Taal
Lake: Batangas
RIVERS
A sea is a body of water that is slightly smaller than an ocean. To make matters
confusing, the word sea is used many times in referring to oceans. Also several seas
such as the Caspian Sea are really lakes!
A sound is a narrow body of water separating an island from the mainland.
A strait is a narrow body of water between two large bodies of water. Cebu Strait,
sometimes called Bohol Strait, is a strait in the Philippines that separates the island provinces of Cebu and Bohol. The
Cebu Strait connects the western part of Bohol Sea withCamotes Sea, and is a major sea-lane connecting Cebu City on
its northern end with port cities in the south such as Dumaguete City and Cagayan de Oro City
A gulf is a part of an ocean extending into the land. The Gulf of Mexico, a part of
the Atlantic Ocean by the southern United States and Mexico is an example.
A bay is a part of an ocean or lake extending into the land. It is similar to a gulf but
usually smaller.
A waterfall or falls is the steep descent or falling of the water of a river or stream.
Maria Cristina Falls
Iligan city,Lanao, Mindanao
Lakes are bodies of water surrounded by land. Lakes generally have fresh water,
while oceans and seas have salt water. While lakes are a small percentage of the
earth's total water, they are important for our economy and transportation.
A lake does not flow along a certain path as a river does. Lakes are larger than
ponds.
Lakes were formed many thousands of years ago by glaciers. At that time, huge
glaciers covered the earth. When the glaciers melted, some of the water that was
over hollows in the earth became lakes.
Other ways lakes were formed include man made lakes, natural dams and craters
formed in great volcanic explosions.
Lakes get bigger and smaller, depending on many factors. Lakes get smaller if they
get filled up with silt or other material. They also dry up if they are not replenished
with water through rainfall. Other lakes get deeper and bigger as rivers, rainfall
and underground water make the lake expand.
Below is a list of the world's biggest lakes. Even though some are called seas, they
are actually lakes! Several of the world's largest lakes are the Great Lakes of North
America.
Rivers are defined as narrow bodies of water that move along a certain path. They
have a source, which is where the river begins and a mouth which is the larger body
of water where the river flows into. Since water flows downward and along the
easiest or deepest path, many rivers start in a higher area such as mountains. As
rivers move along, they change the face of the earth that they flow over by wearing
away the land and also by causing buildup at the end of the river.The mud and sand
that builds up at the mouth of a river is called a delta.
Rivers are fresh water bodies.
Below is a chart of some of the earth's largest rivers
River Continent Length in Miles
Nile Africa 4,160
Amazon South America 3,900
Mississippi/Missouri North America 3,890
Ob Asia 3,200
Yangtze/Kiang Asia 3,100
Below is a map of major rivers and streams in the United States:
A volcano is a mountain or hill formed around a crack in the earth's crust. This
crack allows molten rock and other hot materials to be thrown out from the earth.
The rock inside the earth's mantle is very hot, but solid because of the great
pressure on it. When the pressure upon some of this solid rock is reduced or there is
an escape route through a crack, the rock becomes a liquid called magma.
The magma is forced up and then spurts out of the crack. Gases, often poisonous is
also forced out.When the magma come to the surface, it is called lava.
Volcanoes erupt differently. Some erupt quietly and the lava flows down the side of
the volcano and some are more violent.
The opening in the top of the volcano is called a crater. Some craters are filled with
water and become lakes such as the Crater Lake in Oregon.
Most volcanoes occur in the same area as two earthquake belts. One circles the
Pacific Ocean and the other is around the Mediterranean and Asia Minor.
Volcanoes are classified as:
Active - These are erupting or keep erupting
Dormant - These are not erupting but could at any time
Extinct - These volcanoes are no longer active and do not erupt.
Mountains are places that are much higher than the land around them. They also
taper and have a peak. They are different from plateaus because plateaus have flat
tops, although they can be as high as mountains.
Mountains have had an important place in history as they have offered protection
from invading armies and are frequently the boundaries between countries. If they
are crosswise to the winds of the areas, mountains have an important role in
affecting the climate of an area. The side of the mountain that faces the wind. the
windward side, is apt to have heavier rainfall as the wind drops the moisture before
going over the mountain. The other side called the leeward side is much drier as the
rain has already been deposited on the windward side of the mountain. Mountains
also protect valleys from extremes in weather.
A mountain range is a group or chain of mountains that are close together.
Mountains are made in several ways.
Dome Mountains - These mountains are the result of a great amount of
melted rock pushing its way up under the earth. Over thousands of years the
dome mountains form in the place where the earth is pushed up.
Fault Block Mountains - These mountains form when faults or cracks in the
earth's crush force some materials or blocks of rock up and others down.
Fold Mountains - These are formed as layers of the earth react to forces
pushing in on either side, much as a piece of paper folds when pushed
together.
Volcanic Mountains - These are formed from the vast amounts of lava that
have hardened after spurting out of a volcano.
Residual Mountains - These are mountains that are really plateaus that have
worn down from erosion.
