ReflectiveDBQ:TheWarrenCourt

[Link]
[Link]
[Link],takeintoaccountthesourceofeach
documentandanypointofviewthatmaybepresentedinthedocument.

Background:
Between1953and1969,theChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt
[Link]
[Link]
affectedequalprotectionunderthelaw,separationofchurchandstate,andtherightsof
individualsaccusedofcrimes.

Task:
[Link],answerthe
[Link]
thePartBessay,inwhichyouwillbeaskedto:
DiscusshowdecisionsoftheWarrenCourt
affectedAmericansociety

PartA:ShortAnswer

Document1a
...TheWarrenCourt(19531969)[Link],
theunanimousandwatershed[critical]schooldesegregationruling,[Link]
Education,[Link],[Link]
announcedthereapportionmentrevolutionguaranteeingequalvotingrights[toindividual
votersnomatterwheretheylived].Andthroughoutthe1960s,theCourthandeddownaseries
ofrulingsoncriminalprocedurethatextendedtherightsoftheaccusedandsoughttoensure
[Link](1961),extendingtheexclusionaryruletothe
states,[Link](1966),sharplylimitingpoliceinterrogationsofcriminalsuspects,
continuetosymbolizetheWarrenCourtsrevolutionincriminaljustice....

Source:[Link],TheSupremeCourt:FromWarrentoBurgertoRehnquist,PS,Winter1987

Question1a:
[Link],whatisoneeffectoftheWarrenCourton
Americansociety?
[Link],[Link],
withtheschooldesegregationruling,[Link]
[Link]
extendedtherightsoftheaccused.

Document1b
...TheWarrenCourtsrevolutioninpubliclawpromotedacrimony[hostility]andbitterness
preciselybecauseitempoweredthosewhohadpreviouslynothadtheopportunitytoexercise
[Link],thereislittledoubtthatthesenewgroups
[Link]
WarrenCourtdidwastoreleasedissidentminoritiesfromlongstandinglegalandsocial
strictures[limits].CriticscomplainedthattheCourtwastherootoftheproblemitwasfostering
subversive[disobedient]actionbycivilrightsadvocates,Communistagitators,criminals,smut
peddlers,andracketeerswhohidbehindtheFifthAmendmentwhencalledtoaccount....
Source:KermitHall,TheWarrenCourtinHistoricalPerspective,BernardSchwartz,ed.,
TheWarrenCourt:ARetrospective,OxfordUniversityPress,1996

Question1b:
AccordingtoKermitHall,whatisonecriticismleveledagainstthedecisionsofthe
WarrenCourt?
AccordingtoKermitHall,thecourtdecisionspromotedhostilityandbitternessbecauseit
[Link]
fosteredsubversiveactionbycivilrightsadvocates,Communistagitators,criminals,
smutpeddlers,andracketeers.

Document2

[Link],sittingonthesteps
[Link]
inWashington,explainsthe
significanceoftheCourtsMay17,
1954desegregationrulingtoher
daughter,Nikie3,inthis
November19,1954photo.

Source:WithanEvenHand,[Link],LibraryofCongress(adapted)

Questions2:
Basedonthisphotograph(HighCourtBansSegregation)andcaption,whatisthe
[Link]?
Basedonthephotograph,amotherisexplaintoherdaughterthatshewillbeingtogoto
[Link],sheexplainedthedesegregation
rulingtoherdaughter.

Document3a

...ThepromiseofBrownwasnotfulfilledinthewaythatweenvisionedit,saysU.S.
Secretary
ofEducationRodPaige,whowasastudentatMississippisallblackJacksonStateUniversity
[Link],paratroopers
wereprotectingblackstudentsenteringCentralHighSchoolinLittleRock,Ark.,schoolswere

shuttered[closed]entirelyinPrinceEdwardCounty,Va.,andwhitefamiliesacrosstheSouth
put
theirchildrenintoprivateschools.By1971,thecourthadendorsedbusingtoovercomethe
[Link]
South,
theintegrationdriveworked,astheshareofblackchildrenattendingmajoritywhiteschoolsrose
from0.1%in1960toahighof44%in1988....
Source:RebeccaWinters,NoLongerSeparate,ButNotYetEqual,Time,May10,2004

Document3b

...EventhoughtheeffectsofBrownwereslowincomingrealdesegregationonlyoccurred
withthe1964CivilRightsActandaggressiveenforcementbytheDepartmentofJustice,which
[Link][Jack
Greenberg,amemberoftheBrownlegalteam]citesencouragingevidencetodayasthehalffull
approach:thereareblackCabinetmembersinDemocratandRepublicanadministrations
blacksholdtopmanagementpositionsinmajorcorporationslikeCitibank,Xerox,TimeWarner,
andMerrillLynch.WhenGreenbergstartedpracticinglawin1949therewereonlytwoblack
[Link][2004]thereare39.

