Publications Available from the (CENTER FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY ‘of the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS eee Saeco cee ret Stee ‘Gitsioes fr Tene Panne er Ob Ste Eee See renontoces peepee SESE recteee ecerahe comin So Seca em oe eee ay Seite Rebs re cmt an AE Eon ret mentee cE Ee emrereemeram foe el SE i Re yee SES estige tenes metry See SRE cote chan es caro rotten pron SRS SE meee eto Farr a en Sp aie rie ee te tenn epee SS ee reece Sr ceeece rece tibetan yan Wig nd ee eel “Anas, Human Factors, a Homan Rey rcs Sey, 1992 eae eee ey Tes org cto rei Sampaio nr eon GUIDELINES FOR Evaluating Process Plant Buildings for External Explosions and Fires (CENTER FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY of the ‘American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47h Stet, New York, New York 10017{ho Come Cann iio Det sole tr tn ‘This tok dete he memory of Donald F. Other einent chen engine nd enstanding conto chemi cn human ogre He wat aos enctor and racer, ncn nd Piet actin the ale tons of the chemi scence “Ths ook on making Pris plat safer isin pet of extending the rns of nolege and entering racceContents Preface Acknowledgments ‘introduction 1st nd Spe 15 etl De ing Pato or as 12 ig it Sin etn Sgcceaaee Management overview 21 Eplnn adem An ea 5. Initial Screening and Consequence Screening £1. rod Pt Denon 2 al stg pel rem tan ‘thera Cnet ease 222 Sel oe ie oe ey n a SL chem one Gen Dn Specie 3 3:22 ene nny Meg ea CodeineRisk Screening {2 erent Use Rik Messe 43. Orton ohare pc 131 Pc a ating en Sha nacy 2 tml leg Danan Pi Se 4.34 fap bt ge ain Risk Assessment 5.1. Had eatin and Exon 13. ay Fats Corin ose Plan Blog Ro set 5:32 Slr Casement ‘4 Guten fk Aest $42 aoe gemy i 5:5 Guat ik Aa $51 Oceans meg ain Risk Management 61, Rak Msseoneat Over Sage Ra es Ban (62 Ring Rok Buin Pos Pas 5 Bisessenze 7. Future Developments 4.2. Bemmanton csgnt Voce Punt ttn Danse Bement of oe en Deere 274. Dokpmt apy Spe isk Tales Crea 4S impened psa tisk Harion ‘Appendix A. Explosion and Fire Phenomena and effects A ios ae eens 12 Dalty Chana of Boson 21 Ee ‘3 es of aon 0 gs ‘Appendix B. Principles of Blast-Resistant Design 312 Amat Tange Ww a 109 DSC tts Ce References Glossary Index m 17 185Preface “The Center or Chem Paces Seley [CCP was abe 1985 ye Ameen Inte of Cael Exner the epee pares ‘lasting day soning or maging atastopic smal es ‘dts Toschee th pal CoPS has oases week om ur areas xablabing aol pulsing he lest seni engineering, and fmonaemcn pass fr peventon and mig ices [Sreling tne, fama andor reacte mate Ecieapgthe ue of machines by doserminatin ee neato seminar, mapas and comeing eluaos pro ‘pans renee [ansing esate ofthe atin enpinceing pats ad tain ‘management eboagh esearch sr peweton abd mite ‘Berdopng a courant we of undergraduate ngnscing ‘Sura eto enpeore te Sty wed and onsccasess Despite pean bulge hazardourpocetunacan presen ‘sco ak. Though these many dst pat orang Seip ‘nTsting they dbo aways appeal seco the inate to eneare ‘Stent vel sey Th practical Bakers sale alin hae ‘Sly sos he spectrum of tare and condos of at ‘Hike ire anelosion rls proces plane bulgs a eu ‘rents eral tebe "Aer ring teckpoulon ean explosion phenomenon: funanes on asesing ening. abd mang ks srs th bling design ad sang Two appends ve etensve cove of ‘losin andre phenome ap elets apni of Hast ena (ilign Aveta gary amen nthe era ae neAcknowledgments ‘The Caner for Chemial Poss Slr ofthe American Inte of Chemical Eager ome 2 gest deaf thanks to the dei pror ‘Sal ences snd set howe wih dation onthe Vapor {Choad Eplson Szram: drt derebpnen of this ueer Hooke They ae Join A Daveono nds! Rik oscar {stn ¥ Barwa (Monsann Chek Company Peter, Hotinan Hedist Celanest intl © Kit [Union Cae Carportin) Rote E Linney irri od Chemis, ec) ober A anc Amaco Coes [ney Noor [acy Mut Resear Corporation) Gary age Amerzan Cyst Comps Erlrasm A Scher [Medl esearch and Deropment Corton) ‘Reha Fh led Sil, ne Gost Sis hob Resa ad Develpeent Corporatio] “Thotiskolprpungthe tx eal ables, nd guste bok ‘was enti 0 EOE nonin San Franca The nial authors David W foes yosth Abu Seven re Stepien A hor (Gate stocker “hes whi exert i evident ought the bok, special in the ‘hk run Cher 6) and exlee snd Be phenomena and Principles of bastretane gn (Append Asn "Thc ethos ad Subeommaee ree wel served Ging tis flo by ‘ob GPa then deter of COPS, Wis | Ming povided COPS lp ad ase,Per review for hs imporan volume was prove by ‘A.W. Bich Goode 44 blah DA. Crow [ichigan Techslopal Unis E.R Dancer Aiea) ce, = 1 Introduction Catastrophic siden inthe pes indies ae uncommon events ‘Thon tha let bulldings tn meat proms ats ae even ess {lege Tlie of seriou vet sang bards mats ‘te sd ase, fest eure rage plato proces ‘ay management Spesiealy se COPS Cusine or Tecnica lan Srement of Chums Paces Set Rt, page 2 sates: ‘ee nal pe mes re etm acd wp ‘Seif we pe are nese oe me (i Sar ey cme oot ri hal kee cmc to pe SE tc ded wn oe sere Fronaay mnspa snaps abe oe “These pres sey management stems ens that cies re signal comarca prod snl masta ih spp ont ‘ne tose ses sxe Homecare puts ba {Bp ln wo hasous pene ls Rae presented erie re fone who workin tea Thicovenatnn pomp that some Fling, bese of thor deen and cect, ate else wes bjotel compactly eden mesenger trio sbe ocipan, Coney, geen nats ht pone ested atom andanny orc us fsbo tesame Dl, ‘ahve we lod a cs nyo aly ‘Oreste on asodents ve ose, prompngesmpeie, ns ‘ey ssi and sures to popes ling des or siting ads Etna of topoving sey Therein stands Hower ea ‘Sealy ppb tall indy sone ano no enrte sna {Rrelof sey Conseqasnty th pace ndarty gies he eed or {Sana on ulm apps the dengn ad tang contra cme Ender pln) Balding. The ndasy ao eos that ts [ince pret fe pacha! and ces apne sto thespectrum of interested indi, and musta ny aunt the ce (pera ad cndions earings any pars The ppse of Uh tole Culine fr Evaluating rece Pan ings fr Exera! xpos and Bes to adds this ‘Avie vatesy fehl pd poses sty managment atc re reeeeal throughout these gulines Detaled coverage thse sues Isotade the sepe of ths bok od tests eel oter CCDS {hk formore infomation. These inde, npr. + Guidelines for Teche! Mangement of Chaical oc Saety thet) + Plane Cullens fr Tec Mangement of Chemica Process Sie Re 2 + Guele jor Meza Bvluain Procedures, Senn tio, et, ‘worked examples Re 3 + Geli for Chemical Process Quantative isk Anas Rel. 8) 2 Gautier Brotong the Chotacenisc Vopr Clad Exp ‘So: lash Pe and BLEVEs et 5), Addon, de fillowing ern abo pov pidance: “+ Ameran Pevleun Institute Recommendel Pac 752, Mon ferment of Hazards ASsocited with Lacon of Process lat ‘igs Ret 6 1+ US Amy Sree to asthe Efecto dental Expos (net 7 + Chemica Manutsrers Aseitin, Rspomble Cae®, “Codes ‘ot Management Pate” el) ‘Ax American Soe of Chil Engeets (ASCE) document ted "Desi Bs Resistant Blinn Petrocell” Rl 9) 5 remy bang deep 414. objective and Seope “The shee af thee gudetine sto provide «pata apach to ‘enahing raluaing sd managing the pcs aly conserains ‘Slt wih proces lant lang dg nd sting Thr tok spe false the explo adept pos plat bul, ‘ecpants and faction earns 4 oul of eet eter he aiding, wah the primary oss on exons, Chaps 2 presents an teri ofthis appeach, Chaps 34 and 5 dss ations seeing nd sk asesment rebound tk manapemet, Te appes 1 recess plant building i reviewed In Caper “histo does no species aes tne reste an theron “ra during theoraatonedatingies Toners bythe, ‘Gotaomallyompromie thers ney aablngandon 11 ote ane spe s scape ci e pote ont ets hah cantina of (I tatdingvenlaion only (2 bing pesnurcaton and alin ok peri [essen that pede oxapat thet wn ‘Frees pene pene oupmen ting beng Ps Tata nd [3 omerncy eoponse procedures ad tazaing. cht ‘eaon posture Fr poco pln binge ested nes where ‘hepeentiafor stn dea ext teal actos other stop {sor peeton or miso mest shold be cose Jet ‘Sunt of bling singevalston in stew sell sus, ablngmay need toe cele ore combi cao exon and one este Forme nthe cet Sta exis, bulling may retain sufcentsacral ey ‘rotor bullingoccopantrom thelr yer rer damage ee pnt {itisananlnge artist proesina fam stares ose te conjgncun wt he exlasen. fh deed daconn of he ccs of wi sca prepa Inalng twine bys the spe of ts boa apd ser COPS fleseaa ree oon tun to oalusngtine eames Thee Itehde Gustine for Use of Vapor Gasd Dupri Model R10, Godtinero Vaper Rela gon Ret ed Gaels be Chem ‘cu hte ik Arse). Rees 102 an 08 pe ‘lca pane nthe elects ee eleases on ling aps Pro lant lis by indexed o roca ais itn nit Boundaries wel lings men aren tha cul be [epsced bys eo explosion t he pees pla. tn an ow ame ‘hemi leis, the odin pcs ae often contained wath Le balding sd the coer rooms and other oxo ents are ‘Suman rbidngs wth, thems balding Tock ls ee spaallysafsune thee statins, ay ao rode dance ‘leant othe plots ad fins can acu in wile mange of poi For he proof these pudclines proce of ence ice hse ih ital oc roe cpdins ht hee the penal * Rees of nme ocmbusle mates eating ia “Aor cod expbsions (VCE) Thott ines Cndens. phase ealosions ‘Uncontechemseal actions fanaa scans) Boling bs expanding apr expen (BLEVES Prestreome UT rere. Pha exploens| Cond eons {pst adsl more ea in Chapter ad in Appendix Afn evshuting cploson and ie nga w proce plant bling scape es econ t tol the once of tk ncn ak {say ger he cepa balding shoud tbe pled at tinea vel of isk esa of th won ction Specialy the Bailing by i existe sbold nx snngropoatlyinese the wo "heooapents Inevakaing theo sk wan dtl the alia may represent one factor ong any Tato eomebuting wo Hat ee ‘hin the prs lane In seme eae, te bang May pest ‘pnt cnehson tan indo oie wanting lo (pec the ie Stl ith ther cy, the et lig onan ay ‘licen ado atin eure Chapter dees ainda ‘vention shuld bet fat onsieaton en entijng options foe sting sks Pate i a tna thet coutrcing pe Bat Iie ners st oe eistance ny not aay beet Elective means eins Soe sntons tay easter ease tee otental isto trh inborn outdone personne sk etn Isest aches by peeing the even en ecu piel, fed the eosin det +12, Background ‘As scutes inthe inti to thi chapter, poe aecdents have ‘Suested the need fo an improved pooach in sessing he sk res plat bsg apd ter ccapant Table 1) proves = woe {ecafsome sero nies inring blings pte plats. ‘Whe suri ving tn prevent sch sce, they el ay oscar However a ndatel bythe acidnt in Deve, Cad, ‘aden, Now Jey, popes deen apd sting o occ baie can ‘vunealy mac he ka fy Torsten cas ant dng the potential lors ilar bung capt the eras concern nests ballings louse alcool apupeent per eps Sasting yao epee det ae gts fe doe oo frocss ctl well as sass intarapsn ot abd roget ss From such eves 1.5, Evolution of Design and sting Practices for suldings in Process Plants Changing condos witha the procs industry hoe often aed de ‘sign and sen of lings This section cota s it woe of nds peeis onthe des al sang process lant Dulles 15 etn en asta reste Bln oc es 1S euanneang mn SS ie re | wos eStore ce Ga: ‘rors | potanas age fe | seascw, |, ianoStet Actes vg Bung Process Pants ae] ten | tees | = ‘Sed severe ast sn tre aaage fot ‘Sriaione Aleneus wet eae [nctecrstg ne tac ee = |: Ease waios Soca een ees te 1131. Brief story of Bung Desons Aspraces lan desis and management pts hare tole, bing fatons and cations ae change to eet the new operating ee meats often Teng t an incase tthe numberof ulin aed etsnnel hat were noe neat the ross unis. Ter amp ntl Fectisesheve spay nen ested win oraacent the proces ants toprorigectoae coral