Sample Questions Exam 3 Plant Diversity I 1.

Describe four shared characteristics and four distinct characteristics between charophytes and land plants.
1. Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis 2. Peroxisome enzymes 3. Structure of flagellated sperm 4. Formation of a phragmoplast Phragmoplast Central region of mitotic spindle of a plant cell at telophase, in which vesicles gather and fuse to form the cell plate, apparently guided by spindle microtubules

2. Explain why most bryophytes grow close to the ground and are restricted to periodically moist environments
They are primitive plants which reproduce through spore-like structures, instead of seeds. Lacking true root systems, they do not draw water and nutrients from the ground, but directly from the air. That helps them colonize surfaces where other plants could never survive. When conditions are poor, they simply shut down and wait for moisture and sun to begin operating again, an adaptation that allows some species to persist in such harsh climates as deserts or the arctic tundra.

3. Describe three traits that characterize modern vascular plants and explain how these traits have contributed to success on land. Life cycles with dominant sporophytes Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem Well- developed roots and leaves 1. Dominant sporophytes- As a result, the gametophyte became practically invisible to the human eye. 2. Transport in xylem and phloem- These allowed plants to transport minerals, water, and other organic compounds allowing plants to grow taller and thicker. 3. Leaves and roots- Leaves increased surface are for plants on land to collect more solar energy for photosynthesis. Roots are organs that provide better anchor for vascular plants for growing taller and enable them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

4. Explain how vascular plants differ from non vascular plants Non- vascular plants: - Plants lacking lignin- impregnated conducting cells - Lignin is a chemical compound that provides support - Living groups of nonvascular plants include the bryophytes: Liverworts, hornworts and mosses Vascular plants - Plants containing lignin- impregnated conducting cells - Vascular plants are the more common plants like pines, ferns, corn and oaks. 5. Distinguish between homospory and heterospory Homospory and plants that produce bi sexual gametophytes have those gametophytes germinate from isopores that are about all the same size. Heterospory are plants that produce separate male and female gametophtyes have those gametophytes germinate spores of different sizes. 6. Diagram and label the life cycle of a seedless vascular plant Plant Diversity II 1. Explain why pollen grains were an important adaptation for successful reproduction on land. Because the evolution of pollen allowed for pollination and contributed to the diversity of seed plants. 2. Describe the life history of a pine; indicate which structures are part of the gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation. In the most conifer species, each tree has both ovulate and pollen cones. The pine tree is the sporophyte. Each ovulate cone contains megasporangium. Microsporangium undergoes meiosis, producing haploid micropsores that develop into pollen grains. A pollen grain eneters through the mucropyle and germinates, forming a pollen tube that digests through the megasporangium. By meiosis, four haploid cells are produced. One survives as a megaspore. Female egg develops. Fertilization occurs as sperm and egg nuclei unite. The ovule becomes a seed.

3. Identify and describe the function of the following floral structures: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, filaments, anther, stigma, style, ovary, and ovule. Sepals: enclose the flower Petals: are brightly colored and attract pollinators Stamens: produce pollen on their terminal anthers Carpels: produce ovules (A carpel consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma where pollen is received) Filaments: Anther: where stamens produce their pollen 4. Explain how fruits may be adapted to disperse seeds A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal. Some fruits are dispersed by wind, others, such as coconuts, by water. Many rely on animals to carry the seeds by clinging to fur or producing edible fruits so that by the time the seed is deposited from the animal tract, the seed is far from the parental sporophyte. 5. Diagram the generalized life cycle of an angiosperm. 6. Describe the common uses of plants including food, source, medicinal purpose etc. No group of plants is more important to human survival than seed plants Plants are the key sources of food, fuel, wood products, and medicine Our reliance on seed plants makes preservation of plant diversity critical Most of our food comes from angiosperms Six crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes) yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans Modern crops are products of relatively recent genetic change resulting from artificial selection Many seed plants provide wood Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in medicines Invertebrates and vertebrates 1. Describe how a sponge feeds and digests its food Sponges are suspension feeders, capturing food particles suspended in the water that pass through their body. Choanocytes, flagellated collar cells, generate water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food. 2. Be able to differentiate between coelomate, pseudo coelomate, acoelomate.

Acoelomates lack a coelom (do not have a true body cavity.) It is usually filled with cells. Pseudocoelomate has the beginnings of a body cavity, but lacks mesentery (or peritoneum). Coelomate animals have a "true" body cavity or coelom and organs are incased in peritoneal membrane

3. Differentiate between protostome and deuterostome. The major difference between protostomes and deuterostomes are how they develop in the early embryo stages. In protostomes the mouth opening is the first to be formed later followed by the anus. In deuterostomes the anus forms first followed by the mouth. This all occurs in the gastrulation stage. 4. Differentiate between determinate and indeterminate cleavage. Determinate is the form of cleavage in most protostomes. It results in the developmental fate of the cells being set early in the embryo development. Each cell produced by early embryonic cleavage does not have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. A cell can only be indeterminate if it has a complete set of undisturbed animal/vegetal cytoarchitectural features. It is characteristic of deuterstomes- when the original cell in a deuterostome embryo divides, the two resulting cells can be separated, and each one can individually develop into a whole organism.

