Core JAVA

nFundamental

Concepts nBootstrapping nBasic Language Syntax nCommon Caveats nCoding Conventions

Core JAVA
nFundamental

Concepts nBootstrapping nBasic Language Syntax nCommon Caveats nCoding Conventions

General Purpose Computers

n

Most computers that we encounter are application specific

n

Light switches, microwave oven controller, VCR timer, DirecTV receiver

GPCs are different

GPCs are built as generic problem solving machines n Programming is the bridge from the generic tool to a useful machine
n

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Simon Lok

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GPC (Computer) Organization

n n

CPU Central Processing Unit

n

Primary location for computations Devices and communication bus for user interaction, import/export of data and permanent storage High speed, volatile, scratchpad
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I/O Input and Output Subsystem

n

RAM Random Access Memory

n

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Simon Lok

Classic Computer Organization CPU

RAM
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I/O

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Programming a GPC
n

The hardware can be controlled using machine language

01001011001010010010010010101

Assembly language is an attempt to make this more friendly

MOV AX, BX ADD R3, #32, R9 PUSH EAX JZ R25, [R12]
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Simon Lok

High Level Languages

n

Machine and Assembly Language are very hard to use

Try computing a 3rd order integral in assembly How about writing a GUI?

So we create high level languages and compilers for translating high level programs into assembly

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Simon Lok

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Multiuser/Multitasking
n

GPCs are shared

between multiple programs between multiple users

The operating system (OS) governs the computers hardware resources

It allocates time for each program to run It provides a unified interface for all of the hardware devices It might also provide session support for multiple users

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Simon Lok

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Typical Topology
Most applications talk to APIs implemented by the OS kernel. n Most reasonable OS kernels talk to hardware through an HAL
n
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Application (Your code) Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)

Operating System (OS) (m)Kernel Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

HARDWARE

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Why so many layers?

HAL makes all hardware look the same to mkernel n The same mkernel code that runs on an Intel x86 PC can run on a DEC 21x64 workstation
n
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Application (Your code) Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)

Operating System (OS) (m)Kernel Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

HARDWARE

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The same for your code!

Assume that all OSs agree on a common API n You can write a single piece of code that can be recompiled onto many platforms
n
Application (Your code) Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)

Operating System (OS) (m)Kernel Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

HARDWARE
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Recompiled?
n

Platforms will differ in many ways

Static sizes for OS and device interfaces Availability/coding of machine instructions

Recompilation requires the source

Your competitors will have access to code which took you a very long time to develop Your users may not have a compiler if they do, they may not know how to use it Source code verification is critical!

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Simon Lok

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The JAVA Way

Run a JAVA Virtual Machine as a regular application on the OS n The JVM simulates a standard platform (GPC) that all JAVA programs can execute on n Write once, run anywhere!
n
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User Application JAVA APIs JVM OS APIs OS mKernel HAL HARDWARE

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Caveats of the JAVA Way

n

Performance
Clearly, JAVA will always be slower than a natively coded application JIT JVM technology brings most applications within 30% of native code Latest HotSpot JVMs are within 5% of C++

Touching the hardware

Not all local devices will have an interface through the JVM your favorite USB scanner may simply not work (at least, for now)

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Simon Lok

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Core JAVA
nFundamental

Concepts nBootstrapping nBasic Language Syntax nCommon Caveats nCoding Conventions

You need to install JAVA

JAVA environment is like any other program (you need to install it) n At home, download and install the proper JDK (J2SE SDK) for your platform
n http://java.sun.com/j2se n n

Also get the J2SE documentation

http://java.sun.com/docs

This will have already been done for you in the computer lab
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Add JAVA to your PATH

Under both Windows and UNIX, the JAVA executables reside in the bin subdirectory of the installation site n Add that directory to your PATH
n Win95/98 edit your AUTOEXEC.BAT WinNT/2K/ME/XP edit environment variables found under advanced system properties Most UNIX edit your .profile or .cshrc MacOS 9 upgrade to OS X MacOS X do nothing, its preinstalled!
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Add JAVA to your PATH

n

For example, under Win95/98, add the following statement to the end of your AUTOEXEC.BAT file:
SET PATH=C:\JDK1.4.0_01\BIN;%PATH%

