Welcome to Free Anonymous Internet World
Who Are We?
dual5651
Residing in Seoul, Republic of Korea Undergraduate of Konkuk University Main focus of study in Windows
rootkit technique and reverse engineering Teakwon-v team member Interests include ERP and hacking
gotofbi
Residing in Vancouver, BC, CANADA Student of BC Institute of Technology Main focus of study in binary packer
scheme. Taekwon-v team member Interests include embedded system and reverse engineering
Agenda
Why do it? DOCSIS Status of ISPs in Korea
Hacking the cable modem
Cable Network Sniffing
Cable Modem Security
Question and Answer
Why Do It?
Its easy! Its free! You can do it in anonymity! It is not wellknown in Korea!
DOCSIS
DOCSIS - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification is an international standard developed by CableLabs and contributing companies. DOCSIS defines the communications and operation support Interface requirements for a data over cable system. It allows additional high-speed transfers to an existing CATV system.
Maximum synchronization speed :
Version DOCSIS
Downstream Upstream
EuroDOCSIS
Downstream Upstream
1.X
2.0
42.88 Mbit/s
42.88 Mbit/s
10.24 Mbit/s
30.72 Mbit/s
55.62 Mbit/s
55.62 Mbit/s
10.24 Mbit/s
30.72 Mbit/s
3.0 4 Ch
3.0 8 Ch
+171.52 Mbit/s +122.88 Mbit/s
+343.04 Mbit/s +122.88 Mbit/s
+222.48 Mbit/s
+444.96 Mbit/s
+122.88 Mbit/s
+122.88 Mbit/s
Maximum synchronization speed
Components of DOCSIS :
CM (Cable Modem) CMTS (Cable Modem Terminal System) BackOffice Services (DHCP, TOD Server, TFTP Server)
DOCSIS Overview
DOCSIS Roadmap
DOCSIS Version Service Broadband Internet Tiered Service VoIP Video conferencing Commercial Services Entertainment Video Consumer Devices Cable Modem VoIP Phone(MTA) Residential Gateway Video Phone Mobile Devices IP Set-top Box O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1.0 1.1 2.0 3.0
As you can see, an upgrade from DOCSIS 2.0 to DOCSIS 3.0 does not automatically result in a security upgrade.
Hacking the Cable Modem
Key aspect:
Arresting criminal will be very hard Trace will only reach up to the node SNMP-port of cable modem is opened insecurely
By sending an SNMP packet, an attacker can achieve
many things
Up/Down
stream
rate
limited by
Maximum rate can be manually changed
All network streams are shared insecurely
All packets in the node are sniffable
Status of ISPs in Korea
Internet Service Provider Name S company L company 3rd Party ISP SNMP Port opened Yes Yes Potentially CFG Spoofing Yes Yes Potentially MAC Vendor code 00:50:D4 (JOHONG) 00:04:BD(Motorola) 00:02:00(Net&Sys) 00:C0:B1(Genius) .
I recently tested four large ISPs in Korea, and the results show that they were all vulnerable. Therefore, I hypothesize that other 3rd party ISP may be as potentially vulnerable.
Hacking the Cable Modem
Arrest criminal process
Customer Database 2) Trying to find a.b.c.d from DHCP log
1) Please tell me who had a.b.c.d when 2008 / mm / dd
3) Matching MAC customer is aa:bb:cc:dd, We have the customers info since we lent him our modem. Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha!!
ISP
4) Criminals name is xxxx The Address is yyyy
Hacking the Cable Modem
If Criminal use hacked cable modem
Customer Database
2) Trying to find a.b.c.d from DHCP log
1) Please tell me who had a.b.c.d when 2008 / mm / dd
3) Matching MAC is de:ad:be:ef, It is not from our customer ! Who the hack is that?
ISP
4) Sorry, We can`t find who it is
Hacking the Cable Modem
Working process of DOCSIS Gathering information
Diagnostic web page DHCP grabbing SNMP scanning
Modifying the cfg file
DOCSIS Cfg Edit
Changing the cfg file
FORCE TFTP IP
Fake DHCP Hacking Firmware
Hacking the Cable Modem
Working process of DOCSIS
1) Modem scanning the frequency in 91000000Hz to 440000000 Hz
2) Broadcast DHCP Discover packet 3) Read cfg name from DHCP ACK packet
4) Download cfg file from TFTP server 5) Limit the upload , download speed as written in cfg file
Hacking the Cable Modem
DHCP Grabbing
DHCP ACK is broadcast packet
Cfg file name written in Boot File filed Server Identifier is TFTP Server IP
Hacking the Cable Modem
Wireshark
By using bootp.dhcp filter, we can analyze DHCP packet in wireshark.
