Physics 130, General Physics Fall 2012 FINAL EXAM December 14, 2012 Name; INSTRUCTIONS 1. This examination is closed book and closed notes. All your belongings exeept a pen or pencil and a calculator should be put away and your bookbag should be placed on the floor. 2. You will find one page of useful formulae on the last page of the exam, 3. Please show all your work in the space provided on each page. If you need more space, feel free to use the back side of cach page. 4. Academie dishonesty (i.e., copying or cheating in any way) will result in a zero for the exam, and may cause you to fail the class. IN ORDER TO RECEIVE MAXIMUM CREDIT, EACH SOLIITION SHOULD HAVE: A labeled picture or diagram, if appropriate. A list of given variables, A list of the unknown quantities (i.e., what. you are being, asked to find) One or more free-body or force-interaction diagrams, as appropriate, with labeled 1D or 2D coordinate axes, Algebraic expression for the net force along cach dimension, as appro- priate. 6. Algebraic expression for the conservation of energy or momentum equa- tions, as appropriate, 7. An algebraic solution of the unknown variables in terms of the known variables 8. A final numerical solution, inciuding units, with a box around it 9. An answer to additional questions posed in the problem, if any. BREE sPhysics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 1. A tennis player hits a ball 2.0 m above the ground. ‘The ball leaves his raequet with a speed of 20.0 m/s at am angle of 5° above the horizontal. ‘The horizontal distance to the net is 7m and the net is 1m high. Does the ball clear the net? If so, by how much? If not, by how much does it miss? Solution: ‘This is a 2D projectile motion problem. We are given the initial height. of the ball above the ground, y, — 2m, its initial velocity, vy — 20.0 m/s, aud the angle above the horizontal with which the ball is hit, @ = 5°. We are also given the horizontal distance to the net, 2, ~ 7 m, and the vertical height of the net, yy — 1m. We are asked whether the ball clears the net or not, ‘Tosolve the problem we first determine the initial velocity of the ball in the horizontal () and vertical (y) dimensions: te; = upeos # ~ (20.0 m/s) x cos (5°) — 19.9 an/s, ) Qty = ugsin @ = (20.0 m/s) x sin (5°) = 1.74 m/s, 2) Next, we use the horizontal kinematic equation of projectile motion to fine the time it takes the ball to travel the distance to the net: ay = mm tgAt (3) = ug At (a) x, 7 saat = 7 M_ _ 0.351. (5) vi 100 mys Finally, wo use the vertical kinematic equation of projcetile motion to find the vertical height of the ball as it, reaches the net: 1 wp = we pdt So( At), (6) = (2.0 mj + (L84m = 201m. 8) 5) x (0.351 8) = ; x (98 m/st) x (0.851 8) (7) So yes, the ball clears the net by about one meter!Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 2, Sand moves without slipping at 6.0 m/s down a conveyor that is tilted at 15°. The sand enters a pipe 3.0 m below the end af the conveyer belt, What is the horizontal distance d between the conveyer belt and the pipe’? 6.0 mis — 30m a Solution: ‘This is. 2D projectile motion problem. We are given the initial velocity of the sand, 2% — 6.0 m/s, the angle of the conveyer belt, — 15°, and the vertical distanee to the top of the pipe, y — 3.0m, We are asked to find the harizental distance, ry — d, heowen the conveyer belt. and the pipe. ‘To solve this problem we must recognize that once the sand leaves the conveyer bolt it is a free-falling projectile. Iu other words, it maintains the same constant horizontal velocity it had whe Jefi the belt, whi jis veritzen! velocity increases due to gravity. First, we determine the velocity of the sand in the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) dimensions as it leaves the edge of the conveyer belt ty = yycos @ = (6.0 m/s) x cos (15") ~ 5.80 m/s, ) Va — Hsin B= (6.0 m/s) x sin (18°) = 1.55 m/s, (2) where note