NORMAL SHOCK WAVES ‘A normal shock wave occupies a plane which is at right angles to the flow streamlines. ‘Normal shocks may occur in the diverging section of a nozzle, the diffuser throat of a supersonic ‘wind tunnel, in pipes and forward of a blunt-nosed body. In all instances the flow is supersonic upstream of the shock ané, it will be shown below, that it is always subsonic downstream of the shock. Flow downstream from converging and converging-diverging nozzles may contain both normal shocks and a series of oblique expansions and shocks. The flow through the shock is adiabatic but not reversible so the isentropic assumption does not, in general, apply. However, for very weak shocks [e.g. flows with an upstream Mach number of less than 1.2] the flow does approach the condition of isentropic flow. The shock wave front forms a zone of discontinuity for virtually all gas properties. The thickness of the discontinuity zone depends on the upstream ‘Mach number. For upstream Mach numbers greater than 2, the thickness is about two mean free path lengths [about 10-77]. The thickness increases for weaker shocks, being about 10m at an upstream Mach number of 1.007. The abrupt change in gas density across a shock may be detected optically since the index of refraction of light through the gas depends on the density. ‘Apparatus in common use for this purpose include interferometers (which detect density changes], schlieren cameras [which detect density gradients] and spark shadow graphs [which detect the rate of change of density gradients}. ‘NORMAL SHOCK WAVE RELATIONS Equations relating conditions downstream of the shock, denoted by the subscript y, to conditions upstream of the shock, denoted by the subscript x, may be obtained by writing the continuity, energy and linear momentum equations across the shock [ef. Fig 1]. Once again, we assume that the ideal ges equation is applicable. Figure 1. Dashed control volume around normal shock front zone with direction of flow indicated by bold arrow. Control volume moving at speed of shock wave. For the arrangement designated in Fig 1 the continuity relation may be written as VAp,=V,Ap, ot V.p,=VyPy a) with the corresponding version of the energy equations given as 302 +h,=2V, +h, =h, @which indicates that the stagnation enthalpy is the same on both sides of the shock. For an ideal gas, h, = ¢pT,,, from which it may be concluded that the stagnation temperature is also the same on both sides of the shock, The momentum equation applied to the dashed region in Fig | yields the expression PA- P,A=V,ApLV, ~¥)= V,Ap,V, ~ Ve) or P.+¥ep, = P,+Vip, eo which permits one to define a quantity called a thrust function, equal to P+ pV? , which will be the same on both sides of the normal shock. Eqs (1) to (3) may be expressed in terms of the Mach number, M = V'/ [ART , to yield PM, _ P.M, 4 ie Te ® rli+to+nae]= Tf 4o +p] © and P(i+ a2) = P,(1+ M2) Gy AM, kD 0 1 2 3 4 Downstream Upstream Mach number My My, Fig 2. Plot of Eq (7) across a normal shock; horizontal points indicate corresponding ‘upstream and downstream Mach numbers. Eliminating pressures and temperatures from these relations yields 1+ yM2 1+ yMy 7) M[i+Hd+yM] ms] [tasnag @ which indicates that a particular Mach number onl J (M, 7), is the same on both sides of Page 2 of 5the shock. This function is plotted in Fig 2. A thermodynamic analysis [using the second law] indicates that the pressure rises across the shock and, from Eq (7), that the Mach number decreases. Thus, in Fig 2 points on the right-hand side of the curve's minimum [at M = 1] represent upstream conditions while points to the left represent downstream conditions. It may be seen that the higher the upstream Mach number