Otherbulngs such smite: as, rain sometimes eae sian pane plant 9 ll peep ‘apg of operations Ta conthuour pest inate soho petmleum refine pet semaly inated demic aed etlieny the ang ane a [ude hae Ben lena byt uch healing Rl 2 + Tecreted uk cps edn Inger epupment. These wa ‘eal no one ena balding. + Gur ction of pce unt or uipmet equi separate ‘cto bulge non init to doping recs aie, 1 lon fnson ann ten fr adnan Proce Pons 7 + Wort sae, singer units, sole with advances in stoma fin ido the ur ofseremcianes rv pag postonine, + Siultraneminion latin af paca ctrl yes mae ‘Rescoaryto int the stnce brn he cnt Beas the tester o conte vale As eu aly cota bowser wee Teed wa rat the ig of he panes ui + The dowlopment a leant anor crputr coer made ¢ mew eonal seve poss nt om 4 ental cone ‘tr, lading wo connie eoncenuation of gent aed pe ‘Snel nent ee. + Spor set sachs iis, egicering and are {or fctons were moved ser to prcesr ants to fate ‘ncttngs, Tex fancton wero lose the coal es trim separate baling scent poe ee Al any hatch process, such tose a Ue spay chemi ‘stay eg. pharmacctels prin, abd lsc cad potas, have ‘cal lcid the conte and soporte to the process Im pi sttangeney, the press plat Duldng conta lor most ‘tthe pres, wih the sont faneon frequently hosed in cena inetd oom within te Hat hung ov die ing 1152 Standard for sulting and Eauoment sting and Separation ‘Many companies, a wll indy insurer, rade asocaons, and Standsdserancatons, hve veloped Seat cera for spacing be ‘ween plats bingy eget ad per ines. Thee ee re ‘eat sce the pct fens rer eo mains casgmst od THclcy tno acess wn and buldings Tae 1 tats the ‘de atts of pacing enters tae up “The wide anges inopcng terse Tale 1.2 eft the very of poten Ras 25 wel a he rene ebjever the ‘nous ons ha developed dhe ten fe mera, sane Uns anda are degclo pte propery ad mime bess item inthe erent fs nedent RPA stds oe deg tp Prevent the cure os fea due the pes fet act rose Indian ompun tae oct sandals nay stamp {ears oh of thse jects wel peso salty. The le Sho demonstrates thet det hela vats inthe pes psig feces, mater bonded, ad ojos (ke, equipment pcos ‘eros pmol prota osu spac sand appopte ke Mapleatons isan fe 27] pois vl cect or equipment and baling stig ad yoo sy prpose rel are ee rt oe ban deg Thexe chek ian eons conacotins ad ly [popphaloestion teseasn layout stunt lo planing acon,tected ott Pm pia ct Rosen sage es Seaton ier orpnatgnerne neees Sa TES? 1.33. standards ana tra for Bulang Design andthe Need for'ste specme evauation Desig stands for bldg in rcs plans hve alo ced ener the ‘eats apse to cents eto east a Table 1. These ‘slencs cal spel dhe deed Bulag espns to desi eens ast sich as cs esl frm a TNT detonation o apo dtd ‘olson ofa assumed seed distance fom an cei tad, A ‘pec tnd for example, muh spc ht talingbe Seg > ‘uhstand a lst equraeat a on [900 of TNT 2200 (6) Uhe Bat sure, Another tadard might rege that 2 bung be ‘Exige ora pal (1b lat onset t= dara 100 > ipa le» apo oud elven Many a ing dag td sing cera aba wp bod Han dese piensa nt gona evan of pic mat, Frese condos, or plant roger. Whe eee in any apes tions is approach eam leads dens that ae ove ens some fnntances otf to poi he deste degre protection in oer fstanes The appecach proposed this bokllows the se of appton ‘tein desig an sting tapods ht have ved err te eats ‘hd aes to acount stespeale codons. Tes noe an ea ‘Sion ofthe matralsteing nde, pees endtons balding losin sd ccapany, ting den and mater of coset, and f- ‘Seven pes ley management ote "Te tpn appt lis procs plan owner abd operators cutis sean pnt bug bcdonthae ate spericcsdons ‘Tales bling Sign ad sit sues wo be managed st he eal lev witout nponng pesca ht nay tte prope to's specie Seay. This spioach fas te eal es of prong Iniomedco eect managment he he acted th Babs2 Management Overview “This cape oes an over ofthe aproch ested in he bok forse valuing and managing the cess say conser ‘coated wth clon pd escarole st YVasour traning and sk stueement ons set help ene Iuingy ht may preset» igneant nk o ocipnt rht may be Slescer orate eens, sch pss snes nett es Gide for spying the sla the ana 0 male nskbasel ‘hebions on lle dng ad sig ata dns 2.1. explosion and Fire Phenomena ‘An accident canbe ined a an waglanacd cen or seaenec a rete that sus na undesablecomeequnce Po the pups ts ook, “indesine conmgwenc deine an epson ore ee an enon ie can oz, tain omtons mus cist. and tht cand to epson oe es se be pee I ou ‘he tha means tht Hamma combust, o tact mate, ot proccss apbldprofucag exlste ats, muse pest ‘Siecd, an tating event must ocr fo bein te en sequence ample ste human err ad equipment far. Thi emer ‘Sens mut omar alvin the sent soqunce to poe ewan an ‘htc These intermediate een flint oro cae: parting ‘rents or popping lets, and mitting evens or gating aor ‘Mopwprn set or positing aso alow he asaet mae to commun dain consequences tat re ubequenty ore seer EsSape te ft of tlese-dton stems beth pene 5 ‘enon sur "Muigoting eens or mtn fctore act sped the scent sequencing in ee soe consequences Eames inca dete ‘ian snson ofemespney shutdown ystems cpestrntnentn, ‘pllcootinment sgspment racing nation, sadreding tberue of gion thrgh the a of etc egigmnent ‘Tibbs ns pal tard and ohows examples ting rap ‘ng and mitigating erento fcr. ‘Ren event seqence cn peed to Yann ncdet une, pending on the seq of tem vent a6 shaw y Table 2 renames tse o amma voe sould est apr cot ‘pls ls ie eo arlas Capesion rhe ice ut ‘Stes tht ths bak ass sey decried bel For example the alent otcmes tat ld et en he eles a anamable corn atrial as fll + the leas shin ited evaporation he Dama ‘oat oan the wound fit, lease the mate tour above the ul sia athe oo sen in a el e Hest fom the ie erste evaporation fo the ont snp thet Damage tom poo es usually ea and esas "aan ea and et ame cota + Ihe reese bans st he soe of the Fea an he system ‘peratingat sunt hgh pressures reat ite A the etent of mae me to the sea the vy che Mme Highyelcty jes fe lately unaleted by ind, whe Tow sch scanbetid and shonenedby nd Fors ewophuse spon ofthe gad ny na out the et Stream, ng pa ie 411 the mene formes fapor lod that pei wih Boe fants ccna trbulene eloped oe amy by the ‘hme tent propuesting tog poses sauce he Dane seed ca acer scent to cause 9 Bast Ths eve ‘led o 2 Yoel explosion In on 0 st let ‘ant eat and ceatat lcs abo uc Fasc ‘hesouce may ease pol ser ete + tte release hms aor the mies sliced wh itt crete 2 smaller, and po inion tte i ne sue. Turblone orsign o corte te ame al poe Wists fs fe veut Damage gun eased by ada beat And et Hae cea, bu the ated area ay Be moh get than fora pao ee + Wain of fact iste osu the reese wl ur a 9 fb Burning wl cos primary i eke ater Ir of the Fictnih cout As the fuoyacy ofthe ho aves see, Ue ‘wing ltrs epee and assumes phercalhape Dat tesa ose det ane ont and raane en Foc more complete dacs of thee events Reece 5 ‘onl evens sncern tat my may ot ole Basra oc combustible mates cndenaed pee explo acon ‘hemes ection, Ring hg expanding vapor exon BLEVES, ae Be "| ew ee Se Freee | eee [ee SS | =. SS |= a | E-| S— | S— —— (salsa | So |=. | 0 = Some eetoee | See1" 2. Muroerentovnten pressure-volume FV) rues, phys explosions, and coatned egh- Sons These ae bey dsr below + Fare of ese sotsning hgld temperate sore sumo fling pont may pofuce 4 BLEVE, wih seul ase and apment sect If Oammable mater ole, ALEVE my as proce ral + Unconile cheracal reactions es, polyetaton ean ese sulicne enc to nun stare the connate Se, iting to Bast nd ramen eins + Arp loss of containment of + prom pa oF wpa foe ecsunlyfszmabe mstal, cled 2 PV pare (a Oe Pystal expos may rode rpment les sla at Inaveas the pil qn id ompsses the surouning a Whe acne arab FV rsp ay ao be Iaowel by ical ‘+ Amer Se of pyc! eosin can our pon pi spo ‘on of id when once wth sian he atria {et water aed o vse containing ht ol Ths elered {oa mpi phasetreaon epson. Inala las psd ‘cols cm also sence pent eh ntl eid + Sime snencs ean vleasenigean ew they deenposs. Unie cenain soniions, thr dampotion can tans # oh . Went nin ed emp cag tsp penton pt orn org rt oe enc + eta ‘Shemp nt can ots te get AL, ‘hepnowlarsesposon camo cote ced TOS ‘haar an opsnigpecemes amp eae etre ol Runt tae ming eer ero we ce ‘mmr ptelpnon ne ad cst en of pening is inched scr coul ei an pon igang bing he Dlg san Gong rat ‘ape eases ery eps prem n pe ‘Sting ecuton ithe nts: Conry he pact ‘Sesiegccynttoms tr ewan, andrteeon sree auldbeompanaed t gulatcncan: esr s aly nove fm Rte ora hve bg whe he “Sar dus epee sper th ste ae ‘Sede, gan sues pert sey cs apo the low cals ptt of NFPA Class IB mabe lil when banded tude the conto aes. 5522, ouanttatwe Consequence Scroning Based fn ste Spec conatons ‘Aguanstatie cnseurnc seening ean be permed by evoking the Inherent propery the mates eng ha cjunction mah Suite of the qoutes svi, sp casero ef the cule Turion snd fayoat of the pene cgreent A caculton i hen pele dctrmin penta stl, lang to acount te spe ‘Se eos conrtutng to ce mlagting the ott onseleess ee orVCEs dee ofcotnemeat span layout and saci. The uke ‘Medien eds dtp which baking ae appro desig sd Sed and wash quite fer evaton Vapor Clo Exlsion Modeling For VCE, consequence seein sperma in 2 mur of rent ‘way depending aon the level of decal Scd and he nl ovale {he ane VCE cnseunce seeing Hed om an enim he Ihe parameter tha cl esol cece gen coset oni ‘ns shout he gut and ature ofp se Cabig the Mas in th laminae Ragin th Vp lo a ‘har mos gars om, VCE cleans se Stal dspion mode. Ing with sums of cool sz, dou mes sh dstances the eens ‘wl wave Tis tft then eo determine the pote art umes tht ca be shined bsed ons evasion Of step ‘tions, ng cer the TNT equnalecy met. he Mluety tod the Bake Seblow mode Ret, toler alae odes ix Steve cass, alter etal ispeion deli and sere othe Tigo tay be ovale thatthe tee hate Say, exponen, oat cus of the ck of eongetion or oninerent a he od Danries oy made Stespeincondons ” MOMs acground ‘Mama ocation gs tats ye ha proces ata all ‘Sy An fice ig ated 731015 fom he proces ‘Sure Bn othe othe acy, mo perc oa “Sulicay seedeqpmert are inte area at can ste conienent “ngs a eee oc Furr he amma proceed tow [were and amine angen= {tat Seng scone Sei ‘eer circled td on dpnin mada the pe dd ae Pcie rete elt ck ‘tings Spe be ie enn no eters war eae In some css, deta perm modeling tal may aot be ease orth ie sat wstated, Tocakite he softies prion {nthe vapor cad eer ss pete, though suliccnly consestNe, etd rane orc ssi omni, ‘Suid base toe ian explodon or fe Some conser oP roaches tr determining the ans tera lesb or a go vapor les, the potential amount of materi the ad ‘a be decried by one a the lang og 1 Mate leas ine rsuieo ope ek wher theme ised stop the lak functn fslating potemes fency ves, depesriag systems and ther mgation se ty eke rate tie for eo achive delayed non) «The ul invetry f mate as fied Wy a single rin Ineneeyem or by an inerooeaed ys] of mara For nonfsing ie ls, the mutes the cloud eu tigi eeaporton rte [time for claw schieve delayed ition} ‘easel thatthe caption ate depends up the quay of mata Spl the ster re, and torte condibas. The quay ‘pil promt by [Rate of mlense] ee eguiedt stop the ek] ‘The tne meine to sop the Kak 5 fancton of ating pins, fmergncy tales depending, er ini sae Foca worse o asa as, he mate in he od ithe sera 2 taco vaporize fate fees] equed 0 stop ‘belek 1,1 aon vapor te of ese] x me fr dod © chev del easton 55 commence » Delton vapor al inventoy of mateal 4 Toulinvenory ‘Noe