useful formulas selected Laplace transform pairs

name formula x(t) X(s) ROC

Z
Euler’s formula ej θ = cos(θ) + j sin(θ)
x(t) x(t) e−st dt (def.)
jθ −jθ
e +e
. . . for cosine cos(θ) = δ(t) 1 all s
2
ejθ − e−jθ 1
. . . for sine sin(θ) = u(t) Re(s) > 0
2j s
1
sinc function sinc(θ) :=
sin(π θ) e−a t u(t) Re(s) > −a
πθ s+a
s
cos(ωo t) u(t) Re(s) > 0
s2 + ωo2
ωo
formulas for continuous-time LTI signals and systems sin(ωo t) u(t) Re(s) > 0
s2 + ωo2
s+a
name formula e−a t cos(ωo t) u(t) Re(s) > −a
(s + a)2 + ωo2
Z
ωo
area under impulse δ(t) dt = 1 e−a t sin(ωo t) u(t) Re(s) > −a
(s + a)2 + ωo2
multiplication by impulse f (t) δ(t) = f (0) δ(t)
Note: a is assumed real.
. . . by shifted impulse f (t) δ(t − to ) = f (to ) δ(t − to )
Z
convolution f (t) ∗ g(t) = f (τ ) g(t − τ ) dτ
Laplace transform properties

. . . with an impulse f (t) ∗ δ(t) = f (t)

x(t) X(s)
. . . with a shifted impulse f (t) ∗ δ(t − to ) = f (t − to )
a x(t) + b g(t) a X(s) + b G(s)
Z
transfer function H(s) = h(t) e−st dt x(t) ∗ g(t) X(s) G(s)
Z
dx(t)
frequency response H f (ω) = h(t) e−jωt dt s X(s)
dt

. . . their connection H f (ω) = H(jω) x(t − to ) e−s to X(s)

provided jω-axis ⊂ ROC
selected Fourier transform pairs Fourier transform properties

x(t) X f (ω) x(t) X f (ω)

Z
x(t) x(t) e−jωt dt (def.) a x(t) + b g(t) a X f (ω) + b Gf (ω)

1 “ω”
Z x(a t) X
1 f jωt f |a| a
X (ω) e dω X (ω)
2π
x(t) ∗ g(t) X f (ω) Gf (ω)
δ(t) 1
1
1 2 π δ(ω) x(t) g(t) X f (ω) ∗ Gf (ω)
2π

u(t) π δ(ω) +
1 x(t − to ) e−jto ω X(ω)
jω
x(t) ejωo t X(ω − ωo )
ejωo t 2 π δ(ω − ωo )
x(t) cos(ωo t) 0.5 X(ω + ωo ) + 0.5 X(ω − ωo )
cos(ωo t) π δ(ω + ωo ) + π δ(ω − ωo )
x(t) sin(ωo t) j 0.5 X(ω + ωo ) − j 0.5 X(ω − ωo )
sin(ωo t) j π δ(ω + ωo ) − j π δ(ω − ωo )
“ω ” dx(t)
ωo o j ω X f (ω)
sinc t ideal LPF dt
π π
cut-off frequency ωo
„ «
2 T
symmetric pulse sin ω
ω 2
width T , height 1

impulse train impulse train

2π
period T , height 1 period, height ωo =
T