Chemistry Data Booklet

Higher and Advanced Higher

For use in National Qualification Courses

leading to the 2008 examinations and beyond.

Published date: January 2008

Publication code: BB4274
ISBN: 978 1 85969 667 5

Published by the Scottish Qualifications Authority

The Optima Building, 58 Robertson Street, Glasgow G2 8DQ
Ironmills Road, Dalkeith, Midlothian EH22 1LE

www.sqa.org.uk

The information in this publication may be reproduced in support of SQA

qualifications. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as
the source. If it is to be used for any other purpose, then written permission
must be obtained from the Publishing Team at SQA . It must not be
reproduced for trade or commercial purposes.
© Scottish Qualifications A uthority 2008
For an up-to-date list of prices visit the Publication Sales and Downloads section of SQA’s
website.
This document can be produced, on request, in alternative formats, including large type, braille
and numerous community languages.
For further details telephone SQA’s Customer Contact Centre on 0845 279 1000.
 Contents

Relative Atomic Masses of Selected Elements ………………………………………1

Electron Arrangements of Elements …………………………………………………2
Densities of Selected Elements ………………………………………………………3
Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Elements ……………………………………4
Covalent Radii of Selected Elements …………………………………………………5
Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Oxides, Chlorides and Organic Compounds…6
Solubilities of Selected Compounds in Water …………………………………………7
Formulae of Selected Ions Containing More Than One Kind of Atom ………………7
Radioactive Decay Series ……………………………………………………………8
Enthalpies of Formation and Combustion of Selected Substances ……………………9
Selected Bond and Mean Bond Enthalpies ……………………………………………9
Enthalpy of Sublimation of Carbon……………………………………………………9
Ionisation Energies and Electronegativities of Selected Elements …………………10
Electrochemical Series: Standard Reduction Potentials ……………………………11
Electrolysis of Water…………………………………………………………………11
Dissociation Constants of Selected Species …………………………………………12
Infra-red Correlation Table …………………………………………………………13
Spectral Lines and Flame Colours……………………………………………………14
Proton NMR Spectra Correlation Chart ……………………………………………15
Ionic Radii of Selected Ions …………………………………………………………16
Standard Entropy Values for Selected Substances …………………………………16
Standard Molar Enthalpies of Atomisation of Selected Elements …………………17
Lattice Enthalpies of Selected Compounds …………………………………………17
Electron Affinities of Selected Elements ……………………………………………18
Hydration Enthalpies of Selected Ions ………………………………………………18
Systeme Internationale (SI) Units ……………………………………………………19
Physical Constants ……………………………………………………………………19
Properties of Water …………………………………………………………………19
SI Prefixes and Multiplication Factors ………………………………………………19
Conversion Factors …………………………………………………………………19
Relative Atomic Masses of Selected Elements

Element Symbol Relative Element Symbol Relative

atomic atomic
mass mass
Aluminium Al 27·0 Molybdenum Mo 95·9
Antimony Sb 121·8 Neon Ne 20·2
Argon Ar 40·0 Nickel Ni 58·7
Arsenic As 74·9 Niobium Nb 92·9
Barium Ba 137·3 Nitrogen N 14·0
Beryllium Be 9·0 Osmium Os 190·2
Bismuth Bi 209·0 Oxygen O 16·0
Boron B 10·8 Palladium Pd 106·4
Bromine Br 79·9 Phosphorus P 31·0
Cadmium Cd 112·4 Platinum Pt 195·1
Calcium Ca 40·0 Potassium K 39·1
Carbon C 12·0 Rhenium Re 186·2
Cerium Ce 140·1 Rhodium Rh 102·9
Caesium Cs 132·9 Rubidium Rb 85·5
Chlorine Cl 35·5 Ruthenium Ru 101·1
Chromium Cr 52·0 Scandium Sc 45·0
Cobalt Co 58·9 Selenium Se 79·0
Copper Cu 63·5 Silicon Si 28·1
Fluorine F 19·0 Silver Ag 107·9
Gallium Ga 69·7 Sodium Na 23·0
Germanium Ge 72·6 Strontium Sr 87·6
Gold Au 197·0 Sulphur S 32·1
Hafnium Hf 178·5 Tantalum Ta 181·0
Helium He 4·0 Tellurium Te 127·6
Hydrogen H 1·0 Thallium Tl 204·4
Indium In 114·8 Thorium Th 232·0
Iodine I 126·9 Tin Sn 118·7
Iridium Ir 192·2 Titanium Ti 47·9
Iron Fe 55·8 Tungsten W 183·9
Krypton Kr 83·8 Uranium U 238·0
Lead Pb 207·2 Vanadium V 51·0
Lithium Li 6·9 Xenon Xe 131·3
Magnesium Mg 24·3 Zinc Zn 65·4
Manganese Mn 54·9 Zirconium Zr 91·2
Mercury Hg 200·6

