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जैन धर्म का इतिहास और सिद्धांत

The document provides information about Jainism and Buddhism, two major religious movements that arose in ancient India in opposition to Brahmanical traditions. It discusses the key figures and teachings of each religion. For Jainism, it describes the 24 Tirthankaras with Mahavira being the last and most important. It outlines Mahavira's life and teachings including non-violence, non-stealing, and ascetic practices. For Buddhism, it discusses Gautama Buddha, his life, and the teachings he spread after attaining enlightenment such as the four noble truths and eightfold path.

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AmitJoshi
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
209 views6 pages

जैन धर्म का इतिहास और सिद्धांत

The document provides information about Jainism and Buddhism, two major religious movements that arose in ancient India in opposition to Brahmanical traditions. It discusses the key figures and teachings of each religion. For Jainism, it describes the 24 Tirthankaras with Mahavira being the last and most important. It outlines Mahavira's life and teachings including non-violence, non-stealing, and ascetic practices. For Buddhism, it discusses Gautama Buddha, his life, and the teachings he spread after attaining enlightenment such as the four noble truths and eightfold path.

Uploaded by

AmitJoshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Jeet ias 9927518355

/kkfeZd vkUnksyu

bZ-iwNBh lnh esa [Link] [Link]


ds f[kykQ ckS) ,ao tSu /keZ dk mn;
gqvk A
tSu
/keZ& tSu /keZ esa dqy 24 rhFkZadj
gq, AizFke rhFkZadj ^_"kHknso * rFkk
rsbZlosa rhFkZdj ^ik'oZukFk* gq,A
24 osa vafre rhFkZadj o)Zeku egkohj
gq,A egkohj Lokeh tSu /keZ ds okLrfod
laLFkkid ekus tkrs gSA
Egkohj dk tUe 540 bZ-iw- oS'kkyh ftys
ds ^[Link]* esa {kf=; [Link] ds
^Kkr`d dqy* esa gqvk Fkk A
muds firk dk uke ^fl)kFkZ* tks
[Link] ds iztkrkaf=d uk;d Fks vkSj
ekrk f='kyk tks fyPNoh ujs'k psVd dh
cgu Fkh A iRuh dk uke ^;'kksnk *Fkk
A ;'kksnk ls tUe ysus okys egkohj dh
iq=h fiz;n'kZuk dk fookg ^tkekfy* ls
gqvk Fkk A og egkohj dk izFke f'k";
Fkk A
egkohj us 30 o"kZ dh mez esa x`gR;kx
fd;k 12 o"kZ dh dBksj riL;k ds ckn 42
o"kZ dh voLFkk esa ^tqfEHk;xzke* ds
lehi ^_tqikfydk unh* ds fdukjs ,d lky ds
o`{k ds uhps dSoY; izkIr gqvk A mlh le;
ls ;s vgZr iwT;] ftu fotsrk vkSj
fuxzZaFk cU/kughu dgykus yxs A
budh e`R;q ^ikok* esa 72 o"kZ dh
vk;q esa 468 bZ-iw- esa gqbZ A
tSu /keZ ds fl)kar &
tSu /keZ ds eq[; ikap fl)kar;k egkozr
gS&
&vfgalk fdlh izdkj dh fgalk ls otZuk
&ve`"kk >wB u cksyuk
&vpkS;Z pksjh u djuk
&vifjxzg lEifr vtZu u djuk
&cgzkp;Z bfUnz;fuxzg djuk
ik'ZukFk us vius f'k";ksa dks pkj egkozr
djus dh lykg nh ysfdu egkohj us blesa
ikapok ozr czgzkp;Z dks tksMk AtSu
/keZ esa ^f=jRu* ds ikyu ls deZ Qy ls