The facto on tems scab secon for the esl formation anensainment inte ahing lear Aso when determining ‘the mater in he sud sul fom» tm pha osha le ‘idration shoul be gen ode content the lo ih ol wpa, “Theres upper limit the mas ol math can onset» explosion, etl oleae drat Ths pes ale sprint, which due te Osianale mat st the dsl ttedanes to coneratone below he lower Ramses ‘Gelade reba numero bugs on urease ‘tak cui the pony st ey hein of sng A Seed {oleae ll baldings with sn pnt Below tha of Balding A sy sh before, Akematvey s ucet concoct nth dt ‘repro the sk sone al, wer may wile bes ‘rom thereat nado he ofthe sega 4.1. Dertvation and Presentation of Ek ik «mest of human injury or cmos vrs of bat Ince Ilion’ Vequeny nd the ape of he sso ary [eensemencs "Todtemine the ik from paring een te eit cutcome orci the rent ao heen ater“ | acs timated The mune sk expel a the capes namber of ‘uid cums pr wnt ne Fer same fanning (ret nist he creat ld ao sess nue every 150 ‘ar he sk eaten 21503 10 enn per et Tsk can be mare apd expel ina numberof me CCT: ‘Guilin or Chemical Pes asatie Risk Anas Rte ‘uber thee main tee ak meu Rak Indes, Indl Rsk ed Sos Re isk Indices express rk 6 singe numbers o auations, sully, applied wo groups of poe eae i sao tle ate. Tw thetmare common ends + Average Rae of Dea Re. 3), elie a he areas saber of {aes eae might be expe pr ui ne fall pose incfetsThe Average ate of eth i srntimes presented 2 Death ar, which repens the toa aero ee, fall 2ccents, er 10000 workers peat in a en yo work ‘Houp At split the chemical processing dusty fr expe ‘Meathrterskindexmipheespesthe tal aur deaths ovet 2 pei af time rach a ne Yer foe all ole wooing in the Infos, inlting ar work and ocr who se no ry {posed to pnt! precast saidents Depending apo the ‘rotk poup bing menue the death ate may may ct elles “heat mist exposed segment the population nce ee opi a high ak nay be sve wih any pone apa Seek Pe ite Act Rte ANI el 39) da he ae false: per 10 exposure tous We spite acamulsed oo sre hors fra poup of 1,00 pons na weng Meine! Agi, ‘pening pen th work ou eg meas FAR my ote thesis to the met expose epee he OUP, Indira Risk expenses the sik pero expos os haat ‘somal ate the urn af sr or npr per eat Utter The of he ror eomtnon inde sk morte + Movi India ik eid he rl the mst eps Indirdaia anexsnepopalton Inthe cre! prone ngs ln bing, hs the eran aspen he ee Inigo sy The ko thst excel Causey einige eee uncer ‘hat ean eae sllcent bude danse oon seus o a uy, muting the poy seas era ay an en ‘ulpping this vale y the psn facondeupancy [e,fe ‘mol tne enn the bulking, The ta ito tat exposed {nda thes ofthe sealed fo each patie ent “+ vragen! ik exposed pop), eine 4 the in ‘ln erage oe the option that sexes he ik [eg cretody wo wnt a large plan) Th n= we sk ‘pet fmm eth ppalsten Pangea The ‘erage inal skis dcalypopruonltothe FAR kinds, ‘Tiepopaltins inzmeasued rete same Massed hat the aagesqel aval present in th workle 2.00) Bs inser the FAR most te mull bya ra 2000108 ee 10 determine wera neal + vero nda ak otal poplin eed athe india fs over proletermined pupa, wheter or ht ppl ate ‘uly exposed the sk the population ie ar te ‘measure canbe desing 8 mt dpe very ow a wee Timed pons othe ppulton nt exposed to gh Slt lak meas the potenti for incidents wo aft many ple Is histone ppd a ear ito the gh Filipe othe ue tyatar sents Scala when ected alegrncy dotsntnel maine cauay cetyl NING Showin th equa of cents (ein to or more alien Wie socal aks geal apie to cents at cam gut he rable, major sede in chemi processing lt ay abo ave te Fete wo allele noes of peple In arte sie mvor ent eold leet mule Dulin aid mn dal nse each ‘ding Thay, he cnc of mca rak ca be apple Yo ort ak ‘altos al afte evstons ‘As wl shown in Socio 42, puishd data ae alse 0 he plato of scl rl messes inning the cope 0 ik ‘Satya Neves Hower nos pandence hasbeen ‘Ecler chamctersing va to the secral ple and wold ot ‘smal be ecard a abso abcting raat eve Ferenc Tes appopaae, thew to suggat sour ck mean a 8 ‘aoc to soe oop pisos to rss lant bing + Aepept Rk isa meu lth ko prone wiki sing Gr bailing or wits ey lepending wea the nk ng alist who ae mpuctey the amecrenakingintosccunt ‘etal ume spent nthe Balding} aly. aegis wed to measure the calletive sik o people in ‘acy wh sold be exposed fon event or eet I nests the frsurney that aspen! number a ole wil ler pie ot arm eg, death ast aie the cane aso skate cn etapa in tems he eqoeny dntbaon of male camay In general, consideration of iol kets the ee ase hat each buldig ecg ot epesed oot tak Ageeisk addesses those situations whe, bea of sing eset many {nding oecpant oul eat ak ete busine at» wile may Be ‘pose oan nora Bhindi ssp fk oye ‘ee cnndero when dass concerning balding at emake ‘42 Interpretation and Use of Risk Mestures Inusing ny ie ess shoul be membered ht ik ness at eat ateony exists lpi even fgueny an easeences All ‘uk menarements hue teres tone stunts the era "scan be gh span The it het tk mearuemen pee Should fe a cnscraton iy oy kbd decom making pecs. {Chapter ol Reference pres hurr dacston of enn in ak (con aking Rak Asha it most tts eo compat lentes, With compre te, wlsing the same mets sod suse the unease naka ted to be eed Risk anaes ‘toes tht ae aot being sed compare teats can blithe ‘kevlomenu ese or melo again which he ata icreseunbe luda There maybelimel aes underakingan abode ‘ksrolyunlesone knows ia sdenes aw oe willanesn the spose ofthe reeling nck estnses "his Guideline Gv sk othe cmt of whether o ot che perce level of kerb Aste the Used Ree 10) Fests ed ey Excatine HSE| t 26 ov paw cu Wa se aes ae ee ge Shy dasa muerte cna ea Recommending rik terane ceteris is bond he ope ofthis ok Forte sk trance is eampenyspeciie ad ach company shoal ‘onsae esabshing eet that rer company pal and bjt ‘alc ra actance tte vrata teeming ste seiaons, and ie mance antlale en tis tps Tha cos ‘Seo siktaeranc cient have ben ped ewe to pve $ pepe thar might ast nual spans eth tak 421, Use of nal Rk Measures ‘When considering indivi sk, he commonly conse o be ‘per tound,aore which the jd oe see and fe which Sato mat be ken to rr the lke Page taken th HSE (Ret tartare thi concep fhe ie se he gn se the Forze, the aces, cna, eased tea eee Re sles ofthe Beit assist wth he sen, Hiedcton soul Eepatamed ori faling bow th ints might be made wo foter ace thea oat ty a a ow enna petal (LARP) Tn the Wosdssctves wik uk inthe ALARD gon stents farther isk redcun oth estnt ssh ik ect can e sted By che ‘ihond era quel eoachevee Fre ps that hier {isk aces nthe ALARP repo we ose t the lea evel thay te appropiate to cmpend,propstly, more sous fr tk ‘ecto athe hover ks, AUsome pt tek Bee pea,SOCIETAL RS tobe dewesed ‘aos, bth in ems fk vs and slope of cue tan ‘kta Fret als showin nea hh ee ot ‘iE for ons persnnel han for lt pre lic ofthe Sega cures fo he appropiate sta ‘hounds of tiie Soc event vg paces lan gs ‘rely ntl sins few ling any, wan pess lacs ‘ch ag cncenistos af pepe Angee isk camer sea eect ‘Nespecic ondtons so rate ro Casto of zee sk rues the same cent een and ‘onsequene infomation st india nk does gee ak ‘ques defini ofthe population ats, lunges profs Forthe pryoseof easing sro pic plat ug he wold atleast as. ane AGGREGATE RISK to be decreased i é In some insane, agit Hk might ot be elecely measured ssing Neunes Foresamgle dabuldingean nf Berubjesedt ssi ‘rent oncer, sod the budig s t sbj fo complex cpa {em A cae ul ea toons em ok ‘The tsk may be beter measured by other meaos (Re. SI). Vans ‘evton lage consequence inents, One etl used is eat {Be estimate numb of tlie pe yeas By mulipnng each eat {esocncy yi eapeced oom sais) aed summing this umber‘The company has develope ral saree ik rer. corpo of ther cera halted apse peso occu ‘aera shown Fig 7 nents the lene appa cae ‘hove th pp ent of wry or hgh ese ‘On ml pein apps Bt he sponte aaa ‘eed be epany ts Howerr Fe en ee ak ‘cv tu age ma con tae eed au ore abe gpk bongs demining ogee une oases pyr oy el enh Sermo et tee an show bye cones For rening pps howe, the ans a shown tht ulin of Lele eh py ats re byte difere proces unt ay reser ane sage ‘tkand shoud be elated ber neers eonceson eel ave been abou ut the nes esta the kee aa, Secton 422 dacuzed he ofthe ter hin EN cies or ‘deeming agree sg ek enue ca be sed or ple 10 by mutism caches fqn ye pred ante io joes re Tess rt tes prot Suing the expec aes ete natal of 646310? expctd tie rte ere hs opr x 1.46.30" = 155 yas per tay 1 oe | mm | se | SE S| Be |e ne] |‘ | ht | Tse) a] ayes] TOE) ] FA ]IR) 2 Ris: Panes] a Tg [eae [essa fuze sane] gf [saa iene] fun Sng] | 8 [SSR] iSsi) do | iocee Teale 6460 5 Risk Assessment (Chapters 3 and 4 deci srs ofscening ols that can ed wo Svat the desig apd sng of bull In pos plants. The results from ee mveing rs par ulin wil al to oe of te sk 1 Theil cmseqenes orrkscening ress inated hat the Taldingwsdesgnsorsedsach hats otacooce ei {ogling fe een Asa result the bulla wa scosed ‘ut seo nelig fer canst, 2. Theil cmsoqene, rik srcning reals dl ot tly crm the the ing mas 2 mar concen, 9 cold Use tune mone entree valu on the bss faa the serene 2. Theil onsquenos rik seeningrenitsindeate the ling dco pant giant cnc -uiling i cata Irie no ational sen Beyond seecning decried ia Chaps and Balding in eaten 2 ate cae ‘nie evasion, wing qlee unntte ik asessnent ech ‘igs tema, kreducion measures could be mpenented and {he ily receened we conic that tbl el of ak hs bon ‘his Bulings in cnny# rue Seber ikem ad 7 ‘taman ik mcion bee ondacng arte na Aa scl (Chpes 2 npr, rary ung eel fen rte evan, ‘farce sy tanagement rams ke manta PSM dg Fpensure hat tea om am eet of concer ein J. "Fas chats pas nel intmation ox ering qitaive equate isk scent on ings n poses plants For aed fiancee nk sesame echniqus, the ser sted thes CCS Erk this sub ncn Reerence , Gudelns or Hazard Ev ‘on cadres, on baton. aad Relea 4, Gudetines or Chem fal Process Quant ik Anas15.1, Hazard Identfeation and Evaluation ‘The fn stpin a prceaplan bulingriskasesmet wo Men pci scent nab dat enn bgt Asc in Chapter 2nd hated in Tae? scent ar soe et that ied oan rae of enc The ci cate oer ete tnnong canbe ores ht old ep bags in ps te “The rk ascument procs eps by weting spec scent scenarios tha pp the nay under eve Step snl + Went the ests of dmable and crise mies etn the ces plat the cal coco under wih bey {fecontained Sins sey oder materi crpecs cn thotcan lea epnion cen icating conse paseo ‘tons, pha exisons, cuted ema acta + ethic et rast ong cos + Tent immediate vent that ther propaete omit the eveopg scent sear. + eres intisting ent determine the was siden pathways ‘tne bythe ebb combate etter res + enaty the rane af pie nen tems afestng procs FHsotbudingr sd the opt cng cls 0 cs that an esl fo he varus eit pty ‘+ Document the had easton proc for tera determi. ‘event fequency a consucn 5.2, Techniques Used to evatuae Hazards to Bullngs In Process Pants “he COPS pobliton Cidlines fo Hes Bratton Proedres cod taken Ih 3) ponder snide ination on ais ‘sur cauaton hes at yb tng. roseng herds ain ling poco anes my ped pa of eee ‘ocelot sage oranges rc compenae ‘ve tne ey nl vs iy bcd “ha pea pes ass rating may ee fi ‘ake nfo ta eve uty eel aps at so pce pat gs na 153. Key Factors to Consider in Proces Pant Bullding Rsk ‘Assessments Aldous qualia and quanitatie sk seamen technique der in proach they hate rome ste ncn, Reale echae mi the wershoul ease udemtandingof hex common for “Th scan pest eer ifrmaton abst eonseqencs of pres lant eps snd es