1
 Electron Arrangements of Elements
Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
(1) (18)

1
Key 2
H Atomic number He
1 Symbol 2
Hydrogen (2) Electron arrangement (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) Helium

3 4 Name 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7 2, 8
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Transition Elements Al Si P S Cl Ar
2, 8, 1 2, 8, 2 2, 8, 3 2, 8, 4 2, 8, 5 2, 8, 6 2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
2, 8, 8, 1 2, 8, 8, 2
2, 8, 9, 2 2, 8, 10, 2 2, 8, 11, 2 2, 8, 13, 1 2, 8, 13, 2 2, 8, 14, 2 2, 8, 15, 2 2, 8, 16, 2 2, 8, 18, 1 2, 8, 18, 2 2, 8, 18, 3 2, 8, 18, 4 2, 8, 18, 5 2, 8, 18, 6 2, 8, 18, 7 2, 8, 18, 8
Potassium Calcium

2
Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
2, 8, 18, 8, 1 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 2, 8, 18, 13, 2 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 2, 8, 18, 18, 0 2, 8, 18, 18, 1 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 2, 8, 18, 18, 8
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimomy Tellurium Iodine Xenon

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
2, 8, 18, 18, 2, 8, 18, 18, 2, 8, 18, 18, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32,
8, 1 8, 2 9, 2 10, 2 11, 2 12, 2 13, 2 14, 2 15, 2 17, 1 18, 1 18, 2 18, 3 18, 4 18, 5 18, 6 18, 7 18, 8
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32,
18, 8, 1 18, 8, 2 18, 9, 2 32, 10, 2 32, 11, 2 32, 12, 2 32, 13, 2 32, 14, 2 32, 15, 2
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Lanthanides 2, 8, 18, 18, 2, 8, 18, 20, 2, 8, 18, 21, 2, 8, 18, 22, 2, 8, 18, 23, 2, 8, 18, 24, 2, 8, 18, 25, 2, 8, 18, 25, 2, 8, 18, 27, 2, 8, 18, 28, 2, 8, 18, 29, 2, 8, 18, 30, 2, 8, 18, 31, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32,
9, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 9, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 9, 2
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Actinides 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32,
18, 9, 2 18,10, 2 20, 9, 2 21, 9, 2 22, 9, 2 24, 8, 2 25, 8, 2 25, 9, 2 27, 8, 2 28, 8, 2 29, 8, 2 30, 8, 2 31, 8, 2 32, 8, 2 32, 9, 2
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
 Densities of Selected Elements
Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

1 Key 2

Hydrogen Atomic number Helium

0-00009 Name of element 0.0002
–3
Density/g cm
3 4 measured at s.t.p. 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

0.53 1.85 2.34 * 0.0013 0.0014 0.0017 0.0009

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon

0.97 1.74 2.70 2.33 1.82 2.07 0.0032 0.0018

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
0.86 1.54 2.99 4.50 5.96 7.20 7.20 7.86 8.90 8.90 8.92 7.14 5.90 5.35 5.73 4.81 3.12 0.0037

3
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
1.53 2.60 4.47 6.52 8.57 10.2 11.5 12.3 12.4 12.0 10.5 8.64 7.31 7.28 6.68 6.25 4.93 0.0059

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

1.93 3.51 6.15 13.3 16.6 19.4 20.5 22.5 22.4 21.5 19.3 13.6 11.8 11.3 9.80 9.4 – 0.0097

–3
*The density of carbon as graphite is 2.25 g cm .
The density of carbon as diamond is 3.51 g cm–3.
 Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Elements
Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