Under UNIX, edit your .profile and add the following statement:
EXPORT PATH=$PATH:/opt/jdk1.3/bin Substitute your install path for /opt

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Simon Lok

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WinNT/2K/ME/XP Path Addition

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Simon Lok

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WinNT/2K/ME/XP Path Addition

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Simon Lok

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10

Hello World - Our First Program

public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String [] args) { System.out.println("Hello, world"); } }

All JAVA modules begin with a class definition classes are objects n The POI (point-of-entry) of a class is the main method
n
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HelloWorld under Windows

Start :: Accessories :: Notepad n Type in HelloWorld as given n Save as type All Files with name HelloWorld.java
n

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Simon Lok

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11

HelloWorld under Windows

n

Start a command prompt

Win98: Start :: Run :: DOSPRMPT WinNT/2K: Start :: Run :: CMD

Change to the proper directory n Compile and Execute

n JAVAC HelloWorld.Java JAVA HelloWorld n

Watch the case!

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HelloWorld under Windows

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Simon Lok

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12

HelloWorld under UNIX

n n

Start your favorite text editor

EMACS, PICO, VI or just use CAT

Type in HelloWorld as given n Save and exit the editor

Use filename HelloWorld.java n

Compile and Execute

JAVAC HelloWorld.Java JAVA HelloWorld

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Simon Lok

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HelloWorld under UNIX

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Simon Lok

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13

The Real World

Text editors with command line compilation are stone age tools for program development n Contemporary software engineering is accomplished using RAD (rapid application development) tools and IDEs (integrated development environments) with inline debuggers
n
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JAVA RAD Tools and IDEs

n

Many are available

Symantec Visual Cafe Borland J-Builder Microsoft Visual J++ (EOL), J# Sun Forte / NetBeans Its free Its the official Sun IDE It produces clean code Its got modules for RMI and other cool stuff
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Recommendation: Sun Forte / NetBeans

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Simon Lok

14

The NetBeans / Forte IDE

n

You must download and install Netbeans / Forte as a separate package:

http://www.netbeans.org http://www.sun.com/forte/ffj/ce/

Prerequisites
J2SE SDK J2SE Documentation (recommended) Installer automatically detects the location of your JDK and documentation during the installation process

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Simon Lok

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The Main IDE Screen

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Simon Lok

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15

Hello World in Forte/NetBeans

n

Create a new package

Right click on the explorer window

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Simon Lok

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Hello World in Forte/NetBeans

n

Create a new class

Right click on the name of the new project that you just created

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Simon Lok

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16

Hello World in Forte/NetBeans

n

The template does most of the work, just add the System.out.println imperative

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Simon Lok

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Hello World in Forte/NetBeans

n

Compile and run

n

Right click on the name of the class

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Simon Lok

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17

Features of Forte/NetBeans
n

RAD (rapid application development)

Drag-and-drop programming of GUIs n Clean (pure JAVA) code generation
n

Integrated debugger
Real time variable watches n Single click breakpoints
n

n n

Powerful templates
n

You only need to write the core code

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Copyright 1999-2002

and much much more.

Simon Lok

Core JAVA
nFundamental

Concepts nBootstrapping nBasic Language Syntax nCommon Caveats nCoding Conventions

18

Inline Comments
public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String [] args) { // Next line prints out a message to the console System.out.println("Hello, world"); } }

Denoted by // (same as C++) n Everything between // and EOL is not compiled n Write short notes about what this particular piece of code is doing
n
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JAVADOC Comments
n

JAVADOC comments are begun by the sequence /**, continued with a * at the beginning of each line and terminated by the */ sequence JAVADOC comments are official documentation of your code
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19

JAVADOC Comments
n

JAVADOC comments can be compiled into HTML files via Forte or via the JAVADOC command line tool