and the cos hae might ts te eoency ‘tau eens 551. Selecting Scenarios for stuay Using he ehnigues loreal in Seton 6.2, a detalles of poten ‘eden stone con be peared Ths tear then refined a ge he ‘iin numberof cane eat acd tobe seu to adage ‘lt te spctrom of posible cident ant say the eget (the sey The eps vad may le: + entiying tal ls hat do ot req fre vation 1 Gittings inoent ino abate nen pies placing ‘hem with oe equivalent eee Factor that wilinuncete oping ae smarts in inventories, comps daha ne splash esto Note tht by OUP Samir axe the fequency of aecarence of pouped sec ‘ecm ofthe nal feqnenoe ofthe opel ent 552. Explosion Consequence Evaluation Chapter 3 oles guidance om evhing the charac fe, pa ‘Sco overpressure, drat) of pteatal exbsion rie nomena ‘Addiuoalilormasn i bel sumatardin Append Ao this ‘Stument informs on pring more Sai evasion ofthe “onojcnce tse pene on bingy scr, cmt ‘eeupants prs low fxclodon Effects on Buin: ‘An apeson euler sevenl sectrlingetets which an pone “estcie nosoqucncntobuldsaodequpnent Thee consent ting minor dope oct clap, depending onthe ‘hres ay so wien the ing eet Tale 5 artis ae ‘Rect oa that lm anor explain cet Difiraction and Drag Lowding, Following an alsin, Hast wave pape trough chal ora fren teem soured produces Elen wesc inthe lst waves path. The ape ofthe ast, servedepnds onthe nature and steno the explosion andthe distance ‘Eom beeper eis gona staed to ee} a el shock srwvelpestoreeeananey es om abet ote mam ae) Torandensed pase, prsuaesoane [PV ropes, or vey ong por {lod emlsinns [VEE ca) pre wae with sian se ime lrweakee VeEe The bse ding on = soseae chads fo cosenh transient ree att indy dct and tte ‘remreure nc lol) and) dag fees alt ae ‘City sci wiht at oe agi) Reng {nebo wih sana tcl mensions bang ry tremely nee en al spel tre On Ses an rk as ks ly ol ean to ‘repress Be lnding on senda is ly permed by the oid end eet ce wre Ako ae hate ep ‘are amiss fb tv hase a ope pase The mse ‘Bhs recs ad dng te sur hoe embed with ponte pce owod case Appendices Spee nda inane iarton anos sting Impact Loading a ation to ase waves an explosion may aoe ln thecretan of apment ls ding props by ths Hae pee ae along the pound ssce, dbs maybe ke ep cared lens i Set fei i wi el wer ci hn fgmentsesuking aed rm he epson The pinay conse spec or ragment ads eae aap to walls ors och {s spling sang, o petro. Pond eomsevenes node et, ime ofthe stractare and dmapeweiment orn terion Inside the ulin rents pace na he wl or with ‘lotrel eo. Inertial Loading, When a expanion ncaa the rd lace, poruon ofthe lat energy it tanned dct othe ound and pats cura oud shock Also, a6 the lst wave poppet {rough the stmoepere aco the ound ss an poate dos! pond min wave chat propagates thug the ol or rckeo ibeloaton of Bulling, Goud mevenent Bach buking esl by the pune ofa pound shock wave wil indie seerstons trough the bang whch an um wl cine ln foes on te bung nd (mms sed in the bldg Ground shock es the bing ST ny be insane compre o Bax prsmarenaing. However [pound sok nde Ln tens inside tebulingbat ot spore Este maybe amportant nd in some sittin, may epee {He mon niguicant lee on hee eme Pontial consequences of ‘fplonnnace pound sh nce prog Kesardssch et ‘urs nrling!iling bjecslingeobeles and equipment beng ‘neuro ter ence nce te eects on sae sensitive ‘pment ea, + ay orate hanging state or png, The contents {a lwemalcimpenenes of the balding can alo be feed by tea {ees coed by te mtn fhe bing rrr fel 3 ape {Obit pesur, espa hese pm se atch wo he suc ot {icone pron the wills the srt plein eects on Peone [A int wanes dsr eects om people sndule damage to ngs and ‘and The sunday eas fexlosins vole ie conequencsal Ffanens and Gens fe 61) Tse may cade penta aps, Ferme fuling debne ring rom damage orcolspe pero the nut bug eng subjected ola were ating a Ientcan pence ohn, whe aomcweang fagmenecanleal ant Tums oo npc "Tony els of emasions ar those inhi rales cased a, eopl an Lach don or thrown by hes nts stator obs. Fees LO povies sonal pidanee oa cxplsi ets on Peon 1555, Fre consequence Evaluation Convent le depend upon the intensity and dation ofthe fi ‘Deeepatn dans, he tema expose that eeepc ‘than Forsch eve the eer ha wl ete wed or Uther comb materiale wil dead the sen of mater sh Sal Rennes 3 pve ging tera to mith le ls. ines forthe Unger prove ater OOPS pl ‘St, Celine or Chemie! Proce Quanta Rsk Anat (el ‘3. Clns for tema dation eects on peopl ay be found eksenees 62 an Thermal aio dap cena gion ates nd pone ae provided in References 0, 3, and "As duced in Chapter’ mevaluang ie conseoenee pee, consideration shuld be pen tothe sly of bag sepa 1 ‘Some andthe pene fr pesoanelerpsure dung easton,‘aking imo acount the fi, rant st an stoke ngs pats {he bling an pteaalymiatng fa, sich 8 fae poten ‘ystems andthe we of personne race gupmene NEPA TO), ie Sie ale, pron sel ncn de proton bl 554. Frequency Evaluation Allisassesomenttchniaes wht qulatverguantatire ie ‘timate of fequncy of ew cceutence Ths iegueny, whieh ‘remy sie pec can aes! by any face Factors intueeing Event Frequency Aen of Relerence # presets ist (hich des noe presume wo be nn se on sce pone ies + Oversea sponse rel cnet en (Orting vessel orkut dan (peng ols mainenans cna dsing operation Major as tpn salve term aang lange gaskets te Excess apr Mow no ven craps dap yer ‘Terps he chung ‘Pract af process ese, sing leas contents Le rp a procs ping stern Paleo vee cele Breaking off small oe ie sch an instrument oat Dra ov vent vale sree et pen ‘Condens se phoerena Altes vet, long with the ott in Reference 4, ve ‘cated inte hemi ndstyastos ocr when Sterna ‘rent equeny dade he ling + Hitory of previous incidents. equates, especialy sos ‘ney ndets below ape aly manage mate. ‘Theale athe cy y moe cyte a ince uns the rng cass hve ee tei and ‘Sec tons hae bn lane to ree tr meee "eval event fey, post dent can prove ab septic Forampl fs paop salir a endear hs pcental lees ave dou lene and eos pump sea laure five osu eet might be seb to oad ‘hac sok a cena ie. Ths eoohsn say be valid een ‘hough rear pam nal tater did noel vor la S., koraci cansein roc in Bung Reser 1 + Proce operating condons. Some press cndtons thet many ‘anh ogy cane nae rey ih angers (eps ete) bw egal ee rea the tes handing iy mate ree, tle mate tops abet eae po emp ean ‘Caner nes that notamment es pd pester yk sty te a et 3 {ultofsemion rs pcs ao + Dp abwaneor deg inet. Akbudh processing cies Se designed snd ball to spp ces an std, any ces chal es hve sonal conaeest Palen {Ein hi can ke de fom of one wall tices pane Speaded metals oreren atonal meen capac) sch at {Eaten oll for more equcne mates Any these {Geos might decease the iced an event of ont. + Opennecomplesty. Complex opettons may intoce the 0 ‘chal for oedoning ales ac inthe desig phate nd ‘hay al present challenges opettrst acute ad guckly {Sate lant opts and esp wih appro ac, + Haman fst Frequene mama oferations may Increase che ect bea vento as Even ser peu cicamatanc, Be pabaiy of human er can be hg An earner a Section ele the ented dri of es owe vee ‘Shraning byob. ee dean anes of ute duran {Bache operator tmp to levee ea vale open whe Moding fo ther dsr the oer cl fone Yo eu and ‘ne the ve leading s deco ese + ae footy. Older eqipneat paral eqipment sbi 0 foe thermal or mechanical eng may ave higher fe {oe of are Adduoaly, nee elmer ny incrporate Ipnvemente dene ofr the potent or epee fa ‘The cmderao can be aid ot nlf naa ‘equipment to eae pace units Inspr tote that ae dosnt ayes hho logue nr Ppt deed inspec andmantaned qe Inia may hare alow kc Yar fot expences ‘ote vluble natin sacha he rans a ghosts ‘Rasta pnng snd ay ala bang abt pt deg snes "+ Oveal eevee of pretest an emergeney conta Prec sytes chat lm shtdown stems and ene! ‘ros conta oe he aya nent even and ely ‘peor esponae Protects that are poet desioned ‘Sra sad well maitined can folce the feqoeny of event ‘Sourence Contents ae atest ad manana tna esa high fgueney of een cencee 5: ache + Htesivenes of race sey management ses. The be tas a alee though 2 eye cer ey manage ‘ems. The CCPS Gusdeies or Teche Management of Cher {dlPmeces Sty fet Il Guides or mpementng Pc Sey. Menger Sams Re 68 apd Pant Cte Tend Management hema Pros Sat et 2 dnb eee teas of manazemen act ons hy oc the Heed ‘Sols’ and em The cecenear these anaes ‘Saylor in anesthe neal scan et Tacs sch shone ane may at independ fone acts: A alton event eqs shold nider sls tos pao Speen Ste-spectc Nature of Evnt Frequency and Managements Role Isla rom te are discussion tht determining event seis is ‘elton by ste set tr, since bah chlo apd an sent graces tay vty esl Hoa Ste to Stein he exe of technology the vane and cent of pres lant pesos dad ‘hac hse theese Ao dein son at mayb por Jess ‘tote, depending on the aplication, Bsc eh ppp technolo the ettvenes of ys ess ‘sey managenent systems maybe the ey fcr alec the Been of ‘Suet Freep wo sires srt ay hare eee rss for sung pss nd ent a Oe may hive an ce mechan teat atm, nclading 2 ppg coro ‘toning program, with «htc ror of iipsion Hn sad Sem or aden en enon pene Thee iy) Nie altel comson pga ands hyo uct corse al “Thellchoalcfan un ine compaon ale would esate {ote peters the send nity Sonar snipes canbe ood ay leant al component ef oe tay manapemere Pros sf) management stems are Sumie ad can Become increasing elective or meee wh tne In the xm sre, the ES with te clive consi niring program ay hares ‘Gy eded the pte eueny ol eae she ime he ga \waracvelympemente Ache in prions or esol ld eat Insrelucion of ecsary sours ore esoston en ga Tits eens the ogra ene Cold tseae. Inara, ‘stablhinent ofan ef coeson maining peor te esd {lity ov time cau decree the equen) a canon fae The Samic naar of proces sey manage pte eae ma ‘nent conn monitor he eteenes of tee ses ese that plant ke are cone ery aw eve Refence 6, OCP Guener for Autn Process Softy Manage ‘ment ad Relerenr 2, ant Gueine for Tochneal Manse of Cheat rca Sofa ler sslanaeo align actos. ‘Altooal erence mater canbe found ln COPS Gude for ‘Tesh Management of Chal Pees Sf Ret.) ‘Arana ote, istry ee operation and ete css salary managenent sens no pst ances npectg as ‘lho buns wl ot Ine th station tpn ht Khe ‘teen ace: ne i apne ad til wth kod tan net os ant th omens oop en the et ‘ecune pose say management sc aye So ow ie {ine acy Sige bling tae eel eapropesey,c tr ont ben weld sn vlan xls [chewable ol sl be ols ih 5.4, Quateative Risk Assessment uals sk sessment uses experienc, janet, al engineering ‘Smt the aun deeming even consequences and ec. ‘Gunster semen are ral the este cll ade tent of amici te of qld idl. The epee ‘eps team ness Hk Bllings procs ln mht Ince operons pron engecing consequence modeling fe Bist (etn dot beat an eilaocaral egies "The ean appach pedo, cacangecpansns anche, whe reing te ony one nan pan sei he sa “Te abvntag os quate appac tht an ually be a sed or url tas quae stay, ah er ore se Fehustncts nade, aaa nays mele aes mil [eltoc! thn ate ghaazi metas ts resg the lhe eciveand enn steed secur a hans, Quatre nays then contest a, esting po, quate ses. Memb thea ed toes od papa icone kt ‘make sone alge Wes unetkng a quate ak sessment, the team sud be canal ated on he specs pote pela ‘Thteansaucnendrkcnbe moe pam ese eoguney nt seit A tear mii ata eyo et SieSstne dace var omens This wood ruts sic, poly ang to dota ak Uy cy be nant Coc Ihe tum a deat at he val 1 ‘S2oShen pr rome gana sk alas sould be tse ‘Boman th nies quency, cosegence, oneal kena. 54.4, Quattatve Consequonce