1 Key 2

Hydrogen Atomic number Helium

–259 Name of element –*272
–253 Melting point/°C –269

3 4 Boiling Point/°C 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

181 1278 2300 †3642 –210 –218 –220 –249
1342 2471 4000 –196 –183 –188 –246

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon

98 649 660 1410 44 113 –101 –189
883 1090 2467 2355 280 445 –35 –186

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
64 842 1541 1660 1890 1857 1244 1535 1495 1453 1083 420 30 937 *817 217 –7 –157

4
759 1484 2831 3287 3380 2672 1962 2750 2927 2913 2567 907 2403 2830 †613 685 59 –152

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
39 769 1522 1852 2477 2623 2157 2310 1966 1552 962 321 157 232 631 452 114 –112
688 1384 3338 4377 4742 4639 4265 3900 3695 2963 2212 765 2080 2602 1750 988 184 –107

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
28 725 921 2227 2996 3410 3180 3033 2410 1772 1064 –39 304 328 271 254 302 –71
671 1640 3457 4602 5425 5660 5627 5012 4130 3827 2856 357 1457 1749 1560 962 –62

* not at standard pressure

† Sublimes.
 Covalent Radii of Selected Elements
Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 Key
Hydrogen
Atomic number
37
Name of element
Covalent radius/pm
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine

134 129 90 77 75 73 71

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine

154 145 130 117 110 102 99

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine
196 174 141 132 122 119 116 114 114 113 118 120 120 122 121 117 114

5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine
216 191 162 147 133 127 – 122 122 126 136 140 150 140 143 135 133

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85

Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine

235 198 169 142 133 131 128 126 124 127 130 141 157 155 151 – 140
 Melting and Boiling Points Melting and Boiling Points
of Selected Oxides of Selected Chlorides

Element Formula mp/°C bp/°C Element Formula mp/°C bp/°C

of oxide of chloride

hydrogen H2O 0 100 lithium LiCl 605 1350

lithium Li2O sublimes at 1200 beryllium BeCl2 405 520
beryllium BeO 2530 3900 boron BCl3 –107 12·5
boron B2O3 450 1860 carbon CCl4 –23 76·8
carbon CO2 sublimes at –78·5 nitrogen NCl3 –40 71
nitrogen N2O4 -9 21 fluorine FCl –154 –101
fluorine F2O –224 –145 sodium NaCl 801 1413
sodium Na2O sublimes at 1275 magnesium MgCl2 714 1412
magnesium MgO 2852 3600 aluminium Al2Cl6 sublimes at 178
aluminium Al2O3 2072 2980 silicon SiCl4 –70 57·6
silicon SiO2 1610 2230 phosphorus PCl3 –112 75·5
phosphorus P4O10 sublimes at 300 sulphur SCl2 –78 decomposes at 59
sulphur SO2 –72·7 –10 potassium KCl 770 1680
chlorine Cl2O –20 decomposes at 4 calcium CaCl2 782 >1600
potassium K2O decomposes at 350
calcium CaO 2614 2850

Melting and Boiling Points of Selected Organic Compounds

Name of compound mp/°C bp/°C Name of compound mp/°C bp/°C

methane –182·5 –164 methanol –94 65
ethane –183 –89 ethanol –117 79
propane –190 –42 propan-1-ol –127 97
butane –138 –1 propan-2-ol –90 82
pentane –130 36 butan-1-ol –90 117
hexane –95 69 butan-2-ol –100 100
heptane –91 98 methanal –92 –21
octane –57 126 ethanal –121 21
cyclobutane –50 12 propanal –81 49
cyclopentane –94 49 butanal –99 76
cyclohexane 7 81 propanone –95 56
ethene –169 –104 butanone –86 80
propene –185 –47 methanoic acid 8 101
but-1-ene –185 –6 ethanoic acid 17 118
pent-1-ene –138 30 propanoic acid –21 141
hex-1-ene –140 63 butanoic acid –4 164
benzene 6 80 methoxyethane –113 7
ethoxyethane –116 34·5

