[g;ghd;

rpj;uh rptFkhh;

1 #upad; cjpf;Fk; ehL [g;ghd;. epN`hd;> epg;ghd; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

epN`hd; vd;why; #upadpd; xsp vd;W nghUs;. [g;ghdpah;fs;> ngz; #upaf; flTshd mnknjuhR topapy; mth;fs; Nguurh; te;jhh; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;. mjdhNyNa ,e;ehL epN`hd; vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ fpof;F Mrpahtpy; grpgpf; ngUq;flypy; cs;sJ.

2 [g;ghd; ehd;fhapuk; jPTfshy; MdJ. tlf;fpypUe;J njw;F 3000 fpNyh kPl;lh;fs; nfhz;lJ. mjd; mfyk; 402 fpNyh kPl;lh;fs; kl;LNk. mjd; mz;il ehLfs; rPdh> nfhhpah kw;Wk; u\;ah. NkYk;> fpof;fpy; grpgpf; ngUq;fliyf; fle;J mnkhpf;fhTk; fdlhTk; cs;sd. [g;ghdpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; n`hf;ifNlh> \pNfh$> $A+\_. ehd;F nghpa jPTfs; N`hd;\_>

[g;ghd; flw;fiufisAk; kiyfisAk; nfhz;l ehL. %d;wpy; xU gq;F> kiyfNs. ngUk;ghyhd [g;ghdpah;fs; fiufspy; ,Uf;Fk; efuq;fspy;jhd; trpf;fpd;wdh;. N`hd;\_ jPtpy;jhd; nghpa mstpyhd epyg;gFjpahd fhd;Njh gFjp cs;sJ. [g;ghdpd; jiyefuk;> Njhf;fpNah. ,uz;lhtJ nghpa efuk; NahNfh`hkh. kw;w Kf;fpa ngUefuq;fs; Xrfh> fpNahNjh> eNfhah> euh> NfhNg. ,it midj;JNk fhd;Njh epyg;gFjpapy;jhd; cs;sd.

3 [g;ghdpd; jiyefukhd Njhf;fpNah mUNf kpfg; nghpa kiy xd;W cz;L. mij g+[p vd;W miog;gh;. mJ kpfg;ngupa vhpkiy. ,jd; cauk; 3779 kPl;lh;fs;. ,k;kiy 1707 Kiw vhpkiyaha; ntbj;jpUf;fpwjhk;. mjw;Fg; gpwF fle;j 300 Mz;Lfsha; mJ kpfTk; mikjpaha; ,Uf;fpwJ.

g+[p

kiy

gazpfsha; nry;Nthh; Vg;uy;> Nk khjq;fspy; nrd;why; ed;wha;r; ghh;f;fyhk;. Nk khjj;jpd; Kjy; thuk; jq;f thuk; vd;W toq;fg;gLk;.

Rw;wpg;

4 [g;ghd;> epyeLf;fj;jhy; mjpfkha; ghjpf;fg;gLk; ehL. ,j;jifa epyeLf;fq;fs; flypy; Vw;gLk; NghJ Rdhkpg; Nguiyfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa Rdhkp miyfs; [g;ghdpd; fiufisj; njhl;ltz;ze;jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mLj;j mghak; ijG+d; vd;W $wg;gLk; #whtspf;fhw;W. Nfhilf;fhyq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; mJ [g;ghidj; jhf;Fk;. mjw;F rf;jpkpf;f fhw;W vd;W nghUs;. Njhf;fpNah efhpy; 1923,y; Vw;gl;l epy eLf;fk; 140000 kf;fis tpOq;fpaJ. [g;ghdpy; ngUk;ghYk; tPLfs; epyeLf;fj;ij jhq;Fk; tifapy; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. 1995> 2008>; 2011Yk; epyeLf;fq;fs; te;jd.

