1
Chapter 11 File Processing
Outline
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
Introduction
The Data Hierarchy
Files and Streams
Creating a Sequential Access File
Reading Data from a Sequential Access File
Updating Sequential Access Files
Random Access Files
Creating a Random Access File
Writing Data Randomly to a Random Access File
Reading Data Sequentially from a Random Access File
Case Study: A Transaction Processing Program
Input/Output of Objects
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11.1 Introduction
Data files
Can be created, updated, and processed by C programs
Are used for permanent storage of large amounts of data
Storage of data in variables and arrays is only temporary
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11.2 The Data Hierarchy
Data Hierarchy:
Bit smallest data item
Value of 0 or 1
Byte 8 bits
Used to store a character
Decimal digits, letters, and special symbols
Field group of characters conveying meaning
Example: your name
Record group of related fields
Represented by a struct or a class
Example: In a payroll system, a record for a particular
employee that contained his/her identification number, name,
address, etc.
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11.2 The Data Hierarchy
Data Hierarchy (continued):
File group of related records
Example: payroll file
Database group of related files
Sally
Tom
Judy
Iris
Randy
Judy
Judy
Black
Blue
Green
Orange
Red
Green
File
Record
Field
01001010 Byte
(ASCII character J)
1 Bit
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11.2 The Data Hierarchy
Data files
Record key
Identifies a record to facilitate the retrieval of specific records
from a file
Sequential file
Records typically sorted by key
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11.3 Files and Streams
C views each file as a sequence of bytes
File ends with the end-of-file marker
Or, file ends at a specified byte
Stream created when a file is opened
Provide communication channel between files and programs
Opening a file returns a pointer to a FILE structure
Example file pointers:
stdin - standard input (keyboard)
stdout - standard output (screen)
stderr - standard error (screen)
FILE structure
File descriptor
Index into operating system array called the open file table
File Control Block (FCB)
Found in every array element, system uses it to administer the file
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11.3 Files and Streams
Read/Write functions in standard library
fgetc
Reads one character from a file
Takes a FILE pointer as an argument
fgetc( stdin ) equivalent to getchar()
fputc
Writes one character to a file
Takes a FILE pointer and a character to write as an argument
fputc( 'a', stdout ) equivalent to putchar( 'a' )
fgets
Reads a line from a file
fputs
Writes a line to a file
fscanf / fprintf
File processing equivalents of scanf and printf
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11.4 Creating a Sequential Access File
C imposes no file structure
No notion of records in a file
Programmer must provide file structure
Creating a File
FILE *myPtr;
Creates a FILE pointer called myPtr
myPtr = fopen("myFile.dat", openmode);
Function fopen returns a FILE pointer to file specified
Takes two arguments file to open and file open mode
If open fails, NULL returned
fprintf
Used to print to a file
Like printf, except first argument is a FILE pointer (pointer to
the file you want to print in)
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11.4 Creating a Sequential Access File
feof( FILE pointer )
Returns true if end-of-file indicator (no more data to process)
is set for the specified file
fclose( FILE pointer )
Closes specified file
Performed automatically when program ends
Good practice to close files explicitly
Details
Programs may process no files, one file, or many files
Each file must have a unique name and should have its own
pointer
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11.4 Creating a Sequential Access File
10
Table of file open modes:
Mode Description
r
Open a file for reading.
w
Create a file for writing. If the file already exists,
discard the current contents.
a
Append; open or create a file for writing at end of file.
r+
Open a file for update (reading and writing).
w+
Create a file for update. If the file already exists,
discard the current contents.
a+
Append; open or create a file for update; writing is
done at the end of the file.
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/* Fig. 11.3: fig11_03.c
Outline
Create a sequential file */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int account;
char name[ 30 ];
double balance;
FILE *cfPtr;
/* cfPtr = clients.dat file pointer */
if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "w" ) ) == NULL )
printf( "File could not be opened\n" );
else {
printf( "Enter the account, name, and balance.\n" );
printf( "Enter EOF to end input.\n" );
printf( "? " );
scanf( "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
11
1. Initialize variables
and FILE pointer
1.1 Link the pointer to a
file
2. Input data
2.1 Write to file
(fprintf)
3. Close file
while ( !feof( stdin ) ) {
fprintf( cfPtr, "%d %s %.2f\n",
account, name, balance );
printf( "? " );
scanf( "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
}
fclose( cfPtr );
}
return 0;
}
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Enter
Enter
? 100
? 200
? 300
? 400
? 500
?
the account, name, and balance.
EOF to end input.