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Simon Lok

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Primitive Variables
n

A variable is an item of data named by an identifier

Variable declaration is manipulation of the computers scratchpad (RAM) We are reserving a space in the scratchpad and giving that space an easy-to-use name

Examples:
int x = 0; float f = 3.14159265;

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Simon Lok

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20

Fixed Point Data Types

n n n n

Byte - byte b = 16;

8-bits, -127 to 127

Short - short s = -1543;

16-bits, -32767 to 32767

Int - int i = 100340;

32-bits, -2 billion to 2 billion

Long - long l = -123456789123;

64-bits, absurdly large numbers

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Simon Lok

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Fixed Point Data Types

Used when representing integral numeric data (like 4 or 5) n Common misconception:
n Fixed point types can/is not used to represent fractional values n

Used to represent data where the decimal point position stays constant
Example: money $18.45

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Simon Lok

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21

Floating Point Data Types

Used when data may take on wildly different values or when scientific precision must be preserved n Float
n float f = 3.14159265; 32-bits (max value ~10^38) n

Double
double d = 5.6243*Math.pow(10,250); 64-bits (max value ~10^308)

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Simon Lok

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Why use fixed point?

n

Why bother with implicit decimal points?

You might forget about the point Somebody else might modify your code

First guess: its the size

8 bits versus 32 or 64 bits No because of alignment issues

The real reason SPEED!

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Simon Lok

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22

Fixed vs. Floating Point

n

On a MIPS R4000 class processor

(found in 1990 SGI Indys and Y2000 PDAs like the Casio Cassiopeia) Floating point division takes ~ 70 cycles Fixed point division takes ~ 13 cycles

This is even more apparent with SIMD instruction sets

MMX/SSE/3DNow, etc. can improve fixed point performance by 4 to 16 times!

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Simon Lok

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Other Data Types

n

Boolean
1-bit fixed point type Use the words true and false to assign and compare values

Char
Holds a single unicode character 16-bits (unlike the usual 8-bit ASCII)

Reference
Called pointer in C/C++ this holds an address in memory
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23

Literal Data
How can you tell if 12 is a byte, short, int or long? n By default, literals w/o a decimal point are int and with a decimal point are double
n You can use 12345L to make a long 12.3456F can be used for float Byte/Short dont have equivalents

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Simon Lok

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Something to Try
public class Test { public static void main(String args[]) { float f = 3.14159265; // this is okay. int x = 3.14159265; // is this valid? byte b = 32; // this is also okay. byte b2 = 130; // how about this? } }
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24

Another Thing to Try

public class Test { public static void main(String args[]) { boolean firstGuy = true; // works. boolean secondGuy = 1; // this? boolean thirdGuy = -1; // this? } }

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Simon Lok

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Aggregate Types - Arrays

n

Easily access groups of variables

All variables share the same prefix Variables must be of the same type

Syntax:
int[] myArray = new int[64]; myArray[15] = 9226; System.out.println(myArray[15]);

Arrays start counting from ZERO!

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25

Something to Try:
public class ArrayTest { public static void main(String [] args) { int [] myArray = new int[5]; for (int j = 0; j <= 5; j++) { // ??? myArray[j] = j*100; System.out.println(myArray[j]); } } }

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Simon Lok

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Type Casting
If you want to force one type into another, you have to cast it n This code will not compile:
n

int x = 123; byte b = x;

n

This is the correct code:

int x = 123; byte b = (byte)x;

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Simon Lok

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26

Something to Try:
public class Test { public static void main(String [] args) { int x = 5000; byte smallFry = 64; long bigGuy = 1234567890; x = smallFry; // will this work? x = bigGuy; // how about this? x = (int)bigGuy; // or this? } }
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Scope
n

Variables live within the nearest set of curly braces

public class myStuff { int x = 327; // this is visible classwide public static void main(String[] args) { int y = -33; // visible inside main } }

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Simon Lok

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27

Something to Try:
public class Test { public static void main(String [] args) { int x = 32; System.out.println(x); { int x = 64; // this wont work int y = 74; System.out.println(x); System.out.println(y); } System.out.println(x); System.out.println(y); // wont work } }
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Constants
n

