IFR - AVIATION ACRONYMS 91.103: Preflight Action IFR: VER Day & Night + N- Notas G Generator or Alternator W Weather R__ Radio/Nav. Appropriate for fight K Known ATC Delays A Attitude Indicator R Runway Lengths B Ball (Inclinometer) A Alternatives © Clock (second hand and/or digital) F Fuel Requirements 91.167 A Altimeter (pressure sensitive) T Take-Off Data R Rate of Turn Indicator D _ Directional Gyro D DME (above FL 240) 91.203 Certificates and Documents on board ‘A Airworthiness certificate which must be visible(vaiid as long as all AD's and inspections are done) R Registration certificate which is valid until“30 FT Duc* R_—_ Radio Station License if operated outside USA 0 Operator's handbook (POH) specific to aircraft by serial number W_ Current weight and balance reflecting all equipment on board. 91.409: Inspections Registration becomes invalid Annual & Airworthiness Directives (AD's~Recalls) 30 After 30 days of death of owner VV VOR check - 30 calendar days F Foreign Registration ' Inspections - 100 hour/Annual/Progressive T Transfer to new owner Altimeter ~ 24 Calendar Months D Destroyed U —_ Loss of USA citizenship ELT ~ 12 Calendar Months © Cancelled from owner (hr cumulative use and/or % shelf life of battery) A T Transponder ~ 24 Calendar Months E S Static Source - 24 Calendar Months Personal Checklist Before Flight | What a Pilot Needs for Flight: 1 Mines Valid Pilot License M Medical Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate S$ Stress Current Federal/State Issued Photo ID A Alcohol Flight Review/FAA Checkride wiin preceding 24 calendar months F Fatigue (Chronic/Acute) 3 T.OlLandings (to a full stop at night) w/in 90 days — 61.57(b) E Emotions IFR Currency - 61.87(c) ‘Types of Airspeed f Indicated Read off Instruments © Calibrated ~—_IAS corrected for position and installation Error E Equivalent CAS corrected for adiabatic compressible flow greater than 180 knots T Tue EAS corrected for non-standard pressure and temperature Airspeed Errors Position Error — Caused by static ports sensing erroneous static pressure due to slipstream. Density Error ~ Due to changes in altitude and temp for which the instrument does not compensate for. Compressibiity Error — Begins to occur above ‘80kts. Airis packed into the pitot tube resulting n higher than normal airspeed.‘Types of Altitude 1 Indicated Read from Instruments P Pressure Altitude above standard datum plane D Density Pressure _ altitude corrected for non-standard temperature A Absolute AGL T Tue Altitude of aircraft above MSL. 91.174 - Required Information on VOR Checks Each person making the VOR operational check shall enter the Date, Place, Bearing Error. Signature in the log. "Dog Poop, Bear Shit” 91.171 - VOR Tests 5 T's at Intercept (Holds) 1, Bench Test £4 (360 From) T Tum 2.vOT 24 T Time 3, Ground Check +6 T Twist 4, Airborne Check +6 T Throttle 5. Dual VOR Check 4 Degree Maximum Variation T Tak 6 Made-up Airborne Check +6 91.175: Landing under IFR Landing at a normal decent using normal maneuvers. Flight visibility not less than visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach being used. With approach lighting system in sight, can descend to 100 feet above TOZE Can land if any ofthe following are in sight: threshold, threshold markings, threshold lights; rumway ‘end identifier ights; visual approach slope indicator (VASI); touchdown zone, touchdown zone ‘markings, touchdown zone lights, runway of runway markings, runway lights. BONS 91.169 — Alternate Requirements ‘And Altemate Airport is always required unless: “The intended airport has a published Instrument Approach Procedure and: 4. T hour before to 1 hour after ETA 2. 2000 foot ceiling 3. 3SMvisibilty Ifthe airport does not have an instrument approach, you must file an alternate, Fundamental of IFR Flight Standard Rate Turn Crosscheck Errors: © Cross-Check 3 persec. 180° in 1 min. F Fixation t Instrument Interpretation 30" in 10 sec. 360° in 2 min. © — Omission A Aircraft Contro! 