LAND ROVER FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS

LAND ROVER FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION

Land Rover vehicles use one of two types of electronically controlled fuel injection systems: Multiport Fuel Injection (MFI) or Sequential Multiport Fuel Injection (SFI). MULTIPORT FUEL INJECTION (MFI) Multiport Fuel Injection (MFI) is found on Land Rover models using the Lucas 13 CU, 14 CU, and 14 CUX engine management systems. Applications: 13CU 1987-1988 Range Rover Classic 14CU 1989 Range Rover Classic 14CUX 1990-1995 Range Rover Classic 1994-1995 Discovery 1993 Defender 110 1994-1995 Defender 90 SEQUENTIAL MULTIPORT FUEL INJECTION (SFI) Sequential Multiport Injection (SFI) is used on vehicles equipped with the Sagem/Lucas Generic Engine Management System (GEMS), and the Bosch Motronic M5.2.1 engine management system. Applications: GEMS 1995-early 1999 Range Rover 1996-early 1999 Discovery 1997 Defender 90 Bosch Motronic 5.2.1 1999Range Rover 1999Discovery Series II

Introduction

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LAND ROVER FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS

LAND ROVER FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The following section will provide an overview and comparison of Land Rover fuel system components in use since 1987. These components will be discussed in the order of Engine Control Module, System Outputs, and System Inputs. Engine Control Module (ECM) 13CU

Used 1987 & 1988 Limited on-board self-diagnostics Adaptive short term fuelling offsets for each bank Volatile fault memory Diagnostics with Land Rover/Lucas Hand-Held Tester or TestBook Mounted under the passenger seat 14CU/14CUX

14CU used 1989, 14CUX used 1990-1995 14CU supports adaptive TPS and ISC EVAP purge control 14CUX has extended memory & supports on-board diagnostics compliant with OBD 1 Volatile fault memory Replaceable PROM chips Mounted under the passenger seat on 1989-1994 Range Rover Classic and 1995 Defender; Right side kick panel 1995 Range Rover Classic and Discovery; Under right side dash 1993 Defender 110 and 1994 Defender 90. Diagnostics via On-board display or with Land Rover/Lucas Hand-Held Tester or TestBook

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GEMS

Used (Range Rover) 1995 to early 1999, (Discovery) 1996- early 1999, (Defender) 1997 Both short term and long term fuelling offsets Ignition timing control integration Engine immobilization OBDII compliant on-board diagnostics Non-Volatile fault memory Replaceable PROM chips Diagnostics with SAE J1962/J1979 compatible tester or TestBook Mounted in engine compartment Bosch Motronic 5.2.1

Used 1999 - present Additional memory, faster processor/data bus refresh speed OBDII compliant on-board diagnostics and additional advanced diagnostic capability Both volatile and non-volatile (LEV) fault memory EEPROM programmable via data link

Diagnostics with SAE J1962/J1979 compatible tester or TestBook

Land Rover Fuel System Components

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FUEL SYSTEM OUTPUTS
Fuel Pump Fuel Return Type Systems -1987 to 1990

1991-1999

Used 1987- early 1999 Integral fuel level sending unit beginning 1991 In-tank with external fuel filter 2.4-2.6 bar (34-37 psi) operating pressure Key off pressure drop from 2.3-2.6 bar (36-38 psi)- less than 0.7 bar (10 psi) in one minute Integral Advanced EVAP sensor from October 1996 Non-Return Type System

Used with Bosch EMS 1999- present Integral fuel pressure regulator 3.5 bar (50.75 psi) operating pressure Integral advanced EVAP sensor 1999-present (Except LEV Phase II vehicles)

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Fuel Filter Return Type Systems

External 1987-1999 Mounted on the chassis, near the passenger-side rear wheel arch. An arrow on the filter body indicates the direction of fuel flow. Worm clamps 1987-1990 O-Ring and Fitting 1991- early 1999 Non-Return Type System

1999- present (Bosch EMS) Integral with fuel pump Coarse gauze filter in swirl pot Fine paper filter around pump inlet