5. List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from other animal phyla All animals except sponges and few other groups belong to the clade Eumetazoa, animals with true tissues. Cnidarians have diversified into a wide range of both sessile and motile forms including jellies, corals, and hydras They exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan. The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity. A single opening functions as mouth and anus. Cnidarians are carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes, unique cells that function in defense and capture prey Nematocysts are specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread. 6. List three features that account for the success of arthropods Over the course of evolution, the appendages of some arthropods have become modified, specializing in functions such as walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, and defense.

The body of an arthropod is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton constructed from layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin. Arthropods have an open circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs 7. List three features that account for the success of insects The evolution of flight Adaption to feeding on gymnosperms, and The expansion of angiosperms 8. Describe the developmental similarities between vertebrates and invertebrates

9. Be able to describe the following: Nematodes, annelids, Ecdysozoans and Echinoderms Nematodes: found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals. - They have alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system - Reproduction= sexual, by internal fertilization - Some are important parasites of plants and animals Annelids: Have bodies composed of a series of fused rings The phylum Annelids is divided into three classes: -Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives) -Polychaeta (polychaetes) -Hirudinea (leeches) Ecdysozoans: are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle - Covered by a tough coat called a cuticle - The cuticle is shed or molted through a process called ecdysis. Echinoderms: Slow moving or sessile marine animals - A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates - Have unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange.

Males and females are usually separate, and sexual reproduction is external. Living echinoderms are divided into six classes: 1. Asteroidia (sea stars) 2. Ophiuroidea 3. Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) 4. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) 5. Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) 6. Concentricycloidea (sea daisies)

10. List the derived traits for: chordates, craniates, vertebrates, gnathostomes, tetrapods, amniotes, birds, mammals, primates, humans. Craniates- Chorodates that have a head. -a skull -brain - eyes -other sensory organs Vertebrates- Craniates that have a backbone -Vertebrate enclosing a spinal cord - An elaborate skull - Fin rays, in the aquatic forms Gnathostomes- Vertebrates that have jaws Tetrapods- Gnathostomes that have limbs - Some lobe- fins evolved into the limbs and feet of tetrapods - The lobe- fins (Sarcopterygii) have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins - Three lineages survive and include coelacanths, lungfishes and tetrapods Amniotes- Group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, birds, and mamals. -Has a clade, the amniotic egg, which contains membranes that protect the embryo Birds- Belong to the reptilian clade, but almost every feature of their reptilian anatomy has undergone modification in their adaption to facilitate flight. - Adaption that facilitate flight - Major adaption is wings with keratin feathers, light weight bones

Lack of urinary bladder, females only one ovary, smalls gonads, and loss of teeth

Mammals- Mammary glands, which produce milk - Hair - Fat layer under the skin help the body retain heat - Endothermic - Larger brain that other vertebrates - Differentiated teeth - High metabolic rate Primates- Large brain and short Jaws - Forward -looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception - Complex social behavior and parental care - A fully opposable thumb (monkeys and apes) Humans- Up right posture and bipedal locomotion - Larger brains - Language capabilities and symbolic thought - The manufactures and use of complex tools - Shortened jaw - Shorter digestive tract 11. Describe and distinguish between Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, noting the main traits of each group. - Chondrichthyans- Sharks, Rays, and their Relatives - Have skeleton composed primarily of cartilage - The Cartilaginous skeleton evolved secondarily from an ancestral mineralized skeleton - The largest and most diverse group of chondrichthyans includes the shark, rays - Osteichthyes- Bony fishes, Ray fishes, Lobe-fins and tetrapods - Have ossified (bony) endoskeleton with hard matrix of calcium phosphate 12. Describe an amniotic egg and explain its significance in the evolution of reptiles and mammals. -Clade- The amniotic egg, which contains membranes that protect the embryo. -Basically, the amniotic egg envelops the embryo in a liquid environment. Its importance is that it allowed animals to escape their dependence on water for reproduction...

13. Distinguish among monotreme, marsupial, and eutherian mammals. - Monotremes- small group of egg- laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus - Marsupials- Include opposums, Kangaroos, and koalas The embryo develops within a placenta in the mothers uterus A marsupial is born very early in its development It completed its embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium. -

Eutherians- (placentals mammals) have a longer period of preganancy Young eutherians complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta. 13. Define the term hominin. Are more closely related humans than to chimpanzees 14. Describe the characteristics of humans Upright posture and bipedal locomotion Larger brains Language capabilities and symbolic thought Manufacture and use of complex tools Shortened jaw Shorter digestive tract 15. Describe the characteristics of mammals. Mammary glands, which produce milk Hair Fat layer under skin help body retain heat Endothermic Larger brain than other vertebrates Differentiated teeth High metabolic rate