NqVdkjk feyus dh ckr dgh x;h gS % ;s


f=jRu gS&
lE;d J)k ]lE;d Kku rFkk lE;d vkpj.k A
tSu /keZ esa nsorkvksa ds vfLrRo dks
Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS ysfdu mls ^ftu * ls
uhps LFkku nsrk gS A ;g iqutZUe vkSj
deZokn esa fo'kokl j[krk gS A
tSu /keZ esa fuokZ.k tho dk vafre y{;
gS deZ Qy dk uk'k rFkk vkRek ls
HkkSfrd rRo gVkus ls fuokZ.k laHko gS
A
egkohj vkRek esa
fo'okl djrs gSa rFkk tho dks Hkkx ekurs
gSa A
egkohj ds
vuqlkj 'kq) vkpj.k ds ikyu ls fHkUu tkfr
Hkh eqfDr ik ldrs gS A
tSu /keZ esa dk;k &Dys'k ds varxZr
miokl &)kjk 'kjhj ds var dk Hkh fo/kku
gSa A
tSu /keZ esa eq[;r%
lklakfjd ca/kuksa ls eqfDr izkIr djus ds
mik; crk, x, gSa A
egkohj us
vfgalk ,ao ri ij vf/kd tksj fn;k A
mUgksus osn ,ao ;K ds ehRo dks udkjk
A
egkohj
dsa 200 lky ckn tSu /keZ esa foHkktu
gks x;k ;g nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr
gqvk A 'osrkEcj vFkkZr~ 'osr oL=
/kkj.k djus okys rFkk fnXkEcj vFkkZr~
uXu jgus okys A Hknzokgq ds vuq;k;h
'odrkEcj rFkk LFkyckgq ds vuq;k;h
fnXkEcj dgyk, A
tSu /keZ ds
leFkZdksa esa rRdkyhu 'kkldksa esa
mn;u] fcEflkj vtkr 'k=q ]pUnzxqIr ekS;Z
]fcUnqlkj ][kkjosy vkfn izeq[k Fks A
tSu /keZ ds eq[; dsUnz eFkqjk vkSj
mTtSu Fks AizkjaHk esa tSu/keZ esa
ewfrZiwtk ugha Fkh ysfdu vkxs pydj
tSu yksx egkohj rFkk muds iwoZ gq,
rhFkZdjksa dh iwtk djus yxs
A'osrkEcjksa us loZizFke egkohj dh
iwtk vkjEHk dh A
tSu/keZ esa /keZizpkj ds fy, la?k esa
fL=;ksa ,ao iq:"kksa nksuksa dks izos'k
fn;k x;k A
tSu/keZ ds vuqlkj
fL=;kWa ,ao &eks{k izkIr ugha dj ldrh

A
tSula/k ds lnL; pkj
oxksZa esa foHkkftr Fks & 1- fHk{kq ]
2-fHk{[Link] ]3-Jkod ]4-Jkfodk A fHk{kq
rFkk fHk{[Link] lU;klh x`gLFk thou
crkrs Fks A
fHk{kqvksa ds fy;s ^iap egkozr* rFkk
x`gLFk ds fy;s ^iap [Link]* dh
O;oLFkk gS A
egkohj )kjk
fn;s x, pkSng ekSfyd fl)akr ftl xzaFk
esa ladfyr gS og ^iwoZ* dgykrk gS
AtSu/keZ us ^ekx/kh Hkk"kk * dks
c<krk fn;k ftl dkj.k bl Hkk"kk dk dkQh
fodkl gqvk vkxs pydj ;gh Hkk"kk
^viHkza'k* cuh A
tSuksa us
vke cksycky dh Hkk"kk ^izkd`r * dks
viuk;k A
blds
/kkfeZd xzaFk v)Zekx/kh esa fy[ks x,
AtSu lHkk &
izFke tSu lHkk % ekS;Z lezkV
pUnzxqIr ds 'kkludky 322&298 bZ
-iw esa ikVyhiq= esa gqvk A bl lHkk
esa iz/kku Hkkx 12 vaxksa dk laiknu
gqvk A ;g vk;kstu LFkwy ckgq rFkk
laHkwfr fot; ds fujh{k.k esa gqvk A
mlesa tSu /keZ fnxEcj ,ao 'osrkEcj esa
csaV x;k A
f)rh; tSu lHkk % ;g 513 bZ-esa cYyHkh
xqtjkr esa ^nsof/kZ* {kekJe.k * dh
v/;{krk esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k Fkk A
blesa /keZ xzaFkksa dks vafre :r ls
ladfyr dj fyfic) fd;k x;k A
TSku n'kZu
tSu /keZ esa txr ds vfLrRo dks Lohdkjk
x;k gS A ysfdu bl l`f"V dk dkj.k bZ'oj
dks ugha ekurs gSa A
blds vuqlkj ;g lalkj N% nzO;ksa ;Fkk
&tho ]iqn~xy ]/keZ]v/keZ ]vkdk'k vkSj
dky ls cuk gS A
;g nzOl vfouk'kh rFkk 'kk'or gS A bl txr
esa vkRek ds vfrfjDr dqN Hkh 'ks"k
ugha gS A
Tkho dk dk vafre y{; vkRek dks iqn~xy
;kfu HkkSfrd rRoksa ls vyx djuk gS A
;gh dSoY; ;k eks{k gS A