the lower the corresponding downstream Mach number, and vice versa. Eq (7) may be solved for M; to obtain @) which shows that there is one, and only one, downstream Mach number associated with a given upstream Mach number for a specific gas. Eq (8) may be used in Eqs (5) and (6) to obtain the temperature and pressure ratios across a shock y= . (25 21) ori goal ty-pae] yim © and 2y ya yrl Bop at (10) and, the corresponding density ratio follows as Py Ve 4d M@ pV, 2 1hGy-DM The ratio of stagnation to static pressure for a flow toward a stagnation point from M/, > 1may be obtained from Eqs (10) and (12) as ae ere 4 (2) (24 12 PAT. z 2 since the gas must first pass through the shock and then progress to the stagnation pressure from the subsonic condition behind the shock. Employing the usual subscripts, this ratio is written as J. apne EB a ee ee ey” © * #7 gga) “9? gac12y vt Ve Finally, the reduction in stagnation pressure may be obtained from Eqs (8), (10) and (12) by considering a gas to flow from a reservoir at pressure P,, through a suitable nozzle toa ay supersonic condition, then through a normal shock to a stagnation pressure P,. Irreversible processes across shock wave front cause the entropy to increase so that the reservoir pressure is Page 3 of 5not recovered whereupon P,, will be less than P.,. This stagnation pressure ratio, using Eq (12), is obtained as Py P{1+d(7- DM; Pp, Pe E(y- ME Ifthe expression for P, / P, in Eq (10) and that for M; in Eq (8) are substituted into Eq (14), then algebraic simplification gives -1\h7 (ae Fa)” 0s ytd 4 t+ DM; } P, \At- DM, where it should be noted that a gas may be considered to flow isentropically from a stagnation condition to a supersonic condition such that Eq (12) is valid, but a gas may not flow from this same supersonic condition to a stagnation condition through a shock wave in a manner such that Eq (12) applies. ‘The density ratio across a normal shock may be expressed in terms of the pressure ratio across the shock by eliminating M? in Eqs (10) and (11) to yield +1) 2, (2 ‘) Bat Px 2 SP-V A _ P, 1 a By ( + Po \y-l which is known as the Rankine-Hugoniot equation. Two limiting situations are of interest: when the upstream Mach number M, -> 0 , Eq (8) indicates that the downstream Mach number approaches a finite value -1 M,> i or, forair M, > y ay) Similarly, from Eq (10), as the upstream Mach number approaches infinity, the pressure ratio also approach infinity. When this pressure ratio limit is used in Eq (16), the density ratio under this circumstance approaches a finite maximum value BPN rain 46 (8) Pp nd Px A log-log plot of Eq (18), for air, together with the isentropic relation between pressure and density is shown below in Fig 3. The curves show that the flow will approach isentropic flow when the normal shock is weak, but that it diverges significantly beyond an upstream Mach number of approximately 2 (4) (16) Page 4 of 5100 40 FRankine-Hugoniot equation 20 » 10 Pe 4 Isentropic 2 1 1 2 46 2, Figure 3. Rankine-Hugoniot and isentropic curves for air with y = 1.4 ‘The strength of the shock may be defined as the ratio of the pressure rise through the shock to the upstream pressure, or ks poh E 9) Shock Strength = =. 