the negative sign on the vy; velocity. Next, we use the vertical kinematic equation of projectile motion to find the time it takes the «and to fall to the top of the pipe (yp ~ 0): 1 Wr = Beh Med Sof ANA, (3) D = yt opAt SatAy? (4) 2 is a quadratic ¢ for time of the form 0 = 6+ bz + a2 — (-b 4 V6? —4ac}/2a. Solving for time, we get: poe (4) = pyFi-cos 25° (5) = fying cos 25°, @Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 Substituting equation (6) into equation (1) and solving for the acceleration a we get mgsin 25" —ptemgcosdh* = ma 7 sea = (sim 25° — jay C0825") g (8) = (sim 25° — 0.55 « os 25°) x 9.8 m/s? (9) - 0.743 m/s (ia) whore the minus sign indicates the acceleration is directed np the incline, “To find the tial speed, w, necessary to have the box come to rest (i.e., uy = 0) after Ax = 5.0m can be found from the kinematic equation linking velocity and aeceleration: vp = w+ Qader (uy oyu = Jade (12) = yf/-2(-0.748 m/a2) (5.0 m) (13) = 27 mp. qa)Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 5. The 1.0 kg block in the figure below is tied to the wall with a rope, It sits ow top of the 2.0 kg block, ‘The lower block is pulled to the right with a tension force of 20 N, The coefficient of kinetic friction at both the lower and upper surfaces of the 2.0 ky block is fe = 0.40, (a) What is the tension in the rope holding the 1.0 kg block to the wall? (b) What is the aceeleration of the 2.0 kg, black? Solution: ‘The free-body diagram for the problem is shown below: m= 1LOkg (Fo! ‘Te solve this problem we need to use arate free-body diagrams for the two blocks show that there are two action /reaction pairs, Notige how the top block (block 1) both pushes down on the bottom block 1) Newton's third and second laws. "The sepPhysics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 (block 2) with force i, and exerts a retarding friction force fa4op on the top surface of block 2. (a) Block 1 is in static equilibrium (a; = 0 m/s*), but block 2 is accelerating to the right. Newton's second law for block 1 is (Fret on ide = Si ~ Frope = 9 > Trope = fi a) (Foct on ty = Ma mag= 0 > my = mg. Q) Although block 1 is stationary, there is a kinetic foree of friction because there is motion between block 1 and block 2. The friction model means. i= Hatt, = nema. @) Substituting this result into equation (1) we get the tension of the rope: Trope = fi mumag a) (0.40) * (1.0 kg) x (9.8 m/s?) (5) = 39N, ) (b) Newton's second law for block 2 is aca — (Futon ahs _ Tyat~ Srp ~ Sa oe ma ma (Face on 2)y _ Ma = M4 = Mag oo mm ° Forces iy and 7, are an action/reaction pair, som, ~ i, — mg. Substituting into equation (8) gives, ng = (m, + ma2)g- (9) ‘This result is not surprising because the combined weight of both objects presses down on the surface, ‘The kinetic friction on the bottom surface of block 2 is ¢hen fa vor ~ Muti — Ha(rm, + mg)9. (0) Next, we recognize that the forees jj and fz jop are an action/reaetion pair, so Feo = fi = tern. at) Finally inserting these friction results into equation (7) gives a — Eo = Haring = ste(mes + ma) (12) m2 _ 20N (040)(1.0 ke) 0.8 my/s*) ~ (040)(.0 hs + 2.0 kp)(0.8 ys") 9) 7 2.0 ke . = 22 m/s? (a4)Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 6. The lower block in the figure below is pulled on by a rope with a tension force of 20 N. ‘The coefficient of kinetic friction between the lower block and the surface is 0.30. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the lower black and the upper block is also 0.30. at is the acceleration of the 2.0 kg block? “The blocks accelerate with the same magnitude but in opposite directions, Thus the acceleration constraint is ay = a = ~ay, where a will have a positive value because of how we have defined the +2 direction. There are two real action/roaction pairs. “The two tension forces will act as if they are action/reaction pains becanse we are assuming massless rape and a frictionless pulley. Make sure yor understand why the frietion forees point in the directions shew in tho free-body diagrams, especially fore f{ exerted on the bottom black (block 2) by the lap block (block 1). uwPhysics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 We have quite a few pieces of information to include, First, Newton’s seeond law applied to block 1 gives (Fret ow te = fi- Th a) = Ham —T = may = ma (2) (Foet ea Jy = m1 mg =O (3) = mamg. (4) For block 2 we have (Foot on ade = Tran = Si fo Ta (5) = Toa — Ff, — pana — Tr = maaz = maa (6) (Fret on ady = Man} — mag = 0 (7) > man try. (8) Note that to simplify the two 2-equations above we have already used the kinetic friction model. Next, from Newton's third law we have three additional constraints: n= m= mg 9) f= f= mm = name (iv) T - %-T. a) Knowing nj we can now use the yequation for block 2 to find ra, Substituting all these pieces into the two «-cquations, we cnd up with two equations with wo unknowns: paras — mia (12) Tron ~ T ~ Humrg ~ peor + ™a)g — moe. (3) Subtracting the first equation from the second we get Tyan —T — purmig — pix: + 1m2)9—purrag+T = matma — (14) Toot ~ 3uemig — fxmag — (m2 +m)Ja — (15) Foun — He(3rmy + m2)g = (mg +m)a, (16) And finally solving for a we get Tain = Hel 3rr, + Ma) sa = Sen eel tele (17) m+ mM _ 20 N~ (0.30)(3 « L0 kg + 2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s?) 18) 7 1.0 kg + 2.0 ky = 18 m/s*. (9) 12Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 7. The 1.0 kg physics book in the figure below is connected by a string toa 800 g culls cup. The book is given a push up the slope and released with a speod of 8.0 m/s, The cocfficients of friction are yx, ~ 0.50 and pig = 0.20. (a) How far does the book slide? (b) At the highest. point, does the book stick te the slope, or does it slide back down? # ar Solutio: ‘The pictorial representation and free-body diagrams are shown below: 13,Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 ‘To solve this problem we use the particle model for the book (B) and the coffee cup (C), the models of kinetic and static friction, and the constant-acceleration kinematic equations. (a) To find the distance x the book slides we must find its acceleration, Newton's second law applied to the book gives XlFe aly = ne —(Fe)acosd = 0 a) = np = magoosd ) Mra ve = T= fe —(Fo)n sine (3) = -T~jynp ~mpgsin® oy = ~Tpmpgcosé — magsin® = mpan. (5) Similarly, for the coffee cup we have DVFea ely = 1 ~ (Fale =P ~ meg ~ meae. 6) Equations (5) and (6) can be rewritten using the acceleration constrain ae = ap =a as ~~ jumpgeos@—mpgsind = mpa 7) T meg = mea. (8) Adding these two equations and solving for the acceleration gives Hampg cos @ — mpgsin® — meg = (mp + me)a (9) ae [attasoce +sin#) + me] ° ao) mp + me (1.0 kg) x (0.20608:20° + sin 20°) +0.5 kg » eee ee nos x (9.8 m/s") (11) = -6.73 m/s? (12) inally, to solve for the distance xy we use the following: ki Ue = 0, the = 3.0 m/s, and aa = 0: sitic equation with Vie = Uae + 2alrs ~ 20) (13) O = uf, + 2axy (4) om = oe (15) —(3.0 m/s)* . ~ 2x (6.73 mj?) (16) = 0.67 m. (a7) “Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 (b) In order to figure ont if the book sticks to the slope or slides back down we have to determine if the static friction force needed to keep the book in place, f_ is larger or smaller than the maximum statie friction force (fe)mac = Malls = [tmggeosd (1s) = (0.50) x (9.8 m/s) x cos20” (19) = 460%, (20) When the cup is at rest, the string tension is T — meg. In this ease, Newton's first law for the book becomes N(fe we = fe-T—mxgsind (21) = fe—™cg— mggsin® = 0 (22) > f. = (me 4 mpsin Bg (23) = (0.5 kg + 1.0 kgsin 20°) « (9.8 m/s?) (24) — 825N (25) Because f, > (feluwe, the book slides back down. 15Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 8. A conical pendulua is formed by attaching 2 500 g ball 1 a 1.0 m-long string, en allowing the mass to move