Brownbrokeupthefrozenpoliticalsysteminthecountryatthetime,Greenbergnotes.
SoutherncongressmenmadeitaprioritytokeepAfricanAmericansfromobtainingpower,but
[Link][RobertCarter,amemberoftheBrownlegalteam]
believesthatthegreatestaccomplishmentoftherulingwastocreateablackmiddleclass:The
courtsaideveryonewasequal,sonowyouhaditbyright....
Source:KristinaDell,WhatBrownMeansToday,Time,May17,2004

Question3:
Basedonthesedocuments,[Link]
SupremeCourtdecisiononAmericansociety.
Basedonthesetwodocuments,[Link]
decision,[Link],paratroopershad
toprotectblackstudentsenteringCentralHighSchoolinLittleRock,[Link]
puttheirchildreninprivateschoolstocontinuesegregation.

Document4
...QUESTION:[Link],inthefuror[uproar]overtheSupremeCourtsdecision[in
[Link]]onprayerintheschools,somemembersofCongresshavebeenintroducing
legislationforConstitutionalamendmentsspecificallytosanction[permit]prayerorreligious
[Link],andofthesemoves
oftheCongresstocircumvent[getaround]it?

THEPRESIDENT:IhaventseenthemeasuresintheCongressandyouwouldhavetomake
adeterminationofwhatthelanguagewas,andwhateffectitwouldhaveontheFirst
[Link],andagoodmanypeopleobviously
[Link]
tomaintainourConstitutionalprinciplethatwesupporttheSupremeCourtdecisionsevenwhen
wemaynotagreewiththem.

Inaddition,wehaveinthiscaseaveryeasyremedy,andthatistoprayourselvesandIwould
thinkthatitwouldbeawelcomeremindertoeveryAmericanfamilythatwecanprayagood
deal
moreathome,wecanattendourchurcheswithagooddealmorefidelity,andwecanmakethe
[Link]
verymuchopentous....
Source:[Link],NewsConference,June27,1962

Question4

A. [Link]
States?
[Link],
prayerand/orreligiousexercisewasrestrictedinschools.

B. [Link]
[Link]?

[Link]
alsostatesthat,wecanmakethetruemeaningofprayermuchmoreimportantinthe
livesofallofourchildren.

Question5

ATLANTA,Nov.21AsPresidentClintonandthenewRepublicanleadershipinCongress
considermeasuresthatwouldreturnorganizedprayertopublicschools,itisworthremembering
onething.

Prayerisalreadythere.

DespiteaSupremeCourtruling[[Link]]32yearsagothatclassroomprayerand
Scripturereadingareunconstitutionaleveniftheyarevoluntary,prayerisincreasinglyapartof
schoolactivitiesfromearlymorningmomentsofsilencetolunchtimeprayersessionstopre
footballgameprayersforbothplayersandfans.

Themostcommonformsarestatemandatedmomentsofsilenceatthebeginningoftheday,
[Link],
particularlyintheSouth,religiousclubs,prayergroupsandproprayerstudentsandcommunity
groupsaremakingreligionandprayerpartoftheschoolday....
Source:PeterApplebome,PrayerinPublicSchools?ItsNothingNewforMany,
NewYorkTimes,November22,1994

Question5:

AccordingtoPeterApplebome,whataretwowaysinwhichprayerinpublicschoolscontinued
[Link]?
AccordingtoPeterApplebome,prayercontinueswithmomentsofsilenceatthe
[Link].
Playersandfanssometimestookpartinpregameprayers.

Document6:
InthedecadesfollowingtheEngeldecision,federalcourtshavecontinuedtohearcasesand
makerulingsonissuesinvolvingseparationofchurchandstate.


FRANKFORT,[Link]
Frankfortonlyifpoliticalleadersgiveassurancesthatitwillbedisplayedpublicly,asanewlaw
allows....