Jones 24.98
Doe 345.67
White 0.00
Stone -42.16
Rich 224.62
Outline
12
Program Output
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11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential
Access File
Reading a sequential access file
13
Create a FILE pointer, link it to the file to read
myPtr = fopen( "myFile.dat", "r" );
Use fscanf to read from the file
Like scanf, except first argument is a FILE pointer
fscanf( myPtr, "%d%s%f", &myInt, &myString,
&myFloat );
Data read from beginning to end
File position pointer
Indicates number of next byte to be read / written
Not really a pointer, but an integer value (specifies byte
location)
Also called byte offset
rewind( myPtr )
Repositions file position pointer to beginning of file (byte 0)
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1 /* Fig. 11.7: fig11_07.c
2
Reading and printing a sequential file */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7
int account;
8
char name[ 30 ];
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double balance;
10
FILE *cfPtr;
/* cfPtr = clients.dat file pointer */
11
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if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL )
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printf( "File could not be opened\n" );
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else {
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printf( "%-10s%-13s%s\n", "Account", "Name", "Balance" );
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fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
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while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
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printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n", account, name, balance );
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fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
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}
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fclose( cfPtr );
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}
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return 0;
27 }
Account
Name
Balance
100
Jones
24.98
200
Doe
345.67
300
White
0.00
400
Stone
-42.16
500
Rich
224.62
Outline
14
1. Initialize variables
1.1 Link pointer to file
2. Read data (fscanf)
2.1 Print
3. Close file
Program Output
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/* Fig. 11.8: fig11_08.c
Credit inquiry program */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int request, account;
double balance;
char name[ 30 ];
FILE *cfPtr;
if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL )
printf( "File could not be opened\n" );
else {
printf( "Enter request\n"
" 1 - List accounts with zero balances\n"
" 2 - List accounts with credit balances\n"
" 3 - List accounts with debit balances\n"
" 4 - End of run\n? " );
scanf( "%d", &request );
Outline
15
1. Initialize variables
2. Open file
2.1 Input choice
2.2 Scan files
3. Print
while ( request != 4 ) {
fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name,
&balance );
switch ( request ) {
case 1:
printf( "\nAccounts with zero "
"balances:\n" );
while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
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if ( balance == 0 )
printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
account, name, balance );
fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
&account, name, &balance );
Outline
16
2.2 Scan files
3. Print
}
break;
case 2:
printf( "\nAccounts with credit "
"balances:\n" );
while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
if ( balance < 0 )
printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
account, name, balance );
fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
&account, name, &balance );
}
break;
case 3:
printf( "\nAccounts with debit "
"balances:\n" );
while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
if ( balance > 0 )
printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
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84 }
account, name, balance );
fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
&account, name, &balance );
}
Outline
17
3.1 Close file
break;
}
rewind( cfPtr );
printf( "\n? " );
scanf( "%d", &request );
}
printf( "End of run.\n" );
fclose( cfPtr );
}
return 0;
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Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
? 1
Outline
18
Program Output
Accounts with zero balances:
300
White
0.00
? 2
Accounts with credit balances:
400
Stone
-42.16
? 3
Accounts with debit balances:
100
Jones
24.98
200
Doe
345.67
500
Rich
224.62
? 4
End of run.
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11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential
Access File
Sequential access file
19
Cannot be modified without the risk of destroying other data
Fields can vary in size
Different representation in files and screen than internal
representation
1, 34, -890 are all ints, but have different sizes on disk
300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87
(old data in file)
If we want to change White's name to Worthington,
300 Worthington 0.00
300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87
Data gets overwritten
300 Worthington 0.00ones 32.87
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20
11.6 Random Access Files
Random access files
Access individual records without searching through other records
Instant access to records in a file
Data can be inserted without destroying other data
Data previously stored can be updated or deleted without overwriting
Implemented using fixed length records
Sequential files do not have fixed length records
0
100
200
300
400
500
}byte offsets
100
bytes
100
bytes
100
bytes
100
bytes
}
100
bytes
100
bytes
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11.7 Creating a Random Access File
21
Data in random access files
Unformatted (stored as "raw bytes")
All data of the same type (ints, for example) uses the same
amount of memory
All records of the same type have a fixed length
Data not human readable
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11.7 Creating a Random Access File
22
Unformatted I/O functions
fwrite
Transfer bytes from a location in memory to a file
fread
Transfer bytes from a file to a location in memory
Example:
fwrite( &number, sizeof( int ), 1, myPtr );
&number Location to transfer bytes from
sizeof( int ) Number of bytes to transfer
1 For arrays, number of elements to transfer
In this case, "one element" of an array is being transferred
myPtr File to transfer to or from
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11.7 Creating a Random Access File