90° in 30 sec. E Emphasis IFR Altitudes: MEA — Minimum Enroute Altitude — lowest published altitude between radio fixes that meets obstacle clearance requirements and assures acceptable navigational signal coverage. ‘MOCA~ Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude ~ lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes ‘on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements and assures navigational signal coverage win 22 miles of a VOR. MAA Maximum Authorized Altitude - max usable altitude/fight level for an airspace or route segment. MCA — Minimum Crossing Altitude — lowest altitude at certain fixes at which an aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum enroute IFR altitude. MORA ~ Minimum Off Route Alitude — provides known obstruction clearance w/in 10nm of the route ccenteriine.Grid MORA — provides terrain and manmade structure clearance win the section outlined by the latviong lines. Route MORA — Provides reference point clearance wiin 10nm of the route centerline and end fixes. MRA Minimum Reception Altitude ~ lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined. MSA _ Minimum Safe Altitude — altitude depicted on an IAP which provides 1000ft obstacle clearance w/in 25nm of depicted navaid. Does not guarantee navaid reception. MVA- Minimum Vectoring Altitude ~ lowest altitude at which an aircraft will be vectored by an air traffic controler. DHIDA ~ Decision Height/Decision Altitude ~ a specified altitude in the precision approach at which @ Tnissed approach must be initiated if the required visual references have not been established. MDA ~ Minimum Descent Attitude - a specified altitude in a non-precision approach or circling approach below which descent may not be made w/o visual reference. 91.179 IFR Cruising Altitudes: Below 18,000" MSL: Easterly Mag. Crs ~ Odd Altitudes “Westerly Mag. Crs — Even Altitudes ‘At or above 18,000' MSL and below FL290: Easterly Mag Crs ~ Odd FL's. Westerly Mag Crs - Even F's. ‘At or above FL290: Easterly Mag. Crs ~ FL’'s at 4000’ intervals starting at FL290. “Westerly Mag, Crs FL's at 4000’ intervals starting at FL310. ‘Approach Brief A Atis A Approach M_ Marker Beaoons Tested and on Low M Minimums 1 Identify Navaids/Approach Charts © —Overshoot © Course R Radios E Entry Type —FulVectored T Timing A Altitudes S Speed T Time M Missed Approach Procedure Mandatory Reports to ATC Position Reports —_ Deviations from Clearance t Identification R__ Requested to Report P Position Reports U_—_Unforecast Weather T Time over Position M = Malfunctions A Altitude S Safety of Flight T Type of Flight Pian E ETA N _ NextPoint N Next Point after that 61.57(c) - Recency of Experience 6 Within the Past 6 months 6 Must have at least 6 Instrument Approaches H Holding 1 Intercepting T TrackingNo Procedure Turn Allowed Other Reports of ATC ‘A Assigned or Requested S Straight In M Missed Approach H Holdin lieu of a procedure turn (PT) A Airspeed Change of 10 KIAS or 5% A Arc(DME) R Reaching a Clearance Limit R Radar Vectored Vv Vacating an Altitude P —_NoPT on Chart (not authorized) E —_ETAChanges of 3 Minutes or More T Teardrop Entry in lieu of procedure turn L Leaving a Clearance Limit T Timed Entry © Outer Marker Inbound U ——_Unforecasted Weather S Safety of Flight V_VFR-on top Altitude Changes F Final Approach Fix Inbound R__ Radio/Nav Failures 500 Unable to maintain 500 footminute Climb or Decent Rate 91.185 - Lost Communication - Course 91.185 - Lost Communication - Altitude A Assigned ‘M-—— Minimum IFR Altitude (MORA, MEA, MOCA etc) V—_ Vectored (direct to route, fix or airway) E Expected (at time told to expect) E —_ Expected (at time told to expect) A Assigned F Filed {FVER, “continue the flight under VER and land es soon as practicable.” 91.185 - Leave Clearance Limit: Fix from which an approach begins: 1. EFC hold, leave at EFC and shoot approach. 2, NoEFC — hold, leave at ETA and shoot approach. Fix from which an approach does not begin: 1. EFG— hold, at EFC tly to a point from which an approach begins and shoot the approach. 2. NO EFC — upon arrival over the clearance limit, proceed to a fix from which an approach begins and at ETA, shoo the approach. Approach Segments ‘Transition — from beginning of descent to Initial Approach Fix (IAF) Initial - begins at !AF, PT or DME Arc, radial, course; used to align aircraft with Intermediate Segment. Intermediate — between Intermediate and Final Approach Fix (FAF); usually wiin 30 degrees of final approach course. Final - FAF to touchdown or Missed Approach Point (MAP), Missed - between the MAP or the point of arrival at DA/DH and the missed approach fix a the prescribed attitude, Category Speeds & Circle to Land Minimums. Descent to MDA A 0-90 13 Cleared for the Approach B 91-120 18 Within the Prescribed Distance Cc 121-140 17 Positive Course Guidance D 141-165 23 E 166+ 45 “40/10 & Cleared” (NDB's - wiin 10°, wiin 10 NM & Cleared for Approach)Compass Errors Variation — difference between true north and magnetic