NfhNg ghyk;

Rdhkp

5 [g;ghdpy; Kjd;Kjypy; irgPhpahitr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; FbNawpdhh;fs; vd;gJ tuyhW. gpwFjhd; rPdh;fSk; nfhhpa ehl;lth;fSk; njd;Nkw;F [g;ghdpy; FbNawp> gpwF tlf;F gf;fkha; efh;e;J> mq;F tho;e;j kf;fSld; fye;jdh;. tlf;Fg; gFjpahd n`hf;ifNlh gFjpapy; ID ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;j kf;fs; tho;e;J te;jdh;. ,th;fs; n[hNkhd; fhyj;jth;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; ID nkhopiag; Ngrpdhh;fs;.

ID ,dj;jth;

mfhd; Vhpapy; ID tpoh

fp. gp. 300 Mk; Mz;by;> ahkhNjh tFg;gpdh; KOg;gyk; ngw;W mjpfhu th;f;fkha; khwpaJ. ,e;j tFg;gpdh;> jhq;fs; #hpaf;flTshd mnknjuhR top te;jth;fs; vdf; $wpf; nfhz;ldh;. mth;fs; jq;fs;; jiytiu Nguurh; vd;Wk; toq;f Muk;gpj;jdh;. ,d;W tiuapYk;> mt;tFg;gpdhpd; jiyf;FLk;gj;jpdh; jhk; [g;ghdpy; mur FLk;gj;jpduha; kjpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wdh;. [g;ghdpaj; jiyefuk; vd n`a;ad; (jw;Nghija fpNahNjh) fp. gp. 794,y; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. G[pthuh> ila;uh> kpdhNkhNlh tFg;gpdhpilNa rz;ilfs; vg;NghJNk ele;Jnfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd. ,Wjpapy; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by;> [g;ghd; N\hFdhf ,Ue;j njhFfth ,NaahR vd;gtuhy;> xd;wha; ,izf;fg;gl;L KO ehlha; khwpaJ.

njhFfth ,NaahR

6 1854 Kjy; [g;ghdpaf; nfhbahf ep\;N\hfp my;yJ `NdhkhU vd;W toq;fg;gLk; nts;is epwg; gpd;dzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; rptg;G tl;lk; Vw;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; rptg;G tl;lk; #upaidf; Fwpf;Fk;.

`NdhkhU

1868 Mk; Mz;L Nguurh; nka;[p jiyikapy; etPd [g;ghd; cUthdJ. Nguurh; nka;[p Ml;rpapd; NghJ [g;ghdpy; gy khw;wq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. 1871y; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; cs;sJ Nghd;W> [g;ghd; ehzakha; nad; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nad; vd;gjw;F tl;lk; vd;gJ nghUs;.

1871 nts;sp 1 nad; ehzak;

,d;iwa nrg;G 10 nad; ehzak;

,Njh `pNuhG+kp vd;gtuhy; 1889 Mk; Mz;by; [g;ghdpa murpay; rl;lk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpag; ghuhSkd;wk; ilal; vd;W toq;;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kd;wj;jpy; gpujpepjpfspd; kd;wKk;; kf;fs; kd;wKk; cz;L.

[g;ghdpag; ghuhSkd;wk; ilal;

7 1941> brk;gh; 7Mk; ehs;> [g;ghd; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; gq;Nfw;wJ. `tha;j; jPtpy; ,Ue;j mnkhpf;ff; fg;gy; gilj;jskhd Kj;Jj; JiwKfj;jpd;; (Ngh;y; `hh;gh;) Nky; Fz;L tPrpj; jd; gyj;ijf; fhl;baJ.

%d;wiu tUlq;fs; grpg;gpf; fly; gFjpapy; njhlh;e;J Nghuhl;lk; ele;jJ. Fz;L tPrg;gl;l [g;ghdpYs;s gy Kf;fpa efuq;fs; neUg;gpy; fUfpd. Mf];l; khjk; 6Mk; Njjp `pNuh\pkh Nky; ypl;by; gha;; vd;w Fz;L tPrg;gl;L ,yl;rf; fzf;fhNdhh; khz;ldh;. mnkhpf;fh> NkYk; %d;W jpdq;fspy; ehfrhfp efhpd; Nky; Ngl; Nkd; vd;w Fz;il tPrp [g;ghdpah;fis epiyFiya itj;jdh;.