in « horizontal circle of radius 20 em, ‘The figure shows that the string traces out the surface of a cone, henee the name (a) What is the tension in the string? (b) What is the ball's angular specs, in rpm? Solution: (a) What is the Lension in the string? ‘The forees in the *dircetion in the free body diagram are the component of the lension in the 2direction and the force of gravity, ‘To find the 2-component. of the tension, 16Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 adjacent _ 7, Oo =, eee os iypotennse — T 0 T, = Toond Q) Apply Newton's second law in the =-direetion DA = Teosd— mg -0 (3) 9. rt. “ ‘To calenlate cos6, adjacent Y=? yOmP—OamP cos8 = Gypotenuss ~~ Tom oss: (5) 20 = 1s ) Plugging this in for tension, » (9.80 m/s?) - eee ne) @ T = 50N @) (b) What is the balls angular speed, in rpin? Roferring back to the tension triangle, the radial component of tension is opposite Te , sind - Fypotenuse ~ T @) T, = Tsind (10)Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 Referring back to the triangle for the length of the pendulum, ing — _2Pposite or sin? — Typotemse ~ E ay r= Lsin@ (12) Apply Newton's second law in the r-direction xr = T,=Tsin@ = mtr (a3) sw = (4) - (8) = 3.16 radl/sec (16) rad | f Lrev 6 soe = 316 — x x (——_ 7 set" (em) * (Tam) an — 301pm (as)Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 9. A block of mass m slides down a frictionless track, then around the inside of a cireular loop-the-loop of radius , From what minimum height / must the block start to make it around without falling off? Give your answer as a multiple of Ri. Solution: ‘This is a two-part problem, In the first part, we will find the critical velocity for the block to go over the top of the loop without falling off. Since there is no friction, the sun of the kinetic and gravitational potential energy is conserved during the block’s motion. We will use this conservation equation in the second part to find the minimum height the block must start from to make it around the loop. Place the origin of the coordinate system directly below the block's starting position on the frictionless track. From the free-body diagram we have e -Fy-n = —me. () For the block to just stay on the track, n ~ 0. Therefore, the critical velocity tis 2 we R= me (2) a mg - me (3) ou = vor (a) We can now use conservation of mechanical energy to find the minimum height A: Kyt Uy & Kay (5) ym +mgy, = pin? + mgy. (6) Using vy = 0. = VaR, yy = 2K, 1; = 0, and y, = h, we get ju 92K) = 04 gh ” sh = 25k. (3) 19Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 10, A pendulum is formed from a small ball of mass m an a string of length L. As the figure shows, a peg is height # = £/3 above the pendulum’s lowest point, From what minimum angle @ must the pendulum be released in order for the ball to go over the top of the peg without the string going slack? Solution: ‘This is a two part problem, First, we need to find the velocity for the ball to go over the peg without the string going slack, ‘Thon we need to find the potential energy to match that velocity. {a) Find the velocity of the ball so that the string docsn't go slack. We'll set. our origin on the peg. This means that once the string tonches the peg, the ball will be moving in eireukar motion with s. radius of £3 When the ball is let go, it moves below the peg and then moves in circular motion, When it reaches the top of the circle and is directly abowe the peg, we ean use Newton's sccond law and the fact that the ball is moving in circular motion, 2 Pe = ma= mF (yy a T-F, = -m5 2) (3)Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 ‘The critical speed is just as the tension equals zero, Factoring the negatives and the masses, and setting F, mg and T = 0, uw Oh mg ~ me ) nm = vor ©) te = (# (CO) (b) Find the angle to release the ball. Now that we know the velocity for the string to remain taut, we'll use the conservation of energy