valuation ‘Qualaciveconequeceerlton ives dfning bral cater ‘Thich ne based othe eal lol of npry and damage hat coudo 5. cane seatnaly be expected orl fan aident event Table 6.2 presen ‘camped qualtae consyuene steps pls coseqbncsin tenn of erpresurand other eliect may Seco anit md hth ect i Ree snd Append k in ahsing te oases ol tel es, Alle eto sun forth eyo the api, the at a {he exon soos, and tsa xpos cts with danse fromthe explosion tour Frm auch an yaaton, saan Blast wunctrscan be determinants ines Elution eas fate apical exresedby Horingcontourselualastonepesie te lana a aie, aston Fg Petal ling amp and dee of ecupnt inary reskin fom Mast were diced in Chapt 3 and «The cose to bang and peopl ro sts esl fm tots en ans ba number fiestas bse on fence emul tne nd Dolan fe 32 provide dita esingeonegacnrs tls let es ‘near explosions These data se suminaiad ppende Bal Reeence Sandi fence 6 Ta aon ores Yer dae oestion ‘provided in Rekrence 67nd Gk AcntatonSerween oer kind econ mun prea nce sas aaa “Sf on hep infmation nd tht gen in Table 35, 2 simple and snseistive rltonship between gua dneriptons ot (pls eonseqraces and Wat oerrmuemay be devpel Tate ‘SSesentsan empl lated tom Appa Beeler 5, “he ovpesmure-ensepecertnsup i Tate 5.3 6 gn for ‘il ullingsoforknarycnsntin Lae lastest deta Ts {tale caracterzasn of eases does no xls or thespec sttl carers fs panel plant alg on es itacaunt othe spac o duration of te last wave Asa rl be ue 52 ‘ramet ovate Desenton of Coneauences baooe evel Ascenso ula, eri a Pat free ig wi oti SSE Serres yet (Shbirs tect hung Sone Brow aay ot Se See Js masr lng ey rag ay at ey Soe tuner ane Sere ovr nw [sceesrone puking deseo Mo st may, tee owt ristontip bowen sansequntes and reresute must consreatve ‘encapse the characteris ma pose pes lane baling "Fan's may te used im comjncon wh he imate of lst cxeprue emu dvcuoed prerian tocndhct = quastie ‘Sleumnen forthe desig and sting of baling on pos ans 542, quattatwe Frequency Evaation ‘ulate guy evalu cn be wed ten ot vents ha ae ‘Sormely unl oom ave sacha remote chanc ofecarng ‘hat farder evalu uae) Ths mtd parca ape rte for ea conjuction wh aati onsguenc craton ene of eking aka “Qualia suey celation aes dling bad caters of vet qurny eich ean teed to sss he hod fossa ‘aspen nednoutrme amseqen). These ates cove fall Sposa ol teqoensen, fom tone eesti vats tht ae il © thon thacareighy nie Defense aeons vary, at "Tai 6 reset eal at and datos ‘Asdinsnnedin Stan 53, ste secticendtons neluding vows incident sty, st conse when siping nod cate. ‘The sucnnnt ta mst have shoe wong kode of plat ‘prc a pest make essa agent tt ikelboed. “Erampte S-on overpressure consequence for Reresntatve “Seer eeteton oe Denar ur on gas rake, |. cassie conection stucar mie SB G02)545, Quatatve RekEvauation Rik sdetemind gules by combining the gata assessments ‘ofthe onseqcncs td hood. gale ask assent ay ‘complied apt of Uoough proces crs alas PHA such {hs hazand and operat study (HAZOPL where the team aes {Guat the conquers ad Ulead of cenanios ta hate the ential or impacting bullings. Depending von the knw abd ‘perience ee ofthe PHA tum an he nate ofthe scan Beng ‘alte the PTA tam may beable ach sad ces con seh sng ae a or ing ln uate nick decison mang vas wate wling the ua thefequency and eonseuence tps rvs dese igre 1 Presents an empl fark mat ‘By plant the nk Fo enh ena cnt the ik sti ‘rot manag va al kang pose xen Ua ‘dais fr ik elton, fe move dae quant sk ase ‘ment Fer cmp; ek mate Pe 51s 8-4 mat wh ik oortyrauerrnpingtoml tol ance hx castphmecen "lng and lly 0s fue ey ees sk py ‘Thos avery gh mk ene and woul be sae rmebcin ‘On thet ere tyents tat eon mecenc cae 1, ss dsted in Tate 53 oe rece a skp Vag thy tay be Mit occur Beta oth kw sey te ome, Fir essa aed no be scsi” ‘ning ol euch ts quate kaki rseixcanbe ery seal ln dotting lowest ngs Por hee ent tt hae potently major ot extastonie eansequnces 0 balngs and that top, FRoweve, uate ek sate not abvays be at propia ‘att For events hat are potently ores eres ramet Quateatve Freuency cteooes peso a Toa beraten __Feguey eYe| Fra ikey toteieianvemeneiooe a 2 vovaneoy — noagecectoenrmcet wot? omen ey oomarnienines | 110? ‘eos Js ey tayo ou cine sot of aig Welton, farther anlisisnendel. Cation shuld be ‘erase ene tit bingy portly sat fo mab or eat ‘opis eomseucnet ar not prematurely sen Hed abt ‘td gular mene 5.5, quanetestve Risk Analysis ‘aaneative sk nai (QRA) laolies the determination of rent ‘onequene apd quences Using deed eapeeiag elton sed ‘Stntes Tc ow of costing sQRA cn be sean Sach ote ‘aye sted when the oe fk reaction ey igh and he el ‘hk spent be margaaliy tolerable on Pes ana of ion die However RA may beat ited value he ironing Dr qulative analy eat ins n sskracton menses ae red ath a rato bases hve ben enti. The RA ‘nitty ons hi onlin, wh the perl st ening and omg the ences bythe cost of pring the OFA. gue presenta Dei whichcah asst in dee fQRA isnt rs specie balding Apppng the econ Honcho Folding sul on of dee ocomes 1. The pnt bulla under consiin wil whan the ev ‘Mines scent with oro dame 2 Locos mifetion of eistingbuldings my rede renin (hv occupant 2 No nent mditions that rice isk to the bing to toe evel can be ented, tn oatcome 1, no ned exists to srt ik rettion or QRA, fn ‘use he mar oneibtos toh aac ent nda ‘emeicd stesonsblecrny sagan GRA soeneesay Inoue [ster the cmtratarto hes ot welll orth cst relace ‘thas nace hgh nica theinsu periedby ORAS ‘veal gaan in making ie aed dese 155.4. quantitate Consequence Evaluation ‘Qounsiatve omeguene clon requis determination ofthe Mast ‘temresus and ber exoston ot els hat can paca oes lan ing ands dead sala ofthe lig spon "Ths seton pets Heston of the mecha Sxmining ‘thetic tenlns and ow nee at eps es ‘emaaquncas he buling Append Beontain eal ison the anes of ling dei so cant for exlsion eleSia Increasing Lksthood ‘Consequence Category Ineoasing Severity ample Ris Ranking Caepres [te] coer pedo 7 [sre [ets mgd th grate Jarauaac adage cans plone fm ome Ww [aeaieue—[oeatavea rnd moon hae free penned Feure tant ute tk mar cata em et 3 ‘anand tg Seen A LRA ere 52 5a ree ‘porte Bast ang Sructure haactnses 7 coe eS Y Tae 7? unre othe bat wave and dhe Roetua charcet the Iukingebmponats The pmary as wave and staal actor als Wave Facts easton rereading be ose sof the as we 1 Impolseo dart thease impo eke res unde he pessureine curve Durston the lenth of ine of ie reper fre pas ofthe as wave Shape aise ne ofthe onesie wave shack ere time usualy the worst ce Suen Rbiy of xh rl compost of the balding 0 ‘withstand ores ad imple nde Mason sons hse late the natal prin of ibe ot ‘acral gurney athe camponents: The elspa Asami cherie fhe arent egueney abd thedmumiccmmcerstes dt bade, dust orp) cts th api esta rape at peste Duc. Adit ofsratsal components toabobthe Haste ‘whut calapro exes doen sad daa + Shape and contguron,Onestory, rectangle shaped lings ‘ai bce estar torres an mln Fier [ieahaped ing Sat loadings fer an eosin se of short ration a have led nce content Evan oman stl ese 9 se iesureloadings ders om dag paces rcanventnel stations Inthe te tene-varyang charset the lading the sel sd ‘ator carters of he stor, ed stl reponse Been "ste hms must be cided eee othe sorta, et Energy characters of at alin sgt oust inelastic) ‘sponse of suture abected to steading wl tres si fr damage aslngsthesrctehasern dst fo ductile behave ‘Ava msulysonienr dyoaml sponse anlses ate uss eed to opeievaut darnapeo baking lee olin om explosions se clan anayr al no poi ele oaforbukng sponse tobias lading redo aed modeling the building andthe oerpeere eros ‘ume aig the bang pao cn eet by dams nolest Struct ase at dane hove ApeniB dc th ppl fochalacs Bublngropensts dace terms csacturd tet Aisplcements and sesse. gcd anacqunens fo tems ef bale ce damage fc varus fs of tng constuction leg, ‘enka once masa) a gen i ny res, thing Ree hers 7, 6 and 72 though 75. Append Bdscsss wise cated ‘esting rape tvs level stctral damage using sch ren. Consens of intrest or QRA ca dtr fm the a led Builing dslucements andthe corespondig pete damage lee The contort ithe pak of sexo ny oF feos ay dae so Chaperone scnung Relationships over ling map vs and pay of esos nyo ey ‘lnbe dlope inthe se mange otha done for ak ern Sich ‘lnuonship se developed asung tba eccopant suvaley {lone of map eel sine of before stem hace ‘he damage Prof seus inayat vers bung damage {fn then Be dread bern of at ets Rel 5,56 20d 57 as dscssd i Aen Fm th cleat bang damage rer respons lationship and ‘he ezpa baby o eno ary italy vers damage els ‘ons dst’ aor, the rataip teen agin epee (er otes ef and prtebey of sees ur or fly may be ‘Sostredn anncr hat scout rhe dae tact hare ‘etc. plan hai The eps nvled stat tok sean [Cheer withthe sion dad quant sacral evaluation ‘Sf pot bangs and dete uote fequency sessment as de ‘Stbedin the est oc, 1552, Quandtave Frequency Evaluation Ina quanta eqiecy crt, he pes plant usualy se ted nto dlnbi molmer oe invent vet scenario piel ‘rd on rents ete and evan ss dics in Secon 5 ‘kine Fae rte ita pray, bt ae ec especie se “oped othe process pag vase chin, a other equipment ‘Guna ewe tequenes are aso» pen net ae Fe, ‘hefgueny of te went can becca using other wel sich a a {icant cre ee nave Pequcney ssmate together ih ‘funtion of the consquenos Fouling er the ene mena, (Eins lk Onset teqoeny andthe mapas ofthe send ‘Sent soa ac how, thet cat fe smb wit nration ot Stespesievabl, sich salty to at, wou of wton, and ‘Shuey sponse to cate the patty tse al ead > tecrem of coo, Reronoes 4 and dns rer dtl on quanta fequency secsument 8 wel ste advantage ad initatons of the hae, ‘Ste specie eminatine eo Be made sso Tamms mst ‘ab might nde the flowing + requency of ze [determined by ppopiate meted ncuing ie tane much endl te) Probst af cveprtcie lation Probably of ble mang wth Probation Probl of fame propagation ny camino congested ares+ Pobaiiy of pease! seta prs lat binge ‘+ Probability of personnel evacuation Mi Gusta on peeing una ec entation eyed teppei bk Reap dose oe, 555. quantiatve Rk Determination Population and ind con be termi in the seme manera ‘Soran Chapter These tekmestucnents on te fe cared ‘wah earalerne eens, ordsaton mehodlogescanbe sc tos making risk reducoondeosbas bout proces an Buds "Ae GRA ivales an xl onedecton ofboth he eqoeny and ‘onsquenes of acetal evens, promot Balmer perp thesssosment and onal af uirhusre HA aac i comc Ing deat upon that may ate bere he ho, eet ‘ensues, tend die the ko he pune o tr rte Sud hone wo ted wo concantetecn the possible cnsagencs ip ‘ef ir iio ecu, sc Unceranty ‘The unary nik ctimate es to be oid pa ik assessment I is unpofacive teary out eens, comple fk ‘Secomens i the umcranty i the nl sawer sigh Ban se ‘kestintes wal be ree re ‘Use ste nak estates fe, compar api 2 pet rik ale} bore sestveto acces lates ie, nk) Tet ‘The enon for da tat ath late span be sae ‘methodology and asus are ually wl ocala the Yves temas, Ava esl comparative ikea se sje wo Sst “he smpest and most apogee way ovate woeraing is by ‘sing sensi analy the iskassesomens Sens oa paaoe ters dln tthe change in ik esse per sine chang: in thet mete et 76) ‘Stussy stair albw timation ofthe ctr of varus inne the al ncn in there = RA Sch sees a dentiy majrcontbuss oneal aks el cients ade en wich modes, ssumpany, a dt ane moran to the sl siesta, 6 Risk Management Capers § 4, and 5 dese vais meth of erasing baad onsen aod isk asset with lags in poss plans Ba {nr nr whch there mains sconce ollowing