Kku ds rhu L=ksr &izR;{k]vuqeku


rFkk rhFkZdjksa ds opu gSa A izR;sd
Kku dks lkr :iksa esa O;Dr fd;k x;k tks
^lIrexhu; L;knokn ;k vusdkUrokn* ds
uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS A
ckS) /keZ & ckS) /keZ ds izorZd xkSre
cq) Fks tks egkohj Lokeh ds ledkyhu
Fks A
cq) dk TkUe 563 bZiw- esa dfiyoLrq ds lehi yqfEcuh xzke
esa gqvk Fkk A buds cpiu dk uke
fl)kFkZ Fkk A ;s ^'kkD; dqy* ls ;EcfU/kr
Fks A budh ekrk egkek;k Fkha tks
dksly jktoa'k dh dU;k Fkha A
fl)kFkZ dk ikyu &iks"k.k mudh ekSlh
iztkifr ds )kjk gqvk A firk 'kq)ksnu dfiy
oLrq ds fuokfpZr jktk vkSj [Link]=d
'kkD;ksa ds iz/kku Fks A mudh
^iRuh ;'kks/kjk *ftudk vU; uke xksik ]
fcEck ]HknzdPN ]'kqHzkneFkk
dksfy;x.k dh dU;k Fkh A
fl)kFkZ ls ;'kks/kjk dks ,d iq= mRiUu
gqvk ftldk uke ^jkgqy* Fkk A
cq) us 29 o"kZ dh vk;q esa x`gR;kx
fd;k bls ^egkfHkfu"dze.k * dgk x;k A
x`gR;kx ds mijkUr fl)kFkZ vuksek unh
ds rV ij vius flj dks eqMokdj
fHk{kqvkksa dk dk"kk; oL= /kkj.k fd;k
A
lkr o"kZ rd os Kku
dh [kkst es b?kj &b/kj HkVdrs jgs A
loZizFke oS'kyh ds lehi vykj dyke
lka[; n'kZu dk vkpk;Z uked lU;klh
ds vkJe es vk;s A
fl)kFkZ us
dkSfUM; rFkk ikap vU; [Link] ds
lkFk fujatuk unh ds fdukjs m:osykesa
riL;k dh ysfdu mUgsa Kku dh izkfIr
ugha gqbZ A ogha lqtkrk uked dU;k ds
gkFk ls [khj [kk;s A
Ng o"kZ rd vFkd ifjJe ,ao ?kksj riL;k ds
ckn 35 o"kZ dh vk;q esa oS'k[k
[Link] dh ,d jkr ihiy oV o`{k ds
uhps fujatuk iquiqu unh ds rV uj
fl)kFkZ dks Kku izkIr gqvk A blh fnu ls
os rFkkxr gks x;s
fl)kFkZ Kku
cksf/k izkfIr ds ckn cq) dgyk, A

vuds vU; uke ^rFkkxr* o ^'kkD;eqfu*


Hkh feyrs gSa A :osyk esa fcNqMs
ikap [Link] dks e`xnko lkjukFk
uked LFkku ij izFke mins'k fn;k rks
^/keZpdze izoZru* dgyk;k A
cq) ds f'k";ksa esa mikfy vkSj vkuUn dk
LFkku loksZPp Fkk A
ikok esa pqUn uked lqukj ds ?kj Hkkstu
esa eakl [kkus ls vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q
esa 483 bZ-iq- esa cq) dks
^dq'khukjk* esa fuokZ.k izkIr gqvkk A
mudh e`R;q dks ckS) xzaFk esa
^egkifjfuokZ.k *ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS
Ae`E;q ls iwoZ dq'khukjk ds ifjozktd
^lqHkPN* dks mUgksus viuk vafre
mins'k fn;k A ehkifjfuokZ.k ds ckn cq)
ds vo'ks"kksa dks vkB Hkxkksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k A
cq) us
vius thou dk lokZf/kd mins'k dks'ky
ns'k dh jkt/kkuh JkoLrh es fn;s A
mUgksaus ex/k dks viuk izPkkj dsUnz
cuk;k cq) us lkjukFk esa /kekZsins'k ds
ckn vius izFke ikap czk.k f'k";ksa ds
nkFk la?k dh LFkkouk dh A ckS) la?k
esa izos'k dks ^milEink* dgk tkrk Fkk
A;a?k esa pksj ]gR;kjs ]_.kh O;fDr;ksa
dk jktk ds lsod ]nkl eFkk jksxh
O;fDr;ksa dk izos'k oftZr Fkk A la?k esa
izos'k ds i'pkr~ lnL;ksa dks
bfUnz;fuxzg ]vifjxzg vkSj J)k dk ladYi
ysuk iMrk Fkk A
fu;ekuqlkj izfro"kZ o"kZ ds fnuksa es
rhu eghuksa rd fHk{kqvkksa dks ,d gh
LFkku ij jguk iMrk Fkk A rks ^oRl*
dgykrk Fkk A
ckS) /keZ ds fl)kar & cq)]la?k ,ao
/keZ dks ckS) dk ^f=jRu~* dgk x;k
gSA ckS) /keZ ds ewyk/kkj pkj vk;Z lR;
gSa A ;s gSa & 1-nq%[k ] 2- nq%[k
leqnk; 3-nq%[k fujk/k 4- nq%[k
fujks/k xkfeuh izfrink nq%[k fuokjd
ekxZ vFkkZr~ v"Vkafxd ekxZ A
cq) us /keZizpkj ds nkSjku yksxksa dks