6
Solubilities of Selected Compounds in Water
The table shows how some compounds behave in cold water
–1
vs means very soluble (a solubility greater than 10 g l )
–1
s means soluble (a solubility of between 1 and 10 g l )
–1
i means insoluble (a solubility of less than 1 g l )
– no data

bromide carbonate chloride iodide nitrate phosphate sulphate oxide hydroxide

aluminium vs i vs vs vs i vs i i

ammonium vs vs vs vs vs vs vs – –

barium vs i vs vs vs i i vs vs

calcium vs i vs vs vs i s s s

copper(II) vs i vs – vs i vs i i

iron(II) vs i vs vs vs i vs i i

iron(III) vs – vs – vs i vs i i

lead(II) s i s i vs i i i i

lithium vs vs vs vs vs i vs vs vs

magnesium vs i vs vs vs i vs i i

nickel vs i vs vs vs i vs i i

potassium vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs

silver i i i i vs i s i –

sodium vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs

tin(II) vs i vs s – i vs i i

zinc vs i vs vs vs i vs i i

Note: Some of the compounds in the table hydrolyse significantly in water.

Formulae of Selected Ions Containing More Than One Kind of Atom

one positive one negative two negative three negative
Ion Formula Ion Formula Ion Formula Ion Formula
–
ammonium NH4+ ethanoate CH3COO carbonate CO32– phosphate PO43–
–
hydrogencarbonate HCO3 chromate CrO42–
–
hydrogensulphate HSO4 dichromate Cr2O72–
–
hydrogensulphite HSO3 sulphate SO42–
–
hydroxide OH sulphite SO32–
–
nitrate NO3 thiosulphate S2O32–
–
permanganate MnO4

7
Radioactive Decay Series
Note: In both tables γ emissions have been omitted.

Table 1 (Plutonium-Uranium)

Element Symbol Mass Number Atomic Number Type of Radiation Half-life Period
plutonium Pu 242 94 α 3·79 x 105 years
uranium U 238 92 α 4·51 x 109 years
thorium Th 234 90 β 24·1 days
protactinium Pa 234 91 β 6·75 hours
uranium U 234 92 α 2·47 x 105 years
thorium Th 230 90 α 8·0 x 104 years
radium Ra 226 88 α 1·62 x 103 years
radon Rn 222 86 α 3·82 days
polonium Po 218 84 α 3·05 minutes
lead Pb 214 82 β 26·8 minutes
bismuth Bi 214 83 β α 19·7 minutes
polonium Po 214 84 α 1·6 x 10–4 seconds
thallium Tl 210 81 β 1·3 minutes
lead Pb 210 82 β 21 years
bismuth Bi 210 83 β 5·01 days
polonium Po 210 84 α 138 days
lead Pb 206 82 stable

Table 2 (Thorium)

Element Symbol Mass Number Atomic Number Type of Radiation Half-life Period
thorium Th 232 90 α 1·41 x 1010 years
radium Ra 228 88 β 5·8 years
actinium Ac 228 89 β 6·13 hours
thorium Th 228 90 α 1·91 years
radium Ra 224 88 α 3·64 days
radon Rn 220 86 α 55 seconds
polonium Po 216 84 α 0·15 seconds
lead Pb 212 82 β 10·6 hours
bismuth Bi 212 83 β α 60·6 minutes
polonium Po 212 84 α 3·04 x10–7 seconds
thallium Tl 208 81 β 3·10 minutes
lead Pb 208 82 stable

8
Enthalpies of Formation and Combustion of Selected Substances
Standard enthalpy of formation Standard enthalpy of combustion
Substance –1 –1
/kJ mol /kJ mol
hydrogen – –286
carbon (graphite) – –394
sulphur (rhombic) – –297
methane –75 –891
ethane –85 –1560
propane –104 –2220
butane –125 –2877
benzene 49 –3268
ethene 52 –1411
ethyne 227 –1300
methanol –239 –727
ethanol –278 –1367
propan-1-ol –306 –2020
methanoic acid –409 –255
ethanoic acid –487 –876

Selected Bond and Mean Bond Enthalpies

Bond Enthalpies Mean Bond Enthalpies
Enthalpy Mean Enthalpy
Bond –1 Bond –1
/kJ mol /kJ mol
H–H 432 Si – Si 222
O=O 497 C–C 346
N=N 941 C=C 602
F–F 155 C=C 835
_C
C ...
Cl – Cl 243
(aromatic) } 519
Br – Br 194 H–O 458
I–I 149 H–N 387
H–F 569 C–H 414
H – Cl 428 C–O 358
H – Br 362 C=O 798
H–I 295 C–F 486
C – Cl 326
C – Br 285
C–I 213

Enthalpy of Sublimation of Carbon

The energy required to convert 1 mole solid carbon into 1 mole
gaseous carbon atoms is 715 kJ at 298 K (25°C). The equation is
C(s)  C(g) ΔH = 715 kJ

9
Ionisation Energies and Electronegativities of Selected Elements
Notes: The first ionisation energy for an element E refers to the reaction E(g)  E+(g) + e–; the second
ionisation energy refers to E+(g)  E2+(g) + e–; etc.