The highest mountains in the world are in the Himalayas that were formed when the
areas of India and the rest of Asia came together. The very highest peak is Mount
Everest, which is 29. 028 feet. The next highest is K-2 which is 28, 250 feet. The
highest peak in South America is Aconcagua which is in the Andes and is 23,081.
The highest peak in North America is Mount McKinley (Denali) which is in Alaska
and is 20,269 feet. The highest in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro which is 19, 340 and
the highest is Europe is Mount Blanc at 15, 781 feet.
Plains and plateaus are different from mountains in that they are made up of rock
formations that are in the same horizontal position - they are flat!
Plains are flat surfaces at low levels. Coastal plains are made up of bits of rock that
are carried along from rivers to the ocean or are worn away from rocks along the
seashore. Sometimes inland plains are formed when seas or lakes get filled in with
sediment or soil and become flat plains.
Plateaus are raised areas of land with a flatter top. It differs from a mountain in
that a mountain has a jagged peak at the top. Plateaus form either when mountains
get worn down and their tops are not as jagged or when a large portion of flat earth
is pushed up from the earth.
There are several special kinds of plateaus. One is a butte. A butte is like a plateau
but its top is a bit more rounded. A mesa is a plateau with quite a flat top.
slands are bodies of land completely surrounded by water. There is even a continent
that is an island, Australia.
Islands are formed in several ways. Many islands are really places where volcanoes
built up under the ocean to the point of peaking above the water. The lava continues
to pile up as the volcano explodes to the point that there is enough solid ground to
form an island.
Some islands such as Great Britain were attached to a continent but was separated
by erosion of the land between the two land masses.
Other islands are coral islands. These are formed when the skeletal material of
corals piles up over years and years.
There are two types of islands - continental and oceanic. Continental islands have
plant and animal structures like the continent near the island. Oceanic islands have
their own plant and animal structure.
A large chain of islands close to each other with the same plant and animal structure
is called an archipelago.
A peninsula is a body of land with water surrounding it on three sides. The state of
Florida would be an example.
A cape is a point of land extending into a body of water
An isthmus is a very narrow band of land between two bodies of water. The isthmus
of Panama in Central America is a good example.
A valley is low land between hills and mountains. Frequently valleys are formed by
rivers carving the land.
A canyon is a deep narrow valley with high, steep sides. Valleys are wider and the
sides are less steep.
A cliff is a very steep slope of rock or soil.
A swamp is low, wet land on which grass and trees grow.
atoll
An atoll is a ring (or butte
archipelago bay
partial ring) of coral A butte is a flat-topped
An archipelago is a
that forms an island in A bay is a body of water rock or hill formation
group or chain of islands
an ocean or sea. The that is partly enclosed by with steep sides.
clustered together in a land (and is usually
coral sits atop a
sea or ocean. smaller than a gulf).
submerged volcanic
cone.
channel
A channel is a body of
water that connects two
larger bodies of water
canyon cape cave (like the English
A canyon is a deep A cape is a pointed A cave is a large hole in Channel). A channel is
valley with very steep piece of land that the ground or in the side also a part of a river or
sides - often carved sticks out into a sea, of a hill or mountain. harbor that is deep
from the Earth by a ocean, lake, or river. enough to let ships sail
river. through.
continent
The land mass on Earth
is divided into cove
col continents. The seven A cove is small,
cliff A mountain pass. current continents are horseshoe-shaped body
A cliff is a steep face of Africa, Antarctica, Asia, of water along the
rock and soil. Australia, Europe, North coast; the water is
America, and South surrounded by land
America. formed of soft rock.
delta
A delta is a low, watery
land formed at the
mouth of a river. It is
formed from the silt,
sand and small rocks dune equator
that flow downstream in A dune is a hill or a ridge The equator is an
the river and are desert made of sand. Dunes are imaginary circle
deposited in the delta. A A desert is a very dry shaped by the wind, and around the earth,
delta is often (but not area. change all the time. halfway between the
always) shaped like a north and south poles.
triangle (hence its name,
delta, a Greek letter that
is shaped like a
triangle).
geomorphology
Geomorphology is the
scientific field that geyser
estuary fjord investigates how A geyser is a natural
An estuary is where a A fjord is a long, landforms are formed on hot spring that
river meets the sea or narrow sea inlet that is the Earth (and other occasionally sprays
ocean. bordered by steep planets). water and steam above
cliffs. the ground.
glacier gulf island
A gulf is a part of the
hill
A glacier is a long- An island is a piece of
A hill is a raised area or
lasting, slowly-moving ocean (or sea) that is land that is surrounded
mound of land.
river of ice on land. partly surrounded by by water.
land (it is usually
larger than a bay).
latitude
Latitude is the angular
distance north or south
lagoon lake from the equator to a
A lagoon is a shallow A lake is a large body of particular location. The
isthmus body of water that is water surrounded by land equator has a latitude
An isthmus is a narrow located alongside a on all sides. Really huge of zero degrees. The
strip of land connecting coast.
two larger landmasses. lakes are often called North Pole has a
An isthmus has water on seas. latitude of 90 degrees
two sides. North; the South Pole
has a latitude of 90
degrees South.
marsh
A marsh is a type of
longitude freshwater, brackish mesa mountain
Longitude is the angular
distance east or west
from the north-south
line that passes through
Greenwich, England, to
a particular location.