8 [g;ghdpd; Kf;fpa kjq;fs; \pd;Nlh kjKk; Gj;j kjKk; MFk;. \pd;Nlh vd;why; flTsh;fspd; top vd;gJ nghUs;. ,k;kjk; [g;ghdpy; kl;LNk gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. [g;ghdpy; gy ,lq;fspy; \pd;Nlh Myaq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpd;; Eiothapypy; ,Uf;Fk; Njhhp vd;w fjT kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkhdJ. \pd;Nlh kjk;> ,aw;ifiag; Gdpjkha;f; fUJk; kjk;.

Njhhp

mLj;j Kf;fpa kjk;> Gj;j kjk;. Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,k;kjk; [g;ghdpa muritapy; [Link]. 552 Mk;

,U [g;ghdpah;fs; re;jpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ glj;jpy; cs;sthW cliy tisj;J tzf;fk; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;tu;.

gzpthd tzf;fk;

10

10 [g;ghdpa nkhopapy; vOj;Jfs; cs;sd. fhQ;rp> `puhfhdh> Ghpfhdh> fjhfhdh> Nuhkh[p

rPd vOj;Jfs; fhQ;rp vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld. mit rPd nkhopapypUe;J te;j nrhw;fisAk;> xj;j nghUisf; nfhz;l [g;ghdpa nkhopr; nrhw;fisAk; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fhQ;rp vOj;Jfs; vOJtNj jdpf; fiyahFk;. rpy vOj;Jfis vOj 23 NfhLfs;tiu Nghl Ntz;Lk;.

rpy fhQ;rp vOj;Jfs;

Nu

rpy `puhfhdh vOj;Jfs;

my;yJ

rpy Ghpfhdh vOj;Jfs;

ntspehl;Lr; nrhw;fis vOJk; NghJ> mit fld; thq;fg;gl;l nrhw;fs; vd;gijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy;> fjhfhdh vd;w vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;L vOJth;.

rpy fjhfhdh vOj;Jfs;

12

11

[g;ghdpah;fspd; mzpth;. ngz;fspd; cah;e;jJ.

ghuk;ghpa

cil

fpNkhNdh. gl;bdhy;

,ijg;

ngz;fSk;

Mz;fSk; tpiy

fpNkhNdh

kpfTk;

rpwe;j

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

kpfTk;

Mz;fspd; cil rw;Nw vspikahdJ.

,ij Nahfj;jh vd;Wk; $Wth;.

tpohf;fspd; NghJk;> jpUkzq;fspd; NghJk; [g;ghdpah;fs; ,j;jifa cilia mzpe;J kfpo;fpd;wdh;.

13

12 [dthp 1 Gj;jhz;L nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;.

jpdk;.

%d;W

ehl;fs;

tpLKiwNahL

,ijf;

mLj;jjha; khh;r; khjk; %d;whk; Njjp rpWkpah;f;fhd tpoh. md;W rpWkpah; mofpa [g;ghdpa cilahd fpNkhNdhf;fis mzpe;J kfpo;th;. mth;fSf;F nghpath;fs; mofhd nghk;ikfisg; ghprha;j; jUth;.