23
Writing structs
fwrite( &myObject, sizeof (struct myStruct),
1, myPtr );
sizeof returns size in bytes of object in parentheses
To write several array elements
Pointer to array as first argument
Number of elements to write as third argument
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/* Fig. 11.11: fig11_11.c
Creating a randomly accessed file sequentially */
#include <stdio.h>
struct clientData {
int acctNum;
char lastName[ 15 ];
char firstName[ 10 ];
double balance;
};
int main()
{
int i;
struct clientData blankClient = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
FILE *cfPtr;
if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "w" ) ) == NULL )
printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
else {
Outline
24
1. Define struct
1.1 Initialize variable
1.2 Initialize struct
2. Open file
2.1 Write to file using
unformatted output
3. Close file
for ( i = 1; i <= 100; i++ )
fwrite( &blankClient,
sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, cfPtr );
fclose( cfPtr );
}
return 0;
}
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11.8 Writing Data Randomly to a Random
Access File
fseek
25
Sets file position pointer to a specific position
fseek( pointer, offset, symbolic_constant );
pointer pointer to file
offset file position pointer (0 is first location)
symbolic_constant specifies where in file we are reading from
SEEK_SET seek starts at beginning of file
SEEK_CUR seek starts at current location in file
SEEK_END seek starts at end of file
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/* Fig. 11.12: fig11_12.c
Writing to a random access file */
#include <stdio.h>
struct clientData {
int acctNum;
char lastName[ 15 ];
char firstName[ 10 ];
double balance;
};
int main()
{
FILE *cfPtr;
struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
Outline
26
1. Define struct
1.1 Initialize variables
2. Open file
2.1 Input data
2.2 Write to file
if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "r+" ) ) == NULL )
printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
else {
printf( "Enter account number"
" ( 1 to 100, 0 to end input )\n? " );
scanf( "%d", &client.acctNum );
while ( client.acctNum != 0 ) {
printf( "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? " );
fscanf( stdin, "%s%s%lf", client.lastName,
client.firstName, &client.balance );
fseek( cfPtr, ( client.acctNum - 1 ) *
sizeof( struct clientData ), SEEK_SET );
fwrite( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
cfPtr );
printf( "Enter account number\n? " );
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scanf( "%d", &client.acctNum );
Outline
}
fclose( cfPtr );
27
3. Close file
}
return 0;
40 }
Enter account number (1 to
? 37
Enter lastname, firstname,
? Barker Doug 0.00
Enter account number
? 29
Enter lastname, firstname,
? Brown Nancy -24.54
Enter account number
? 96
Enter lastname, firstname,
? Stone Sam 34.98
100, 0 to end input)
Program Output
balance
balance
balance
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Enter account number
? 88
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Smith Dave 258.34
Enter account number
? 33
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Dunn Stacey 314.33
Enter account number
? 0
Outline
28
Program Output
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11.9 Reading Data Sequentially from a
Random Access File
fread
29
Reads a specified number of bytes from a file into memory
fread( &client, sizeof (struct clientData),
1, myPtr );
Can read several fixed-size array elements
Provide pointer to array
Indicate number of elements to read
To read multiple elements, specify in third argument
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/* Fig. 11.15: fig11_15.c
Reading a random access file sequentially */
#include <stdio.h>
struct clientData {
int acctNum;
char lastName[ 15 ];
char firstName[ 10 ];
double balance;
};
int main()
{
FILE *cfPtr;
struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
Outline
30
1. Define struct
1.1 Initialize variables
2. Read (fread)
2.1 Print
if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL )
printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
else {
printf( "%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n", "Acct", "Last Name",
"First Name", "Balance" );
while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
cfPtr );
if ( client.acctNum != 0 )
printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
client.acctNum, client.lastName,
client.firstName, client.balance );
}
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33
34
35
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37 }
Acct
29
33
37
88
96
fclose( cfPtr );
Outline
}
return 0;
Last Name
Brown
Dunn
Barker
Smith
Stone
31
3. Close file
First Name
Nancy
Stacey
Doug
Dave
Sam
Balance
-24.54
314.33
0.00
258.34
34.98
Program Output
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11.10 Case Study: A Transaction Processing
Program
This program
32
Demonstrates using random access files to achieve instant
access processing of a banks account information
We will
Update existing accounts
Add new accounts
Delete accounts
Store a formatted listing of all accounts in a text file
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/* Fig. 11.16: fig11_16.c
This program reads a random access file sequentially,
updates data already written to the file, creates new
data to be placed in the file, and deletes data
already in the file.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
struct clientData {
int acctNum;
char lastName[ 15 ];
char firstName[ 10 ];
double balance;
};
int enterChoice( void );
void textFile( FILE * );
void updateRecord( FILE * );
void newRecord( FILE * );
void deleteRecord( FILE * );
Outline
33
1. Define struct
1.1 Function prototypes
1.2 Initialize variables
1.3 Link pointer and
open file
2. Input choice
int main()
{
FILE *cfPtr;
int choice;
if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "r+" ) ) == NULL )
printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
else {
while ( ( choice = enterChoice() ) != 5 ) {
switch ( choice ) {
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case 1:
34
textFile( cfPtr );
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break;
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case 2:
37
updateRecord( cfPtr );
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break;
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case 3:
40
newRecord( cfPtr );
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break;
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case 4:
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deleteRecord( cfPtr );
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break;
