Magneto-Rheological (MR)
Fluids
Harish Hirani
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology DELHI
Lubrication & Bearings
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~hirani/
Used in Japan's National Museum of Emerging Science &
China's Dong Ting Lake Bridge to counteract vibrations caused
by earthquakes and gusts of wind
MagnetoRheological
Fluids
Dr. H. Hirani
Mechanical Engnieering, IIT Delhi
RHEOS (Greek word) = to FLOW (English word)
RheoLOGY= Science of material flow under external load
conditions
MAGNETOrheological FLUID= Fluid, whose apparent
viscosity increases, with application of MAGNETIC field.
Liquids that harden or change
shape when they feel a magnetic
field
Soft magnetic
particles
Carrier
liquid
Particle Sizes !!!!!
Application of magnetic
field, polarizes and
align magnetic particles.
Particle chain formation
limits particle
movement, which in
turn limits the
movement of the fluid.
MR Fluids:
Consist micron (1-10 m) sized, magnetically
polarizable (soft magnets) dispersed in a carrier
liquid such as mineral, silicone oils, kerosene,
water.
Particles > 10 m~ unstable against settling
Stoke' s settling velocity =
2( P f )gai2
9
MR Fluids:
Consist micron (1-10 m) sized, magnetically
polarizable (soft magnets) dispersed in a carrier
liquid such as mineral, silicone oils, kerosene,
water.
Particles > 10 m~ unstable against settling
Stoke' s settling velocity =
2( P f )gr 2
9
Particles < 1 m destabilizing
effect of Brownian motion
dominates
Required Particles properties
Permeability: degree of magnetization of a material that
responds linearly to an applied magnetic field.
0 (=4107 N/A2) is
known as permeability of
free space.
Required Particles properties.
Relative Permeability
Iron
2000
Nickel
100
Permalloy (78.5% nickel, 21.5% iron)
800025,000
Mu metal (75% nickel, 2% chromium, 5% copper, 20,00018% iron)
100,000
Required Particles properties.
The applied field where the data (called a magnetization curve)
crosses zero is the coercivity.
Saturation Limit: The limit of applied field at which all the
magnetic domains align with the field, and the magnetic-curve
flattens out.
Coercivities of soft and hard magnets
Material
Coercivity
Permalloy, Ni81Fe19
0.5-1
Co
20
Ni
150
Alnico, a common refrigerator
magnet
1500-2000
NdFeB
10,000
SmCo5
40,000
Approx % Composition
Material
Fe
Ni
Co
Mo
Other
Saturation
Maximum
flux density
permeability
B gauss
Iron
99.91
---
---
---
---
2,000
21,500
Purified iron
99.95
---
---
---
---
10,000
21,500
Permalloy
21.2
78.5
---
---
0.3 Mn
100,000
10,700
Mu metal
18
---
---
---
---
100,000
6,500
Particle size
Permeability
Saturation
Non-magnetic carrier fluid
How many particles ???????
MR Fluids:
20-50% by vol. Magnetic particles (higher vol.
Increase off state viscosity).
140
120
Yield Stress (kPa)
at 100 (1/s)
100
80
MRF36L
MRF36S
60
MRF36M1
MRF36M2
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Magnetic Field, H (kA/m)
120
140
MR Fluid Properties
Newtonian fluid, = &
is plastic viscosity
non - Newtonian fluid, = o + &
In addition to plastic viscosity, elastic viscosity ( 0 / & )
Apparent viscosity = &
Fluids do not flow until
the applied shear stress
crosses a threshold value
called the yield stress.
90
10% by Volume Iron particle
Off-state viscosity of MR fluids (Pas)
80
70
36% by Volume Iron particle
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
250
500
Shear Rate (1/s)
750
Special consideration for
high shear rate application
1000
Apparent viscosity = &
MR-FLUID..
Make device smart by changing systems
properties( stiffness, damping, viscosity, shear
modulus) in a desirable manner. Sy ~ 0-100 kpa
Useful in active control of vibration & motion, i.e.
engine mount, shock absorbers, seat dampers,
variable resistance equipment, etc.
Motion damping is perhaps the most practical use
for MR technology today
MR Fluids:
20-50 times stronger than ER fluids, lower
sensitivity to impurities.
Property
MR fluids
ER fluids
Max. yield stress 0
50-100 kpa
2-5 kpa
Maximum field
~250 kA/m
~4 kV/mm
Apparent plastic viscosity
0.1-10 pa-s
0.1-10 pa-s
Operable temp. range
-40-150 oC
+10-90 oC
Stability
Unaffected by
most impurities
Cannot tolerate
impurities
Density
3-4 g/cm3
1-2 g/cm3
Maximum energy density
0.1 Joules/cm3
0.001 Joules/cm3
Power supply (typical)
2-50 V, 1-2 A
2000-5000 V, 1-10 mA
Properties of three different types of MR fluids
MR fluid
MRF-132LD
MRF240BS
MRF-336AG
Fluid base
Synthetic oil
Water
Silicone oil
Operable temp. range oC
-40-150
0-70
-40-150
Density (g/cc)
3.055
3.818
3.446
Weight percent solids
80.74%
83.54%
82.02%
Coefficient of thermal expansion
0.55-0.6710-3
0.22310-3
0.5810-3
Specific heat @ 25oC
(J/g oC)
0.80
0.98
0.68
Thermal conductivity (w/w oC)
0.25-1.06
0.83-3.68
0.20-1.88
Flash point (oC)
> 150
>93
> 200
Viscosity @ 10s-1/50s-1
(Pa-sec)
0.94/0.33
13.6/5.0
8.5
Geometries for MR Fluid
Most devices that use MR fluids can be
classified as having:
Fixed poles (Pressure driven flow mode)
Servo-valves, dampers and shock absorbers
Relatively moveable poles (Direct-shear/sliding mode).