to find the height to release Setting R= 1/3, the ball Kyi Uy © KU, (7) jn} + may = me? + may (8) fed + ayy = 0+ 9% (9) Plugging in yy = L/3 and v? = gi/3, Lob e+e = oy (10) LoL et37% (ly L n= 5 (12) ‘This result tells 1 Peg, ‘To find the angle, consider the third figure in the three-part figure above. We need to find the distance of the ball below the point where the string is attached. We can use the string length and result above. that we need to release the ball at a height of L/2 above the L Lk ha=b-3-5- 5 (13) ‘To find the angle, we ean use cosine, Le cos = (a4) +8 — 80. (15) 2Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 11. A sled sta shown below, from rest at the top of the frictionless, hemispherical, snow-covered ‘ill (a) Find an expression for the sleds speed when it is at angle ¢: (b) Use Newton's laws to find the maximum speed ihe sled can haw leaving the surface, fe) At what angle ya. does the sled “fly off” the hill? angle @ without — 1 1 1 o Solution: {a) When the sled is at a position that relates to angle @, the height is yy — Fteos d. Using conservation of energy with yy = R, we get Ky+Uyp = Kit Ui w L get may, = Law? + may, (2) 2 2 it +gRosd = 0+ gy (3) su} = %™R-IReowd (1) = 2g Ri — cose) (5) uy = y/29Rll—cosd) (6) 2Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 (b) To find the maximum speed we use the free-body dingram: vw mo (7) (8) ‘The eritical speed is just as the normal force equals zero. Factoring the uogatives and the masses, and setting Fy = mg and Fy = we geosd = (9 te = yigiteosa (0) (0) Find the angle when the sled gets air! We ean set the speeds from the two previous parts equal to each other to find d. VaRcose = y2gRU— cose) ) gRoose = IygR(1— cowed) (12) cos = 2~ 2eosg (3) Boos = 2 (14) 2b = cos “(G)-« (15) 28Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 12, Truck brakes ean fail if they get too hot. In some mountainous areas, ramps of loose gravel are construeted to stop runaway trucks that have lost their brakes, ‘The combi- nation of a slight upward slope and a large coefficient of rolling resistance as the truck tires sink inte the gravel brings the truck safely to a halt, Suppose a gravel ramp slopes upward at 6.0" and the eoetficient of rolling friction is 0.40, Use work and energy to find the length of a ramp that will stop a 15,000 kg truck that enters the ramp at 35 1/5 (= 75 mph). Solution: We'll identify the truck and the loose gravel as the system, We need the gravel insiele the system because friction inereasos the temperature of the tuck and the gravel. We will also use the mnodel af kinetic friction and the conservation of energy equat Ky tUp+ AE = Kit Ui 4 Wont ) O+Up+ AB, = Ky +040 Q) The thermal energy created by friction is AEw — fel x) (3) = (ye Fy)(Acr) (4) — (axing cosé)( Ax) (5) = (yxrng cos} Ar) (6) Using geometry, the final gravitation] potential energy of the track is U, = mauy 7 = mag(Acr) sind (8) Finally, the initial kinetic energy is simply Ko done () PzPhysics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 gAx(sin @ + p14 e054) > Ar Plugging everything into the conservation of energy equation, we get mg(Azx) sin® + gmgeos0(Ax) = gm (10) pe a) @ alsin 8 + pa, cond) (12) (35 m/s)? as) 2 x (9.8 m/s*) = (sinG” + 0.4 x cos6) = 124m (14) = 0.12km. (15) 1 2Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 13, ‘The spring shown in the figure belovr is compressed 0 en and used to Launch 100 kg physies sindent. ‘The track is frictionless until it starts up te incline, ‘The student’s coefficient of kinetic friction on the 30° incline is 0.15, (a) What is the student's speod just after losing contact with the spring? (b) How far up the ineline does the siudent go? k = 80,000 Nim = 100kg Solution: (a) ‘This is conservation of energy problem. We want to know the initial velocity immediately after the spring is no longer in contact with the student. Ky t Uae + Up + AB = Kit Uy + Us + Wean (1) pm + mgyy + puy)? +0 = nt + may, + pe)? +0 (2) jim = Hear)? (3)Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 ty - Fas, = os @) (b) Using the conservation of energy cquation again, we can how far the student travels up the ineline, Let’s define the y-height when the student reaches ‘highest point as yy — Assin30°. ‘Then we have: Ky tgs + Uap HOB = Ki + Ug + Uae + Were (5) done 4 mguy + $(ae)" 400 = Sine? egy + dian)? 