Greenwich, England has water or saltwater A mountain is a very
A mesa is a land
a longitude of zero wetland that is found tall high, natural place
formation with a flat area
degrees. The farther east along rivers, pond, on Earth - higher than a
on top and steep walls -
or west of Greenwich lakes and coasts. hill. The tallest
usually occurring in dry
you are, the greater your Marsh plants grow up mountain on Earth is
areas.
longitude. Midway out of the water. Mt. Everest.
Islands (in the Pacific
Ocean) have a longitude
of 180 degrees (they are
on the opposite side of
the globe from
Greenwich).
ocean plateau
An ocean is a large body peninsula plain
A plateau is a large, flat
of salt water that A peninsula is a Plains are flat lands that have area of land that is
only small changes in
surrounds a continent. body of land that higher than the
elevation.
Oceans cover more the is surrounded by surrounding land.
two-thirds of the Earth's water on three
surface sides.
prairie
A prairie is a sea
pond wide, relatively A sea is a large body of
A pond is a small body
river salty water that is often
flat area of land
of water surrounded by A river is a large, flowing
that has grasses connected to an ocean.
land. A pond is smaller body of water that usually
and only a few A sea may be partly or
than a lake. empties into a sea or ocean.
trees. completely surrounded
by land.
surface runoff
sound Surface runoff is water
A sound is a wide inlet flow on the land that
source
of the sea or ocean that occurs when the soil is
A source is the
is parallel to the saturated with water
coastline; it often
beginning of a strait and the excess water
river. A strait is a narrow body of
separates a coastline (from precipitation or
from a nearby island. water that connects two snowmelt) runs over
larger bodies of water. the surface.
tributary
swamp A tributary is a
A swamp is a type of stream or river valley
freshwater wetland that that flows into a A valley is a low place
has spongy, muddly land larger river. tundra between mountains.
and a lot of water. Many A tundra is a cold, treeless
trees and shrubs grow in area; it is the coldest biome.
swamps.
wetland
A wetland is an area of land
volcano that is often wet; the soil in
A volcano is a wetlands are often low in
mountainous vent in the waterfall
oxygen. Wetland plants are
Earth's crust. When a When a river falls
adapted to life in wet soil.
volcano erupts, it spews off steeply, there
There are many types of
out lava, ashes, and hot is a waterfall.
wetlands, including: swamp,
gases from deep inside slough, fen, bog, marsh,
the Earth. moor, muskeg, peatland,
bottomland, delmarva, mire,
wet meadow, riparian, etc.
WATER FORMS
1
An Ocean is the biggest body of water. An ocean is a large body of salt water that surrounds a
continent. Oceans cover more the two-thirds of the Earth's surface.
A Sea is a salt water form which is smaller than an ocean. A sea is a large body of salty water that is
often connected to an ocean. A sea may be partly or completely surrounded by land.
A Bay is a body of water which is almost completely surrounded by land, except for the water
passage connecting it to the sea. The bay is the best place in which to build piers. In the bay, ships
may dock safely and load and unload passengers and cargoes.
A Lake is a body of water surrounded by land. It contains fresh water. A lake is good for fishing,
boating, and swimming. The largest lake in the Philippines can be found in Laguna.
Taal Lake: Batangas
A River is a current of water that flows downward until it reaches the sea. Rivers start as
underground springs that form brooks and streams. Some rivers flow rapidly; others flow slowly.
A Pond is still a body of water which is smaller than a lake. Some ponds dry up during
summer. Ponds are used as drinking places of carabaos and goats. Some are made by human hands
to beautify parks or plazas
A Spring is a natural source of water that comes from underground. When it rains in the mountains,
water seeps in the ground and comes out at the side of the mountain as a spring.
A Waterfall is a body of water that drops from a high place. Waterfalls are found on hill and
mountainsides. Maria Cristina Falls in Mindanao is a source of hydroelectric power.
MARIA CRISTINA FALLS (ILIGAN CITY, LANAO , MINDANAO
A Geyser is a hot spring with boiling water that often shoots water into the air like a fountain.
A Swamp is a place where the land is muddy and wet. Many plants such as trees and shrubs grow in
swamps.
A cove is a small sheltered inlet or small bay
A dam is a barrier that holds water back and sometimes forms lakes.
Angat Hydroelectric Dam (Angat, Bulacan )
PLATEAU
A plateau is a large, flat area of land that is higher than the surrounding land
MOUNTAIN
A mountain is a very tall high, natural place on Earth - higher than a hill. The tallest mountain in the
Philippines is Mt. Apo.
PLAIN
Plains are flat lands that have only small changes in elevation
The endless green expanse of the Adelaide Plains
HILL
A hill is a raised area or mound of land.
VALLEY
A valley is a low place between mountains.
MESA
A mesa is a land formation with a flat area on top and steep walls - usually occurring in dry areas
LAND FORMS
JAYE KRYZTEL B. ALBAO