Ionisation Energies/kJ mol–1 Electro-

negativity
Element Symbol First Second Third Fourth (Pauling scale)
hydrogen H 1311 – – – 2·2
helium He 2380 5260 – – –
lithium Li 526 7310 11800 – 1·0
beryllium Be 905 1770 14800 – 1·5
boron B 807 2440 3660 25000 2·0
carbon C 1090 2360 4640 6220 2·5
nitrogen N 1410 2860 4580 7470 3·0
oxygen O 1320 3400 5320 7470 3·5
fluorine F 1690 3380 6060 8410 4·0
neon Ne 2090 3960 6140 9360 –
sodium Na 502 4560 6920 9540 0·9
magnesium Mg 744 1460 7750 10500 1·2
aluminium Al 584 1830 2760 11600 1·5
silicon Si 792 1590 3250 4350 1·9
phosphorus P 1020 1920 2930 4950 2·2
sulphur S 1010 2260 3380 4560 2·5
chlorine Cl 1260 2310 3840 5160 3·0
argon Ar 1530 2670 3950 5770 –
potassium K 425 3060 4440 5880 0·8
calcium Ca 596 1160 4930 6470 1·0
scandium Sc 637 1250 2410 7130 1·3
titanium Ti 664 1320 2670 4170 1·5
vanadium V 656 1430 2850 4600 1·6
chromium Cr 659 1600 3000 4800 1·6
manganese Mn 723 1520 3270 5000 1·5
iron Fe 766 1570 2970 5480 1·8
cobalt Co 764 1660 3250 – 1·8
nickel Ni 743 1770 3410 5400 1·9
copper Cu 751 1970 3570 5700 1·9
zinc Zn 913 1740 3850 5990 1·6
arsenic As 947 1798 2736 4838 2·2
bromine Br 1150 2100 3480 4560 2·8
rubidium Rb 409 2670 3880 – 0·8
strontium Sr 556 1080 4120 5500 1·0
silver Ag 731 2073 3361 – 1·9
tin Sn 709 1412 2942 3930 1·8
antimony Sb 834 1595 2439 4265 2·1
iodine I 1020 1850 2040 – 2·6
caesium Cs 382 2440 – – 0·8
barium Ba 509 979 3420 – 0·9
gold Au 890 1979 – – 2·4
lead Pb 716 1450 3081 4084 1·8

10
Electrochemical Series: Standard Reduction Potentials
Note: The data given below are reduction potentials applicable to standard state conditions.

Reaction E°/V
+
Li (aq) + e– Li(s) –3·02
+
Cs (aq) + e –
Cs(s) –2·92
+
Rb (aq) + e –
Rb(s) –2·92
+
K (aq) + e –
K(s) –2·92
2+
Sr (aq) + 2e –
Sr(s) –2·89
2+
Ca (aq) + 2e –
Ca(s) –2·76
+
Na (aq) + e –
Na(s) –2·71
2+
Mg (aq) + 2e– Mg(s) –2·37
3+
Al (aq) + 3e– Al(s) –1·68
2H2O( ) + 2e– H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) –0·83
2+
Zn (aq) + 2e– Zn(s) –0·76
3+
Cr (aq) + 3e –
Cr(s) –0·74
2+
Fe (aq) + 2e –
Fe(s) –0·44
2+
Ni (aq) + 2e –
Ni(s) –0·23
2+
Sn (aq) + 2e –
Sn(s) –0·14
2+
Pb (aq) + 2e –
Pb(s) –0·13
3+
Fe (aq) + 3e –
Fe(s) –0·04
+
2H (aq) + 2e– H2(g) 0·00
4+ 2+
Sn (aq) + 2e– Sn (aq) 0·15
2+ +
Cu (aq) + e– Cu (aq) 0·15
SO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– SO32–(aq) + H2O( ) 0·17
2+
Cu (aq) + 2e –
Cu(s) 0·34
–
O2(g) + 2H2O( ) + 4e –
4OH (aq) 0·40
–
I2(s) + 2e –
2I (aq) 0·54
3+ 2+
Fe (aq) + e –
Fe (aq) 0·77
+
Ag (aq) + e –
Ag(s) 0·80
2+
Hg (aq) + 2e– Hg( ) 0·85
–
Br2( ) + 2e– 2Br (aq) 1·07
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– 2H2O( ) 1·23
Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e– 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O( ) 1·33
–
Cl2(g) + 2e –
2Cl (aq) 1·36
+ 2+
–
MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e –
Mn (aq) + 4H2O( ) 1·51
–
F2(g) + 2e –
2F (aq) 2·87

