MATEMATICAL PHYSICS

Dra. Suparmi, M.A., Ph.D

COORDINATE SYSTEM
0

y
x

POLAR COORDINATE

r0
r

Polar coordinate : object can move on a line, a plane, or space.

Polar coordinate is used to describe the motion of an object
moving on a plane. Example uniform circular motion (ucm)
0 unit vector in direction

r (vector) is position vector of the object.

r0 ia unit vector of r direction
r = i x + j y = i r cos + j r sin
r0 = i cos + j sin
0 = - i sin + j cos
0x

0y

r0y0 r0

r0x

r = |r | = magnitude of vector r
|r0 | = 1
| 0 | = 1
r0x = |r0 | cos = cos
r 0y = |r0 | sin = sin
0x = | 0 | sin = sin
0y = | 0 | cos = cos
If we have a particle which is position is at r from origin,
s = r = ro r
v=

ds
dt

d
(ro r) = r
dt

d r0
dt

cos ) =

dr
dt

d r0
dt

+ r0

dr
dt

d
+ j (cos )
(i cos + j sin ) = -i (sin )
dt
0

(-i sin + j

v = r 0 + r0 r
= 0 r + r0 r
= 0 r+ r0 vr

v = 0 v + r0 vr
a=

dv
dt

=r

d
( 0 r
dt

d 0
dt

d 0
dt

+ 0

)+

dr
dt

d
dt

(r0 r )

+ 0 r

d
dt

d r0
dt

+ r0

d r
dt

d
- j(cos )
=(- i cos + j sin ) = - i (sin )
dt

cos ) = -

r0

a = r (a = r0 ( r
= r0 ar +

+
r0) + 0
r + 0 r

2
+2 r
)
) + 0( r
r

( i sin + j

0+ r0 r

0 a

290892250/[Link] -1

For Uniform Circular Motion (UCM),

r = 0
r = 0
2 ) = - r0 r 2
a = r0 ( r

= -r0 r 2 = acp

290892250/[Link] -2

SPHERICAL COORDINATE
Spherical Coordinate is the advance of polar coordinate

r = r0 r
r0

0(x)

r sin cos

r = i r sin cos + j r sinsin + k r cos =r( i sin

cos + j sinsin + k cos )
r0 = i sin cos + j sin sin + k cos
0 = i cos cos + j cos sin - k sin
0 = -i sin + j cos
r0(z)

The direction of 0(xy) = r0(xy)

0(z) = | 0| sin = sin
0(xy) = | 0| cos = cos
0(y) = | 0| cos sin = cos sin
= | 0| cos cos = cos cos

r0

y
0x

0y = | cos = cos
0x = | sin = sin

r0(xy)
r0(-z)

0y = cos

Problem
If a particle move on spherical object and the instantaneous position of particle is at vector
r, determine the velocity and acceleration of the particle.
Solution

= i sin cos + j sin sin + k cos

s = ro r
0 = i cos cos + j cos sin - k sin
r0

d 0
dt

cos - i cossin j sin

sin + j cos
= -i sin

cos - k cos
(i sin cos + j sin sin + k cos) + ( jcos cos - i
=-
cossin)
r0 + cos ( j cos - i sin )
=-
r0 + cos 0
= -
0 = -i sin + j cos
d
dt

0 = - i cos j sin

= - i cos(sin2+cos2) j sin (sin2+cos2) + k sin cos

- k sin cos
= (- i cossin2 j sin sin2 - k sin cos) + (- i coscos2 j
sin cos2 + k sin cos)
= - sin ( i cossin + j sin sin + k cos) - cos (i coscos
+ j sin cos - k sin)
= - sin r0 cos 0 = - (sin r0 + cos 0)
v=

ds
dt

d
(ro r) = r
dt

d r0
dt

dr

+ r0 dt

290892250/[Link] -3

d r0
dt

dr
dt

= r

d
dt

(i

sin cos + j sin sin+ k cos )

cos + sin (-sin) } + j{(cos )
sin +
= i {(cos )
sin )
sin(cos) } - k
cos cos - i sin sin+ j
cos sinj
=i
sin
sincos - k
(i cos cos + j cos sin- k sin ) + sin (- i sin+ j
=
cos)
0 + sin 0
=

v = r ( 0 + sin 0) + r0
= 0 r + 0 r sin + r0
= v + v + vr

v = v + v + vr

a=

dv
dt

( 0 r ) +
(1)