^e/lZ ekxZ* dk mins'k fn;k A


ckS) /keZ vuh'oj oknh gS A bZ'oj dksa
l`f"VdrkZ ugha ekuk Xk;k gSa A buds
vuqlkj dk;Z dkj.k fl)akr ds rgr l`f"V dk
fuekZ.k gqvk A ckS) /keZ esa iqutZUe
dks Lohdkjk x;k gS A vkRek dh ladYiuk
ugha gSA nq%[k dks gjus okys rFkk
r`".kk dk uk'k djus okys v"Vkafxd ekxZ
ds vkkB vax gS A ftUgsa e?;e ekxZ
Hkh dgrs gSa A
v"Vkafxd ekxZ ds rhu eq[; Hkkx gSa&
1-izKk Kku 2-'khy rFkk 3-lekf/k A
bu rhu izeq[k Hkkxksa ds vUrxZr ftu
vkB mik;ksa dh izLrkouk dh x;k gS A os
fuEu gSa 1-lE;d~ n`f"V
2- lE;d~
ladYi 3-lE;d~ [Link]
4-lE;d~
dekZUr 5- lE;d~ vktho 6- lE;d~
o;k;ke
7- lE;d~ Le~fr 8-lE;d~
lekf/k
Izrh; leqEikn gh cq) ds mins'kksa dk
lkj ,ao mudh lELr f'k{kkvksa dk vk/kkj
LraHk gS A ckS) /keZ ds vuqlkj
fuokZ.k izkIr djuk ckS) /keZ dk ije u{;
gS A fuokZ.k dk vFkZ gS nhid dk cq>
tkuk vFkZkr~ thou &ej.k ds ca/ku ls
eqDr gks tkuk A cq) ds vuqlkj fuokZ.k
blh tUe esa izkIr gksrk gS A tcfd
egkifjfuokZ.k e`R;q ds ckn laHko gksrk
gS A
ftl izdkj nq%[k leqnk; dk dkj.k tUe gS
mlh rjg tUe dk dkj.k vKkurk dk pdz gS
A bl vKku :ih pdz dks ^izrhR; leqRikn*
dgk tkrk gS A
izrhR; leqRikn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS &
fdlh oLrq ds gksus ij leqRikn fdlh
vU; oLrq dh mRifr A
izrhR; leqRikn ds 12 dze gSa ftls
^kn'k funku * dgk tkrk gS ftlesa
lEcfU/kr gS tkfr tjkej.k & Hkfo";dky ls
vfo|k laLdkj & Hkwrdky ls
foKku uke &:Ik]Li'kZ
r`".kk ]osnuk] "kMk;ru & oZreku dky ls