north. ‘Acceleration/Deceleration Errors (ANDS) ~ accelerate north and decelerate south NDBIADF Tracking v D Deviation — due to magnetic field of aircraft M Magnetic Dip ~ gets closer to north pole. © Oscillation — due to turbulence or rough control N- Northerly Turning Errors (UNOS) ~ undershoot north and overshoot south A Timo, Speed & Distance Formula: Time to Station = 60 X Minutes Flown Degrees of Bearing Change Distance to Station= / Minutes Fl Degrees of Bearing Change ‘Additional Study Information: Clearance Delivery ~Aim 5-2-1 Clearance Void Time ~ Aim 5-2-4 ‘Tower Enroute Control (TEC) — Aim 4-1-18 \VFR-On-Top Clearance — Aim 4-4-7 Components of an ILS ~ FAR §91.175 Recent Flight Experience ~ FAR §61.67(b)(c)(d) Weather Information Table MH +RB = MBTO ‘My Hot Red Balls Makes Babies Too! im 5-4-22 IFR Climb to VFR-On-Top Conditions - Aim 4-4-7 Cruise Clearance — Aim 4-4-3 Contact Approach — Visual Approach ~ Aim 5-4-20 Missed Approach — FAR §91.175 (RVR visabilites) WEATHER REPORTS: ISSUED ‘AGE WHEN RECEIVED VALID PERIOD ‘Aviation Routine Weather Hourly (50-55 min past Until next METAR or SPECI is Report (METAR) hn) [EG eden issued Radar Weather Reports (SD | Hourly (35 min past hr) ‘Approx 20 minutes Until next SD is issued | pot Weather Reports PIREP) ‘As Observed Few Minutes Observed Data Tene Sooo tert Forecasted Data 24 Hour Forecast (TAF) 002, 062, 122, 182 Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FD) 002, 127 Forecasted Data Valid period is stated on the forecast Area Forecast (FA) 00467, 08452. 1645Z Forecasted Data ‘Synopsis 18 hrs., Forecast 12 hrs, Outlook 6 hrs, Every 6 hours Observed with Forecasted Max forecast period is 6 hrs. patie rr Data 22, 82, 142, 202 When specif ; Sigmets (WS) SIGMENT phenomena | Observedwih Forecasted | ay forecast period is 4 hrs. ‘occur onvecive Sigments (ws) | Nowy (65 rules past Few Minutes ure ieeeComposite Flight Plan ‘Aight pian which specifies VFR operations for one portion ofa fight and IFR for another portion. Airmets (WA) ‘Aimets are issued every 6 hours on a scheduled basis.lssued for the following phenomena which are potentially hazardous to aircraft Z: Moderate Icing (Freezing Level) T. Moderate Turbulence ‘Sustained Surface Winds of 30 knots or Greater S: __Extensive Mountain Obscurement ‘Widespread areas of cellings less than 1000 feet andlor visibility less than 3 miles. ‘Sigmet (WS) (Weird Stuff) ‘Sigments are issued as needed and are good for 4 hours. Alphabetic designators November — Yankee ‘except for Sierra and Tango) are only used for Sigments. Volcanic eruptions are identified with @ alphanumeric designator. Issued when the following phenomena occur of are expected to occur: ‘Severe or extreme turbulence not associated with @ thunderstorm Severe icing not associated with a thunderstorm Dust storms, sandstorms, or volcanic ash lowering flight visibility to less than 3 miles Volcanic eruptions. Convective Sigments (WST) (Weird Stuff Thunderstorms) Convective Sigmets are issued hourly at Ht55, or as needed. They contain a forecast but may also contain a nowcast. Severe or greater turbulence, severe icing, and low-level wind shear are all implied ‘and therefore not specified. Good for 2 hours unless superseded by the hourly issuance. Issued for any of the following phenomena: Severe Thunderstorms due to: Surface winds greater than or equal to 0 knots * Hail at the surface % on an inch or greater in diameter + Tomadoes © Embedded Thunderstorms © Lines of Thunderstorms + VIP Level 4 or greater thunderstorms that cover 40% of an area at least 3000 square mites. Class E Airspace Special Use Airspace S Surface Area WW Waming Area E Extension Area © Control Fire Zone T Transition Area R__ Restricted (with permission) V Victor Airway A Alert © Offshore M Miltary Operation Area (MOA's) Domestic Enroute P Prohibited (never!) A Allother (Above Golf and above F160) Miltary Training Routes (MTR) If identified with a 3 digit number, the route is greater than or equal to 1500 AGL. If identified with a 4 digit number, the route is less than or equal to 1500AGL,Other Airspace Special Flight Permit ADI Fly Aircraft to repair station. ‘Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR's) Delivering or exporting and aircraft. Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA) Flight Tests VER Corridors Evacuating aircraft from areas of impending danger. VER Transitions Customer demonstrations. VER Flyways VER Corridors VER Transitions VER Flyways 91.213 Minimum Equipment List: MEL Aircraft Manufacturer sends proposed master MEL to Flight Operations Evaluation Board (FOE) ‘Aircraft Manufacturer and FOEB lawyers go back and forth until a master MEL is agreed upon. Master MEL is sent to all FSDO's Operators can then adopt the MEL or make it more restrictive. iToperators choose to make the MEL more restrictive, they can send their request to the local FSDO to obtain a letter of authorization (LOA), “The MEL and the LOA together make up the Supplemental Type Certificate for that aircraft, MEL + LOA = Supplemental Type Certificate (STC). N® gaeNe Ilusions in Flight (AIM 8-1-5) 1 tnversion Climb to straight and level - tumbling backwards © Coriolis Head movements in prolonged turns. E Elevator UpdrafyDowndraff, causes pilot to pitch-up or pitch-down. F False Horizons ‘loping cloud formations, and obscured horizon, ete L Leans Banking illusion, rely on inner ear instead of instruments, A Auto kinesis ‘Static light will appear to move when stared at. Graveyard Spiral Constant rate turn, losing altitude, pilot pulls up.....worse. G _ Graveyard Spin After recovery from spin, pilot feels spinning is opposite direction....retums to spin. S —— Somatogravic Rapid Acceleration/Deceleration ~ nose-up/nose-down. Landing illusions. R Runway Width Rain - Greater Height R Runway & Terrain Slopes Haze — Greater Distance F _Featureless Terrain Fog — Pitching up ‘A Atmospheric ilusions G Ground Lighting Scuba Diving Less than or equal to 8000MSL — 12 hr wait with a “nondecompression stop dive" — 24 hr wait for “decompression stop dive” Greater than or equal to 8000MSL ~ 24 hr wait for both 91.211 Supplemental Oxygen Requirements 12,500 ~ 14,000 ‘Oxygen needed for greater than 30 minutes > 14,000 Required flight crew must use for entire flight > 16,000 ‘Occupants must be supplied with oxygenPressurized Cabin Requirements F250 10-Minute supply of oxygen is required for each occupant in case of depressurization and the need for an emergency decent SFL360 1 pilot must use oxygen at all times or use a system that automatically supplies oxygen when pressure altitude exceeds 14,0008 ‘Exception: That one pilot need not use the oxygen mask below FL410 as jong as there are 2 pilots at the controls and each pilot has a quick donning mask that can be placed from the ready position on the face with one hand within 5 seconds ADIZ DVFR of IER fight plan is required to go into, within, or across the ADIZ 2 way radios Mode C transponder A DVER fight pian must be filed atleast 15 minutes prior to arriving at the ADIZ when outbound and at least 80 minutes prior to arriving inbound. Airport Beacons: Alrport Lighting Systems: 24 ~ 30 Flashes per Minute REIL — Runway End Identifier Lights ‘White/Green lighted land airport HIRL- High Intensity Runway Lights ‘White/Yellow lighted water airport MIRL- Medium Intensity Runway Lights ‘White White/Green — lighted miltary airport LIRL- Low Intensity Runway Lights Runway Edge Lights: Edge lights are white. IFR runways have yellow lights forthe last 2000 ft or half the runway, whichever is lose. This is a caution zone. End lights emit red light toward the runway to indicate the end of the runway. Taxiway Edge Lights — Biue Taxtway Center Lights - Green Hypoxia — AIM 8-1-2 Symptoms include Cyanosis (biue fingernails and lips), headache, decreased tecction time, impaired reaction time, impaired judgment, euphoria, visual impairment, drowsiness, lightheaded or dizzy sensation, tingling in fingers and toes, numbness. Hypoxic Hypoxia - Inadequate supply of oxygen Hypemic Hypoxiar Inability of the Blood to carry oxygen (.¢. smoking at high altitudes) Stagnant Hypoxia - Inadequate Circulation of oxygen (ie., heart problem or excessive G's) Histotoxic Hypoxia - Inability of the Cells to effectively use oxygen (ie., alcoho!) Hyperventilation — AIM 8-1-3 Lack of carbon dioxide in the body. - Symptoms are similar to hypoxia and include headache, decreased reaction time, Impaired reaction time, impaired judgment, euphoria, visual impairment, drowsiness, lightheaded or dizzy sensation, tingling in fingers and toes, numbness, a pale, clammy appearance, and muscle spasms. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Flight ~ AIM 8-1-4 Colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas contained in exhaust fumes. Significantly reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen. - Symptoms include headache, blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, and loss muscle power.