EADS Cassidian Electronics

Mode S – Presentation
Thorsten Oelgart, Product Manager IFF/ATC
Why Monopulse as azimuth evaluation method?
Monopulse is essential as for Mode S single target reply is used.

Sliding Window Technique Monopulse Technique

Advantages:
• Azimuth accuracy only depending on
antenna Monopulse characteristics
(Phase-/Amplitude relation between
Disadvantages:  and )
• Azimuth accuracy strongly depending • Azimuth is evaluated for every pulse,
on PRF, antenna turn time, beamwidth averaging improves azimuth quality
• Missing hits cause azimuth errors, split • Azimuth target resolution physically
targets, association problems limited to two undisturbed hits,
• Azimuth target resolution physically typically below 1°
limited to ½ beamwidth and two targets • Two hits sufficient for safe target
detection and azimuth evaluation
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 2

How Mode S(elective) ?

No Mode S with Mode S

(MkXA: Mode 1,2,3/A,C)

„AWACS 2
answer now!“

„Everybody listening,
Answer!“ „Fighter 1 answer now!“

• Every Mode S capable aircraft acquired, tracked and selectively

interrogated by MSSR 2000 I autonomously
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 3

Why Mode S for Air Defence Systems?

• Garbling with MkXA • Garbling with Mode S

Overlapping of replies is
prevented by selective,
addressed interrogations by
the MSSR 2000 I
Overlapping replies cause false
codes, misses, azimuth position
errors • Azimuth/Range Target
• Azimuth/Range Target Resolution Resolution with Mode S
with MkXA As replies do not overlap, target
Range resolution depends on resolution of Range 0m and
sampling frequency Azimuth 0° is always possible
Azimuth resolution depends on
antenna pattern

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 4

Necessity Mode S Usage
European Mode S usage (impl. 2005-2007)

Mode S
Conspicuity Code
1000

3700
1000
1000
2711 Mode 3/A
FL 100
3711
4711
GND
ASR ASR ASR

Mode 3A flightpath
complete Mode S flightpath Mode 3A/ Mode S flightpath
Conspicuity Code 3/A Group Code
3/A Group Code Conspicuity Code

 For safe identification of aircrafts Mode S necessary Source: DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH
FPS-1, S. Halle, 19.10.2000

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 5

Mode S Interrogation

• Frequency 1030MHz ± 0.01MHz

• Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) Modulation
• The interrogation signal consists of
– 2 Pulses in distance of 2 µs (P1 and P2) with equal power  conventional
Mark X –Transponder do not reply (see old Side Lobe Suppression (SLS)
principle)
– long P6 pulse (16,25 or 30,25 µs) with DPSK Modulation containing the
Mode S message (56 or 112 Bits) with 4 Mbit/s rate (chips each 0.25µs)
– as Mode S SLS pulse P5 is sent, parallel to P6  second independent
transmitter chain at full power rate mandatory!!

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 6

Mode S Interrogation
What can be interrogated / which replies can be received?

Mode S interrogation is o be differentiated into several Uplink and Downlink Formats

(UF | DF):

• UF11 | DF11: delivers Mode S address

• UF04 | DF04: delivers barometric altitude (like Mode C) but with 25ft resolution
• UF05 | DF05: delivers Mode 3/A code (but Mode S error corrected and without
Garbling)

• UF04 | DF20: delivers altitude and any BDS register

• UF05 | DF21: delivers Mode 3/A code and any BDS register

• ------- | DF17: Mode S extended squitter / ADS-B delivers spontaneously (no

interrogation) Mode S address, Mode S Aircraft ID (BDS 20), aircraft velocity,
aircrafts GPS position

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 7

Mode S Interrogation
Mode S Enhanced Surveillance – What data can be retrieved?

BDS Registers are aircraft data containing “memory cells” in the aircrafts
transponder that are permanently updated by the aircraft and can be read by the
Mode S secondary radar on the ground.
• BDS 10: delivers aircrafts basic capability
• BDS 17: delivers aircrafts enhanced capability
• BDS 20: delivers Aircraft ID (eg. DLH4711) correlatable with flight plans
• BDS 40: delivers Aircraft Intention (intended altitude, local air pressure for QNH)
• BDS 50: delivers Track and Turn report (aircraft measured roll angle,…)
• BDS 60: delivers Handling and Speed report (true airspeed, heading,…)

 All automatically extracted from capable aircrafts as frequent as possible!