1 wenghh = 75s 5 ayy The entropy change [or increase] across any shock front may be obtained by integrating the relation Tds = dh- vdP to get z, P, P, of 2) -R (2) =-8 wf ta) (20) where the last equality arises since T,, = T,, [energy is conserved]. For a normal shock, the values of M,, 7, /T,, P,/'P.. Py/P:+ Poy /P, and P,, / P,, depend only on the upstream Mach number M, for a given gas. These expressions, given above, are commonly tabulated for air in normal shock flow tables. Page 5 of 5Ai co teadity fp con dive i ag nly Poe Le eae ata Lets iy swe ope Mack pun : Hepes ath SEO te ree ee ae cc Meus malay TH catnage rection ) HF mo shocks ocemr, Fisd HM ead Pct Re spit of B pipe. - Feooes 2 Chess - Sachin Position \ a 1 ' Teel Aa Flow (8214) >! Peis | | PR) = De C.3m 5b 235m ! ~ ae im oe ange: Si fa, Fe se Ph, me he) Pe? apdieipate ap adiabdtic gst Flow . df _ de me ye! { (vet) Mz e Ym? wt ae =z} 0) PF. aLre Slv-1) Mey 4 PR M, { Rie sem? wees (a) a wang Bae too platoons w Mt P= 101-3 b ey gee ali deem] = 2[ + dlie-)Q)*] = HY) 2 AG tel (me #1) (2)* DY Ht (2)* (ue) § Bb “} ~ = 0.53541 + O.840F1 ~ 0.2050 ge = (2) fey ~ 2.4495 on a ~ 0.40R2 * a, <4 eB " e), = 0.3050 => Lt) = oe? ~ IRB me > 3.5m i) at fenieilees) ~ 0.06833 ft e) = wy - al. ~ 0.3050 — 0.08833 ~ O.2466F2 nat ap agen otis 1) wth i va fe we), walpde i . Pi . (aigbiog opin) =D ) fro 0) Baad Walon 4 180<2! 0.13605 (to tou) 0. 4667 fh 17s 0.22504 (« » le yer {ie 0.28833 {* high) Ye (2 26e — O20 ) (as 195) ~ 0,065 O.25§33 - 0.22504 Ss mM, ~ 17S 40.065 ~ )BIS : - Py ts usung Eq. (2) wR My~ 1815 gi CR ~ 2.134 i 4 ppt x a Pa o Re aaa Po~ ae + 2MH9S WOE ~ M63 Reg ) i oh sho ct Be wyif of te OE er ome fetal Boke hp i f= 0.008 Exit Chamber © P, Nopmal Sheck Frost = (fon subseme Flow) I I 1 Ace Fle (ye be) > i BAe, r pba dbn Wham Pore ve a shock wee at He anit plane, of Bn wee Meck malaj ep A clk wll LTE calculated om peat “) i = My, = BIS GB = PR, = N62 kPa) D= 0.3m pace P, , x = a (1H,.)* - a] so @) Ly , ale hay =1 ” Vp, 2 aS (8s)? - aa 3.6766 Py ~ BbCCR. ~ 3.686% 116.3 ~ 427.6 Paw = A2 zu CM.) + YT (My)? = 6 J 2¥ jay ¥HT (m,)* = 1 2, wis)h+ Ter | anaes og ns Tat (1-818)® ~ | 2206-1 0.376 My ~ 0.613 5 Subsonic as aegiped Fund Ha back presse, R, i Pe chember ute ubcel te pipe is ? iechengig ote Bon « mapual sherk Bnd Lilfing tone pipe ' 23 rs ' 17 Exit Plane of Pipe i I I L=3Se yw Need to approach aolutimn ag if Pre gre too piper of Duell Z, 7° ppaoach: . 4 wv) = ee) - Hurts) = 0.2050 - o.008 (25) ~ 0.2988? ~ usa, BO) wR Hig value to facd MM, = My gust upatucm off shack. Cuuscee — My E) baam Ep Rage Val a 0.3050 (eo high 0.29582 Sebold 1.85 0.2588 (too iy Ce = 0.25832 0.3050 = pat) (4-185) ~ 0.0562 oo Mg ~ 185 40,0562 ~ 1.906 = M, - using Eo. (5) we com sveluate My = Mz just dounstream of te add oY Boe cae Ep le) te fc B made Be sb frook (.406)* 4+ TT Bere (my) = AU) (igo) 24 =) My ~ 0.5945 ~ MM, . ~ 0.3534~ usa Ey (a) te fad R= Pr wsiig My = 6406; Er = (1.406) fate scion) ¥ ~ 2.2863 2 Leet Roe 2B 4 Fr. 1 ~ Saag | 2S OLE ~ 108-5 Pag =F = use Ey 4) to deformuin Py = o 2 = 2 = at (1.406 )* asp ~ 40Fz P= Py = Hota hy ~ Hore 10RS ~ 4418 kPeyey Leahy ida aubsopic flow dounstrugn of He shock. SN Fee 35008 oe han a Egel 104) BE, Fi" . I= (o-ssys)* Need (4+ lo.ca4s)* D ) = 1 (0.5995)* + Sta [ap tedemery) ~ V306F2 ~ O-F9395 ~ O.S129F Linge 27a E. (ocne) [2b RUE MESHETY 6, Leet tot Bait plone of R pipe; X-secha + BG, > ABSA + osm - S2)-oom ~ beck to EG.) to “tine M; Guerser My +) frm Ep.) Raguiped Van 1.00 0.00 (to low ) 0.4838 0.80 0.07225 (» « ) Goamplete{ O88 0.49082 (to Ligh; bit else) 0.4838 - 0.07229 O.4908g 0.09929) (C8 - 0.6) ~ O.19bs wo My ~ OR - 0.1966 ~ 0.6034~ using Eq (a) 2 Ba vale fon My gucld . Ke E = (0.6034) { 2 [bes tos Derbory) | ~ 0.S¥0s + Ltt * ope &. PB om eRe Bp Rh \ ~ - oO + 4.0) * S ~ aaqog | Or Sblb F2 + 108-5 435 kPau) Stymprany = 23 Herne 4 | li Shock | i | | ! { i i M+ 2 5 Pe 10h 3kPecy I, = 0.8445; Fe = 4418 kPa) IM, = 1.406, B= 108.5 kParey My = 0.6024, % = 435 bf) Effect of Bech ‘Pressure R LE) Nopmal Shock Wave ur Pipe. a Nopwel Shock Wee at Exit Oblique Shock Wane Outside Pipe Exit 116.3 F}-- -------- No Shock Frat on Expansun Waves Mach Expansion Wane (Dasign Paessupe) Odside Pipe Exit 429.6