If you want to reserve a space in memory as being immutable, use the final keyword: final int x = 327; final double PI = 3.14159265;

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Simon Lok

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28

Something to Try:
public class Test { public static void main(String [] args) { final int x = 32; int y = 64; System.out.println(x); System.out.println(y); x = 24; // this wont work y = 32; } }
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Infix Arithmetic
n

The + - / * operators work as you think that they would: int z = y + x; double fz = fx * fy + fw; In addition there is the % operator which is called modulo, it divides and takes the remainder

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Simon Lok

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29

Something to Try:
public class Test { public static void main(String [] args) { int ix = 9; double fx = 9.0; int iy = 5; double fy = 5.0; System.out.println(ix/iy); System.out.println(fx/fy); } }
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Prefix/Postfix Arithmetic
n n

The operator negates a value: int y = -z; The + operator promotes: byte x = 32; int y = +x; The ++ and -- operators increment and decrement by 1 int z = x++; int y = ++x;
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30

++X versus X++?

n Consider

the following piece of code:

1 1 2 3 3

int x = 1; System.out.println(x); System.out.println(x++); System.out.println(x); System.out.println(++x); System.out.println(x);

n Whats

the output?

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Simon Lok

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Relational Operators
Unlike arithmetic, these process numeric data into a boolean result n The common ones are:
n >, >=, <, <=, == and != n

They work as you would expect

int y = 8; int x = 3; boolean myGuy = (y < x); System.out.println(myGuy);

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Simon Lok

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31

Combining Relational Ops

n

Conditional Combinations
&&, ||, ^ - implement the logical AND, OR and XOR functions boolean result = ((x > y) && (x < y));

Negation
The ! operator can prefix any boolean variable or expression It inverts the logical value of the variable or expression that it prefixes

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Simon Lok

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Something To Try:
public class Test { int x = 32, y = 32, z = 64; boolean a = (x > y); System.out.println(a); // boolean b = (x == y); System.out.println(b); // boolean c = ((y == x) && (z > System.out.println(c); // }

output? output? y)); output?

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Simon Lok

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32

Bitwise Operations
n

Bitwise Conditional Operations

&,| and ^ perform bitwise AND/OR/XOR on numeric data int x = 6 & 3; int y = 6 | 3; System.out.println(x + , +y);

Remember that 6 is 0110 and 3 is 0011 in binary

0110 & 0011 0010 0110 | 0011 0111 0110 ^ 0011 0101

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Simon Lok

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Bit Shifting
n

The >>, >>> and << operators move the bits around
int x = 16 >> 2; System.out.println(x);

Shifting can be used for quickly multiplying and dividing by two n >>> differs from >> in that >>> is unsigned >> simply pads zero
n
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33

Why bitwise ops?

n

Hardware interaction
Most hardware provides a stream of data in the form of bytes that need to be sliced, shifted and otherwise massaged into usable form

Flags
Rather than having many boolean variables, you can have a fixed point flag variable with up to 64 flags

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Simon Lok

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Assignment Operations
n

You can assign with the = operator, but you can also combine most other operations
int x = 0; x += 5; // same as x = x + 5;

+=, -=, *=, /=, &=, >>=, etc. are all valid assignment operations n y += 6 bis faster than y = y + 6;
n
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34

String Manipulation
n

The + infix operator does something slightly different with Strings

String firsGuy = Hello; String secGuy = World; String sum = firstGuy + + secGuy; System.out.println(sum);

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Simon Lok

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String Comparison
n n

You cannot use == to compare Strings directly! Call compareTo

n n

Returns the lexographic difference Zero means theyre the same

if (myString.compareTo(hello) == 0) { // executes if myString == hello }

Syntax:

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Simon Lok

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35

Conditional Execution
n

Execute a statement block if a certain condition is met

if (x > 0) { System.out.println(x is good!); } else if (x < 0) { System.out.println(problem!); } else { System.out.println(borderline!); }

