Network Programming
CS 3331
Fall 2009
CS 3331 1
Outline
Socket programming
Remote method invocation (RMI)
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Socket Programming
Sockets
Ends points of two-way communications, i.e., logical connections
between hosts
Can be used to send and receive data
Supported by most languages and platforms
Server vs. client sockets
sockets (end points)
logical connection
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Socket Programming (Cont.)
Server sockets
Wait for requests to come in over the network
Implemented by java.net.ServerSocket class
Client sockets
Used to send and receive data
Can be thought of as a pair of input and output
streams
Implemented by java.net.Socket class
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Server vs. Client Sockets
Server socket: waiting for connection requests
Client socket: transmission of data
server socket
connection request
client socket
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Server Sockets
Creating and using server sockets
Constructors
ServerSocket(int port)
ServerSocket(int port, int backlog)
Methods Description
accept() Waits for a connection request and
returns a Socket
close() Stops waiting for requests from clients
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Server Sockets (Cont.)
Usage pattern
try {
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8888);
while (true) {
Socket incoming = server.accept(); // obtain a client socket
// handle client request by reading from and writing to the socket …
}
} catch (IOException e) {
// handle exception on creating a server socket
}
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Client Sockets
Creating client sockets
On the client side, Socket(String host, int port)
On the server side, accept() of ServerSocket
Using client sockets
Methods Description
getInputStream() Returns an InputStream for receiving data
getOutputStream() Returns an OutputStream to send data
close() Closes the socket connection
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Client Sockets (Cont.)
Usage pattern
try {
Socket s = new Socket(“iguana.cs.utep.edu”, 8888);
PrintWriter out = new PrinterWriter(
new OutputStreamWriter(s.getOutputStream()));
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
// send and receive data by using out and in …
in.close();
out.close();
s.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// handle exception …
}
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Example -- A Simple Echo Server
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class EchoServer {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8008);
while (true) {
Socket s = server.accept();
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
s.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(
s.getOutputStream()));
<<handle client by using in and out>>
s.close();
}
} catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
}
}
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Echo Server (Cont.)
<<handle client by using in and out>>=
out.print(“Hello! This is the Java EchoServer. ”);
out.println(“Enter BYE to exit.”);
out.flush();
String str = null;
while ((str = in.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(“Received: “ + str);
out.println(“Echo: “ + str);
out.flush();
if (str.trim().equals(“BYE”)) {
break;
}
}
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Testing Echo Server
Testing with telnet client
aspect% telnet localhost 8008
Trying 127.0.0.1 …
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is ‘^]’.
Hello! This is the Java EchoServer. Enter BYE to exit.
Hello?
Echo: Hello?
Where are you?
Echo: Where are you?
BYE
Echo: BYE
Connection to host lost.
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A Simple Echo Client
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class EchoClient {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String host = (args.length > 0 ? host = args[0] : “localhost”;
try {
Socket socket = new Socket(host, 8008);
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
socket.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(
socket.getOutputStream()));
<<send and receive data by using in and out>>
socket.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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Echo Client (Cont.)
<<send and receive data by using in and out>>=
// send data to server
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
System.out.println(“Sending: line “ + i);
out.println(“line “ + i);
out.flush();
}
out.println(“BYE”);
out.flush();
// receive data from server
String str = null;
while ((str = in.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(str);
}
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Testing Echo Client
<<send and receive data by using in and out>>=
sspect% java EchoClient
Sending: line 1
Sending: line 2
…
Sending: line 10
Hello! This is Java EchoServer. Enter BYE to exit.
Echo: line 1
Echo: line 2
…
Echo: line 10
Echo: BYE
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Echo Server Revisited
How to support multiple clients simultaneously?
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class MultiEchoServer {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8008);
while (true) {
Socket s = server.accept();
new ClientHandler(s).start();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
<<class ClientHandler>>
}
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Multi Echo Server (Cont.)
<<class ClientHandler>>=
private static class ClientHandler extends Thread {
private Socket sock;
public ClientHandler(Socket sock) { this.sock = sock; }
public void run() {
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
sock.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(
sock.getOutputStream()));
out.println(“Hello! This is the Java EchoSever.\nEnter BYE to exit.”);
out.flush();
String str = null;
while ((str = in.readLine()) != null) {
out.println(“Echo: “ + str); out.flush();
if (str.trim().equals(“BYE”)) { break; }
}
}
}
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Exercise – Time Server
Send the current local time to clients. (Use
Calendar.getInstance().getTime() to get the current time.)
public class TimeServer {
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Exercise – Time Client
Take two arguments, host name and port number, and connect to
the host to find its current time, e.g., java TimeClient iguana 8888
public class TimeClient {
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Outline
Socket programming
Remote method invocation (RMI)
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Remote Method Invocation
Why RMI?
Insocket programming, programmers have to
make explicit connections between clients
and servers and manage data transmission.
Thus, it’s hard and error-prone to write socket
programs.
Can the connection and data transmission be
managed by JVM?