0) = r0
(2)

d
(r0 r + 0 r
dt
d
( 0 r sin )
dt

d
(r0 r ) = r0
dt
0 +
r + r

d
dt
r

+ 0 r sin

) =

d
dt

r0 = r0

d
(r0
dt

0+
r (

d
( 0 r sin
dt
d

r + r sin
0
dt

sin

sin 0

d
d
d
d
+ 0

( 0 r ) = 0 r
r+r
0 = 0 r

dt
dt
dt
dt
(-
r0 + cos 0)
+r

2 r0 + r

r - r
cos 0
= 0 r + 0
2
+

r0 +

r ) - r
r cos 0
= 0(r

(3)

d
dt

r )+

) = 0 r sin

d
dt

+ 0 r

d
sin
dt

+ 0

+ 0 sin

d
dt

+ 0 sin r + r sin (- sin r + 0 r cos

= 0 r sin
cos 0)
0
+ 0 sin r - r sin2 2 r0 r sin
= 0 r sin
+ 0 r cos
2
cos 0
+ sin r ) - r sin2 2 r0 r sin cos
+ r cos
= 0 (r sin
2
0
a = (1) + (2) + (3)

a = r0 r + r
r cos 0 +
cos
2 0
= r0 r - r sin2
2
0 + r

r )
sin

0 + r
0 (r sin

sin 0 + 0(r

+ r cos

2 r0 +

r ) - r

2
r ) - r sin2 r0 r sin
+ sin

0 + 0(r
2 r0 + r
+

2 r0 - r

sin 0 +
r cos 0 + 0 (r sin

r ) r sin cos
+
+ r cos

290892250/[Link] -4

= (

2 - r sin2
-r

+2
sin r
0
r0

2 ) r0 + (r
+2 r cos

+ 2 r

) 0

r sin cos

2 ) 0 + (r sin

a = ar ry0 + a 0 + a 0
r
0
Application of spherical coordinat on Laplacian
x r=sin
r sin
cos
cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos

r=

x +y
2

1
(2 x dx +2 y dy +2 z dz )
dr = 2
+z
x2 + y2 + z2
x dy y dx
dy y dx
2
sec2 d =
=
2
x
x
x
z
2 2 2
x + y +z
2

y
x
z
cos =
r
1
z (2 x dx +2 y dy +2 z dz)
dz
2
=

r
r3
tan =

dr =

- sin d

r dzz ( x dx + y dy+ z dz )
r3

1
(2 x dx +2 y dy +2 z dz )
2
x2 + y2 + z2

1
(2 x +0+ 0)
2
x2 + y2 + z2

x
r

dr
dx

= sin cos

dr
dy

dr
dz

1
(0+2 y dy+ 0)
y
2
=
= sin sin
r
2
2
2
x + y +z
1
( 0+ 0+2 z dz )
z
2
=
= cos
r
2
2
2
x + y +z

d y cos2
=
dx
x2

r sin cos

r sin sin cos 2

d
cos 2
=
dy r sin cos

cos
r sin

d
zx
= 3
dx r sin

r 2 cos sin cos

=
r 3 sin

cos cos
r

d
zy
= 3
dy r sin

r 2 cos sin sin

=
r 3 sin

cos sin
r

d
r 2z 2
= 3
dz r sin

r 2(rcos)2
=
r 3 sin

r 2(1cos 2)
r 3 sin

sin
r sin

sin
r

290892250/[Link] -5


=
x
sin
r sin

r
x

+
r

= sin cos

+
r

cos cos
r

=
y
+ cos
r sin

r
y

+
r

= sin sin

+
r

cos sin
r

r
z

+
r

=i sin cos
isin cos

= cos

sin
r

cos cos sin

cos sin cos
sin
+

+ j sin sin +
+
+k cos
r
r
r sin
r
r
r sin
r r

) (

) (

r + j sin sin +
r

cos cos
cos sin
sin
sin
cos
k cos + i
+j
k
+(i
+
)
r
r

r
r sin r sin

= ro

1
1

+o
+ o
r
r
r sin

cos cos

+
=(sin cos
r
r

cos cos

sin

r
r

r sin

2
sincos cos2

2
2
= (sin cos r 2
r

cos sin cos2

cos2 cos2
+
2
r
r
r
c os cos sin

2
2

r sin

( )