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Simon Lok

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Something to Try:
public class Test { public static void main(String [] args) { double x = 32; if(x < 0) { System.out.println(x less than zero); } else if (x > 0) { System.out.println(x greater than zero); boolean positiveNumberFlag = true; } else { System.out.println(x is zero); } System.out.println(positiveNumberFlag); // ??? } }
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36

Conditional Execution
n

Another alternative:
switch(x) { case 0: System.out.println(border!); break; case 1: System.out.println(good); break; default: System.out.println(BAD!); }

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Simon Lok

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Something to Try:
public class test { public static void main(String [] args) { int x = 2; switch(x) { case 1: System.out.println(one); break; case 2: System.out.println(two); // whoops, forgot the break! case 3: System.out.println(three); break; default: System.out.println(unknown); } } }
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37

Iteration
n

To repeat a task a specified number of times, use the for construct:

for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { System.out.println(i); }

To repeat until a condition is met:

while(i < 10) { System.out.println(i); i++; }

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Simon Lok

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More Iteration
n

Another variation on the while loop:

int i = 0; do { System.out.println(i); i++; } (while (i < 10));

The do/while loop will always run the loop at least once n This is often used for user input
n
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38

Something to Try:
public class Test { public static void main(String [] args) { int j = 0; // print out all even numbers up to 100 while (j != 99) { System.out.println(j); j += 2; } } }
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Changing the flow

n n

Break and continue can be used to stop/jump iteration blocks OUT: for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++) { for (k = 0; k < 100; k++) { if ((j % k)==0) continue OUT; System.out.println(j); } }
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39

Something to Try:
public class Test { public static void main(String [] args) { for (int w = 0; w < 4; w++) { MID: for (int y = 0; y < 5; y+= 2) { for (int k = 3; k > 0; k++) { if ((w + y + k) == 4) break; if ((w * y) > 6) continue MID; } } } } }
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Basic I/O using a CLI

Soon, we will be building all of our applications with GUIs, but for now, we can take user input from the command line interface n There are two basic ways to get user input from the CLI
n The command line arguments Reading from the console

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Simon Lok

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40

Command Line Arguments

n

When you run a program, you often supply it with arguments

dir myfile* /a ls la myfile*

You can supply a JAVA program command line arguments as well

java myProgram myFirstArg anotherArg

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Simon Lok

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Retrieving Arguments
n Recall n The

the declaration of main:

public static void main(String [] args)

array args can be used to access the parameters n The scope of the args array is inside main n args.length gives us how many parameters were passed
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41

Something to Try:
public class EchoArgs { public static void main(String [] args) { for (int j = 0; j < args.length; j++) { System.out.println(args[j]); } } }

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Simon Lok

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Arguments are Strings!

Be careful the command line arguments in the args array is of type String n You must convert it to a numeric type if you plan on doing arithmetic
n int myArg = Integer.parseInt(args[2]); float gimme = Float.parseFloat(args[1]);
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42

Something to Try:
public class Test { public static void main(String [] args) { if (args.length < 2) { System.out.println(Must have two args); System.exit(-1); } double a0 = Double.parseDouble(args[0]); double a1 = Double.parseDouble(args[1]); System.out.println(args[0] + args[1]); System.out.println(a0 + a1); } }
Copyright 1999-2002 Simon Lok Reproduction and/or redistribution in whole or part without written authorization is expressively prohibited

Reading from the Console

Unfortunately, this is pretty complicated the reason is because Sun wants JAVA to be very clean n Refer to the NumberInput.java sample program
n Basically you have to open System.in Then you have to readLine and parse You also have to make sure the user types in something thats valid using a loop
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43

One more thing

n n

You must import java.io.*;

n

This loads a package, well revisit this later

The try-catch construct is required when doing any kind of I/O

try { String input = console.readLine(); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(An error occurred.); }
n

This is called an exception handler, we will revisit this later

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Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

Something to Try:
import java.io.*; public class Test { public static void main(String [] args) { InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader con = new BufferedReader(in); boolean isGood = false; while(isGood != true) { try { System.out.print(Enter a number: ); double input = Double.parseDouble(con.readLine()); isGood = true; } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(That was not a number!); } } if (input > 0) { System.out.println(positive); } else { System.out.println(not positive); } } Copyright 1999-2002 Simon Lok Reproduction and/or redistribution in whole or part without written authorization is expressively prohibited

