Name:
MOD:
Date:
ECOLOGY NOTES: ENERGY AND RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ECOSYSTEM
ECOLOGY:______________________________________________________________
__
__________________________________________________________________________
BIOTIC FACTORS: _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ABIOTIC FACTORS: ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ORGANISM: ______________________________________________________________
SPECIES: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
POPULATION: ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
COMMUNITY: _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ECOSYSTEM: _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
BIOSPHERE: ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ecosystem
community
population
organism
ENERGY ON EARTH: _______________________________________________________
AUTOTROPHS: Auto = _______________________ Troph= ___________________________
________________________________________________________________
carry out the process of __________________________.
capture _______________________ and use it to make
___________________________
store _______________ in the form of ______________
Formula for Photosynthesis:
HETEROTROPHS:
Hetero = _____________________________
___________________________________________________________
get their ________________________________________ glucose/food.
this ________________ can come directly or indirectly from a ________________
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSUMERS
HERBIVORE ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
CARNIVORE ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
OMNIVORE____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
SCAVENGER ___________________________________________________________
DECOMPOSERS (fungus and bacteria) ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
FOOD CHAIN: __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
FOOD WEB: _____________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION: _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
The effects of pollution cased by humans can be magnified in a food web.
Pesticides sprayed on a field of crops wash into
the nearby stream which runs off into a larger
river. The pesticide particles settle to the
bottom of the water. The molecules enter the
bodies of tiny bottom dwelling organisms such as
crustaceans and insect larvae. A hundred of
these are eaten by one small fish. A hundred of
these small fish are eaten by one big fish.
predatory bird, such as an eagle, will eat 10 big
fish. Each organism stores the pesticide in their
body tissue so at each step along the food chain
the amount of the pesticide passed on the next
trophic level increases.
QUESTION: Explain why governments would
DDT is a pesticide that was widely used prior
to the 1970s
put a limit on the recommended amount of fish that a person should eat.
ENERGY PYRAMIDS
TROPHIC LEVELS: __________________________
_________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____
Organisms use
% of their energy to
carry out life processes and some of this
energy is lost as
Only
% of the energy gets stored and
becomes part of the organisms body which is
then available to be passed on the next trophic
level.
This
means
that
each
time
energy
is
transferred from one organism to another, less
is available to organisms at the next
Because so much energy is
_________
at each level
organisms can be
supported at the higher trophic levels.
Ecosystems rarely have more than four to five trophic levels because ecosystems do not have enough
energy to support higher levels.
HABITATS AND NICHES
HABITAT: __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
In their habitat organism find what they need to survive
________________
___________________
__________________
NICHE: ____________________________________________________________________
A
is what an organisms does in its
ALL members of the _________
are adapted to the _______
Two species trying to occupy the same niche will result in __________________________
______ ________________________
PREY: ______________________________________________________________________
PREDATOR: _________________________________________________________________
The predators
_________
is to decrease the size of the population of the
___________________.
KEYSTONE SPECIES(predator):. _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
UNDERSTANDING POPULATIONS
POPULATION GROWTH
GROWTH RATE: _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
We also have to include
GROWTH RATE
Births
Deaths
Births
Deaths
Births
Deaths
________________________
(to move to a place) and ________________________
(to move from a place)
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH: _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
occurs when populations have unlimited ___________and_____________
and_________________________or _________________________
Examples: _________________________________________
LIMITS TO GROWTH
CARRYING CAPACITY: _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
LIMITING FACTORS/ RESOURCES:
________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS (SYMBIOSIS): _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
THERE ARE 3 KINDS OF SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
1. COMMENSALISM: _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Example:
2. MUTUALISM: ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Example:
3. PARASITISM: ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Example:
CYCLES of MATTER
Some materials circulate through an ecosystem and ____________________________________
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES connect the _____________________
_______________________________ aspects of the biosphere
The ______________________ Cycle
____________________ Cycles
___________________
___________________
CARBON/OXYGEN CYCLE involves
______________________________________________________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: _______________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: __________________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________, so carbon moves through the biotic environment through the trophic system.
_______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ Decomposers consume
their bodies & some of the carbon returns to the
physical environment.
THE WATER CYCLE
EVAPORATION _________________________________
_____________________________________________
TRANSPIRATION: ______________________________
_____________________________________________
CONDENSATION: ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________
PRECIPITATION: _______________________________
_____________________________________________
RUN-OFF_____________________________________
_____________________________________________
INFILTRATION:_____________________________________________________________
GROUNDWATER:_____________________________________________________________
SURFACE WATER: ____________________________________________________________
Water Is Continuously Moving
it is heated by the sun and ___________________________________ into the atmosphere
it is used by plant life where it ________________________________ into the atmosphere.
it ______________________________ into clouds
it falls to the ground as rain, snow or other forms of _______________________________.
NITROGEN CYCLE
Nitrogen is an important element for all organisms
because it is _______________________________,
the building blocks of proteins.
Nitrogen is also found in ______________________,
the blueprints of life
There is only a ______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Different forms of nitrogen
__________________________________ (N 2) 80% of air is free nitrogen
Nitrates
(NO3)__________________________________________________________
BACTERIA in the NITROGEN CYCLE
1. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA: ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. DECOMPOSING BACTERIA (DECOMPOSERS): ____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. NITRIFYING BACTERIA: _____________
_________________________________
4. DENITRIFYING BACTERIA: __________
_________________________________
_________________________________
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION: __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
___
It can occur on ____________________ and _______________________ ecosystems.
There are 2 types of succession occur on LAND. ________________ and __________________.
PRIMARY SUCCESSION:_______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
___
Primary succession occurs on ____________
___________.
The first organisms to appear are _________________.
A LICHEN is a _____________ and an ____________ living in a _______________ relationship.
Lichens ________________________________________________ (________________)
___________________ to form a thin layer of soil.
The lichen make up a ____________________
_______________________.
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A PIONEER COMMUNITY is ___________________________________________________
THE MAIN STAGES OF PRIMARY SUCCESSION:
1. ____________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________
A CLIMAX COMMUNITY:
is a _________________________________________________ that does not go through
more succession.
should be able to withstand disruption better than earlier ecosystems, causing
_______________________ ___________________________________.
ECOSYSTEM STABILITY:
During succession, _______________________________________________________
Stability is the ability of an ecosystem to ______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
A more diverse ecosystem contains a more complex food web
o
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
SECONARY SUCCESSION: ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______
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Examples of events/activities that cold
cause secondary succession:
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
AQUATIC SUCCESSION
Aquatic ________________________ are in _______________________.
Over long periods of time _______________________________________________________
The ponds ______________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY:
CONNECTIONS TO ECOSYSTEMS: ____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SPECIES SURVIVAL: _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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MEDICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL USES: ______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
ETHICS, AESTHETIC AND RECREATION: _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
BIODIVERSITY AT RISK
Endangered species: ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Threatened species: ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
CAUSES OF EXTINCTIONS:
Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation: ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Invasive Species ________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Harvesting Hunting and Poaching: ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Pollution: _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
SAVING SPECIES
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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