Fuel Pressure Regulator Return Type Systems

Mounted on fuel rail No service adjustments Adjusts pressure relative to intake manifold pressure

Fuel System Outputs

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NON-RETURN TYPE SYSTEM

Mounted on fuel pump No service adjustments Adjusts pressure relative to atmospheric pressure Fuel Injectors 13CU, 14CU

Machined Needle Valve type. Approx. 16W resistance per injector Flow rate = 180-195cc (using gasoline) minimum at 2.5 bar (36 psi) at 20C (68F) 14CUX, GEMS

Moveable Disc and Rod type. 16.2W 0.5W resistance per injector at 20C (68F) Flow rate = 180-195cc (using gasoline) minimum at 2.5 bar (36 psi) at 20C (68F) Motronic 5.2.1

Fixed Disc and Ball-ended pintle type. 14.5W 0.7W resistance per injector at 20C (68F)
NOTE: Injector Testing Note:The preferred method for testing all Land Rover fuel injectors is using the procedure outlined in TIB 19/02/97/NAS. This method checks for nozzle leakage, and also specifies that the fuel pressure drop the injectors. Each injector should be within 13.8

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kpa (2 psi) of all the other injectors when pulsed for 500ms with the test equipment.

Idle Air Control Valve (IACV) 13CU, 14CU, 14CUX

Bipolar stepper motor controlling a screw-mounted tapered valve Active when: Road speed less than 3 mph; Throttle closed; Engine above 50 rpm Air valve open = 0 steps Air valve closed = 180 steps Base idle is controlled through a separate bypass port located in the housing for the throttle butterfly. GEMS

Similar in operation as 13/14CU, 14CUX Air valve open = 200 steps (180 steps for vehicles up to 97MY) Air valve closed = 0 steps Base idle is controlled through a separate bypass port located in the housing for the throttle butterfly. Motronic

Pulse Width Modulated 2-winding motor, controlling a rotary valve within an idle air flow passage No base idle adjustments

Fuel System Outputs

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FUEL SYSTEM INPUTS
Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S) 13CU, 14CU,14CUX

One heated sensor for each bank, located upstream of the catalysts 3-wire resistive titanium sensor element Sensor power supplied from heater element Constant voltage supply to heater elements GEMS

Two heated sensors per bank, one pre-catalyst, one post-catalyst. Post-catalyst sensor used only to monitor catalyst efficiency. 4-wire resistive titanium sensor element 5v supply from ECM Pulse Width Modulated voltage supply to heater elements Motronic

Two heated sensors per bank, one pre-catalyst, one post-catalyst. Post-catalyst sensor used only to monitor catalyst efficiency. 4-wire voltage generating Zirconium sensor element Pulse Width Modulated voltage supply to heater elements Front and Rear sensors are different

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Sensor Operation Notes Resistive Sensors Uses a voltage supply through the sensor element Resistance increases under lean conditions Resistance decreases under rich conditions Voltage Generating Sensors Generates voltage (up to 1.1 v) under rich conditions - high voltage measured at sensor Low or No voltage generated under lean conditions - low voltage measured at sensor Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAFS) 13CU, 14CU, 14CUX

Hot Wire type No additional intake air temperature sensor used GEMS

Hot Wire type Uses additional intake air temperature sensor Motronic

Hot Film type Uses additional intake air temperature sensor

Fuel System Inputs

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Throttle Butterfly 13CU, 14CU, 14CUX, GEMS

Must be perpendicular within the bore Close tolerence between plate and bore- particular attention should be paid to deposit build-ups Coolant-fed pre-heating passage underneath housing/plate area Cable slack is adjustable Linkage and stop screw wear may allow plate to flip backwards slightly in bore Adjustment must be made using a depth gauge 1987 Models have adjustment screw mounted on throttle lever, all others have screw mounted in housing as shown Motronic

No plate adjustment normally needed Cable slack is adjustable Coolant-fed pre-heating passage underneath housing/plate area

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Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) 13CU

Adjustable- ECM DOES NOT adapt Voltage Range 0.29-0.36v throttle closed 4.2-4.8v throttle open