mLj;jjha; tUtJ> Nk khjk; Ie;jhk; ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; Foe;ijfs; jpdk;. mJ nfhNjhNkh-Ndh-`P vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. ,ijr; rpWth;fs; jpdk; vd;Wk; $wyhk;. ,e;j tpoh> rpWth;fSf;F ey;y cly; eyKk;> ijhpaKk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;bf;nfhs;s nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. md;iwa jpdk; Jzpfshy; my;yJ fhfpjq;fshy; Md kPd;fisj; jq;fs; tPLfspd; Kd;dhy; %q;fpy; jl;bapy; fl;bj; njhq;ftpLthh;fs;. md;iwa jpdk; rpWth;fs; jq;fs; ngw;Nwhhplk; jq;fSf;F Ntz;baijf; Nfl;L thq;fpf;nfhs;th;. [{iy 17Mk; Njjpad;W fpahd; kl;Rhp tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. efhpy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. ,J fpNahNjh

14

,t;tpjg; gy;yf;F Ch;jpfs; mofha; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;L> ,irf;fUtpfs; Koq;f> njU KOtJk; Nfhyhfykha; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk;.

Mf];L khjj;jpy; ghd; tpohitf; nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;. G+kpf;Fj; jpUk;Gk; MtpfSf;fha; kf;fs; G+i[fisAk; Neh;j;jpf;fld;fisAk; nra;J jq;fs; Kd;Ndhh;fis kfpo;tpf;f Kay;fpd;wdh;. vy;NyhUk; Nrh;e;J eldk; Mb kfpo;th;. tUlj;jpy; khh;r;R Vg;uy; Mfpa khjq;fspy; xU thuk; kl;LNk G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk; rFuh vd;W toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;j xU thufhyk; kf;fs;> rFuh kuq;fspd;fPo; mkh;e;J `dhkp vd;w tpohitf; nfhz;lhLth;. `dhkp vd;why; G+f;fisg; ghh;j;jy; vd;W nghUs;.

15

13 [g;ghdpah;fspd; Kf;fpa czT> mhprp. mth;fsJ fhiy czT ngUk;ghYk; kpNrh urk;> rhjk;> Kl;il> fha;e;j kPd;> fha;fwp CWfha;> [g;ghdpag; gr;ir B Mfpadthk;. mth;fs; czT kpfTk; RfhjhukhdJ. fha;fwpfisAk; khkprj;ijAk; kPd;fisAk; fly; jiofisAk; rk mstpy; cz;gjhy; mth;fspd; czT clYf;F tYitr; Nrh;f;ff; $bajha; cs;sJ. mth;fs; ePz;l MANshL tho ,JNt Kf;fpa fhuzKk; MfpwJ.

#\p

,uT czT KOikahd czthFk;. gy tifahd czT tiffs; ghpkhwg;gLk;. Kg;gJ tiffs;tiu ghpkhwg;gLk;. Rrpkp> ntl;lg;gl;l gr;ir kPd;> fly; jiofs;> NjhG+> njk;G+uh> ed;F thl;lg;gl;l fly; czT> fha;fwpfs; vd mit gy tifg;gLk;.

Rrpkp

njk;G+uh

mth;fs; khkprj;ijtplTk; cz;fpd;wdh;.

%d;W

klq;F

mjpfkha;

fly;tho;

czTfis

16

14 mth;fs; czT Nkir ehk; gad;gLk; Nkir Nghyd;wp cauk; Fiwthdjha; ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs; jiuapy; kz;bapl;L mkh;e;Jnfhz;L cz;gh;.

cztpid rhg;];bf; vd;W $wg;gLk; ,U Fr;rpfisf;nfhz;Nl cz;gh;.

rhg;];bf;

rhg;];bf; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw

17

15 [g;ghdpa Nkil epfo;r;rpfs;; Neh> Gd;uhf;F> fG+fp. kpfg;goikahd Neh vd;Dk; fiy> Nkil ehlf tbtk; nfhz;lJ. ,J \pd;Nlh kjk; kw;Wk; Gj;j kjf; nfhs;iffisg; gug;Gk; tifapy; ePjp Nghjpf;Fk; fijfisf; nfhz;lJ.

Gd;uhf;F 1684,y; Xrfhitr; Nrh;e;j ngw;wJ.