Electrolysis of Water
Reduction reactions at the negative electrode
2H2O( ) + 2e– –––––  H2(g) + 2OH–(aq)
2H+(aq) + 2e– ––––– H2(g)
Oxidation reactions at the positive electrode
2H2O( ) –––––  O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e–
 2H2O( ) + O2(g) + 4e–
–
4OH (aq) –––––

11
Dissociation Constants of Selected Species

Equilibrium in aqueous solution Ka pKa

methanoic acid HCOOH

+
H + HCOO– 1.8 x 10–4 3.75

ethanoic acid CH3COOH

+
H + CH3COO– 1.7 x 10–5 4.76

propanoic acid CH3CH2COOH

+
H + CH3CH2COO– 1.3 x 10–5 4.87

butanoic acid CH3(CH2)2COOH

+
H + CH3(CH2)2COO– 1.5 x 10–5 4.83

benzoic acid C6H5COOH H+ + C6H5COO– 6.3 x 10–5 4.20

phenol C6H5OH H+ + C6H5O– 1.0 x 10–10 9.99

hydrofluoric acid HF H+ + F
–
6.8 x 10–4 3.17

boric acid H3BO3 H+ + H2BO3– 5.4 x 10–10 9.27

hydrocyanic acid HCN H+ + CN– 6.2 x 10–10 9.21

carbonic acid H2O + CO2 H+ + HCO3– 4.5 x 10–7 6.35

hydrogencarbonate ion HCO3– H+ + CO32– 4.7 x 10–11 10.33

sulphurous acid H2SO3 H+ + HSO3– 1.4 x 10–2 1.85

hydrogensulphite ion HSO3– H+ + SO32– 6.3 x 10–8 7.19

hydrogen sulphide H2S H+ + HS– 8.9 x 10–8 7.05

hydrogensulphide ion HS– H+ + S2– 1.3 x 10–4 13.90

phosphoric acid H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4– 6.9 x 10–3 2.16

dihydrogenphosphate ion H2PO4– H+ + HPO42– 6.2 x 10–8 7.21

hydrogenphosphate ion HPO42– H+ + PO43– 4.8 x 10–13 12.32

ammonium ion NH4+ H+ + NH3 5.8 x 10–10 9.24

methylammonium ion CH3NH3+ H+ + CH3NH2 2.2 x 10–11 10.66

phenylammonium ion C6H5NH3+ H+ + C6H5NH2 1.3 x 10–5 4.87

12
Infra-red Correlation Table

Wave number range/cm–1 Type of compound Infra-red absorption due to

3570 – 3200 alcohols and phenols hydrogen bonded O – H stretch

3650 – 3590 alcohols and phenols not hydrogen bonded O – H stretch

3500 – 3300 amine, not hydrogen bonded N – H stretch

3300 alkyne C – H stretch in C C–H

3095 – 3010 alkene C – H stretch in C = C – H

3100 – 3000 benzene ring C – H stretch

2962 – 2853 alkane C – H stretch

2900 – 2820 aldehyde C – H stretch in –CHO

2775 – 2700 aldehyde C – H stretch in –CHO

hydrogen bonded O – H stretch in

3500 – 2500 carboxylic acid
–COOH

2260 – 2215 nitriles C N stretch

2260 – 2100 alkynes C C stretch

1750 – 1735 ester C = O stretch

1740 – 1720 aldehyde C = O stretch

1730 – 1717 aromatic ester C = O stretch

1725 – 1700 carboxylic acid C = O stretch

aromatic and alkyl ketones

1700 – 1680
aromatic carboxylic acid } C = O stretch

1680 – 1620 alkene C = C stretch

1600, 1580, 1500 and 1450 benzene ring C ...