14CU Non-Adjustable- ECM is adaptive Voltage Range 0.085-0.545v throttle closed 4.2-4.9v throttle open 14CUX Non-Adjustable- ECM is adaptive Voltage Range 0.083-0.547v throttle closed 4.7-4.9v throttle open GEMS

Non-Adjustable- ECM is adaptive Voltage Range approx. 0.6v throttle closed approx. 4.5v throttle open

Fuel System Inputs

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Motronic

Non-Adjustable- ECM is adaptive Voltage Range 0.29-0.36v throttle closed 4.2-4.9v throttle open Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor (ECT) 13CU/14CU/14CUX

NTC type sensor Resistance range = approx. 9200W at -10C (-22F) to 175W at 100C (212F). Approx. 300W at 80C (176F). ECM fault default value = 36C (96.8F). Located at the top front of the engine, to the right of the alternator and in front of the plenum chamber. GEMS NTC type sensor Output = Approx. 4.7v at -30C (-22F) to 0.25v at 130C (302F). Approx. 0.7v at 85C (185F) ECM fault default value = dependant on value of air temperature sensor Located at the top front of the engine, to the right of the alternator and in front of the plenum chamber. Motronic NTC type sensor Sensor contains two elements, only one is used on Discovery, on Range Rover one is also used for the instrument temperature gauge. Output = Approx. 4.9v at -50C (-58F) to 0.75v at 130C (266F). Approx. 1.8v at 70C (158F) ECM fault default value = dependant on software map up to 60C (140F), after which

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defaults to 85C (185F) Located at the top front of the engine, to the right of the alternator and in front of the plenum chamber. Engine Fuel Temperature Sensor (EFT) 13CU/14CU/14CUX NTC type sensor Range = 9.1k-W at -10 C (14F) to 150W at 100C (212F). Approx. 1.2 k-W at 40C (104F) Located on the fuel rail forward of the intake housing, between left and right injector banks GEMS

NTC type sensor Range = 23k-W at -30 C (-22F) to 290W at 80C (176F). Approx. 1.1 k-W at 40C (104F) Located on the fuel rail by cylinders 3 and 5 Motronic None used Intake Air Temperature Sensor (IAT) 13CU/14CU/14CUX None used GEMS

NTC type sensor Retards ignition timing above 55C (131F) Range = 23k-W at -30 C (-22F) to 290W at 80C (176F) Located in air cleaner housing 75

Fuel System Inputs

LAND ROVER FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS

Motronic NTC type sensor Range = 4.75v at -40 C (-40F) to .25v at 130C (266F) Default fault value = 45C (113F) Integral with Mass Air Flow Sensor

Knock Sensor 13CU/14CU/14CUX None used GEMS

Two used- mounted on the cylinder block between the two center cylinders of each bank Voltage output increases with severity of knock detected Motronic

Same location and operation as GEMS

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OPEN AND CLOSED LOOP OPERATION
CLOSED LOOP OPERATION During closed loop, or feedback operation, the ECM controls fuel system operation based on information provided by the various vehicle inputs. Because these inputs represent actual operating conditions, the system is most able to meet performance and efficiency targets when operating in closed loop. The primary input during closed loop operation is the oxygen sensor since it indicates the result of the combustion process, regardless of the engine speed and load. The primary output during closed loop operation is the fuel injector timing and duration. All other sensors generally serve to help the ECM trim or anticipate the operation of the engine to meet a particular oxygen sensor value or known tailpipe emission condition. OPEN LOOP OPERATION At times (start-up, full throttle) engine operating requirements may fall outside the bounds of that suggested by the ECM inputs. Some sensors do not operate at peak efficiently until warm. At these times, the ECM substitutes a pre-programmed set of reference inputs that are most likely to produce desired engine operation. This is referred to as open loop operation. The system may also default to open loop operation when component failure provides an input signal outside the range of known parameters recognized by the ECM. The ECM will substitute a signal value that allows the vehicle to continue to operate. The Malfunction Indicator Lamp (CHECK ENGINE) on the instrument panel is illuminated at this time to indicate the failure of an emissions-related component.

Open and Closed Loop Operation

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