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 8

Mode S Interrogation

Summe Σ

Control Ω

Intermode A/C/S All Call

Summe Σ

Control Ω

Summe Σ

Control Ω

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 9

 Mode S Interrogation
Intermode A/C/S All Call – NOT MODE S!!
Intermode Interrogation Pulse Sequence

!
on
P1-P3 Pulse Distance

ti

!
depending on Mode 3/A : 8 µs

ed
da
interrogation mode
: 21 µs 2 µs

nn
Mode C

en
ba
mm
co

y
ll
Re
ca
P1 P3 P4

AO

ti
Sum-Signal

IC

ac
pr
s
ct
is
di
ra
0.8 ms ng 0.8 µs * µs
nt

Lo
co

2.0 m s *Mode A/C/S all-call 1.6 µs

P4
ng

Control-Signal
P2 Mode A/C only all-call0.8 µs
th
Lo
wi
P4

e
od
e
ag

rm
Us

te

0.8 µs
In

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 10

Mode S Interrogation
All Call + Roll Call (UF 11; UF 4, 5, 20, 21)

Guard
0.5µs Interval
2.0µs 2.75µs 0.5µs

0.25µs
1.25µs

Sum-Channel
Interrogation P1 P2 P6
Signal Σ

0.8µs 0.8µs

First Chip Last Chip

Sync Phase Reversal

Length of P6: 16,25 or 30,25µs
0.4µs

Omega-Channel
Control / SLS
Transmission P5
Signal Ω

0.8µs
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 11

Mode S Interrogation
Side Lobe Suppression

P6
P1 P2 (UF11)

P1 P2

P5
SLS Impuls
P5

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 12

Mode S Interrogation
In Comparison
Interrogation Mk X
P1 P2 P3

Reply Receive Time

Intermode Interrogation
P4 long or short
P1 P2 P3 (1,6µs 0,8 µs)

Reply Receive Time

Mode S Interrogation
P1 P2 P6

Reply Receive Time

P5

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 13

 Mode S Interrogation
Combined Mode – combining SSR and Mode S All Call)
(Mode S UF11 + Intermode 3/A oder C mit P4 short)

P1 P2
P6 Interrogation CM3
(UF11) P3 P4 short
P1 P2

P1 P2
P6 Interrogation CMC
(UF11)
P1 P2 P3 P4 short

P5 Side Lobe Suppression Mode S

SLS Pulse

Synchronisation of interrogation using long Mode S reply delay

to receive replies of Mode S and MkX transponders at the correct range

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 14

Mode S Reply

• reply is pulsmodulated, not DPSK

• 4 Preamble pulses
• Mode S Messag (56 or 112 Bits) with 1 Mbit/s

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 15

Mode S Interrogation
Typical Military Mode Interlace Pattern for Surveillance

Mode Interlace Pattern: M1 – CM3 – MCo – Roll Call

Addressed Selectoive
CM3: P1 P2 P6 + P1 P3 P4 short Scheduled Mode S UF 4, 5, CM3: P1 P2 P6 + P1 P3
M3: Listening Period 20, 21 Interrogations and M3: Listening Period
MS DF11: Listening Period Listening Period MS DF11: Listening Period

M1: P1 P3 MC: P1 P3 P4 short M1: P1 P3

R AMOS ttern
l to Pa
Equa Interlace
M1: Listening Period MC: Listening Period M1: Listening Period

e
Mod
M1 M3|MS MC Roll Call Period M1 M3|MS

Antennendrehzeit
Period n
Interrog

Interrog

Period
ation

ation

n+1
• MSSR 2000 I correlates all replies on different Modes to a single plot based on detection time, range
and azimuth and in case of multiple replies based on code comparison

• selective and addressed Mode S interrogations in Roll Call are only executed on a target (on the target
expectation window) until the first valid reply is received in the beam

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 16

Mode S Interrogation
Scheduling – Dynamic planning of selective interrogations

Mode S UF04, 05, 20, 21

Replies
(P1, P2, P6)

Time
Roll-Call Period

• Selective Interrogations are planned (scheduled), so that Replies are

received gap free  Necessity of Tracker inside Mode S MSSR ,
Tolerances
• Each interrogation contains individual Mode S Address and is only replied
by a target with this particular address
 No Garbling, always correct code information

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 17

Mode S Lockout – Same II/SI Code

BC PA
BC lockout
PA lockout
All Call
Mode S
Roll Call
© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 18
Different II/SI Codes in Europe?
 Impossible without EUROCONTROL coordination!

© Copyright EUROCONTROL
MICoG, Jérôme Bodart,
MICoG#25, IC Aloc. cycle 11
Oct 2010 (Total 232 radars)
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 19

Different II/SI Codes in Europe?
e.g. 1st German Air Force RAMOS Mode S Cluster, II=13

© Copyright EUROCONTROL
MICoG, Jérôme Bodart,
MICoG#25, IC Aloc. cycle 11
Oct 2010
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 20

Different II/SI Codes in Europe?
Mode S radars in Croatia
II Code 05 – Cycle 11 – Surveillance and Lockout Coverage

Croatia Control
Kozjak
operating II-Code 05

© Copyright EUROCONTROL
MICoG, Jérôme Bodart,
MICoG#25, IC Aloc. cycle 11
Oct 2010
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 21

Different II/SI Codes in Europe?
Mode S radars in Croatia
II 06 vs. SI 06, SI 22, SI 38, SI 54 – Cycle 11 – Lockout Coverage

Croatia Control
Pleso
operating II-Code 06

© Copyright EUROCONTROL
MICoG, Jérôme Bodart,
MICoG#25, IC Aloc. cycle 11
Oct 2010
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 22

Different II/SI Codes in Europe?
Mode S radars in Croatia
II Code 09 – Cycle 11 – Surveillance and Lockout Coverage

Croatia Control
Psunj
operating II-Code 09

© Copyright EUROCONTROL
MICoG, Jérôme Bodart,
MICoG#25, IC Aloc. cycle 11
Oct 2010
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 23

EUROCONTROL Mode S Clustering
„On one slide“

Example: 3 Mode S Radars with overlapping coverage

II-Code 2
II-Code 3

II-Code 1

No problem with different II/SI-Codes!

