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Engine Dissection - Nuts and Bolts
Threaded Fastener Issues on Engine:
Types
Materials/Grades
Tightening Torque
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Threaded Fasteners
Did you know that?
the Boeing 747 uses about 2.5 million fasteners
• 70,000 titanium costing $150,000
• 400,000 other fasteners costing about $250,000
• 30,000 squeeze rivets, 50cents each installed
In certain applications (such as an engine head), you
should tighten the bolt as much as possible, if it does not
fail by twisting during tightening, there is a very good
possibility that the bolt will never fail
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Why are fasteners used?
Advantages
Removable
Easyto install
Wide variety of standard parts
Disadvantages
loosening
failure
cost
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Types
Machine screws
Wood screws
Tapping screws
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Standard Thread Systems
Unified or American ACME
SI (ISO)
Pipe Whitworth (UK)
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Typical Designation
1/2” - 13 UNC - 2A
Terminology of screw threads
external thread Sharp vee threads shown for
clarity; the crests and roots are
(B means internal) actually flattened or rounded
during the forming operation.
Class of fit
(1 is loosest tolerance, 3 is tightest)
Thread Series
UNC (Unified Coarse)
UNF (Unified Fine)
Pitch (threads/inch)
Nominal Diameter
(also shown as decimal or screw #)
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Bolt Grades
Grade indicates the tensile
strength of the bolt
Determined by bolt material and
heat treating
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Materials
Let’s look at the example of engine head bolts
The head is alumimum, so why are the head bolts made
of steel ?
In what cases might you want to use an aluminum bolt?
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Tightening Torque
It is typical on engines for bolts to have a specified
tightening torque. Why?
It results in a quantified preload on the bolts
Insures that parts never separate
Maintains friction (no sliding to shear forces)
Insures even distribution of loading
• prevent warpage of mating parts
• uniform pressure distribution over seal or gasket
Preventsbolt from loosening
Reduces fatique effects
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Bolt Manufacturing Processes
Forging (upsetting)
Rolling
a) b)
Thread-rolling processes: a) reciprocating flat dies; and b) two-roller dies.
Threaded fasteners, such as bolts, are made economically by these
processes at high rates of production
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Manufacturing Processes -
continued
Turning on screw machines
(a) Differences in the diameters of machined and rolled threads. (b) Grain flow in machined and rolled
threads. Unlike machining, which cuts through the grains of the metal, rolled threads have improved
strength because of cold working and favorable grain flow.
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References
Kalpakjian, S. Manufacturing Engineering and
Technology, 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley, 1992.
Spotts, M.F., Design of Machine Elements. Prentice-
Hall, Inc., 1985.
Shigley, Joseph and Mitchell, Larry, Mechanical
Engineering Design. McGraw-HillBook Company,
1983.
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