( )

sinsin 2
r sin

sin2 cos
2
r sin

sin
r sin

)(sin cos

+cos sin

)
2

r
cos2 cos2
2
+
+
2

()

cos sin
2
2
r sin

sin2
2
2
r sin

( )

cos sin

=(sin sin
r
r

cos sin

cos

)
r
r

r sin

2
sincos sin2

= sin2 sin2

r
r2

cos sin sin 2

cos2 sin 2
+
r
r
r2

cos2 cos sin

2
2

r sin

( )

( )

cos
r sin

) (sin sin

sincos sin

r sin
2
2
2

cos sin

+
+
2

()

290892250/[Link] -6

sin cos 2
r sin

cos cos 2
r 2 sin

cos sin
r 2 sin2

cos2
r 2 sin2

( )
( )

= (cos

= cos
2

2
+
r

( )

sin
r
cos sin
r2

) (cos

r
2

cos
+

r
r

sin
r

sincos
r2

sin2
r2

()
2

x2

y2

z2

=
( sin2cos2

2
cos2 cos2
cos2 sin2
sin2
2
+
(
+
+
)
+(
r 2
r2
r2
r2
2
sin 2
cos 2
2
cos2 cos2 + cos2 sin2 + sin2
+
)
+
(
2
2
2
2
2
r
r
r
r sin
r sin

2
2
2
2
sin + cos ) + ( sin cos cos + sin cos cos +
+
r
r
r
r2
r2
sin cos sin 2
sin cos sin 2
sin2 cos
cos2 cos
+
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
r
r
r sin
r sin
sincos sin cos

+
)
2
2

r
r
sin2sin2 cos2)

(sin 2 +cos 2)(cos 2 +sin2 ) 2

2
+
+
r 2
r2
2
sin2 + cos2
2
(sin2 +cos 2)(cos 2 +sin 2 ) sin2 +sin2
+

+
(
+
r
r
r
r 2 sin 2
2
sin
2
2
sincos cos
sincos sin
( 2 +cos 2 )cos
(-2
-2
+
+ 2
2
2
2
r
r
r sin

sincos

)
r2
2
2
2
2
1
1

sincos cos
=
+ 2 2 +
+
+ (-2
2
2
2
r r
r 2 sin2
r
r

r
sin
2
sincos

sincos sin
( 2 +cos 2 ) cos
-2
+
+ 2
)
2
2
2
r
r
r sin

2
2
2
1
1 1

=
+
+
+ ( r + r r - (2
2
2
2
2 2
2
r sin
r
r

sin
sincos

sincos (cos 2 +sin 2 )

( 2 +cos 2 ) cos
- 2
)
2
2
2
r
r
r sin

1
cot
2

2
1 2
2
=
+
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
r r

r sin
r
r
r

=( sin2+ cos2 )(cos2 sin2

290892250/[Link] -7

2
r 2

2
r r

Where

1
r2

sin

1
2
r sin
2
x2

r2

r ) =

)=

2
y2

r
r ) +

i
+j
+k
x y
z

1 2
r2 2

cot
r2

2
r r

2
r

1 2
2 2
r

cot
2
r

2
z2

1
2
r sin2

1
2
r sin

sin

)+

1
2
2
r sin

1
2
r

(i x + j y + k z )