est ty be giean sk om aplosin or fire haar Ae scien Chapter 8, ‘es uldings maybe andres for ik ection “Tis hep eon an cree of fk management and sts rose wats der to budge a proce ana isk Management overview ‘As dscussed in Chap sme raed deishon making can beat ‘rene dvlogment of tlrance een forte rar pes et ‘thi ung cunts maybe espe When ened is eget ‘hun whit can be dermel trae they abode cmiated or eo ‘mene the cmpanys le experie The prose of me ene Indeonluston, compa tlre: rer spdclminaon eae ‘no incl ight known atk mansperment Tiga Shae hs potas Applica ol aceon cea dp pvc Tellingoonpens nrc tht resus spot spc. ‘Rak mangement sa cmnus poss esi i Caper 5, ecnasunns ad equ lancer hil cod Sede ‘Asa roult nang sk rus tht coon tht ase eet ‘Sect oie ste equate cotobed For age, ate ey rapams en be he rue f ecienceo oped ks oF ‘eed canes my nore This eu stn abt cease ‘ikon fe and marl lease Hevesi unapment regures not fat an undetunding of rl riya an endemanding ofthe wenger taht One thew onsite sree manag an nal, ‘ppopats simian or engined sens to cvu tat he co ‘Ghote ec adegsty cotaso Pere imagen oct (6.44. Managing Risk to Process Plan Buangs ahaton fk tounge plant wl aly tly wide ange of posse ak ales This bao the we ng falling ‘pe cetupancy, nto, and cat, a well acevo poet {nd mates ue maybe nate, hse bangs ae eet apt 16x anager Ove *s fitra during azar, oosapany enseuene or sk seni ordain ‘le aartment a ose apopiae for heir inended pore ad ‘Snot requ dak recton Hees nengeent mes rope dat ‘Gungngonitne oud ulin ncn ta woe bangs nthe ‘tie ad shold eke mesure appropiate ol sacri ‘ewes Pures, i etl to tate diene posers hy ‘anageent sens wo ent th efletnencs penton fons ‘oes tha tbe undying sponse screening or semen procee remain va ‘ung for wich sk intel high te candats fr sik + unconal—Asesing the wok atvtes and the amber of poplin the paced Bulling and cimingtng the sctes or ‘eotcing he number of pol esd Froventve—Aoping meses rece the eqns a wc + ep appyng measur ote thn fanctonal het rece the sew fon cee Thee Can sade menus that eee the mapa f+ potent eaplosion or ie, or that ee the Impact heen on ie buig sing which sik retaton med towered. many instances, spor deci canbe nade without eating to nt tie echatgue Howeey, nse cases purus wen the opens ‘Sosy, quate rk ands (Aland s-bsed esto making Srposses maybe a ellie bass measuring th poreent Sat arsng tom te oped ptt. These apes a ako be se ‘poring sty ngovanent sl alarang st and pda Sse Repl othe type af deen ming pes ed en Make + Thelndul or seater operon i plant lings {Comparing dal hk fo personnel isle the Buldig an ‘oe he baling + Rasen analy of proposed changes that ae expected wo ‘ic nse onde 6.12. Decang When to Use 084 ‘Where possible i preerable wo demonsteate safety waht te apis ‘ono advance ssaument cna such 26 OR, wich cm be ‘our stra tine sntuming and con The detion pec ‘rth QA sald tel on estimate he bens to edie os Tic stdy, Managment shoulders tbe eget cot of poring Slt ein the cos of conding 4 Sted QRA to determine cere ‘Spoteaualbeneew peroemiagORA the expected bones of pee° 6 ecnspnset ‘GORA fg song an unneeded and cnt mit exec the exested cost ofthe say, ay be prado peed withthe sty However ithe cnibuters to ak Have een uate Stemi ithe conden: dung sceing study the owls ied Byrom ha nat For erample, sume the sk baling termined lily xc the lel ak Bed on nate acest. making Some lw cst mets to segten the bug tik ea cn lesa bythe same gaat samen Stag an co Sewatnetoleree enter. Tha means the QRAG aed fo sen ‘was to see the reuied bung moan cso a aout futicleady ler than he only ented modcatons pe o the ORA. This mph be asp y beter defining he conor to nak tha ca be eftey minted at lower cote than einai bets: Piemor, the QRA migic deine that the ko de lings tolrae widow fhe diston a atona inns ‘on site speci condos evel estat tect a ‘heey nee eas stable remeabd at ORA sean a ‘ci note olen when senna se feck abou RA sould pace ued aster dons races and elie proses sy manent. ee ‘Ass practi mate tk olan od away conse bebe receding with GRA. ithe onto ropondsredcon messes 5h ead GRA maybe sii nes vet, varios isk ed tins an be ean deremine whch oon pe he pests eit atthe lowest cost Adonal uae mn nko dein ‘aking avn the CCP Toul for Making Act ask Dons ‘wth Chemical Pcs Aptos Ret 7), (6.2 Reducing Risk to Bullaings in Process Pants “This cto disuse sme ofthe messes aa for redig ko voces plant bling xapans Deming wach acs take an ‘erative poss. Propel kre measure shoe east ‘ont Rasy and demine that sk wl nlc eed. 1524. Functional Rk Reduction Mesures As disused in Chapter 1 oneal peronal cing seta, Intra and ening snd manogeent wok a sete lected car pees ses Bulg tht spore ot ay uc a Iantenance shops instrument aed era shops snd puch aed ore may aloe ral doc chong he proses unite oy esd by an event fons Risk can fen be sigiicanly edd by ress sti ing ‘ac in rea the prowess es a eosin hae acts snot Felon the mums pre nee. Avante thi sporach 0 ‘oor tne ep penn the paced ling Th appronch my ‘Stet one of the mst ene meaner ak to poss ant bing oceans Tabi ean fncons win baiting an somtimes ‘ote the eonsqienee fom tadng damage Forexmpe hsm [las mowing pore snd ital operations sway fom the sue of & Iki cing proces aes 622, Preventive Rsk Reduction Measures seca mm er gr pen {rata ears are secant fcr ada SS ee ccc nd ed Se ita en stn ses ne + Hen nares Sea er pa csr saat Toee cea fetta « ephedra ers Eee genset Sac « Spteog ayaa omin Improve instrumentation and crs conc Lea meet ce ieee cgatsraceen ta serch teat sept ree nih snltdcgit uuerrener penta: Sacre emcee tihapastgtarenatnenet febrboescgee Sree ted Sica iat er acoso stnarmca eer domes Site acct me tah ra tanec et ah sre ee anton re citrine pu Wc is sei ir eB iaro 6 macussnont 625, misgatve Rik Reduction Mesures Maigatire rtrd messes inde system designs or pred ‘hot ep bmi the maid ow svety ofa event Earp + Gay detectors apd other monsting etramentaton 0 povide ‘iy warming of cdo tal eee + tomatic or eel tated sate ves poi t nit Guanine that ead + Reducing hsardous meal veto lic the amount of Imateil svatewbe aed + Hnrgncy sbtdowns and doesn ons 1 ern) pune plans an pcedzes Other mite mesure inode tafitingtpeaing the bulngs x snsring new balding ded to withstand an cation ase ‘eat Braue ofthe eet iver ding ppd one cae thn, sack mation measure aera bet ae lowing cara ‘stent ert [eton 6 In adon tang ung a ‘toa shouldbe rank in oer of skid ppd sie such hat ‘isos protis may be cabled Deosoe a wih mutton eases to udeake wil be inflarnrd by cose teal ably a Dopod skredacton measure and impute 00 ‘ons and on othe nes cnsrcnton etronting Bulngs to an crossed Lvs of Bas. andor re Resstance. Depending on the maids of he evince Bast, 2 numberof Dliingupeedenorretatsmay te pe Hse aca owing + Coe wit sy fs. amy, tl tai sae 1 acres the Bstestancr captions nn by lng as wth poteonate or aia sy gle aad wie {cst epring me deg snd tsb ale Eisen are ling nor mine or st nro he wily a ed me omens a clus thease odd yee plc dean a tl hf Ha ans ontneton Schaef (ee, nadie TV moi) so ae ide hb ret aes + Frown es rast wl a shvs hy wl Ege tebe + Badia bree pte shel at cocpis the bullding ws + Retorehey upmen fu uppers 6, Reser et uss ree ans » Constructing New Base Resistant Bung Inte same Pace as the 0 Buna ‘Gaetiaknduction oon rt oats new ae eae budagn {heme ato the ing baling Tho sates demolhing the ‘Shing baling which may nase signe Sarton pro an Constructing New Bung nocstons Recuting es st or Fie Resstance “The consnicin cnt ein arable by cating uliings a ows ‘he arene of gna Bat overpressure es us be weighed Sains tence stor msrentandeleta caine hee ‘terion dna oer uch ss ieee eiponse ines psoas! ‘ured prom emegency sons win the prune Recon ‘Mbuldagy nay gue te csrcton atin acre net he pieces mtr to allow euca pear monitoring ofthe pos ants {th cpanel s sulfite cone or eh ling oases supine etal o lat operation these stele strcrares ny eed {S°He Ele or fie setae Since sine baling se slr ha ‘Serena onl bung, the eo ung eet ually {Swern that for lager bang Pal NFPA TO, Lie ale Cale [Rel #2) movin ationalreuement sensi rr frei bang ccspant 16.24. Ctra for migatng Rsk rom Bas Enects lore Mast nigting meats can be vated for anew balding ot Soe that eng otic perormence ps for the baling mus be (Hiatal Thee depend on the ccapaney ad foncon ofthe bullig ‘Chal digs may be oie eo wihstnd an valgaton-ase tet Swe stning oly minor damage Less etl ulngs ut be Tete to sur an caatin ce event bt the Baling wee at {hencol inept ad wouldnt sable ant nage Inu wet pernanc ul for al coped porate "The dementstastesistant esa and singe wl oraly include 1} etllatzent of function peomaace epaatns for inl huldig inthe crt olan epson planet snd spain ‘eertuns seston of eon inated desig las over ‘esr, mice, shk), 2 fad combinaton res felon blr oh cancaret las) easton of buing spose dein {indy crac specing alla deformations or sen 2od 7) ‘icoasntan design comers including struct onion, ‘Staal sate a eemenes, contraction tea, dein deta ot ‘oe beavor and guay surance even Each tra cent ‘sGhnoned in Append |‘0 6 managers 1625. Uporacing Bulings to nerease Bast Restance Upgrade measures ight include adlingsupating members to nease ‘estat and rece uuuppo span, snebacking wale for ind with st ratant clean Messrs or sna ‘ning aod upreding lings for enanoel pesto a ss > measures fr ugating seme resistance amples of baling arate nd stragcning mesure for eathgake onsets se pov i Referenoe “A option or apa Hat resican of nein bulking sy be to pride situa eam ems, oral sengthensl with ma fone peumatialy pote a high Vly onto «sac. The ‘cee is plac on cage af enorement, which i dowel nt ‘ements othe exiting eine ‘One method rong pretense hing om ceain types f explssns sto pe» wal arerberween the erp ‘Sure and he bling Tad wall oe ell for PY rps ot etna ats nia aang so prove mse ptt tt building To bem feces areade wall niet belated one tt [olsin source so arp nce mse cain the stony Ble ‘ell which ae tend to poet the balding apne he empl Uremic mast be nar he potted balding he eee. With easing distance foo he lt wal the presare and impale react sound rover the val and ret eves hat wel cer withthe se wal Th esany stony he sation Hast walls vy ‘expensive and inpracte ‘nut sptach hr peng lt poten fr an cing aliig, psilay it sal eben a deeded ota icrincencbning nti Sch ct le ed rin of icpent fade tlutinase explo seman pel Shug devas co cola damage posted bang 63. choosing among Rist-Reduetion Alternatives Section 62 disused vais options to reduce sk wo poss ant Baldi ad zips Some ofthese option, indore maybe applicable to open ing nde sty "in imany eae, Yarous secon seas wel eu i & tolerble fel fk Cont bane nap can be stl linea sting alternative posses Cats ar goer sephora snd ey ‘estimate here, sitting bene maybe more dal ing ‘Ssspracs ac alies obec ng sa se ‘hall menctay Propo maize mst auc the ko evel that consis: tent wth managements ean eter ad ths sul be esse for elosienen, Modest that fl wo sufilendy luce te ik Should be ambinedwih dbe ops o minted fo the ist of ‘pion ie prong oan comomi valuation of the aes ep mind that the modiesuoas themselves may inode new aks Aharoed tobe elon “The costo iatoninhies one-time capital costs and any eri at ha ac seul of he tafeton. Capital cost {Belade thane fords, fast, abd costocon. Pte ess {icles sh teed anal untenance or opetig ct, ‘Bers propey tes, and erection “Phe bos os masaton ince tos indy elated tte sede sk 0 