– C (aromatic) stretch

1485 – 1340 alkane C – H bend

1275 – 1200 aromatic ether C – O stretch

1150 – 1070 alkyl ether C – O stretch

13
Spectral Lines and Flame Colours

Gas Discharge Lamps

Element Wavelength/nm Colour

hydrogen 656 red
(Balmer series)
486 blue-green
434 blue-green
410 violet
397 ultra-violet
389 ultra-violet
helium 706 red
667 red
588 orange-yellow

Metal Vapour Lamps

Element Wavelength/nm Colour
cadmium 644 red
509 green
480 blue
mercury 579
577 } yellow doublet

546 green
436 blue-violet
405 violet
310 ultra-violet
sodium 589·0
589·6 } orange-yellow
doublet

Flame Colours
Note: The data refers to prominent spectral lines.

Element Wavelength/nm Colour

barium 554 green

calcium 620 orange-red

copper 325 blue-green

lithium 671 crimson

potassium 405 lilac

sodium 589 orange-yellow

strontium 650 red

14
 Proton NMR Spectra Correlation Chart
Note: Approximate chemical shift values of hydrogen atoms in different structural environments relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) for which δ = 0 ppm

11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 δ (ppm)
1.5 – 0.9
RCH 3, R 2CH 2, R 3CH
3.0 – 2.3 R = alkyl group
ArCH 3, ArCH 2R, ArCHR 2
O O O Ar = aryl (aromatic) group
2.7 – 2.0
CH 3C− , RCH 2C−, R 2CHC− X = halogen
(aldehyde, ketone, acid, ester, amide)
CH 3O−, RC H 2O−, R 2CHO− 3.9 – 3.5
(alcohol, ether)
4.2 – 2.2
CH 3X, R CH 2X, R 2CHX
2.5 – 2.0
CH 3CN, RCH 2CN, R 2CHCN
3.0 – 2.5
CH 3N , RCH 2N , R 2CHN
2.6 – 1.6
CH 3C= C , RCH 2C= C , R 2CHC= C
2.8 – 1.7

15
CH 3C C , RCH 2C C , R 2CHC C
6.0 – 4.5
C=C H 2 , C=C H
3.1 – 1.8
C CH
8.0 – 6.6
ArH
O 10.0 – 9.4
RC−H
O 10.5 – 9.7
ArC−H
O O 11.0 – 10.0
RC−OH, ArC−OH
5.0 – 1.0
ROH
11.0 – 4.5
ArOH
3.0 – 1.1
RNH 2, RN H
5.0 – 3.0
ArNH 2, ArNH
O O 9.4 – 5.0
−C−NH 2 −C−NH
11.0 10.0 9. 0 8. 0 7. 0 6. 0 5. 0 4. 0 3. 0 2. 0 1. 0 0. 0 δ (ppm)
Ionic Radii of Selected Ions Standard Entropy Values for Selected Substances

Ion Radius/pm Substance Standard Entropy/J K–1 mol–1

H– 208 H2(g) 131
Li +
68 He(g) 126
Be 2+
31 Li(s) 29
N 3–
142 B(s) 5.9
O 2–
136 C(s) (graphite) 5.7
F –
133 C(s) (diamond) 2.4
Na +
95 N2(g) 192
Mg 2+
65 O2(g) 205
Al 3+
50 F2(g) 203
P 3–
198 Na(s) 51
S 2–
184 Mg(s) 33
Cl –
181 Al(s) 28
K +
133 Si(s) 19
Ca 2+
100 Cl2(g) 223
Ti 3+
67 K(s) 65
V 3+
64 Ca(s) 42
Cr 2+
73 Fe(s) 27
Cr 3+
62 Ni(s) 30
Mn 2+
67 Cu(s) 33
Fe 2+
61 Br2( ) 152
Fe 3+
55 Ag(s) 43
Co 2+
65 I2(s) 116
Co 3+
55 Cs(s) 85
Ni 2+
69 Ba(s) 63
Cu +
60 Au(s) 47
Cu 2+
72 Hg( ) 76
Zn 2+
74 H2O( ) 70
–
Br 196 H2O(g) 189
Rb +
161 CO2(g) 214
Sr 2+
126 MgO(s) 27
Ag +
126 Al2O3(s) 51
Sn 2+
101 SO2(g) 248
I–
220 CaO(s) 38
Cs +
174 BaO(s) 72
Ba 2+
135 NaCl(s) 72
Hg 2+
110 CaCl2(s) 108
Pb 2+
120 CsCl(s) 99