But: only 16 II-Codes (effectively 13), 63 SI-Codes available
 German Air Force today 1x II-Code, 1x SI-Code
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 24

EUROCONTROL Mode S Clustering
„On one slide“

Example: 3 Mode S Radars with overlapping coverage

II-Code 3
II-Code 3

II-Code 3

Overlapping operation with the same II/SI-Code does not work

without pre-cautions e.g. Mode S Clustering

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 25

EUROCONTROL Mode S Clustering
„On one slide“

Example: 3 Mode S Radars with overlapping coverage

II-Code 3

II-Code 3

II-Code 3

Aircraft is only replying to selective interrogations after acquisition

and lockout and can not be acquired by other radars.

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 26

EUROCONTROL Mode S Clustering
„On one slide“

Example: 3 Mode S Radars with overlapping coverage

II-Code 3
II-Code 3

II-Code 3

ASTERIX Cat017

Solution Mode S Clustering: Handover of detected and acquired

aircrafts via ground data link (standardized protocol ASTERIX Cat017)
Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 27

 Mode S Betrieb mit Cluster
Mode S Clustering – Distributed Mode

BC PA
Cat017
BC lockout
PA lockout
All Call
Mode S
Roll Call
© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 28
EUROCONTROL Mode S Clustering
„On one slide“

Simplifications not explained here:

• Mode S Coverage Map handling and meaning
– Surveillance Map
– Lockout Map
– Data Link Map
• Mode S Clustering Automatic Solution Selection
• Mode S Clustering Distributed vs. Central Mode
• Handling of Combined Radar Data
• Cluster State Machine and Control
• Redundancy and Solution Switching

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 29

Mode S Betrieb mit Cluster
Mode S Clustering – Distributed Mode

SCF ASTERIX Cat017 besteht aus

• NMP – Network Monitoring Protocol
• NNCOP – New Node Change Over Protocol
• TASP – Track Acquisition and Support Protocol
– Akquisition
– Track Support
– Track Drop

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 30

Mode S Coverage Maps
Surveillance Map (in ROSA)

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 31

 Mode S Operation in Distributed Cluster
NMP – Network Monitoring Protocol

Node 5  Single TCP-Connection between each two nodes.

Gr. Arber
RRP-117
(SIC 16)

Node 4
Erbeskopf
HADR
(SIC 14)

Node 3
Döbraberg
RRP-117
(SIC 13)

Node 2
Döbern
RRP-117
(SIC 11)

Node 1
Elmenhorst
RRP-117
(SIC 8)

Node 0
Brockzetel
HADR
(SIC 2)

SCF Konzept - Stephan Zils - 01.08.06 - Version 1.0

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved Page 32

Mode S Operation in Distributed Cluster
Node Availability defines Network State

25 + 22 + 21 = 38
Ref 5 4 3 2 1 0

Name GA EK DB DÖ EL BZ Binär Hex Dezimal

On / OFF 1 0 0 1 1 0 100110 26 38

see document
RAMOS Cluster Coverage Map

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 33

Mode S Operation in Distributed Cluster
Which solution is active and why?

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 34

Mode S Operation in Distributed Cluster
TASP – First Detection and Track Support (incoming)

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 35

Mode S Operation in Distributed Cluster
TASP – First Detection and Track Support (outgoing)

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 36

Where does Mode S Clustering help?
What‘s the dawback to single Mode S radars?

Pro Mode S Clustering:

• Only 1(+1 fallback) II/SI code needed for up to 6 Mode S secondary radars!
• Failsafe Minimization of 1030/1090MHz interrogation and replies!
• Increasing air traffic control safety by mutual radar neighbour support („where
have you seen the target last scan?“ – track support)!
• Fastest Mode S acquisition possible by neighbouring radars enabled by
autonomous target handover!
• Mode S Cluster network acts as complete autonomous system rather than
individual sensors

Contra Mode S Clustering:

• IP network infrastructure is mandatory
• operator have to adapt their way of thinking (single sensor vs. sensor network)

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 37

Mode S - Summary

Mode S
• provides unlimited resolution (0°, 0m) with nearly perfect undisturbed and unique
identification and tactical data (Mode S address, Aircraft ID, Mode 3/A,
Flightlevel, Rollangle, Aircraft Measured Heading…)
• is carefully to be handled as II/SI code (mis-)assignments can cause aircraft
detection loss
• must be coordinated with EUROCONTROL and ATC in operational usage

Mode S Clustering
• creates a failsafe autonomous sensor Mode S sensor network
• allows easier II/SI Code assignments with EUROCONTROL
• requires operator mindset change

Mode S

© 2010 CASSIDIAN - All rights reserved 24. February 2011 Page 38