44

Core JAVA
nFundamental

Concepts nBootstrapping nBasic Language Syntax nCommon Caveats nCoding Conventions

javac: Command not found

n

You have not put the jdk/bin directory into your executable path
Under Win9X/ME, edit autoexec.bat Under WinNT/2K, modify system properties Under UNIX variants, edit .profile/.cshrc

Better yet, use Forte (or some other IDE) that has a built in compiler

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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45

Blah.java:14: ; expected
You forgot to end the line with the semicolon character n You forgot to match your curly braces for every { you need a }
n

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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Can't find class MyStuff.class

n

You attempted to run a JAVA program incorrectly:

java MyStuff.class

You should run JAVA programs w/o the trailing .class:

java MyStuff

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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46

Its a Jungle Out There

Keep your variables to the absolute minimum scope that they need n This helps prevent namespace collisions
n Namespace collisions are usually quite painful to debug, especially if its some obscure control flow variable

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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Infinite Loops
n

Loops terminate upon a condition

n

If you make a blunder on the condition, the loop may never terminate.

The while loop is prone to this particular problem n If you know how many times you are going to run a loop at compile time, use a for loop
n
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47

Comments, who needs those?

Properly documenting a software engineering project is 100000 times more important than creating the project itself n In JAVA, this means proper JAVADOC and inline comments
n

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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Test as you write code!

Design your approach on paper first make a flowchart, etc. n Write small test programs with code fragments to test your ideas n Test integrated code as you go along dont wait for the last step and hope things will just work
n

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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48

Core JAVA
nFundamental

Concepts nBootstrapping nBasic Language Syntax nCommon Caveats nCoding Conventions

Adapted with permission from JAVA CODE CONVENTIONS. Copyright 1995-1999 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved

Why bother? Its arbitrary!

n n n

80% of the lifetime cost of a piece of software goes to maintenance. Hardly any software is maintained for its whole life by the original author. Code conventions improve the readability of the software, allowing engineers to understand new code easily. If you publish your source code, you need to make sure it is as well packaged and clean as any other product you create.
Simon Lok Reproduction and/or redistribution in whole or part without written authorization is expressively prohibited

Copyright 1999-2002

49

Comments
We have already talked about this n JAVADOC comments at the beginning of every class, method and field n Inline comments every other line to describe what the following line of code does
n

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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Line Length
No line of code should be > 80 characters in length n Line breaks should make sense
n
longName1 = longName2 * (longName3 + longName4 - longName5) + 4 * longname6; // PREFER longName1 = longName2 * (longName3 + longName4 - longName5) + 4 * longname6; // AVOID

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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50

Variables
Initialize all variables all of the time n Only declare one variable per line n For local variables, use an inline comment immediately after the variable declaration to describe what the variable is for n For fields, use a JAVADOC comment
n

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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Indentation
All open curly braces imply that the next line should be indented n Indentation should be uniform across all files n Large indentations are a bad idea because you run out of room to nest blocks of code
n

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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51

Parentheses
Be explicit everywhere n Order of operations applies, but you should be explicit to make sure that anyone reading your code can easily understand what is going on
n

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

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Identifiers
Class names should start with a capital letter and have an additional capital letter for each word in the noun phrase (MyClassName) n Methods and Variables names do not have a leading capital letter (myVar) n Constants all all caps with _ breaking the words (MY_CONSTANT)
n
Copyright 1999-2002 Simon Lok Reproduction and/or redistribution in whole or part without written authorization is expressively prohibited

52

Clean code is good code

n

The vast majority of software defects can be avoided through a combination of:
Thorough paper designs n Writing clean, standardized code n Proper unit testing while coding n Meticulous documentation
n

Copyright 1999-2002

Simon Lok

Reproduction and/or redistribution in whole or part without written authorization is expressively prohibited

53