16
Standard Molar Enthalpies Lattice Enthalpies
of Atomisation of of Selected Compounds
Selected Elements

Element ΔH°/kJ mol–1 Compound Lattice Enthalpy/kJ mol–1

H 216 Li2O –2799
Li 159 BeO –4293
Na2O –2481
Be 326
MgO –3795
B 565
Al2O3 –15916
C 715 K 2O –2238
N 471 CaO –3414
O 249 FeO –3795
F 78 CoO –3837
Na 109 NiO –3908
CuO –4135
Mg 147
ZnO –4142
Al 330
SrO –3217
Si 450 Ag2O –3002
P 317 BaO –3029
S 227 LiCl –834
Cl 121 NaCl –769
K 88 MgCl2 –2326
KCl –701
Ca 178
CaCl2 –2223
Sc 378
CoCl2 –2709
Ti 473 NiCl2 –2753
V 515 CuCl –921
Cr 397 CuCl2 –2774
Mn 283 SrCl2 –2127
Fe 414 AgCl –864
BaCl2 –2033
Co 427
LiF –1030
Ni 430
NaF –910
Cu 337 MgF2 –2913
Zn 130 KF –808
Br 112 CaF2 –2609
Rb 81 NiF2 –2845
Sr 163 SrF2 –2476
AgF –953
Ag 285
BaF2 –2341
Sn 301
MgS –3274
I 107 CaS –3002
Cs 77 BaS –2713
Ba 178 NiS –3528
ZnS –3692
LiBr –788
NaBr –732
KBr –671
NiBr2 –2699
CuBr2 –2711
AgBr –830

17
 Electron Affinities
of Selected Elements

Element Electron Affinity/kJ mol–1

H –73
O –141
(O–) +844
F –328
S –200
(S–) +456
Cl –349
Br –325
I –295

The electron affinity for an element E refers to the reaction E(g) + e–  E–(g).
The second electron affinity refers to the reaction E–(g) + e–  E2–(g).

Hydration Enthalpies of Selected Ions

Ion Hydration Enthalpy/kJ mol–1

Li+
–520
Na+ –405
K+ –321
Mg2+ –1920
Al3+ –4690
Ca2+ –1650
Fe2+ –1950
Fe3+ –4430
Cu2+ –2100
Zn2+ –2050
Rb+ –300
Sr2+ –1480
Ag+ –464
Cs+ –277
Ba2+ –1360
OH– –460
F– –506
Cl– –364
Br– –337
I– –296

The hydration enthalpy for the ion of an element E refers to the changes represented by
En+(g)  En+(aq) and En–(g)  En–(aq).

18
 Systeme Internationale (SI) Units

Quantity Name of Unit Symbol

length metre m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
temperature degree celsius °C
energy joule J
electric charge coulomb C
electric potential difference volt V
amount of substance mole mol

Physical Constants

Quantity Symbol Value

charge on electron e– 1·60 x 10–19 C

Avogadro constant L 6·02 x 1023 mol–1
Faraday constant F 9·65 x 104 C mol–1
Planck constant h 6·63 x 10–34 J s
speed of light in vacuum c 3·00 x 108 m s–1

Properties of Water

Quantity Value
specific heat capacity
4·18 kJ kg–1 °C–1
of liquid water
ionic product of water 10–14 at 24 °C

SI Prefixes and Multiplication Factors

SI Prefix Symbol Multiplication

tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
deci d 10–1
centi c 10–2
milli m 10–3
micro μ 10–6
nano n 10–9
pico p 10–12

Conversion Factors
For Thermodynamic
For Volume
Temperature
1 litre = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
0°C = 273 K
1000 litres = 1000 dm3 = 1 m3

19