procs lat balding and czupants. An exposon oe ‘Sn eutin loses none ome fhe lowing tei + Serio nur ora, 1 mage to per ings, or euiment {Lone econ [pic pocepon of sik, pul stron wo ovens nfng enous nay or ay + Increase iran cos 1 sation a iy ese The total oe the sum of he ses nce in each of tse ‘eter A rei ofthe cates inate thatthe ttl ot may be ‘Shuttcandy her than the cots of pang or replacing damaged ‘Bling and pan equipment an ompenestn pero ‘Detcomunag the val of ena bone om ection lal signee fr angie loser ich 2 propery damage, ‘Cot ete ana ores «demain fhe css in cue om nent ted ates, Rute i niu itl ‘ope ye eo cmponent ik oteltd wh bulking pes bins One methtof determining thou oft scents tose ‘he amouneo ney da sty mah pec a esol ope ‘tom n event of a scent ‘Once valcrbee been ane rts aden oach po ‘lesndton median sartorial cis {used to come he mn tac cpon These hme ce et Deent wy dened ca lw eof ream snd at bene 3 ieee, Mt compan ave «lene meted or rae ‘anomie which cin be wed wih ite ono mdeuon Chapt Sal= 6 anspor efenc 77, which roi addtional ass oncont-bneit analysis, slo indude an extent of and tens thi abe. BaMPETT actground Te paca acy under ee nt prodigies toma ih-brng ey carton he ep hs tbh inca cine sg cco tale ttwe Spee, \Senied evloso ade ™ Approach 1. tat Seening eu eticatian of Mae and Coons Prt {ike Species Son 3.2. The properties ofthe proces trish and ir conn of use pos the potent fora vapor ud explosion (VC) nd ves pr nthe {towing proces ae reson radu tag eel 1 Reg ptt scone {Feed gs pana and apeton a 2, itl Sreing tag ping Cres of Conc. Stn 3.22) The company pdt einen oscapnd ang a one whee an elon pets moe tan So her ie 9 Bling es hn {ited proces swith an acapanc ad aeagigone han 200 person hows per meek. The company alin eos ing forscrenng pres, i pes [sae = [2 forearms ae ump anarmcgg laces na Tt one Tee ung were ete 8 ce ings pcos Tag wore eid oad bigs pe copary Cont room 3 Type 3b 1 Matmenance dtr ut Type bali 1 Adminataton alg» Type bang £5, ching nore Raeeacton MRerstes 0s 2 Corequnce Senin by Comgarin to Dsn and Spc andar, Baton 33.1 Pr pln cin i ier a ctw neg {oehc penal expen eno ate fom eel pe, ‘Seton pis loon conned par ing expos, oF VE ‘he company seh TNT eqnece mee eng poss and ‘hota Sushi mebadsegyo model ec or more pth ‘Sidi he bazar caer re ow: flash, 3 (14g, 208, 14g TNTaguatncy D hase Sapih vig,40oin (0 Ap TNT eqrncy 1D ehise >So 40g, 42.000. 10 TST equatency J eiierd 520001 10g TNT enaleny or Cs haa the cmp it ined th alan case vet ‘Seer te ts rete ri olson ues conpherone ar deine a ser vet se ‘Slum cae Fora CE raion tartrate ese Shope of 0,000, 300 of ody bras, he ‘fea nd eae 60 B00 a est bring teas mans ang ely 22 ue 20 ere with 5 ines the tne ge corset take vesel soe (Ona TNT tas These ssurfae bun a appt 2s 800 TMT SunSoft else fer dn don oF 663 ‘Reso for a bring mts Anita eho dterined hat 6600, (000 ast uring tera coul else wn rants eth pot rage eel [Ter bveidentng ta Cas azar proces pieation the ‘Simp deh and cng guelnes eld a al ie cep non wee coe pod song esl ‘he ess ofthis seeing sh hat al res bung coud experience Sioa dager a eve te pod trage res wh ptetal SBicantimpnct toting octagon On he be oven es ‘Teer conta that te pdt sage vet shoul be etd “Teme rel the cy or Qe pore and any mecsay ‘longest mde ace ttle kh or ae» ‘hewn ether move te treo aciee 9 oleae ef ‘el econpncson ih he lg.ang la for este “he eae oh conan reign dg ing “nda wont cc eh aero pros ate There ‘Saedstind conte dee ersence ei 4 Consequence Sarening Bus n St speci Cantons. Seton 33.2 The liwing vert cra of concen wee identi ings oh FOP rv tht was pesca pa ir semen108 5 canoe (yee Gas Compressor «Scena 1” Compresorpngepanson jt lire, wth VE con + Sat Sa ction ao ping ree in cones + Steno pie Feed Pricaton ed Vapoiatin Seen ttl piping are ith VCE comegueces 1 Scena Packing oe age sk Fach cena was modeled a dete mete epinn overesire atthe ‘vee bung under sw, The eat oes ard “sponge ese ee ao ch oes reeecarecear sce [Rms [Hees | ca, The verity estes, angi om 0.1.0, fr foe th seta: suger eat ul be pred 5. aoe Rsk Assent tin 54 ‘cau few yn equney ata were salable on VCE nile less si ning er Chaps of a ook ws Pot prlomed tact ont ep, Be decon war mae pear ane ek fac capi big untae acting equa ‘onsen erase 37 an abl Camcmce g ev ad ton be ke he presen cond conse sabre Feu ster we pn oor erates OP team oki woe hon tered pes pe ana Bing, The cor eteg he ining aie akg ‘Theat ann were sed pron fallow consideraons +The petal consequences te contol bull reing fom Scednot mee snc, ining at prt tet Sythe ig Th ota opr col ed ‘haope sy ithe conto breed ments eae sheath ad nolere ek e slywthna Stent migaton Buses erpton resi fom bs ol he ‘ootenmen ata began Fortheseesons consequence «Does pte fe pra ype of es conpeson at the fey, 2 opin ace of yer, ugh Rey ay, oul nt be cdma equency coef font rey ‘Spc toon” Forte any, te quae semen ea ‘hed te sean on 42" fequncy. was at RA woud tricot or evo + Xtreme hatin Sema 1 he mat seen fr te gee (pecimpreon cn evel aking dee +The potent comequenc to he conta bag resaing. om ‘Stora where an Sea , wees nbc and tated onequence rang 4 Thequcane sonst entied mile opprniies o ek ‘edison in he ed paicton ad poeta, The ‘Sid rong ge daca hee mack ih atom ‘Soon Upon deecton a gs az Oe yam ve et ‘Soe spy edn the san of doco ht be ‘nice tebe tnd fs damaging evploson ae “rsd ht wa hep detec an sharon conan he lrsjuency fet Seta woul bere mata? «+ Ere th improvements ine een ag the eel ak ‘aragtrSenat sheen eee senator ed pricaon ‘See wena ed on eet of te guste assent te dco as made ot nw anol ting sess sgn wth respon dance se rend el tn at Conan few cool ans Bnet port ‘yuan cee corel agp and Sgn wre omer ot sre y= anoipherc per = 10300 Pate 1 p= 85 Pascale ‘(02 or 013 br = 2468951101300 = 0.013 | (0.0 0.069 bart = 1.096, 8854101300 = 0.069 "(0p 0.207 bw = G.ay,85)101300 = 020, ‘(50 po 0345 br ~ .046,8951707,300 = 034 Step 4 Deine Cmtusion Foy Sed stare Fan Fie 7.28 tom Reece) ing ene Cane #10. Ro2 pa v0 Roopa= 30 oops 17 Roopa 12a 6. ascent Step 5 Detwmine Osan Overs Epi \ [Usngeqanton 7 from eer 3 R= eur"? Sing fr and nosing hat whee st ney, oe) = Hx Ratt tah = Rx 463105 Yn N01, 20 Pca”? aig with th stances othe edit (02 pu = 577m = 1.9008 Roopa = 129m = «29 Reopsi=s77m= 108 RGop=400m= 148 eat the posite duration ofthe Hast tte endo tne. Ling ‘Necomburion see tance lee np 4 te, aon? 50 de 7 25 Berne test erator can be late, ‘Enuing gre? 25 tthe omburton eld dance ech edt rere, dss ste he ton a ond Ro2rpi=70 205 Roop 38 aos Raom= 17-03 Risopa= 12 t,<035 se oqaton 75 fom Refrence 5 adhe vases Hand Par ‘deeng he postive duran ofthe as oe loa pines xf C0047 . 10100 psc) = ambient tmprtre spt of nd n= 30 me, “amon 1, 02 pad = 0.050 seconds = 50 mace 1, (1.0 pe = 0040 scons ~ 40 mee 1 Bop = 0030 second = 30 nce 10 pt = 0025 econ = 25 mee For recs Unt, the dances othe oes ent of, 3, and {pg tom PY rec beak ng th macs Reteece Scion 925, sample Prem Cada Vet nit ‘cape the dtncen oveprenae enon rectus te Bi 65. cmsng arog on Atma co ‘he prams ese ath in te mfereced arp blr, ‘hc, nr example we a detmnng he dance fasted ‘repre ete ferent se ee the represen ‘sme tances hve bon aed Nomenelateabd UN ne ‘Siwy eqntoe rs pe Rersce 5 Thee eed tobe unt, orzo ae ee, ‘incl reste weal wha volume of 7060 20). The ves eThearat te pig 02s 650 0° anda Mima Desig eal Tenperioe DMT) of Caines ema of teralee st natal Dunn prosa ontons neste por 2 rss te veel, 090 pei bar he vests metal epee Spproumaey 907 LY), Wen he eal pesca 1.08 po ‘ircasophcdy The dances owerprenre endoi (3, and i a ne lor Sep 1 Cae po sec pee = 10120 pak ‘neato pit hes rte 78140 The we bea 20 Step 2 Aj enero br Geom sf Vase Oration Fin cls dimen vrs Pt ep coer, ‘thot romenyadrtment ong Egon 6.3.17 fom efor B= e.-palbo (ops) = 0008 R= aps=020¢ Fe tpn = 010 Ung Tate 61a Rel 5 ide Fy eit asm (os h'3) whutment ac in get eqn Pua the prom ‘es cate lng ace te py npn overpreste cnns Ria (t pad = 0068/16 = 0083 R= a pin~o20016= 0.128 Fy pa =0mo16=0213 Step: tere Dens ge om ge 6.2. ere Ra panas Rapa -20 Rs peo=14 Since 43> 2.5 hada cfr 7p rom Table 114 at teconec The perl eb Fa p= 00604-0000; Ri pale at‘Step 4 Determine tance pt te Bas Mth de R > 2 pe i ge 22 neler 5 sddsonay determine the dean 3p shee = 2 compar widened mee eis. (Cte eer of expos ng Equson 63.15 Reference 5 (Pr=par2_(3,0147%6809 - 1013001220 eh aa) a= 69% 10 jes [pr= 101300 Peak boa ambient pres) . eg eso: 0 147 p= LOT pe okie dtc, epi ng etn 6:3 60 foc Sand ‘he ae demmined inp : Sobing fore vk a “BE Tora. 2 remam= wth TI m= 2554 ors pk Step 5 Deeie Osan 5a 5s pos Us dea Sees psa pee eined mtd in Sep 5 per Pie 1625 n efeece 5. Cale empresas sing on 63 20in erence 5 Py) (ase) ake ranimensons eng ace, Ring oqstion 62.21 in Releeces " - y= ropa” R, = 212 «0101, 200/69% 108" = 0192 Determine pe shock pee, Pa, tent ig Fig 6269 eee 5th Po ~ 1.0147 + 68951/ 101,300 ~ 69.06 oo) Lo 96 Sonya and aes 6OF Fie 626 Relonce 5 iP = 48 loca aig pit on ori acanein Fie 621 of Releen5 65, Crosing mera incecton Aten a sng == 0112 sed ts =F = 48, Use? fom Step? forthe 3 an 5 pends fad the conepaing ‘onthe ure seleted aboe ronan ep patel Ce ng the Soveg pom bated above 021, Ro pst= a ‘Cae dsance wendpots srgthe eed Mead a Sp 4 Comparison of Refined Meth ad ase Meth for 3 (162 ver 121M mpgs the ined Mths pcs a dane coset wah he expected atenaton othe pee fom 3 Pa 16 ps = e107, 300/695 109 16 ps Datacenters unmafed blo: Tp 777 m= 2558 Spe r77m= 028 The np fr hes pes a cat wing te eon instep bette wore exp con 92 a elect 5 Scr angi adg cee sned re sag te ware, Imp ard pthc Suaion a eae nec hemp a 100i onnpe the tan he gy dey ean ner one he pean represen yt don eu to tn ey Fievrerepesinan me Fie 62 shows the cake is coro ug pote ube aps 0.5 a ore overs fom Process Unt wth 25m st ro, by es, can watt ‘he explson There, ro te eaton Neder Busing ‘Ae Fig 62 show, Balding pom st 32 ba from Process Unt 2 ap Dba om races Unt, Se Bung = ‘tot deegned orb rertace, nat Tate 35 accpat cou Sebeeedty pate ry Tha, ot mgs ‘Sey by comping thea cntours mig 62 wth Tale 35, ‘Scart Bulg, nd sb oq terest fcr ung wl jo aprons 1p tt on beth Process Uns and? ulin, the arco, para1 6 anspor concen sinc ts asl sme ecapanc and cou be ict tobe parame tated clase bing Based onthe areqiene seeing the dco wa ae omer tetas a ‘Spr cate pr sea te yy om ‘The conaquence rer hoped mange ke nee eins one ato a degre enone ti ey te tebe raed wan he et commun hay wt be spp hig ststance See ts atc eee cc Une “dotnet estes he doco wos de eae he ‘ew engrengbigbeyonhe.2 oma, or 90 2100 A161 mt wher gas treba woah nt te ance aly, Fee 6.2 hows tht ling the MCE cold be pei itn are he ans Shane ‘oul hye nant args o he nie prs in Igy shutdown for recandrcton Ins sta, hee wed be i ied vale esrb CC vs ot anagem te 2 ‘sl. uiting 5, hereto nt cone father eeakaton. 