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Understanding Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode allows the same plaintext blocks to be encrypted to different ciphertext blocks by "chaining" encrypted blocks through XORing. It uses an initialization vector to make each message unique. A 1-bit error affects two blocks by garbling one block and flipping a bit in the next. While parallel decryption is possible in CBC, encryption must be done sequentially. CBC has been commonly used and techniques like ciphertext stealing can handle issues with the last block.

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109 views7 pages

Understanding Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode allows the same plaintext blocks to be encrypted to different ciphertext blocks by "chaining" encrypted blocks through XORing. It uses an initialization vector to make each message unique. A 1-bit error affects two blocks by garbling one block and flipping a bit in the next. While parallel decryption is possible in CBC, encryption must be done sequentially. CBC has been commonly used and techniques like ciphertext stealing can handle issues with the last block.

Uploaded by

Rax
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INFORMATION SECURITY

MOHAMAD FAKHRUL RADZI BIN


AZEMAN
DIPLOME IN E-COMMERCE
TECHNOLOGY
Cipher Block Chaining
(CBC)
 Allows the same plaintext blocks to be
encrypted to different ciphertext blocks.

 Encrypted blocks are “chained” through


XORing.

 to make each message unique, an


initialization vector must be used in the
first block.
Concept of CBC
 No parallel encrypting , while parallel decrypting is
possible.

A 1-bit error affects two blocks:


 the corresponding block is garbled
 the corresponding bit is flipped in the next block

 Problem with the IV: 1-bit error only flips 1 bit in the 1st
block, no garbled block. Hard to detect!

Solutions:
 encipher the IV
 don’t transmit the IV, but compute it from a known value
 use authentication!
Formula of CBC
 the mathematical formula for CBC
encryption is

while the mathematical formula for CBC


decryption is

 CBC has been the most commonly used


mode of operation.
Formula of CBC
(cont.)
 One way to handle this last issue is through the
method known as ciphertext stealing.

 Note that a one-bit change in a plaintext affects all


following ciphertext blocks. A plaintext can be
recovered from just two adjacent blocks of ciphertext.

 As a consequence, decryption can be parallelized, and


a one-bit change to the ciphertext causes complete
corruption of the corresponding block of plaintext, and
inverts the corresponding bit in the following block of
plaintext.
Example of CBC
Conclusions
 CBC mode should not be used for data
integrity protection
 Oracle services can be generally available
 Error messages in cryptographic protocols
need to be handled with care
 It is better to use message authentication
techniques based on one-way
 transformations rather than encryption-
decryption techniques

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