Xrfhtpy; cNaNkU

nghk;kyhl;l tbtkha;j; Njhd;wpaJ. Gd;uhf;fd; vd;gthpd; ngah; nfhz;L

gpwF gpurpj;jp

,J ,irAlDk; fijAlDk; nra;ag;gLk; nghk;kyhl;lkhFk;.

fG+fp <Nlh fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugykha; ,Ue;j xd;W. eldKk; vd;gJ nghUs;.

fG+fp vd;gjw;F ghl;Lk;

18

Nghd;rha; kuq;fis tsh;g;gJ ,d;ndhU [g;ghdpaf;fiy. kpfTk; FWfpa ,lj;jpy; ngupa kuq;fis Fl;il kuq;fsha; tsh;g;gij Nghd;rha; vd;gh;.

[g;ghdpa B rlq;F epfo;r;rp Gdpjkhdjhf fUjg;gLk; fiy rNdhA+ vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Gj;j kjj;jpduhy; Njhw;wtpf;fg;gl;l rlq;F.

19

[g;ghdpa ,irf;fUtpfSk; rw;Nw tpj;jpahrkhdit. gjpd;%d;W je;jpfisf; nfhz;lJ> nfNjh. %d;W je;jpfisf; nfhz;l \kpnrd; vd;gJ fplhh; tifiar; rhh;e;jJ.

nfNjh

20

16 [g;ghdpa tPL xU nghpa miwahff; fl;lg;gl;Lk;. jLg;Gfis mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. mjpy; mtuth; Njitf;Nfw;gj;

,e;jj; jLg;Gfs; ,Utifg;gLk;. xd;W kpfTk; nky;ypa xsp frpAk; fhfpjj;jhy; MdJ. ,jw;F Nrh[p vd;W ngah;. kw;wJ> kpfTk; jbkdhd xsp Gfhj fhfpjj;jhy; MdJ. ,jw;F xrhkh vd;W ngah;.

[g;ghdpa tPl;bd; cs; mikg;G

tPl;bd; jiuapy; gha; tpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jw;F jjhkp vd;W ngah;. ,J jbkdhd itf;Nfhy; gha;. xt;nthU tPl;bYk; cs;s ,jd; msT NtWgLk;. tPl;bd; msit jjhkp gha;f; fzf;fpy;jhd; $Wth;. jjhkp vd;why; kbg;G vd;W nghUs;. [g;ghdpah;fs; fl;by;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. mth;fs; GNjhd; vd;Dk; nkj;ijiaAk; fk;gsj;ijAk; jjhkp ghapy; ,l;L cwq;Fth;.

GNjhd;

21

17 Rj;jkha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; [g;ghdpah;fs; Fspf;fpwhh;fs;. vd;gjw;fhf kl;Lkpd;wp Xa;T ngWtjw;fhfTk;

mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ,utpNyjhd; Fspg;ghh;fs;. mth;;fs; tPl;by; Fspf;Fk; NghJ> Neubaha; ePu; ,Uf;Fk; njhl;bapy; ,wq;fptpl khl;lhh;fs;. njhl;bapy; ,wq;Fk; Kd;dh; njhl;bf;F mUNf itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ghj;jpuj;ijf;nfhz;L ePiu vLj;J me;j ,lj;jpy;> cly; KOtjpYk;; ePiu Cw;wpr; Rj;jk; nra;th;;. gpwFjhd; ePupy; ,wq;fp Xa;ntLg;gh;;. gpwF> Nrhg;Gg; Nghl;Lf; Fspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why;> ntspNa te;J Fspj;Jtpl;L rpwpjsTk; Nrhg;G ,y;yhky; cliyr; Rj;jk; nra;Jtpl;Lg; gpwFjhd; kWgbAk; ePupy; ,wq;Fth;;. njhl;bapy; cs;s ePiuj;jhd; tPl;by; cs;s midtUk; Xa;T vLf;fg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gjhy; me;j ePu; Rj;jkha; ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;th;;.