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}
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}
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fclose( cfPtr );
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}
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return 0;
52 }
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54 void textFile( FILE *readPtr )
55 {
56
FILE *writePtr;
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struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
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if ( ( writePtr = fopen( "accounts.txt", "w" ) ) == NULL )
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printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
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else {
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rewind( readPtr );
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fprintf( writePtr, "%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n",
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"Acct", "Last Name", "First Name","Balance" );
Outline
34
2.1 Perform action
3. Close file
3.1 Function definitions
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while ( !feof( readPtr ) ) {
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fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
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readPtr );
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if ( client.acctNum != 0 )
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fprintf( writePtr, "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
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client.acctNum, client.lastName,
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client.firstName, client.balance );
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}
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fclose( writePtr );
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}
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79 }
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81 void updateRecord( FILE *fPtr )
82 {
83
int account;
84
double transaction;
85
struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
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printf( "Enter account to update ( 1 - 100 ): " );
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scanf( "%d", &account );
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fseek( fPtr,
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( account - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
91
SEEK_SET );
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fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
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if ( client.acctNum == 0 )
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printf( "Acount #%d has no information.\n", account );
96
else {
Outline
35
3.1 Function definitions
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printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n\n",
client.acctNum, client.lastName,
client.firstName, client.balance );
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printf( "Enter charge ( + ) or payment ( - ): " );
scanf( "%lf", &transaction );
client.balance += transaction;
printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
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client.acctNum, client.lastName,
client.firstName, client.balance );
fseek( fPtr,
( account - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
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SEEK_SET );
fwrite( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
fPtr );
Outline
36
3.1 Function definitions
112 }
113
114 void deleteRecord( FILE *fPtr )
115 {
116
struct clientData client,
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blankClient = { 0, "", "", 0 };
int accountNum;
printf( "Enter account number to "
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"delete ( 1 - 100 ): " );
scanf( "%d", &accountNum );
fseek( fPtr,
( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
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SEEK_SET );
fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
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127
128
129
if ( client.acctNum == 0 )
printf( "Account %d does not exist.\n", accountNum );
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131
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else {
fseek( fPtr,
( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
SEEK_SET );
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135
136
137 }
Outline
37
3.1 Function definitions
fwrite( &blankClient,
sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
}
138
139 void newRecord( FILE *fPtr )
140 {
141
struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
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int accountNum;
printf( "Enter new account number ( 1 - 100 ): " );
scanf( "%d", &accountNum );
fseek( fPtr,
( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
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150
SEEK_SET );
fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
151
152
153
154
printf( "Account #%d already contains information.\n",
client.acctNum );
else {
printf( "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? " );
155
156
scanf( "%s%s%lf", &client.lastName, &client.firstName,
&client.balance );
if ( client.acctNum != 0 )
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
157
client.acctNum = accountNum;
158
fseek( fPtr, ( client.acctNum - 1 ) *
159
sizeof( struct clientData ), SEEK_SET );
160
fwrite( &client,
161
162
Outline
38
3.1 Function definitions
sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
}
163 }
164
165 int enterChoice( void )
166 {
167
int menuChoice;
168
169
printf( "\nEnter your choice\n"
170
"1 - store a formatted text file of acounts called\n"
171
"
172
"2 - update an account\n"
173
"3 - add a new account\n"
174
"4 - delete an account\n"
175
"5 - end program\n? " );
176
scanf( "%d", &menuChoice );
177
return menuChoice;
178 }
\"accounts.txt\" for printing\n"
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
After choosing option 1 accounts.txt contains:
Acct
29
33
37
88
96
Last Name
Brown
Dunn
Barker
Smith
Stone
First Name
Nancy
Stacey
Doug
Dave
Sam
Balance
-24.54
314.33
0.00
258.34
34.98
Enter account to update (1 - 100): 37
37
Barker
Doug
39
Program Output
0.00
Enter charge (+) or payment (-): +87.99
37
Barker
Doug
87.99
Enter new account number (1 - 100): 22
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Johnston Sarah 247.45
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