403 (6) ngdsosin30? + maFyds = mapw+ May? a) (8) From the sum of the forees in the y-direction on the incline, the normal foree is F, = mgcos 30°, Plugging this in, we get mgAssin 30? + pg cosh As = mgys + Fane (9) Asmafsin 0? + pycos30°) = may, + dase (10) aes = tga t+ 3k) As = gteina peor) = UD) As = 321m (2) oFPhysics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 14. A hollow sphere is rolling along a horizontal floor at. 5.0. m/s when it comes to a 30° incline, How far up the ineline does it roll before reversing direction’? Solution: Assume that the hollow sphere is a rigid rolling body and that the sphere rolls up the incline without slipping, Also assume that the cocfficient of rolling friction ix wer0. ‘The initial kinetic energy, which is a combination of rotational and translational nergy, Is transformed in gravitational potential energy; Choose the bottom of the ineline as the zero of the gravitational poter Starting from conservation of energy, we have Ky t Uy — Kit Uy a 1 1 1 1). pMeP Sle + Mam = Mai + Stud + Maw. e) Substituting vy ~ 0, 1 ~ 0, yo ~ 0, J ~ 2/3MR® (appropriate for a hollow sphere), wy = m/R, and solving for the final height, y1, we get 0404 Moy = fge3 (3 re) f.+0 (3) on = Sah (B) “ on 7 5x (5.0 m/s)? ~ &x G8 mis) ©) = 2126 m, (7)Physics 130, General Physics: Fall 2012 ‘The distance traveled along, the incline is a- (8) ) (10)Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 15. A 10g bullet traveling at 400 m/s strikes a 10 kg, 1.0 wide door at the edge opposite the hinge. ‘The bullet embeds itself in the door, causing the door to swing open. What is the angular velocity of the door just after impact? Solution: In order to solve this problem, we use the fact that angular momentum is conserved in the collision for the (bullot } door) system. As the bullet hits the door, its velocity is perpendicular to 7. Consequently, the initial angular momentum about the rotation axis, with r = L, L, = mpupl. (ay After the collision, with the bullet in the door, the moment of inertia about the hinges is T= Bcor + Founce 2) = inp? + mgd? (3) ‘Therefore, the final angular momentum is Ly = Tw @ - (frot? +mot) 6)Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 Equating the initial and final angular momentum and solving for w we get ly (6) (mou + mal?) w= mpval 7) 3mpvp >< Tinp + 3m) ®& 3 x 0.010 kg x 400 m/s © 1.0 m x (10 kg +3 x 0.010 kg) = 12 rad/s. (10) aPhysics 130, General Physics Fall 2012 16, A355 mL soda can is 6.2 em in diameter and has a mass of 20g. Such a soda can half full of water is floating upright in water. What length of the can is above the water le Solution: ‘The buoyant force, Fx, on the can is given by Archimedes’ principle. Let the length of the can above the water level be d, the total length of the can be L, and the cross-sectional area of the can be A. The can is in static equilibrium, so from the free-body diagram sketched above we have DK = Fs ~ Foca ~ Femter — 0 a Prove AE = d)g = (1eeg9) + Maegtee) (2) — (ean + Mate) L-d a (3) (Mean + Mater) sd = L- 7 @) Recalling that one liter equals 10-9 m? and the density of water is Pwatee ~ 1000 kg 1m”, the mass of the water in the can is Mater = Prester ) = (1000 kg mm) x ( (6) = 0.1775 kg. (7) ‘To find the length of the ean, L, we have: Von = AL (8) 355 x 10-* m* 5 ae oar me ® = 0.1176 m. (a0)Physics 130, General Physics: Fall 2012 Finally, substituting everything into equation (4), we get: d= 0.1176 m _ {02020 kg + 0.1775 kg) = (0.081 m)? x (1000 kg m-*) 0.0522 m 52em.Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 17. Water flowing out of a 16 mm diameter faucet fills a 2.0 L bottle in 10s. At what distance below the faucet has the water stream narrowed to 10 mm in diameter? Solution: 16 mm We treat the water as an ideal fluid obeying Bernoulli's equation. ‘The pressure at point 1 is py and the pressure at point 1 is pp. Both p, and py are atmospheric pressure, The velocity and the area at point 1 are v and Ay, and at point 2 they are v and Ap. Let d be the distance of point 2 below point 1. First, we use the time it takes to fill a 2.0 L bottle to compute the flow rate, Q, the rale al which water is flowing out of the faucet, remembering Uhat one liter equals 108 ms Q- G00) x (19 *m/L) “) = 20 10 ys, (2) Next, we use this result to find the velocity, e, with which the water leaves the fancet through the 12, = 16 x 10-* im diameter aperture (at point 1): Q- (3) ay = (@) ~ SDAP 6) 2.0 10-* m/s ex (8x 10-3 mp? 6 = 10 m/s. a) uMPhysies 130 General Physics Fall 2012 Now, from the continuity equation we have tA, = Ay (8) an = (9) - (10) = ay 2 - smi (Ta ra) 2) = 2.56 m/s. (13) Finally, we turn to Bernoulli's equation to find the height, d: 1 L Prt Pett path = Pet 3eU3 1 eae (4) 1 pg(un ve) — seu — et) (5) 1 gd - 3008 of) a6) Wen = SOS 7 a us an mys)? = (1.0 m/s)? = oF & 2 * 9.8 m/s’ as) = 0.283 m ag) 28m. (20) 3Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 18, A100 g ice cube at —10° C is placed in an aluminum cup Whose initial temperature is 70° C, The system comes to an equilibrium temperature of 20° C, What is the mass of the cup? Solution: There are two interacting systems: aliminam and ice, ‘The system comes to thermal equilibrium in four steps: (1) the ice temperature increases from 10 °C to —0 °C; (2) the ice becomes water at 0 °C; (3) the water temperature increases from 0 °C to 20 °C; and (4) the cup temperature decreases from 70 °C ta 20°C. Since the aluminum aud ice form a elosed system, we have B= A+ G+ Qs+Q1=0. () Each term is as follows: Qt = Mec tccoAT (2) = (0,100 ke) [2000 J/ (ke K)] x (10K) = 20001 Qr = Maw by (2) = (0.100 kg) » (3.33 x 108 Ike) = 38,2005, Qs = Maw Canter ST (4) = (0,100 kg) « [4190 J/ (ke KY] (20 K) — 8380 J Qe = Mucw AT (6) = May = [900 F/(kkg K)] = (50K) (45,000 J/ke) Ma Inserting everything into equation (1), we get 43,770 J — (45,000 J/kg) Ma, — 0 => Mai = 0.97 ky (6)Physics 130 General Physics 2012 19, A group of rebels wamts to invade the eastle and they made a trobuchet as their first Line of attack, The group optimized their trcbuchet so that their projectile can be fired from a great distance to hit the castle wall. Their trebuchet includes a counterweight mass of 931 kg, a-moment arm, fy — 2m, a projectile mass of 7 kg, a moment: arm £2) — 10 m, rm mass of 25 kg, and a release angle of & = 90° due to a stopper on the trebuchet that: stops the projectile arm from going any further. "The pivot pout is 8 1 above the ground, Find the distance from the castle wall that the trebuchet needs to be plaeed so that the projectile hits che wall Solution: This problem uses the torque created by the difference in the force/moment-arm ratios of the counterweight. and projectile to generate an angular acceleration, There are two torque terms for the trebuchet. The counterweight will create a clockwise rotation (whieh by convention is negative) and the projectile will create a Positive counterclockwise rotation. Because the projectile is ina cup attached to the arm, the foree and the arm are perpendicular to each other. For that torque term, IF, sinfangle) — RyF, However, the counterweight ane its moment arm are not perpeneiicular to each other The figure below shows the angle between thom. The torque component for the counterweight is Ry Fow sin moment Just like the 5 F = me far linear mation, J ¥ = fev for rotational motion wher’ the moment of inertia of