TRANSISTOR BIASING
SELF BIAS CIRCUIT
Batch-E-4
Gaurav Minocha – 119
Kartik Sharma -121
Biasing the BJT
To operate as an amplifier a transistor must be biased in
the active region
The transistor, when properly biased can amplify a small
ac signal faithfully
NEED FOR PROPER BIASING
One of the basic problems with transistor amplifiers is
establishing and maintaining the proper values of
quiescent current and voltage in the circuit. This is
accomplished by selecting the proper circuit-biasing
conditions and ensuring these conditions are
maintained despite variations in ambient
(surrounding) temperature, which cause changes in
amplification and even distortion (an unwanted
change in a signal). Thus a need arises for a method
to properly bias the transistor amplifier and at the
same time stabilize its dc operating point (the no
signal values of collector voltage and collector
current).
TYPES OF BIASING CIRCUITS
Although there are numerous biasing
methods, three basic types are:
Fixed bias circuit.
Self bias or Potential divider bias.
Collector to base bias.
Operating Point or Quiscent Point
The intersection of the load – line with the transistor
output characteristic for a particular IB gives the
operating point Q(VCEQ, ICEQ)
VCC/RC
Self-Bias
A better method of biasing is obtained by inserting
the bias resistor directly between the base and
collector. By tying the collector to the base in this
manner, feedback voltage can be fed from the
collector to the base to develop forward bias. This
arrangement is called SELF-BIAS. Now, if an increase
of temperature causes an increase in collector
current, the collector voltage (VC) will fall because of
the increase of voltage produced across the load
resistor (RL). This drop in VC will be fed back to the
base and will result in a decrease in the base current.
The decrease in base current will oppose the original
increase in collector current and tend to stabilize it.
The exact opposite effect is produced when the
collector current decreases.
SELF BIASING CIRCUIT
This is the most widely used biasing scheme in
general electronics. For a single stage amplifier this
circuit offers the best resilience against changes in
temperature and device characteristics.
This bias circuit gives the best stability against
variations in Vc and Ic over a very wide
temperature range.
Circuit diagram for Self-Bias
circuit
SELF BIASING CIRCUIT AND DC EQUIVALENT
VCC
VCC
IR1 IC
R1 RC
R1 RC
C2
C1 A.C output signal
IR2 IB IE
A.C input signal
R2 RE
R2 RE
Voltage Divider Bias D.C. Equivalent
Ignoring IB(as very small), IR1 = IR2.We can use Thevenin’s Theorem
Self bias circuit and its DC
Thevenin Equivalent
IC Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit
RC
for the base-emitter loop
IB C VCC
R2
B
VTh VCC
R2
VTh VCC
(R 1 R 2 )
(R 1 R 2 )
RTh E
VTh
IE
RE
R 1R 2
R Th R 1 R 2
(R 1 R 2 )
Base-Emitter Loop
IC RC
IB C VCC
B
RTh E VTh I B R Th VBE β 1 I B R E 0
VTh
IE
RE VTh VBE
or, I B
R Th β 1 R E
Collector- Emitter Loop
β(VTh VBE )
I C βI B
R Th β 1 R E
VCE VCC I C R C I E R E VCC I C R C (I C I B )R E
Bias Stabilization
β(VTh VBE ) R2
IC VTh VCC
R Th β 1 R E (R 1 R )
2
If RTh<< (β+1)RE , then R 1R 2
R
Th R 1 R 2
(R 1 R 2 )
VTh VBE
IC
RE
So, IC is independent of β
Stabilistation against variations in Vbe
and β for the self biased circuit
The output current Ic is plotted against
input voltage.We can show that:
Vbe = V+((Rb+Re)( β+1)/ β)Ico-
(Rb+Re(1+ β)/ β)Ic
The graph and load line are plotted and
the slope of the graph is:
σ = -β /(Rb + Re(1+ β))
Plot of collector current with T
and transfer characteristics
Collector current
varies with
temperature T
because Vbe
,Ico and β
change with T.
Stability Factor
By using equations it can be derived that the
stability factor for the potential divider bias
circuit is given by:
S=(1+ β)(1+RTH/RE)/(1+ β+RTH/RE)
The equation shows that S varies between 1 for
small values of RTH/RE. For prope operation
bothRe and Vcc should be larger and Rth small.
Stability
The emitter resistance Re provides excellent
stabilisation.This is due to increase in the
leakage current and value of β when
temprature increases.The collector current Ic
tends to increase and p.d across Re
increases.Now Vb is indepenent of the collector
current, and thus Vbe decreases and so
Ib,Ie,Ic. Thus the circuit has tendency to hold
the Q point.This is due to feedback action.
Drawbacks
A couple of extra resistors are required.
It is only partially effective and, therefore, is only
used where moderate changes in ambient
temperature are expected;
It reduces amplification since the signal on the
collector also affects the base voltage. This is because
the collector and base signals for this particular
amplifier configuration are 180 degrees out of phase
(opposite in polarity) and the part of the collector
signal that is fed back to the base cancels some of the
input signal. This process of returning a part of the
output back to its input is known as DEGENERATION
or NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.
