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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
39 views43 pagesAnalisis Modal
sismoresistente
Uploaded by
Matias InostrozaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF or read online on Scribd
LUMPED-MASS SYSTEM: SHEAR BUILDING
As an illustration of approximating a system having several degrees of freedom by a gen-
eralized SDF system, consider the frame shown in Fig.]and earthquake excitation,
‘The mass of this N-story frame is lumped at the floor levels with m denoting the mass at
the jth floor. This system has N degrees of freedom: 1, 3, .... up. In this section, first
the equation of motion for this system without damping is formulated; damping is usu-
ally defined by a damping ratio estimated from experimental data for similar structures,
Then the equation of motion is solved to determine the peak response—displacements
and internal forces—of the structure to earthquake ground motion. where 4 is an assumed shape vector that defines the deflected shape. The total displace-
ment of the jth floor is
+ g(t)
Before we cen formulate the equation of motion for this system, we must define how
the internal forces are related to the displacements, This relationship is especially easy
to develop if the beams are rigid axially as well as in flexure and this “shear building”
assumption is adequate for our preseat objectives; however, realistic idealizations of where E/ is the flexural rigidity of a column and 4 its height
We now proc
exch ti tant the system
fig = ~myilf, Substituting Fy = ~my litt) + H()]
the virtual displacements 3u;:
amyl t) + dig(2)]
the assumed shape vector
Le TIN ie, aj 8: or su = az ”
Loni + tg) Yom;
7
jot Using these matrices and the shape vector} = (Wi Va Ww)!
for the generalized properties becomes
where 1 is a vector with all elements unity,
}Eq.))) it is not restricted to the shear’ Suppose that is desired to determine the peak response of the frame to earthquake
excitation characterized by a design spectrum,
the floor displacements relative to the ground are
the shear force V,, in the éth story and overturning moment at the ith floor:
x %
Vie= So fio Mio = 70h) — hi Fo
ia the base. In particular, the shear and
which are the same as the forces in the first story, are jected to ground
acceleration iig(0). All the floor masses are m, and all stories have the same height hand
stifiness k.
the displacements to increase linearly with height above the base
formulate the equation of motion for the system and determine its natural Solution
1. Determine the generalized properties.
PyPePeess?
DLavjam sz Fz
2 PeePeree
b 2
by — oy" = a
7
7
3
243444
my =
jar
jsnd Ea. | {becomes | Etofe = —Hii,(n
where z is the lateral displacement at the location where vy
frame. Determine the peak displacements, sinry shears, and floor overturning moments for the frame
of Example 8.5 with m = 100 kipstg, & = 31.54 kips/in., and A = 12 ft Fig. E8.6a) due
to the ground motion characterized by the design spectrum of Fig. 6.9.5 scaled to a peak
ground acceleration of 0.25g. Solution
1. Compute the natural period,
2. Determine the peak value of z(t). For Ty = 1.89 sec and 5
spectrum gives A/g = 0,25(1.80/1.89) = 0.238 and D = A/a? = 8.28 in, The peak value
of 2() is
to = ED = 4828 = 11.3 in.
3. Determine the peak values ujp of floor displacements,
Mom Vito Wak
Therefore, uj) = 2.26, 4.52, iy = 6.78, ttdo
4. Determine the equivatent static forces.
fio = Pm, yy A = mys (0.238g) = 32.45 y; Kips 3115
4283 kip-t
5. Compute ihe story shears and overturning moments, Static analysis of the structure
subjected to external floor forces f;,, Eq. (8.4.16), gives the story shears (Fig. E8.6d) and
overtuming moments (Fig. E8.6c). If we were interested only in the forces at the basc, they
could be computed directly from Eg. (8.4.17). In particular, the base shear is
Vow = LP A = (3m) {f.0.238¢
= 0.195(Smng) = 97.35 kips
‘This is 19.5% of the total weight of the buildin, + Lom +oru = —Hig(t)
fs(t) = ku(t)
Consider « quantity A for an SDF system with natural frequency w, related 10 its peak
deformation D = uw» due to ewthquake ground motion;
Ss(t) = me, uft) = mA) [he equivalent static force fs
(2) = @2 u(t) I) The pseudo-acceleration response A(t)
D and A are the deformetion and pseudo-acceleration ordinates
the design spectrum at period Z, = 2/w, for damping ratio ¢
the peak values of displacements | and equivalent static forces: NATURAL VIBRATION FREQUENCIES AND | MODES|
SYSTEMS WITHOUT DAMPING the free vibrati initi- ated by the deflections shown by curve a
The resulting motion 4; of the two masses is plotted in Fig,|as a function of the time parameter t/T;,
where 7) is a natural vibration period of the structure,
The deflected shapes of the structure at selected time instants a, &, and c are also shown;
ary to what we observed in for SDF systems, the motion of each mass (or floor
motion and the frequency of the motion cannot be defined, Furthermore, the deflected
shape (i.c., the ratio 4/42) varies with time, as is evident from the differing deflected
s b and ¢, which are in turn different from the initial deflected. shape a.