Cfg file name, TFTP Server IP remark in DHCP ACK packet
Hacking the Cable Modem
Configuration Grabber
By programming a sniffer, you can catch DHCP packets.
Cfg file was downloaded into my computer automatically
Hacking the Cable Modem
SNMP Scanning
Cabel modems SNMP port is open in Korea Usually community string is public or private Community string is written in cfg file By sending SNMP packet, attacker can control
the modem and obtain useful information
(e.g., Firmware Overwrite, Modem reboot, Read useful information)
Hacking the Cable Modem
NET-SNMP
Version 2
OIDs :
Community name
IP
OID
Hacking the Cable Modem
SNMP Cfg Admin
By using a SNMP Scanning program (such as SNMP Cfg Admin), an attacker can obtain useful information. Examples include System description, Configuration file name, bandwidth, Firmware name, TFTP Server, Time Server, and MAC address.
Hacking the Cable Modem
VultureWare DOCSIS Config File Editor
ISPs from Korea dont do integrity checks (HMAC-MD5) for cfg file Hacker can change Frequency, Speed, etc
Hacking the Cable Modem
Force TFTP IP Concept:
Cfg file can be forced without using DHCP
Requirements can be achieved by sending SNMP packets Numerous TFTP server programs for Windows
Korean CMTS does not check MD5
Hacking the Cable Modem
Sequence of normal Cable Modem registration:
DHCP Server(a.b.c.c)
TFTP Server(a.b.c.d)
Cable Modem Attacker(e.f.g.h)
CMTS(a.b.c.f)
Hacking the Cable Modem
Sequence of hacked Cable Modem registration:
DHCP Server(a.b.c.c)
TFTP Server(a.b.c.d)
Cable Modem Attacker(a.b.c.d)
CMTS(a.b.c.f)
Hacking the Cable Modem
Which OIDs are used for hacking?
1.3.6.1.2.1.69.1.4.5.0
To figure out what the current cfg file name is for cable modem.
1.3.6.1.2.1.10.127.1.1.3.1.3.1
1.3.6.1.2.1.10.127.1.1.3.1.5.1
To check Up/DownStream speed of cfg file
1.3.6.1.2.1.69.1.4.4.0
To read TFTP Server IP of cable modem
1.3.6.1.2.1.69.1.1.3.0
To reboot cable modem
Hacking the Cable Modem
1) Read cfg file name :
2) Check upload & download bandwidth before hacking :
3) Type ipconfig /all to know, what is the ip of my computer :
Hacking the Cable Modem
4) Run your own TFTP Server :
5) Read TFTP IP of Cable modem :
6) Download cfg file from TFTP Server :
Hacking the Cable Modem
7) Modify cfg file :
Network Access Control : 0 means network access is not permitted 1 means network access is permitted Maximum Number of CPEs : Givend IP Maximum ~stream Rate : Maximum bandwidth
-> 0 means unlimited speed.