Hko miknku
clkS) /keZ us [Link] O;oLFkk ,oa tkfr
izFkk dk fojks/k fd;k A
ckS) /keZ la?k dk njoktk gj tkfr;ksa ds
fy, [kqyk Fkk A fL=;ksa dks Hkh la?k
esa izos'k dk vf/kdkj izkIr Fkk A ckS)
la/k dk laxBu ^[Link]= [Link]* ij
vk/kfjr Fkk A
cq) ds iap
'khy fl)kar dk [Link] ^NkUnksX;
mifu"kn * esa caV x;k &
dkykUrj esa ckSN /keZ fuEu lEiznk; esa
caV x;k &
ghu;ku % ftu ckS) /kekZoyfEc;ksa us
fcuk fdlh ifjorZu ds cq) ds ewy
mins'kksa dks Lohdkj dj fy;k os ghu;ku
dgyk, A bl lEiznk; ds yksx cekZ ]
Jhyadk]tkok esa gS A
egk;ku
% tks vuq;k;h cksf/klRo dh ewfrZ esa
fo'okl j[krs Fks os egk;kuh dgyk;a A ;s
cq) dks vorkj ekudj rFkk mudh ewfrZ
cukdj mikluk djrs Fks A bldh LFkkiuk
^ukxktqZu* us dh A
bl lEiznk; ds yksx phu ]frCcr]dksfj;k ]
tkiku ]eaxksfy;k vkfn ns'kksa esa QSys
gq, gSa Oktz;ku % bl lEiznk; ds yksx
cq) dks vkykSfdd flf);ksa okyk iq:"k
ekuk A blesa ea= ]rkaf=d vkpkj ,ao
gB;ksxh dh iz/kkurk Fkh A Cqk) ds izfl)
vuq;k;h 'llkdksa esa fcfEclkj]izlsuftr
mn;u vkfn Fks A
v'kksd ]
feukMj]dfu"d]g"kZo)zZu ,ao iky
'kkldksa )kjk ckS) /keZ ds izpkj esa
dkQh ;ksxnku fn;k x;k A ukyank rFkk
fodzef'kyk fo'ofo|ky; ckS) f'k{kk ds eq[;
dsUnz Fks AckS) /keZ dh lHkk,Wa&
Dze
izFke

o"kZ
483
bZ-iw

LFkku
jktx`g [Link]
xqQk

f)rh;

383
bZ-iw-

oS'kkyh

dkyk'kksd

lC

Rk`Rkh
;

251
bZ-iw

ikVfyiq=

v'kksd

Ek

prqFkZ

izFke
lnh
bZ-iw

d'[Link]

dfu"d

O
v'
{k

ckS)kSa us viuh /kkfeZd lkfgR; ikfy


Hkk"kk esa fy[ks A blesa ikfy Hkk"kk
dkQh le`) gqbZ A viHkza'k esa Hkh
fy[kus dh izFkk pykbZ A
tSu
rFkk ckS) /keZ esa lekurk,Wa&
nksuksa gh vuhZ'ojoknh gSa A
nksuksa oSfnd ;K & fo/kku rFkk
deZdk.M dk fojks/k djrs gSA
tkfr izFkk [Link] dk fu"ks/k dj
nksuksa lekurk dk mins'k nsrs gSa A
Nqvk &Nwr vkSj Wap &uhp dk fu"ks/k
A
Laklkj vkSj deZ dk oSfnd
fl)kar vekU; AtSu rFkk ckS) /keZ esa
'kklu vlekurk,Wa&
vtkr'k=q
nksuksa /keZ vafglkoknh ysfdu ckS)ksa
dh rqyuk esa tSfu;ksa )kjk vafglk ij
vf/kd cy A
tSuksa dh n`f"V esa
eks{k ;k fuokZ.k dk vFkZ gS&
fl)koLFkk esa 'kjhj dk R;kx ( tcfd ckS)
bZ'oj ds lkFk &lkFk vkRek dk Hkh

fu"ks/k djrs gS A
tSu lk/kq dk;k Dys'k ekZx ij pydj dBksj
ozrksa dk ikyu djrs gSa tcfd ckS) riL;k
dks vekU; dj e/;e ekxZ e/;izfrink
viukrs gSa

mYys[k fo".kq lafgrk esa feyrk gSA


Hkkxor lEiznk; ds eq[; rRo gSa HkfDr
vkSj vafglk A
Hkxokr /keZ esa i'kqcfy dks fu"ks/k
fd;k x;k gS A

Anksuksa ewfrZiwtd gSa ysfdu tSu uXu


ewfrZ;ksa ds mikld gSa (ckS) ugha A
Hkkxor /keZ &Hkxor /keZ ds fo"k; esa
izkjafHkd tkudkjh mifu"knaks ls feyrh
gS
NBh lnh bZ-iw- esa gh if'pe esa
bl /keZ dk fodkl ;knoksa dh 'kk[kk
^lkRorksa* esa gqvk tks eFkqjk esa
jgrs Fks