TheTenCommandmentsmonumentwaspartofanevergrowinglistofreligiousissuesthat
[GovernorErnie]Fletcherandotherpoliticalleadershavedealtwiththisyear....
TheEagles[afraternalorganization]donatedtheTenCommandmentsmonumenttothestate
in1971.ItwasremovedfromtheCapitolgroundsandplacedinstorageinthemid1980sduring
aconstructionproject.Whenpoliticalleaderstriedtodisplayitagainin2000,theAmericanCivil
LibertiesUnionwenttocourt,claimingthemonumentwasanunconstitutionalendorsementof
[Link]....

[Link]
permissiontolocalgovernmentstopostdisplaysofthecommandmentsincourthousesand
other
publicbuildings.

Kentuckyhasbeenatthecenteroflegalfightsinrecentyearsonthepostingofthe
[Link],[Link][2005],[Link]
[Link]
[lowercourtcase],[Link],[Link]

displayintheMercerCountyCourthouseisconstitutionalbecauseitincludedotherhistoric
documents....
Source:TenCommandments,otherissuesgeneratingdebateinKy.,
AssociatedPress,April13,2006

Question6:

Basedonthisarticle,whatisoneissueinthecontinuingdebateonseparationofchurchand
state?
Basedonthearticle,oneissueinthecontinuingdebateonseparationofchurchand
stateisthepostingoftheTenCommandmentsinpublicbuildings,likecourthouses.

Document7:
...alongwithotherWarrenCourtdecisions,Mirandahasincreasedpublicawarenessof
[Link]
[Link][distribution]ofMiranda
warningsininnumerable[numerous]televisionshowsaswellasinthemoviesand
contemporary
fiction,thereadingoftheMirandarightshasbecomeafamiliarsightandsoundtomost
[Link],[e]veryjunior
[Link]
thedetailswrong,buttheprinciplethattherearelimitsonpoliceofficerbehavior,andpenalties
forbreakingthoserules,[Link],anationalpollin1984
revealed
that93%ofthosesurveyedknewthattheyhadarighttoanattorneyifarrested,andanational
pollin1991foundthat80%ofthosesurveyedknewthattheyhadarighttoremainsilentif
[Link],asmanyofmyresearchsubjectstoldme,
some
suspectsasserttheirrightspriortotheMirandaadmonition[warning]orinsituationswhere
[Link],inthelastthirtyyears,theMirandarightshave
beensoentrenched[wellestablished]inAmericanpopularfolkloreastobecomeanindelible
partofourcollectiveheritageandconsciousness....
Source:[Link],TheImpactofMirandaRevisited,
TheJournalofCriminalLawandCriminology,Spring1996(adapted)

Question7:

[Link],whatisoneeffectoftheMirandadecisiononAmericansociety?
[Link],oneeffectoftheMirandadecisiononAmericansociety
wasthatitmadethepublicawareofconstitutionalrightsfortheaccusedandAmericans
knewthattheyhadtherighttoanattorneyandtoremainsilent,iftheyarearrested.

Document8:

...Thefamiliarfactisthatthevastlytroubledcriminaljusticesystemoftenexactsnopriceat
allforcrime.Anadultburglarhasonlyonechancein412ofgoingtojailforanysinglejob,
accordingtoGregoryKrohmoftheVirginiaPolytechnicInstitutesCenterfortheStudyof
PublicChoice.Forjuvenilesunder17,thefigureisonein659burglaries,withalikelihoodof
[Link]
werecreatedinlargepartbythoseconstitutionallawrulingsoftheWarrenCourtthatexpanded
[Link],Escobedo,MirandaandWade*arestillnamesthat
[Link],
thecourthassofarbeenwillingonlytotrimsomeoftherules,[Link]
rulings
obviouslyaddtotheworkofthecourts,andsomeexpertsbelievethattheyhavehamperedthe
criminaljusticesystemscapacitytoconvictguiltyoffenders,thoughasyettherehavebeenno
studiesdemonstratinganysuchsignificantdamage....
Source:TheCrimeWave,Time,June30,1975

*[Link](1967),theCourtruledthatdefendantshavearighttocounselduring
[Link].

Question8:

BasedontheTimearticle,whatisoneimpactoftherulingsoftheWarrenCourtoncrime?