the Ry which we'll consider to be a red rotating about it end. Alpha is the angular accelerationPhysics 130, General Physics Fall 2012 yr = ta (i) Fylty— FowRysinyy = la 2) (3) The moment of inertia for a rod rotating about its end is 1 = 4M L*, We're interested in finding the speed of the projectile as it leaves the the moment arm, Rp. So, we'll use the length of for Land the mass of that portion of the red in our eale a. Let the total mass of the rod be rod is Ny and the 1 { where the mass of the projectile portion of the iss of the counterweight. portion of the rod is Ny. "To find Ny Ns M Ry N Xr - fa @ F,Ry~ FewRysin psi — Ta (8) magRs ~ mew gRisin psi — iM Roe (9) (0) Calculate the angular acceleration, a, 3g(maRy ~ m) Risiny) Nii a = qu) 38Physics 130, General Physics Fall 2012 any/s?)(7kg x 10m ~ 931kg x 2m sin 143°) ws “ 20.8kg x (10m)? * rad. (13) (a) ‘To find the angular velocity, wy when the projectile leaves the trebuchet, we need to use kinematics. We're told in the problem, that the projectile moment arm travels @ = 90° = Zradians before the projectile is rel (wy)? (wi)? + 208 (15) (ws)? = 208 =200 (16) wy V208 yexu (7) wy as (18) (19) our calculations have been for circular motion as the projectile is moved by the trebuchet. Once the projectile leaves the trebuchet, we neod to switch to linear motion. To find the linear velocity with which the projectile leaves the trebuchet, we convert the angular velocity to linear velocity. v= wR, (20)Physics 130 General Physics: Fall 2012 » = 68% «10m (21) v= 68in/s (22) (23) ‘The original description tells us that the projectile travels through an angle of 90°while on the trebuchet. Using this information, we can find the angle at which the projectile leaves the trebuchet and its height. We need to use the kinematic equations for projectile motion to find the time it takes for the projectile to hit the ground, Then use this time, to calculate the horizontal range of the trebuchet. vy = vsind = 68n/s x sin 37” = Aim/s (21) (25) We're able to ealenlate the starting height of the projectile using the figure nbove. Because the trebuehct travels through 90°, we can use the same triangle for right before the trebuchet is fired and right after the projectile is released. Because these triangles are the same, the height at which the projectile leaves the trebuchet is 16 m. 1 My = wt vAt~ ZoAt (28) 0 = 16m 4 Alm/s x At jo Sm/stAt (27) (28)Physics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 Rearranging this equation into the form of a quadratic equation, 4.9m/s?At ~ Alm/s x At 16m = 0 (29) At = 8.7 sec (30) (31) ‘To find the range, we plug this time into the range equation 10 acecleration in the x-lirection). We also need to use the initial velocity of the projectile in the x-direction. From the figure above, we can seo that the velocity in the x-direction is 1, = woos 7" 2) = 2+ UgAt = veos3TAt (32) y= 68m/s x cosB7” x 8.7 s0¢ (33) zy = 472m (34) (35) aPhysics 130 General Physics Fall 2012 Kinematies and Mechanics Energy Ky + Ug — Kit Ups AK + AU 4 By ~ AB mon + AB in ~ ABay ~ Woot Ky + Uy + DEn = K+ Us + Went 1 ay tug + got? Yay = Uae + Oat UE, = Uy + Reeling — 24) 1 1, K = Samet wh tt 5 yt’ a ee = may Uys = Uys + yl AEn ~ fads Uy — Ue 4 ale — woP.d 8) = 8, + aaht + Sade PaP.a wy = wy + enddt Po ABA uP we 2ade Fluids and ‘Thermal Energy sar Pe f c= 2ar nm 4 =ur oP eo, Q= 0A a= sur 7 wy Ay = teAy oar 1 ot 1 ant ve Pr + FPL + POT = Pe + GPa + POE Forces Qnet = Ot + Og + = Fa —¥ Q = Mly for freezing/melting K Q= MeAT “ 1= Sow? Fy = o 0 me F vofxF=la whe iets La moxt fo nek Ax B~ ABsing Fumo ~ Fans : Kor = he! Momentum 2 Jai — Ee* Ahaitow sphere = imr® aoe — Lor? about its hues tg? f rat = Ty r7® about its end 42Physics 130 General Physics ioe : Fos — gan about its center Constants g= 98 m/s? Proater ~ 1000 kgm 28 hg /m* J = 2000 ae J Cater = 4190 ig k J G00 lyk Drie = c= 3.98, 000. tee to water Ly bb 43 Fall 2012