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What’s RMI?
Distributed programming model
to allow objects residing on different hosts (remote objects) to be
manipulated as if they were all on the same host (local objects)
RMI architecture
call
Client Server
return
1 6 3 4
Stub Skeleton
2
JVM JVM
5
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Local vs. Remote Objects
Local objects
Objects accessible only within the local hosts
Remote objects
Objects accessible from remote hosts
Instances of classes that implements a marker interface
java.rmi.Remote
Property of remote objects
Similar to local objects (arguments, downcasting, instanceof,
etc)
Clients of remote objects interact with stubs
Passing arguments and results for RMI calls
Call by value for local objects (through serialization and
deserialization)
Call by reference for remote objects
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Locating Remote Objects
RMI registry
Directory service mapping RMI servers (or objects) to their names
Server: register itself to make it available to remote clients
Client: locate a server by looking up an RMI registry with a URL protocol
rmi, e.g.,
rmi://host:port/name
The programming interface by the class java.rmi.Naming
Method Description
bind(name, obj) Bind obj to name
rebind(name, obj) Bind obj to name even if already bound
unbind(name) Remove the binding
lookup(url) Return object bound to url
list(url) Return a list of all bindings
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Writing RMI Programs
1. Define a remote interface, e.g.,
public interface Service extends java.rmi.Remote {
public void doSomething(…) throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
// …
}
2. Define a service implementation class, e.g.,
public class ServiceProvider extends
java.rmi.server.UniCastRemoteObject
implements Service {
public void doSomething(…) throws java.rmi.RemoteException {
// …
}
// …
}
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Writing RMI Programs (Cont.)
3. Create a server instance and register to an
RMI registry, e.g.,
Service server = new ServiceProvider(…);
java.rmi.Naming.bind(name, server);
4. Generate the stub and skeleton classes by
using the RMI compiler (rmic), e.g.,
% rmic ServiceProvider
The command produces:
ServiceProvider_Stub.class and ServiceProvider_Skel.class
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Writing RMI Programs (Cont.)
5. Write a client program, e.g.,
java.rmi.Remote obj = java.rmi.Naming.lookup(name);
Service server = (Service) obj;
…
server.doSomething(…); // RMI call
…
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Example -- A Simple Time Server
Remote interface, TimeService
public interface TimeService extends java.rmi.Remote {
java.util.Date getTime() throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
}
Server and client classes
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A Server Class, TimeServer
import java.rmi.*;
improt java.util.*;
public class TimeServer extends java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject
implements TimeService {
public TimeServer() throws RemoteException {}
public Date getTime() { return Calendar.getInstance().getTime(); }
public static void main(String [] args) {
try {
TimeServer server = new TimeServer();
Naming.rebind("TimeServer", server);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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A Client Class, TimeClient
import java.rmi.*;
improt java.util.*;
public class TimeClient {
public static void main(String [] args) {
try {
TimeService server =
(TimeService) Naming.lookup("rmi://localhost/TimeServer");
System.out.println(server.getTime());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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Compiling and Running
1. Compile the server and client programs, e.g.,
% javac TimeServer.java TimeClient.java TimeService.java
2. Generates the stubs and skeletons, e.g.,
% rmic TimeServer
3. Start the RMI registry on the server host, e.g.,
% rmiregistry &
4. Run the server on the server host, e.g.,
% java TimeServer &
5. Runt the client on the client host, e.g.,
% java TimeClient
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Serialization
What is it?
Process of transforming an object into a stream of bytes; the reverse
process is called deserialization.
Allows objects to be saved to files or sent to remote hosts over a
network (e.g., arguments to RMI calls)
How to make objects serializable?
By implementing the marker interface java.io.Serializable
A default implementation for (de) serialization is automatically provided.
Can customize the process by implementing readObject() and
writeObject() methods:
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream out)
throws IOException;
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream in)
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException;
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Example
Make the following class Student serializable
public class Student {
private String name;
private int score;
//@ private invariant 0 <= score && score <= 100;
private char grade;
//@ private invariant (* grade is one of ‘A’, …, ‘F’ *);
// …
}
Answer 1:
public class Student implements Serializable {
// …
}
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Example (Cont.)
Answer 2:
public class Student implements Serializable {
// …
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
out.writeUTF(name);
out.writeInt(score);
out.writeChar(grade);
}
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream in)
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
name = in.readUTF();
score = in.readInt();
grade = in.readChar();
}
}
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Example (Cont.)
Answer 3:
public class Student implements Serializable {
// …
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
out.writeUTF(name);
out.writeInt(score);
}
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream in)
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
name = in.readUTF();
score = in.readInt();
grade = calculateGrade(score);
}
private char calculateGrade(int score) { /* … */ }
}
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Using Serialization
Serializaing objects
ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(/* … */);
Student s = new Student(/* … */);
out.writeObject(s);
// …
Deserializing objects
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(/* … */);
Object obj = in.readObject();
Student s = (Student) obj;
// …
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