Hacking the Cable Modem
8) Set attacker computer IP as TFTP Server IP:
9) Reboot cable modem :
Hacking the Cable Modem
Hacking modem firmware
Most famous modem SB5100,SB5101 made by Motorola
IP
192.168.100.1
OS VxWorks , eCos
RTOS (Real Time Operating System) x86 or MIPS flavor Unix-like UI
Ways to communicate with modem Parallel JTAG USB JTAG Serial Cable
Hacking the Cable Modem
SB5100
SB5101
What is the difference between SB5100 and SB5101? Chipset : Broadcom BCM3348 Broadcom BCM3349 OS : VxWorks eCos
Hacking the Cable Modem
Memory map of cable modem :
32kb 32kb
Boot Loader Parmenent NonVol
BootLoader area contains BootLoader Parmenet NonVol area contains all settings. Ex) MAC Address, Cfg file Image0 area contains firmware image
960kb
Image 0
2MB 960kb Image 1
Image1 area contains firmware image
32kb
Dynamic NonVol
Dynamic NonVol area contains logged events
Hacking the Cable Modem
COM Port
Commonly usable Many useable resources Modem OS must support it
Hacking the Cable Modem
Parallel JTAG
Cheap Very slow Easy to make Schwarze Katze
Hacking the Cable Modem
USB JTAG
Expansive (about $60) Really Fast Difficult to make USBJTAG
Hacking the Cable Modem
Fireball
There is an Assembler for Cable Modem Firmware Hacker can build custom firmware for certain purpose
Hacking the Cable Modem
Sigma X2 Build-142
Hacked Firmware for Surfboard SB5100
Hacking the Cable Modem
Haxorware 1.0 rc6
Hacked Firmware for Surfboard SB5101
Speed Compare
Speed comparation
Hacking the Cable Modem
Moving Picture
Its Time to Sniff Packets
Hacking the Cable Modem
Inside a Modem
Tuner
Conprovide both upstream and downstream signals nects directly to the COAX outlet
Demodulator
A/D converter Demoluation Error correction
MAC
Extracts data from MPEG
CPU
Controls almost everything in the modem.
Downstream
What cable modems receive Frequency between 65MHz to 850MHz DOCSIS has 6MHz of bandwidth Euro DOCSIS has 8MHz of bandwidth Modulation 64QAM or 256QAM Continuous stream of data
Upstream signaling
...
65 MHz - 550 MHz 550 MHz - 850 and up MHz
5-65 MHz
Upstream
What cable modems transmit Frequency between 5MHz to 65MHz Modulation QPSK or 16QAM Transmit bursts of data in timeslots (TDM) Reserved and contention timeslots
Upstream signaling
...
65 MHz - 550 MHz
550 MHz - 850 and up MHz
5-65 MHz
Upstream Sniffing
Most cable modems are designed to receive the data between 65MHz to 850MHz Too many upstream channels to balance the load Modems OS is programmed to drop all frames which are not meant for itself
Why Sniffing is Possible?
The signal from CMTS is received by every cable modem in the same node Cable modem disregards all data that is not intended for itself Modems OS is programmed to drop all frames which are not meant for itself.
Cable network sniffing
Ways to access TV-Card
Linux The HD-5500 card is natively supported by Linux kernel It will appears on /dev/dvb/ The user able to communicate with Ioctl() Windows Many cards are supported Can be access with BDA (Broadcast Driver Architecture) interface DirectShow which is part of DirectX SDK supports TV functions
Cable network sniffing
BDA (Broadcast Driver Architecture)
Cable Modem Security
BPI: Baseline Privacy Interface
Methods for encrypting traffic between the cable modem and the CMTS at triple 56bit DES with 768/1024 bit key modulus
BPI+: Baseline Privacy Interface Plus
Implemented in Docsis 1.1 Specs (Backwards compatible) Introduces X.509 v3 (RSA 1024bit) digital certificates & key pairs Authentication based on certificate hardware identity; validated when modem registers with a CMTS
Certificates, Keys
& The
trust ri
Stored in the non-vol settings of a modems firmware Contains: Public, Private, and Root Keys, CM & CA Certificates DOCSIS Root CA signs manufacturer CA intermediate certificate, manufacturer signs CM certificate. CMTS parses and verifies CM certificate, an identity based on HFC MAC
DOCSIS Security Overview (BPI+)
test Internet
CM Authentication (X.509 Certificates) Key Management (RSA, Tri-DES)
Mfg Certificate ......
Digitally Signed by: DOCSIS Root
CM Certificate ......
Digitally Signed by: Mfg CA
abcdef
CMTS
Data Encryption (DES)
x$a9E!
PC
abcdef
TFTP Server Secure Software Download CM New CM Code ...... (X.509 Certificate)
CM Code File
Digitally Signed by: M
anufacturer
BPI+ CA Root Certificate
X.509 Certificate Stored in Non-Vol Public Certificate
BPI+ CM Certificate
X.509 Certificate Stored in Non-Vol Included Mac info
Cable Modem Security
Result of Enabling Baseline Privacy
Question and Answer
Thank you