BasedontheTimearticle,oneimpactoftherulingsoftheWarrenCourtwasthatit
expandedtherightsofcriminaldefendants,alsomadeitmoredifficulttoconvictguilty
offenders.

Document9:
WASHINGTONRefusingtooverturnmorethanthreedecadesofestablishedlaw
enforcementpractice,theSupremeCourtyesterdaystronglyreaffirmeditslandmarkMiranda
[[Link]]decision,whichrequirespolicetoinformcriminalsuspectsoftheirrightsto
remainsilentandtoberepresentedbyanattorneyduringinterrogation.

[Link],thehighcourtruledthatthe
requirementthatcriminalsuspectsbereadtheirMirandarightsisrootedintheConstitution
[Link]
toundotheMirandadecisionin1968,twoyearsaftertheruling.

Thesevenjusticesinthemajorityleftopenthequestionofwhethertheywouldhavereached
the
sameconclusionastheoriginalfivejusticeMirandamajorityabouttheconstitutionalrightsof
[Link],thejusticessaid
therewerecompellingreasonsnottooverruleitnow.

Mirandahasbecomeembeddedinroutinepolicepracticetothepointwherethewarningshave
becomepartofournationalculture,wroteRehnquist,afrequentandvocalcriticoftheMiranda
decisionduringhisearlieryearsonthebench....
Source:Mirandawarningsupheld,SupremeCourtsaysrightnowdeeplyrooted,
FloridaTimesUnion,June27,2000

Question9:

Basedonthisarticle,whydidtheSupremeCourtdecidenottooverturnthedecisioninMiranda
[Link]?

Basedonthisarticle,theSupremeCourtdecidednottooverturnthedecisioninMiranda
[Link]'[Link]
becameapartofournationalculture.

PartB:Essay

Directions:
Writeawellorganizedessaythatincludesanintroduction,severalparagraphs,and
[Link]
withrelevantfacts,examples,[Link].

Background:
Between1953and1969,theChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtwas
[Link]
[Link]
courtcasesaffectedequalprotectionunderthelaw,separationofchurchandstate,
andtherightsofindividualsaccusedofcrimes.

Task:
UsinginformationfromthedocumentsandyourknowledgeofUnitedStateshistory,write
anessayinwhichyou:
DiscusshowdecisionsoftheWarrenCourtaffected
Americansociety.

Guidelines:
Inyouressay,besureto:
Developallaspectsofthetask
Incorporateinformationfromatleastfivedocuments
Incorporaterelevantoutsideinformation
Supportthethemewithrelevantfacts,examples,anddetails
Usealogicalandclearplanoforganization,includinganintroductionandaconclusion
thatarebeyondarestatementofthetheme


SupremeCourtdecisionsmadeduringtheWarrenCourteraledto
[Link]
courtcasesaffectedequalprotectionunderthelaw,separationofchurchandstate,
[Link]
significantlyaffectedAmericansociety.
Forinstance,theMirandav.Arizonacasein1966isanexampleofequalprotection
underthelawandrightsofindividualsaccusedofcrimes.Basedondocument9,theSupreme
[Link]'slong
[Link],indocument7,one
effectoftheMirandadecisiononAmericansocietywasthatitmadethepublicawareof
constitutionalrightsfortheaccusedandAmericansknewthattheyhadtherighttoanattorney
andtoremainsilent,[Link]
particularcase,ErnestoMirandawasarrested,aftertwohoursofinterrogation,hesigneda
[Link],[Link]
personarrestedmustbereadtheMirandarights,[Link]
isstillusedinAmericassociety.
[Link],[Link]
whenaNewYorkparentsued,onbehalfoftheirchild,arguingthatthelawrequiredprayer
followingthepledgeofAllegiance,[Link]
[Link],
schoolsponsoredprayerwasbannedalongwithprayerand/orreligiousexercisebeing
[Link]
[Link],wecanmakethetruemeaningofprayermuchmoreimportantin
thelivesofallofourchildren.

Additionally,indocument8,oneoutofmanyimpactsoftherulingsoftheWarrenCourt
wasthatitexpandedtherightsofcriminaldefendants,alsomadeitmoredifficulttoconvict
guiltyoffenders.
Inconclusion,theWarrenCourteradecisionshadsignificantimpactsonAmerican
[Link]
showsthatthroughtheyearsandchangeswithinthegovernment,somethingsremainthe
same.