IS 11204 Information System
Infrastructure
T. Vinothraj
Lecturer in Computer Science
Eastern University Sri Lanka
Introduction
About me!
About you!
About Course!
About Contents!
Computer Systems: Types of computer systems,
Introduction to personal Computers, networks and
internet, CPU, Memory, I/Os.
Software systems: OS, Application SW, utility SW.
Data communication: Communication fundamentals,
communication networks and internet based
solutions.
Introduction to IS
Lecture 01
Introduction
Information system (IS)
A set of interrelated components that collect,
manipulate, and disseminate data and information, and
provide feedback to meet an objective
Business firms and other organizations rely on
information systems to carry out and manage their
operations, interact with their customers and suppliers,
and compete in the marketplace.
Introduction (continued)
Businesses use IS to
reach their potential customers with targeted
messages over theWeb
process financial accounts, and to manage their human
resources
to increase revenues and reduce costs
Governments deploy IS to
provide services cost-effectively to citizens.
Digital goods
such aselectronic books andsoftware, and online
services, such as auctions andsocial networking
Information Concepts
Information
an organizations most valuable resources
often confused with the term data
Data, Information, and
Knowledge
Data
a collection of raw and unprocessed facts, figures, and
symbols.
It may describes a particular thing in the real world.
It may represent a single value or multiple values.
Information
Collection of facts organized in such a way that they
have value beyond the facts themselves
Simply, it has more value than data to understand a
particular context.
10
Data, Information, and
Knowledge (continued)
Process
Set of logically related series of activities
Data can be converted into information by carrying out
some series of activities on data
Knowledge
Awareness and understanding of a set of information
Knowledge is the body of rules, guidelines and
procedures used to select, organize and manipulate
data to make it suitable for a specific task
Data, Information, and Knowledge
11
(continued)
Data, Information, and Knowledge
12
(continued)
Types of Data
13
The Characteristics of
Valuable Information
If an organizations information is not accurate or
complete
Depending on the type of data you need
People can make poor decisions, costing thousands, or
even millions, of dollars
Some characteristics become more valuable than
others
Accurate, complete, economical, flexible, reliable,
relevant, simple, timely, verifiable, accessible,
secure
14
The Value of Information
Directly linked to how it helps decision makers
achieve their organizations goals
Valuable information
Can help people and their organizations perform tasks
more efficiently and effectively
15
System Concepts
System
A collection of elements or components which work
together to achieve a specific goal.
Components of a system
Inputs
Processing mechanisms
Outputs
Feedback
16
System Concepts (continued)
Components of a System
17
System Concepts Example
- Car wash (continued)
Input: dirty car, water, cleaning ingredients, time,
energy, skill, knowledge
Processing mechanism: select the cleaning options:
wash only/wash with wax/ wash with wax/ and hand
dry
Feedback: your assessment of how clean the car is
Output: clean car
18
System Performance and
Standards
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Measure of what is produced divided by what is
consumed
Extent to which system attains its goals
System performance standard
Specific objective of the system
19
System Performance and
Standards (continued)
System Performance standards
20
System Performance and
Standards (continued)
System Performance standards
21
What is an Information
System?
Information system (IS) is a set of interrelated
elements that
Collect (input), manipulate (process), store, and
disseminate (output) data and information, and provide
a corrective reaction (feedback mechanism) to meet an
objective
What
is
an
Information
System?
22
(continued)
The components of an Information System
23
Input, Processing, Output,
Feedback
Input
Processing
Converting data into useful outputs
by calculations, comparisons and arranging raw data.
Sometimes, involves storing data for future use.
Output
Activity of gathering and capturing raw data
Production of useful information, usually in the form of
documents and reports
Feedback
Information from the system that is used to make changes
to input or processing activities
Feedback is critical to the successful operation of the
system
24
Manual and Computerized
Information Systems
An information system can be:
Manual
Computerized
25
Computer-Based
Information Systems
Single set of hardware, software, databases,
telecommunications, people, and procedures
That are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and
process data into information
Technology infrastructure
Includes all hardware, software, databases,
telecommunications, people, and procedures
Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data
into information
We are concern about !
26
Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)
Components of a CIBS
27
Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)
Hardware
Software
Consists of computer equipment used to perform input,
processing, and output activities
Consists of the computer programs that govern the
operation of the computer
Database
Organized collection of facts and information, typically
consisting of two or more related data files
28
Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)
Telecommunications
Telecommunications
The electronic transmission of signals for communications
Networks
Connect computers and equipment to enable electronic
communication
29
Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)
Internet
Intranet
Worlds largest computer network, consisting of
thousands of interconnected networks, all freely
exchanging information
An internal network based on Web technologies that
allows people within an organization to exchange
information and work on projects.
Extranet
A network based on Web technologies that allows
selected outsiders, such as business partners and
customers, to access authorized resources of a
companys intranet.