Rfey izns'k esa ;g /keZ vkyokj larks ads


ek/;e ls fodflr gqvk A
bl /keZ ds izkjafHkd vfHkys[k nwljh lnh
bZ-iw- esa ;wukuh jkriwr r{kf'kyk
fuoklh ^gsfy;ksMksjl* us x:M/ot dh
LFkkiuk fofn'kk esa dh A
izFke lnh bZ-iw- ds ^ukuk?kkV
vfHkys[k * ls lad"kZ.k ,ao oklqnso dk
[Link] feyrk gS

Bl
/keZ ds laLFkkid oklqnso d`".k
oa'kh; ;kno dqy ds usrk Fks A
loZizFke NkUnksX; mifu"kn esa Jh d`".k
dks nsodhiq= ,ao /kksj vafxjl dk f'k";
crk;k gS oklqnso dh iwtk dk loZizFke
mYys[k 'kfDr ds :I esa 5 oha 'k-bZ-i-w
esa feyrk gS
fo".kq ,ao ukjk;.k dk leU;o blh dky esa
gqvk A oklqnso d`".k Hkh blh ds va'k
ekus tkus yxa A
Hkkxor /kez gh vkxs pydj oS".ko /keZ
dgyk;k A
oS"[Link] dk izpyu 5 oha 'krh bZa ds e/;
gqvk A fo".kq .Ao d`".k dk ,dhdj.k
ukjk;.k ls gqvk gS A ukjk;.k ds mikld
okapjkf=d dgyk, A ,d ekuo ds :I esa
oklqnso dk nSohdj.k dk lcls izkphu
mYys[k [Link] ds v"Vk?;k;h esa feyrk
gS A
vorkj okn
oS".ko /keZ dk vk/kkjHkwr fl)kar gS A
prqO;wZg fl)kar budk izeq[k fla)kr gSA
blesa oklqnsso ijkekRek dh laKk fn;k
x;k gS A ftlls lad"kZ.k uked tho dh
mRifr gksrh gS A lad"kZ.k ls iz;qDr ;k
eu dh rFkk iz|qRu ls vfu:) dh mRifk
gksrh gS A pdzO;wg iwtk dk loZizFke

AxqIr dky oS".ko/keZ dk pjeksRd"kz


dky gS A jk"VdwV 'kkld ^nfUrnqxZ*
us Hkh ,yksjk esa n'kkorkj dk eafnj
cuok;k Fkk
Aegkjk"V esa oS".ko /keZ ds izeq[k
LFky ds ;I esa HkxhjFkh unh ds fdukjs
ia<jiqj uxj esa foBksck dk eafnj fLFkr
gS A
fo".kq ds
nl vorkj &
1-eRl;korkj 2- dwekZorkj
3-ijkgorkj 4-ujflgakorkj
5okeukorkj 6-ij'kqjkekorkj
7-jkekorkj 8-d`".kkorkj
9-cq)korkj
10-dfYd vorkj Afo".kq ds vorkjksa esa
ojkg &vorkj lokZf/kd yksdfiz; Fkk A
ojkg dk izFke mYys[k _Xosn esa gS A
ukjk;.k dk izFke uYys[k 'kriFk czk.k
esa feyrk gS A
eaxLFkuhr us d`".k dks gsjkDyhu dgk
A
'kSo /keZ &'kSo lEiznk; dh LFkkiuk
ydqfy'k us dh A
Fyax iwtk dk lcls igyk Li"V [Link] ^eRL;
iqjk.k * es feyrk gS A
f'ko dh izkphure ewdrZ xqMh eYye

fyax jsuqxqaVk ls feyh gSA


xqIrdky esa izFke ckj f'ko vkSj ikoZrh
dh la;qDr ewfrZ fufeZr gksus ij izek.k
feyrk gS blh dky esa ck ]fo".kq ,ao
egs'k dh iwtk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA
'kSo/keZ ds eq[;r% iWkp fl)kUr gSa&
dk;Z ]dkj.k ];ksx fof/k rFkk nq%[kkUr A
bUgha fl)kUrksa ds )kjk ekuo eks{k dh
izkfIr dj ldrk gS A
vkxs pydj 'kSo lEiznk; pkj Hkxksa esa
foHkDr gks x;k ik'kqir ydqyh'k ]

'kSo ]dYikfyd HkSjo rFkk dkykeq[k


A
esxLFkuht )kjk fd;k x;k
^Mk;ksfull*dh iwtk dk mYys[k okLro
esa fko dh gh iwtk gS A
nloh lnh esa ,d vU; lEiznk; ^ukFk
lEuznk;* dh LFkkiuk ^eRL;sUnzukFk *
us dh A budk O;kid izpkj &izlkj
xksj[kukFk ds le; esa gqvk A

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