5: Rok Scmening ection 3) lng 2 and req ter vation ete consequence screening ‘Seampleed ik screening can be pero by clang he ‘macmom ia in thn by String te age ior ‘rear ote bag. To detuning mma nil he ery data eid iexpsen cen Pres Uns and rs ne «2s were ube om te nt heer det ee epson Spengler xn eyo 20% 1 per yea Fer Proce Unt uh ee lr Be open “ese bie care eet ha sen cn spt conned Project That sy conc atthe fete of Srtogzn apr sage eal war 3 Hy ForBuig2, cht mpi oct eae expe teal ahr pene ar ston stn GB =e For Bulg, exchof te nt pod acpi ab hath ae ee teeth pres a exer sane e808 ing te infrmaon fom Tate 4.8, Fg 46, he da rindi ‘iceanbe pesred ina ube nara Tae 810 |r| tit let] vi | Tt | tad PRs Set | ey | Tye | sateen Tp] pe [Te tom [aan ef oat [e [oe [oa Prense™ Tp fo pase oe [or [or ose For ocapans fing 2, the manning the sum fhe enwibug 2 fom ath oes eit ox ni sk, Big “Moos staeios Tass" For capa of Bling 3, the mannii i the sum fhe ‘Senge om ath proces unt axa indi Buin fan ype undo 1° ape or masini i fe Sige toe then copa of Bing 2 ae egy above. the pels se occupanse ug apres mon of ‘Sadek Aa tom ipso of dt apn he ia tocar of beh aes ilo 30 tne ser om Process Unt 2 anf Pres Ut To detemine appeal te ees cake thine tacton of ‘ach eceopane er the blige cnieaon. or ulin 2, {tts termed at he out opert enti col om rom ean tm Senge conn apr eti SJ am a eey dy. Tesh spessr spree fm 80am {oso pn hay reg Fay. The erie he contol om From dO ato 1 0 rand 120 pn 0200 pn Monday ah Fly Fina, ono corning meg takes pc betwen 1200 oman 19 pn Moray Bog Fy. Fer Buling3, te 10 pine occupant ae in the bli om 8:0 am to r000 a a am 1200 pn 00 pon Monday rag oy. The ruimerance supa peer om 8:0 am 0.0 Pan Ton pmo #0 pmsenen days week $7104 on 75104capa) oe can cane ok dou nar hat amt ‘shown below for Building 2, a ota ts Bing 2(Weetene) ‘capi ton an then be determin a flows ‘can Tine Frictions or Baing 2 panpmacopmay % o “The tie acs sth same aap lee can Beaded, ga tt Aine cone ethocapaey eve, ows Cantina Ccapanoy Tine Combined Osan Tine Facts br 6alng? Tetons fr tg ao cer alaem0 4 emcnscenet ‘As diced in Capt 4 one approach demining gee ok 15, cmonganong i tuto Aerts am ‘mies rar ate us natal alone pavers ‘Determination of Outcome Frequenis and Number of Serious ries an ae Soe Oa hi Sor tng Fy iy OTN in ny Seow 1a awe a cont te dew Hob met ar oe amt sont ee er ee st 12 det a ate 10 coat 12 awh on mt Gant as eae! eo oe 7 * Was ouxw amo peta) arta " cares 22 sew 1 ase w psrwwxt ant Fk sews pe zona Invevewng Figs 6.3 and 64, on wih the above able fom wich he 22 samt ke sont FN ce ae dered 5 that he erga sk rom Baling 38 Be eee tone tan at rll 2, wo tog Bg 3 ar he pea a " ‘cepa. may Eon at ges con Bung set 19 wont wo ‘ect ke om sn explosonn Process Ui. Thr event which ht 23 sawt or msn at {Nagi enate eqn of occurance than a esploion nce eee ‘Unt ese inte ihe amber peal te Py sewt at oooh asawe at ner company ik three tea a been abled pr 5 4 ring cee, When Fae 63 an 6 were compared 2 22 swt er em sews a0 Nettles tne a Bag pa 23 suet atom tani? ote ‘icon rot cpa tobe of corer whl alo eraaston wat Tala dia prior FN canes atone: am aranged dering ‘al umutve tnt fennel arg sar at ttf heal. The us ae shown nt lowe nd eg [65 and Ga Nett fgnes ant agp range ‘nd, pect, both bare nae pops recon ai, {6 uate ik na etn 55) A dete uate hazed acumen was peed for Poet Unt 2 Darn th een, twas detrei vlton es eer tol rte ctr eng vr ves wa hw event ‘nce fo pce pl buldngsor Pees Unt 2 Whie oe eenstS ete re 63 tarantino un? et LEN. “t = re hep rst eit fg SOA e Merekrecaon| ste orb tes nvhed mal st waco armen Sigia Totes te acted ter cqapmcntceion leapt sare nn ane, sce ntegen nat cones. tena coos, nun cooson unde vt, rah mere 5 rth cy mechan tg progam. Boca of tere ‘chan ime srr exer coon would ot og ak ‘aherthens casper Sine te agg ri am Pes Ui ae gel teefsge ‘ert focure~the oa had asst der cn deg that col be pt npc peer le ace ‘Srcurece vas decid at he et open woud be tl an ‘Srepecy shown yen a Poe Unt 0 pret sung the ‘gen stp vel a eld tempers anton pst Porton shown ye, howe fa we an nas Dome on ie proposed madsen From bse wa once {hate nen queef te acre was weed tn $3 10S {20 foramen Ligh new eqn te calelon or “apepe rk woudl eat ed cocomefequenessnd EN data pn show bw Revied Calton of Dt Point or FN Cures ese sity Ontos “y * vee conte? 2 ona? pew 2 ent fe) 2 ni eae? 5 oenst net 1 aoa? pon 7 7 Gis eune® rea w Ussae? none? ae ussaet —— goxte " Imioeaaet sane 1 eset? santo?esd etnaton ef come Freuences ad Number feos nes ado oe Feuer pb es estes Wate chee nee Osan “igac | it ates rege by tee” een Pa | ee ee en yb mat ane me tat es ee Figs 6: and show the adhd FN cas Wh hs keen the company pepe rete wou ene Tere, he ‘crugecy shan to sal nN the ach as 7. ces Sty Manage gence ‘The eed we nguceyofccarenc of 510" acurencyen) ‘crt tacts pete one cone efecoens oe {rece ty mengetent tenn place npr, hme (ira mercy Shaw ye rst oncom wh deg of ‘tin tatces or eco comedy ned he ee ‘Ghize' tha eores the emergency shown ym ta be ted ‘Mou, fort component nemo be mane, fra ‘Munerine and ope penones be appropri and ardor {Tico change yequpment or cea: at col eter ict evens te an ose pein y te gua hazard "unen or itcoud compro egy oe ston ste,7 Future Developments Mostfthesrceningtas snd sessment methods dscosedinthis isk ‘aly upon estimates of vet consequent Heques, oe oth ‘Thee enimatey in tame bse poo ierttatonsf aeectic dons ws wll ee dcterinatin of wich event tay Pole ‘ent aro be cose ahs at een Fah spi te ‘alton pros har the pte! induce snes it the (perl balding arent he diced in Reece 87 ‘hen ay dessins lng proces plat baling ar tobe ma, ‘us important tat de uncertain inthe wk assent process Be ley undestocd and ht these uberis be cnr te ‘tba make "ening and sling improve tol to es weenie ae ‘one boa nea wht te each can benef bldg easton, ‘ther areas incu + Deion nd we of bldg copay ceria 1 Deerminaon of caiant ules fabio of aig dap + Devlpneat alnenc fen) stato mg kerning ke 1 Development ofompan specie skate eters 1 Impeted ntons or isk edoeuen 7, Definitions and Use of ullaing Occupancy Criteria Daring the scening pos, uiingcxupany crea help ai ‘hone bing ith suthcent rupangy to bealsonsr. This al ‘Eecrninaon Balding ht do ot exe the oxpancy ees cn heled fom fre vt. the asspancy ceria ar to ih, ndings maybe exe that cul rset sent saat ok, should sx exposian or ie oes On the ser bande sane) “merit ti comida ot could beget ae mame ‘ow ecapny baling, th ede eds nthe eal ak ‘heading oospants wikia» prces acy ‘As Gacoeod in Chaper ech faci may wish to determine ccpangy ete esi company apo conscteoas. At preset {se aonalgsdnce wala fos compants ndings. 172. Determination of Occupant Vunerabittesa¢ 2 Function ‘oF Butaing Damage ‘Occupant uinerbiis ron ofthe key lacs in deeming heel tots india and asept tak o ng csipets Opt ‘ules are sed in ereening sco in Chap a (Solin detailed vk neuen. “The srspane vulnerable pesente in Table 48a ia Fg 66 sue lagi edo dats oie fr sli eats. Phe dts, wl ‘hey epee be normation salable seh une, Phe, the tse vl nly or erent raatng in la ets op to he ps ‘of bulingeallape For Hine cee scanty peter then Sse ees to cae baling lla, deta ate sable tat an {ana the atonal frees upenpned on the sacar to Fos ‘hss feat or ects ay to bldg eospants, Tis ancpated thts ast agate noses, the probity of aay or eis inj to bling cca wuld ieee Bosal the iueasel cea the biking clap ulin he eet of Inisies or ther rapoention tht ean impact bling ocapats, Ea Incl ably vo ped scopant ln fr al anges oD fics wil impor the abi to peo isk seeing and wil adn ‘more Sala ssessent a el 173. Development of Geneke Frequency Data to Improve Rk-Sereening Tools Risk crcning relies upon pci fapecy data provide cmsesatine sroroiations of ind and gps rks. Table 9 fics an Shp of gece legume major explosions for enaiatpe ‘fiery protest. A methodol sal eed to pet epee ‘re euencs where enere data ae not salable ‘Additonal rete econ date froth daria segments woul ‘np improve ik seeing. Seley, sipeoved dats Table 9, 6 25 rosters for asain oy ‘wel as sim data for diferent yes of chemi recesses, woud ep opctatons por isk ees or elt, 7.4 Development of company-specifl isk Tolerance Criteria Fo copa to make ik bed econ rik sein oF qua. tative ik scien compen aksernee crt meth topes soul be develope rb dal rk pd agate ale ‘Chapter «pes duce ok ceria and metodo, nd ‘lo piace for eapanies to conser in devoping his ow ap ‘aches tok lai ‘Rhktoereiey i acomlecsbest Rktalerane in soe gneraly ss changed over tne a al sano od 0 Toleranos ei ay ay hom capey temper. Rube tc eco forthe venation can, {ites cmpany wo company. May compan, i ace ae not ‘teloped ext ak trace ce “The menos eed inthis nk low sre deo ing ‘yaistion wibout the development of ei tsk erance enter However, adda! dance the deyopmet and section of ra teleane ites il ene tos companies tht ws ly tie Fa Srcning and quantitate rskasesment as etalon toe. 75. improved Options for Risk Reduction Chaps 6 eases users educton mesures that an Be tke, ‘erin determin hata ctlston-asecene coal eset sult ‘kw balding ocpants to ofc. Many of thse ops, up ‘Sodinduding replacing the bulking wihane having mores estat ‘Eien, can be extemely cst Improved metinds fr cst lve ‘enrening of bung eo wtheand expected Rast il elp reduce ‘ike to bldg czpantsin tne stuaton where theco-fenefraio 'Stao hgh to sy tat more expensive measures be kenAPPENDIX A Explosion and Fire Phenomena and Effects Poca explosion phenomens inde vapor coud exorons [VCE ‘onfined erosions condensed hase csns, extern chemi ‘eatin, olin nud expndig Yar exons [BLEVEs, snd pre ‘Breaume (PY) apr Potental ie pheneneh near fis ‘nr, et ie, and rhe Gunns for evaluating th chars ‘etic of VCE BLEVEs snd fash fires ne poe in aeter COPS ‘ableton [Rel 5} The base ences fm Rese fr aang ‘harasses of thn enomens rey suman th pe ‘da Inston, he bate poncper be aanting charset ‘ther explosion and ae phenome Led sone rel summanicd {nd reeeoes or deal rau chances a red ‘AA. Explosion and Fire Phenomena A414, Baesions “An epson maybe ined a phenomanin wher ast (pesueoF ‘Sock waves pneatedi al by ai lean of ecg Ts ergy ‘Bay have ogy ben se nthe men in wey offer es ‘dear chemea eea orp nergy) Tobe ere cae iret leaf enn mist fe ap enh aid concrete eo {Droce spree wate hat cane ard Tolan blast wee [egy ropa re damage that rascal 4 Bldg ay 1 damaged ad pore may be ul yh lst ws, wth sal ‘dc sits Stn miele pencrton, ter omnis Bound sock, fire General the Hast wae tel ater sayin the enter ‘le eploson lagen so he magia former and ‘lt experienced su othe st wave Screnes the ance Incees fom the epson Source. The eyo oer oughlyVapor Cloud Exptsions ‘Averell explosion (VCED rss fo the ition of aramable ‘ere of vapor, sco or ms which fame ses alate to ‘ccnly high vlc 6 produce gan repre (Ret 2 {YCEs ar ently smite with the neo scat Quay arumabi pu ce vponsns Dating) gl om stra ta, poess ‘oc tranepr eel ing sytem In neal Ee cindioas must be ‘het eres VCE wth dmagng orp ea ocur Rls nd 85) 1 Theskasd mts musth fammabieandat abe condone {oom 1 vapor cud Some pron a the ean oul must ‘nix with airsuch that onsen ae win the Dame ‘geo the matena 2. Amipition sce eed tone the xlosion. The presence ‘fan igtin sources vase assumed tees explnsons ‘hl ies hive ceed where moos gti source nl be ‘MSc Higieceneny gi sures caniealeo amore severe ‘plinth do lower ene sou. 2. Union ofthe rmabevapocloud muse dled uta oad (aden ss be formed. ton rue a he Mamma ‘aerial escaping lat i,t Dane o ical igh oa, Rica VCE tunity The pbabisy of pana her than ic Sseeses wi the soeof the d,sce the amity ofthe ‘are within he ammatierangncease, Praline ‘Sly meoures that cumin sures canbe canta torte oat ery gel ous wth tbe Peter vey seve expla 4 Tsuen equted forte fame nto acdert tothe speeds Feguoed fra VE, eer fas ew rst Thi tab [Etc ply ome yt ntact Mee Got vobuades sch sr proces scr rupee Tubulence {yess rom maternal sed espa ri esse ‘Te bint ts pracedly VCEscan vary pela testongy

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