22

18 \pd;fhd;nrd; vd;gjw;F Gjpa ,uapy; ghij vd;W nghUs;. ,e;j ,uapy; 1964,y; Njhf;fpNah xypk;gpff;fpd; NghJ> kzpf;F 210 fp. kP. Ntfj;jpy; Xlj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jd; XLk; Ntfj;ijf;nfhz;L ,ijg; Gy;yl; ,uapy; vd;Wk; $Wth;. jw;NghJ kzpf;F 300 fp. kP. Ntfj;jpy; Xbf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

\pd;fhd;nrd; ,d;WtiuapYk; Neuk; jtwhky; Xbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,uapy; ,J. ve;jnthU tpgj;Jk; ,y;yhky; njhlh;e;J Xbf;nfhz;bUg;gJ kfj;jhd tp\ak;. Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; fpsk;gpf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;ij mila ty;yJ. epy eLf;f mwpFwpfs; Vw;gLk; NghJ> jhdhfNt epd;WtpLk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.

23

19 [g;ghdpy; ,lg;gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; mjpf tpiythrpapd; fhuzkha; jq;Fk; $Lfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Kjd; Kjypy; Xrfhitr; Nrh;e;j fpN\h FNuhfth vd;gth; 1979,y; ,j;jifa jq;Fk; $Lfis Xrfhtpy; Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,e;jf; $L Xh; Ms; kl;LNk J}q;fp voj; Njitahd mstpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

$L

$L tpLjp

mjDs;Ns gw;gy trjpfs; cz;L. njhiyf;fhl;rp> njhiyNgrp> kpd; tpsf;F> ,iza ,izg;G Mfpa midj;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;.

24

20 [g;ghdpah;fspd; jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j ftpij Kiw i`$ MFk;. ,it %d;W thpfisf; nfhz;lit. Kjy; thp 5> ,uz;lhk; thp 7> %d;whk; thp 5 vd thh;j;ijfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

25

21 [g;ghdpy; thfd epWtdq;fshd nlhNahlh> N`hz;lh> RRfp> k];jh> eprhd; Mfpait cyfj;juk; tha;e;j thfdq;fisr; nra;J Ftpf;fpd;wd.

N`hz;lh Vw;Wkjpfhf epw;Fk; thfdq;fs;

Ngdhrhdpf;> Nfdhd;> Nrhdp> `plhrp> Njh\pgh> k];lh Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; jpdnkhU GJikiaf; GFj;jpg; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jpr; nra;J tUtij ehk; fz;$lha;f; fhzyhk;. jq;fk;> nts;sp> epyf;fhp Mfpa ,aw;if tsq;fisf; nfhz;l ehL> [g;ghd;. njhopw;rhiyf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUs;fs; ngUk;ghyhdit ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. njhopw;rhiyapy; midj;Jg; nghUs;fSNk NuhNgh vdg;gLk; ,ae;jpuf; iffshNyNa nra;ag;gl;LtpLfpd;wd.

NuhNgh iffisf;nfhz;L kl;LNk fhh;fis jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyia ,q;Nf fhzyhk;.

jtpuTk; [g;ghdpy; tptrhak;> tdk;> kPd; gpbj; njhopy; njhopy;fshFk;.

Mfpad kpfKf;fpa

26

22 Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;Fk; tpisahl;L> mnkhpf;fh;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ng];ghy; vd;Dk; ge;J tpisahl;lhFk;. jw;fhg;Gf; fiyfshd [_Nlh> nfd;Njh> RNkh Mfpad [g;ghdpy; ghuk;ghpa tPu tpisahl;Lfs;. [_Nlh vd;gJ gz;ghd top vd;W nghUs;gLk; rz;ilg; Nghl;b. epjhdkha;r; nra;ag;gLk; Nghl;b ,J. kpfTk;

Ng];ghy;