30
Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)
People
include all the people who manage, run, program, and
maintain the system, including the CIO, who manages
the IS department.
End users, Clients, Developers, Development managers
Can be the most important element in most computerbased information systems
Procedures
Include strategies, policies, methods, and rules for
using the CBIS
31
Systems Development
Systems development
The activity of creating or modifying existing business
systems
Outsourcing
Allows a company to focus on what it does best and
delegate other functions to companies with expertise
in systems development
32
Systems Development
(continued)
An Overview of
Systems Development
33
Information Systems in Society,
Business, and Industry
Information systems
Have been developed to meet the needs of all types of
organizations and people
Speed and widespread use opens users to a variety of
threats from unethical people
34
Drawbacks of information
systems
Drawbacks of information systems
To protect against threats to your privacy and data
Always being connected at work and to your boss
through the Internet, minimizing free time
Install security and control measures
Use of information systems
Raises work concerns, including job loss through
increased efficiency
35
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL
ISSUES
Computer science has created some peripheral
issues, the most prevalent of which can be
categorized as social and ethical issues
36
Social Issues
Dependency
Some people think that computers have created a kind
of dependency, which makes peoples lives more
difficult.
Social justice
Social justice is another issue we often hear about. The
advocates of this issue argue that using computers at
home is a luxury benefit that not all people can afford.
The cost of a computer, peripheral devices, and a
monthly charge for Internet access is an extra burden
on low-income people
37
Digital divide
The concept of digital divide covers both the issues of
dependency and social justice discussed above. The concept
divides society into two groups: those who are electronically
connected to the rest of society and those who are not.
38
Ethical issues
Privacy
Computers allow communication between two parties
to be done electronically. However, much needs to be
done to make this type of communication private.
Society is paying a big price for private electronic
communication. Network security may create this type
of privacy, but it needs effort and costs a lot.
Copyright
Another ethical issue in a computerized society is
copyright: who owns data? The Internet has created
opportunities to share ideas, but has also brought with
it a further ethical issue: electronic copyright.
39
Computer crime
Computers and information technology have created
new types of crime. Hackers have been able to access
many computers in the world and have stolen a lot of
money. Virus creators design new viruses to be sent
through the Internet and damage the information
stored in computers. Although there are many antivirus programs in use today, society is paying a big
price for this type of crime, which did not exist before
the computer and Internet era.
40
Computer and Information
Systems Literacy
Computer literacy
Knowledge of computer systems and equipment and
the ways they function
Information systems literacy
Knowledge of how data and information are used by
individuals, groups, and organizations
41
Information Systems in the
Functional Areas of
Business
Finance and accounting
Sales and marketing
Manufacturing
Human resource management
Legal information systems
42
Information Systems in
Industry
Airline industry
Investment firms
Banks
Transportation industry
Publishing companies
43
Information Systems in
Industry (continued)
Healthcare organizations
Retail companies
Power management and utility companies
Professional services
44
Global Challenges in
Information Systems
Cultural challenges
Language challenges
Time and distance challenges
Infrastructure challenges
Currency challenges
45
Global Challenges in Information
Systems (continued)
Product and service challenges
Technology transfer issues
State, regional, and national laws
Trade agreements
Example for Information
Systems
Transaction processing systems
Transaction handling, record keeping
Primarily for clerical personnel and operational-level
managers
Example for Information
Systems
Management information system
Uses an integrated database and supports a variety of
functional areas
Structured information (for example, a weekly
inventory status report with predefined content and
format)
Applications in hospitals (patient accounting, point-ofcare processing), insurance (claims-processing
systems, policy administration, actuarial statistics),
and colleges (student registration, placement)
Example for Information
Systems
Decision support system
Helps the decision makers, especially those at the
tactical and strategic levels, in the decision-making
process
Interactive system
Example for Information
Systems
Executive information system
Subset of DSS
Supports decision making at the executive levels of
management, primarily the tactical and strategic levels
Artificial intelligence
Expert systems, simulation of human sensory capabilities, neural
networks, intelligent agents, robots and robotics
Virtual reality
Combines computer graphics with special hardware to immerse
users in an artificial three-dimensional world
52
Summary
Data
Information
Collection of facts organized in such a way that they
have value beyond the facts themselves
System
Raw facts
Set of elements that interact to accomplish a goal
Components of an information system
Input, processing, output, and feedback
53
Summary (continued)
Computer-based information system (CBIS)
Single set of hardware, software, databases,
telecommunications, people, and procedures
Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data
into information
Transaction processing system (TPS)
Organized collection of people, procedures, software,
databases, and devices
Used to record completed business transactions
54
Summary (continued)
Management information system (MIS)
Organized collection of people, procedures, software,
databases, and devices
That provides routine information to managers and
decision makers
Decision support system (DSS)
Organized collection of people, procedures, software,
databases, and devices
Used to support problem-specific decision making
Systems development
Creating or modifying existing business systems
55
Thanks!