Clutches, brakes, chucking and locking devices.
Both of these configurations can be described by assuming MR fluid
is dispersed between two parallel plates. In the sliding plate (or
shear) mode the MRF is stationary and the walls/electrodes move. In
the fixed plate (or flow) mode the walls/electrodes are stationary and
the fluid moves.
Squeeze-film mode Low motion and high force applications
Small element of
Fluid with sides
dx, dy, and dz
Force balance : pdy.dz + +
dy dx.dz = p + dx dy.dz + dx.dz
y
x
Shear flow mode
Pressure flow mode
=0
y
P
=
y x
Application of MR Fluid in Brakes?
In friction brakes, two surfaces are pressed
together with a normal force to create a
friction torque.
Disk brake: Flat surface to axis of rotation, and
normal force is axial.
Drum brake: Cylindrical surface with normal force in
radial direction
At least one the friction surface is metal (cast iron or
steel) and other is usually a high friction material,
referred to as lining. Sacrificial.
Maximum contact pressure,
pmax
Coefficient of
Friction material
friction,
psi
Molded
0.25-.045
150-300
Woven
0.25-0.45
50-100
Sintered Metal
0.15-0.45
150-300
Cork
0.30-0.50
8-14
Wood
0.20-0.30
50-90
Cast iron; hard steel
0.15-0.25
100-250
a
When rubbing against smooth cast iron or steel.
b
Use of lower value will give longer life.
a
kPa
1030-2070
345-690
1030-2070
55-95
345-620
390-1720
Maximum bulk temperature,
t m, max
F
400-500
400-500
400-1250
180
200
500
C
204-260
204-260
232-677
82
93
260
Properties of Braking materials
Operating in Oil
Friction materiala
Coefficient of friction,
0.06-0.09
Molded
0.08-0.10
Woven
0.05-0.08
Sintered Metal
0.10-0.14
Paper
0.12 (avg)
Graphitic
0.11 (avg)
Polymeric
0.15-0.25
Cork
0.12-0.16
Wood
0.03-0.16
Cast iron; hard steels
a
When rubbing against smooth steel or cast iron.
Brake wiping mechanism !!!!!
MRF Bearing cum Brake
91
81
200 RPM
Amplification factor
71
1200 RPM
61
51
AF =
41
31
21
T i=I
T i =0
11
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
Current, A
3/14/2014
27
= yd +
T = 2 2 rh yd +
dr +
h
r1
r2
T = 2h yd
r
h
r 2rw yd + h
2
r3
dr
4
2
w 3 3
3
3
2
2
r r + r2 r1 + w yd r3 r2 + r3 r2
3
3
h
2
2
2
1
MR Brake
Title: Magnetorheological brake operating under
shear, squeezing and valve mode.
Inventor: H. Hirani and C. Sarkar
Application number: 2530/Del/2013
3/14/2014
29
Application of MR Fluid in Dampers?
The practical necessities often
require attenuation of the vibrations.
Passive Damper
Active Damper
Semi-active Damper
Application of MR Fluid in Engine Mount?
Basic Function: To connect the
Engine firmly to Chassis / Frame.
Vibration isolation, to reduce
vibrations transmitted from the
engine to the frame.
Damper
Attacks the source of vibration
and reduces the movement of
vibration source.
Isolator
Prevents the transmission of
vibration from the vibration
source to another part.
Mount
Advantages
Disadvantages
Passive
Easy to design, availability,
shows better performance at
tuned frequency
Cant change response
as per change in input
Ability to adapt to varying
operating conditions
Optimizing the mount
effectiveness under all
conditions.
Costs.Failure of any
component brings
system to stand still
condition.
Even though the actuation or
feed back system fails it
functions as a passive mount
serving the purpose.
Cost higher than the
passive type of mount.
Active:Electromecha
nical actuators,
piezoelectric elements
along with closed loop
feed back system.
Semi-active:
combination of the
active and passive
isolator
frequency.
Dynamic Stiffness
Frequency
Dynamic Stiffness of an ideal engine mount
Application of MR Fluid in Engine Valves
Ex: In most of engines, the valve timings and lift are
optimized for one set of operating conditions.
engine operates in various load and speed
conditions. Consequently, to optimize the engine
performance in any condition and any circumstance,
a need exists for a device that permits variable
valve actuation.
Variable lift/timing (VVA) to exploit benefits:
Fuel economy
Elimination of throttling
Reduction in emission.
Reference: SAE 1999-01-0329, SAE 2003-01-0029, SAE
2003-01-0036, SAE 2003-01-0052, SAE 2004-01-1386, ..
Natural frequency .
9000 rpm
Tribo-Pairs:
Cam-pushrod
pushrod-rocker arm
rocker arm-rocker
shaft
rocker arm-valve
valve-valve-guide
valve-seat
push rod guide
Variable Lift Valve Mechanism
Valve lift vs crank rotation
Valve lift, mm
11
10
9
1.7 Amp current
8
7
1 Amp current
0 amp
6
5
0
3/14/2014
120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 108
0
Crank rotation, degrees
Total slides = 27
38
Computer
Optical Displacement
sensor
AC Motor
Dc
Power
supply
Valve
4 Stroke
Diesel
engine
Maximum valve lift Vs Product of speed and Current
Electro Magnet
Maximum Valve lift(mm)
Delta
converte
r
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
Experimental values
Least square fit
200
400
600
800
Product of Cam speed(Rpm) and
Current(Amps)
Valve_Lift =
0.0021(N.I) + 6.6646
3/14/2014
39
Thank U
Variable spring stiffness .