[_Nlh

nfd;Njh gapw;rp> ths; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLtJ. nfd;Njh vd;gjw;F ths; top vd;Dk; nghUs;. Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUk; Nghlf; $ba rz;ilg; gapw;rp. rKuha; fhyq;fspy; cz;ikahd $hpa ths; nfhz;L nra;ag;gl;l ,e;jr; rz;il jw;fhyj;jpy; %q;fpyhy; nra;ag;gl;l fj;jpiaf;nfhz;L Nghlg;gLfpwJ.

nfd;Njh RNkh> ,e;jpahtpd; F];jpr;rz;il Nghd;wNj. ,J rpy nehbfNs ePbf;Fk; rz;ilg;Nghl;b. tl;l tbtkhd gFjpapy; ,g;Nghl;b eilngWk;;.

RNkh

27

23 Njhf;fpNah> fpNahNjh> `pNk[p> `pNuh\pkh> Xrfh> eNfhah Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;> kw;Wk; gy efuq;fspYk; muz;kidfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Njhf;fpNah uh[Pa muz;kid

`pNk[p muz;kid

`khkl;R muz;kid

eNfhah muz;kid

28

24 [g;ghdpy; \pd;Nlh Myaq;fs; > Gj;j Myaq;fs; gy ,lq;fspy; cs;sd.

fpNahNjh fpd;fhF[p jq;ff;$iuNahL $ba Vhpf;F kpf mike;Js;sJ. .

Myak; Myak;. mUfpy;

fpd;fhF[p Myak; - fpNahNjh

euh efuj;J Njhlha;[p vd;Dk; Myak; Gj;jh; MyajhFk;. [g;ghdpy; cs;s Myaq;fSf;Fs; kpfg; nghpa Gj;jh; rpiy cs;s Myak; ,J jhd;.

Njhlha;[p Myak; - euh

kpfg;nghpa Gj;jh; rpiy

Njhf;fpNahtpypUe;J 50 [Link]. njhiytpy;> NahNfhfhkhtpy;> ntl;l ntspapy; cl;fhh;e;j epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; kpfg;nghpa ntq;fyj;jpdhyhd fk;kf;Fuh Gj;jh; rpiy mike;Js;sJ. Gj;jh; rpiy kl;Lk; Rdhkpf;Fj; jg;gp ,d;Wk; ghh;f;Fk; tz;zk; cah;e;Njhq;fp epw;fpd;wJ.

fk;kf;Fuh Gj;jh; rpiy

29

25 Njhf;fpNah efhpy; Fwpg;gpLk;gbahd ,lq;fs;. kpd;nghUs; tpw;fg;gLk; filfs; mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk; mfp`ghuh. nghpa nghpa mq;fhbfisAk; cztfq;fisAk; nfhz;l fpd;rh. ,isa jiyKiwapdhpd; ehfhpf jykha;f; fUjg;gLk; mrFrh.

30

26 Foe;ijfisAk; nghpath;fisAk; xUNru ftuf;$ba ,lk; Njhf;fpNah b];dp yhz;l;.

31

27
`pNuh\pkhtpy; mZFz;bd; nfh^uj;ijf; fhl;Lk; tz;zk; mikjpg; G+q;fh mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mikjpr; rpd;dk;

mZFz;Ltpd; fl;llk;

moptpypUe;J

jg;gpa

mZFz;L tpOe;jTlNd fUfhky; jg;gpa kf;fs; jhfj;NjhL ePh; Fbf;f ,wq;fp> Fbf;f Kbahky; khz;l ejpf;fiuNahuj;jpy; mikjpr; rpd;dk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mZFz;lhy; Neh;e;j mopTfis tpthpf;Fk; mUq;fhl;rpafk; xd;W cs;sJ. mZFz;btpd; moptpypUe;J miuFiwahfj; jg;gpa fl;llk; xd;W cs;sJ. ,itnay;yhk; ekf;F Mapuk; fijfisr; nrhy;Yk;.

32