2
2
2
+
+
x2 y2 z2

1
r2

2
2

Laplacian =

2
2

r
r ) +

sin

1
2
r sin

)+

1
2
2
r sin

2
2

Application of spherical coordinat on Laplacian dan Angular Momentum

Electron is rotating on spherical path or elliptical path. The angular momentum
of electron is expressed as
L=rxp
Where

r is position of electron from origin

p is the linear momentum

If p is defined in differential operator,

p = -i

= -i(i

+j

+k

)
z

then L = r x p

i
=

x
y
i
j
k
x
y
z

i
i
i
x
y
z

j x

y i

290892250/[Link] -8

= i (-iy z

+ iz y ) + j (-iz x

+ ix z ) + k (-ix y

iy x ) =
iLx + jLy + kLz
Lx=

(-iy

+ iz

)
y

sin

+
) - r cos ( sin sin
r
r

r
cos sin

+ cos

)}
r

r sin

sin

r sin sin
= - i(r sin sin cos
- r cos sin sin
r
r

cos sin

cos

r cos
r cos
)
r
r

r sin

= i{ sin 2 + cos 2 ) sin )

+ cot cos
}

= i( sin
+ cot cos
)

= - i{r sin sin cos

Ly=

(-iz

+ ix

)
z

cos cos

sin

= - i{r cos (sin cos

) - r sin cos
r
r

r sin

sin

(cos
)}
r
r

+
sin cot
= - i{rcossincos
cos cos2
- r sin

+ sin2 cos
coscos
}
r

= - ji{( cos cos2

+ cos sin2
) - sin cot

= - i{(cos2 +sin2 ) cos

- sin cot
}

= - i( cos
- sin cot
)

Lz =

(-ix

+ iy

)
x

cos sin

cos

)+
r
r

r sin

cos cos

sin

+
r sin sin sin cos
)
r
r

r sin

cos sin

= - i{rsin cos sin sin

r sin cos
r
r

cos

cos cos
r sin cos
+
+ r sin sin sin cos
r sin
r sin

r
r

sin

r sin sin
sin
}

r sin

= -i{ sin cos sin cos

sin cos sin
+cos 2

+sin 2
cos
}

= - i{ r sin cos sin sin

= -i

290892250/[Link] -9

L2 = L L = (Lx)2 + (Ly)2 + (Lz)2

(Lx)2= i( sin

) i( sin

cot cos

2( sin2

+
cot 2 cos sin

=2

- csc2 sin cos

+ cot cos2

cot cos

2
)
2

cot 2 cos2

2{ sin2

=2

+
2

cos

(Ly)2= (i(

cot 2 cos2

(csc2 + cot2) sin cos

sin cot

)(

cos

) (i(

cos

sin cot

2( cos

sin cot

=-

sin cot

+ cot cos2

2{ cos 2

=2

+ csc2 sin cos

+ cot sin2

2{ cos 2

=2

sin2

(Lz)2= (-i

cot 2 sin2

+ ( cot 2

+ csc2) sin cos

2
2

) (-i
) = -2

2
+
2

2
2

cot 2 cos2

2{ sin2

(csc2 + cot2) sin cos

2
2

cot 2 sin2

+ cot cos2

2{ cos 2

sin2

+ cot

L2 = L L = (Lx)2 + (Ly)2 + (Lz)2

=-

2
2

2
}
2

cot 2 sin2

cot cos sin

+ ( cot 2

+ csc2) sin cos

+ cot

2
2

-2
2

= - { sin
+ cot cos2

2
2

cot cos

2
2

(csc2 + cot2) sin cos

290892250/[Link] -10

2
2

+ cot sin2

= - {( sin

2
2

2
2

cot sin

+ ( cot 2

2
2

cos

+ (cot cos

+ cot sin
2

2
2
2
+
+ cot
cot
2
2

2
cos

= -2{( 2 +
) + ( cot 2
sin

+ csc 2
= -2(
(sin
sin

= -2{

1
f (x)

Remember:

)+( cot cos

)+
1

r2 r

cot sin

1
{
r2

)+
1

sin

2
x2

1
= - (
sin
2

So

2
2

)+
2 }

2
+
}
2

+1 2 }

2 )

f(x)
x
x

L = L L = (Lx) + (Ly) + (Lz)

2 =

)
2

And

+ csc2) sin cos

2
2

2
2

cos

)1

r2 r

sin

1
f (x)

(sin

f ( x)

)+

csc

2
2

1 2
2 2 }
sin

L2
2 r 2

290892250/[Link] -11