signal Processors 16/32 ~600

NA

NA

$34

Lucent DSP32C

80 MHz

32

40

NA

NA

$75

Sources: Intel, Motorola, MIPS, ARM, TI, and IBM Website/Datasheet; Embedded Systems Programming, Nov. 1998

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis And Dr. Osman Hassan, Modified By : Jameel Nawaz Malik

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