‘An undamped structure would undergo simple harmonic motion without change of
deflected shape, however, if free vibration is initiated by appropriate distributions of dis-
placements in the various DOFs, As shown in Figs. 10.1.2 and 10.1.3, two characteristic
deflected shapes exist for this two-DOF system such that if it is displaced in one of these
shapes and released, it will vibrate in simple harmonic motion, maintaining the initial
deflected shape. Both floors reach their extreme displacements at the same time and
pass through the equilibrium position at the same time. Observe that the displacements
of both floors are in the same direction in the first characteristic deflected shape but in
opposite directions in the second characteristic shape. The point of zero displacement,
called a node,’ does not move at all (Fig. 10.1.3); as the mode number # increases, the
umber of nodes increases accordingly (see Fig. 12.8.2), Each characteristic deflected
shape is called a natural mode of vibration of an MDF system. @ &) @
r Figure 10.12 Free vibration of an undamped system in its first natural mode of vibration
) two-story frame: (b) deflected shapes al time instants a, b, €, d, and ¢; (¢) modal coordinate
qu(t); (d) displacement history, 2K]
hd T= 2%/ 0
2m
4 gal
6 fh Be 57
0 qr, 27 ar
» » @
Figure 10.1.3 Frec vibration of an undamped system in its second natural mode of vibration:
(a) two-story frame; (b) deflected shapes atthe time instants a, b,c, d. ance; (¢) modal coordinate
240); @) displacement history A natural period of vibration T, of an MDF system is the time required for one
cycle of the simple harmonic motion in one of these natural modes. The corresponding
natural circular frequency of vibration is o, and the natural cyclic frequency of vibration
is fy. where
Figures 10.1.2 and 10.1.3 show the two natural periods 7, and natural frequencies ay
( = 1, 2) of the two-story building vibrating in its natural modes $= (1, dx)”
‘The smaller of the two natural vibration frequencies is denoted by w), and the larger by
ez. Correspondingly, the longer of the two natural vibration periods is denoted by 7)
and the shorer one as 7s. NATURAL VIBRATION FREQUENCIES AND MODES
‘The free vibration of an undamped system in one
its natural vibration modes, graphically displayed in Figs. 10.1.2 and 10.1.3 for a
two-DOF system, can be described mathematically by
where the deflected shape $, does not vary with time. The time variation of the dis-
placements is described by the simple harmonic function
where A, and By are
that initiate the motion.
This equation can be satisfied in one of two ways. Either ¢,(t) = 0, which implies that
u(t) = 0 and there is no motion of the system (this is the so-called trivial solution), or
the natural frequencies , and modes @, must satisly the following algebraic equation: ko, = oamg,
which provides a useful condition. This algebraic problem is called the matrix eigenvalue
‘The stiffness and mass matrices k and m are known; the problem is to determine the
scalar 2
ITo indicate the formal solution to Eq.
which can be interpreted a8 a set of N homogeneous algebraic equations for the N
elements gj, (j = 1,2,.....N), This set always has the trivial solution ¢, = 0, which
is not useful because it implies no motion, It has nontrivial solutions if
When the determinant is expanded, a polynomial of order N in @ is obtained. Equa-
tion (10.2.6) is known as the characteristic equation or frequency equation. This equaion|
has W real and positive roots for «22 because m and k, the structural mass and stiffness
matrices, are symmetric and positive definite. The positive definite property of k is a
sured for all structures supported in a way that prevents rigid-body motion. Such is the!
case for civil engineering structures of interest to us, but not for unrestrained structures,
such as aircraft in flight—these are beyond the scope of this book. The positive definite
property of m is also assured because the lumped masses are nonzero in all DOFs re-
tained in the analysis after the DOFs with zero lumped mass have been climinated by
static condensation] The WN roots of Fq. (10.2.6) determine the N natural frequencies «, (n =
.N) of vibration. These roots of the characteristic equation are also known
as eigenvalues, characteristic values, or normat values. When a natural frequency
is known, Eq. (10.2.5) can be solved for the corresponding vector $, to within a mul-
tiplicative constant, The eigenvalue problem does not fix the absolute amplitude of the
vectors $,, only the shape of the vector given by the relative values of the NW displace-
ments jj, (j = 1,2,...,). Corresponding to the V natural vibration frequencies «,
of an V-DOF system, there are N independent vectors $, which are known as natural
modes of vibration, ot natural mode shapes of vibration. These vectors are also known
as eigenvectors, characteristic vectors, or normal modes.
In summary, a vibrating system with N DOFs bas N natural vibration frequencies
@, (1 = 1,2,.....N), arranged in sequence from smallest to largest (@)
