APPENDIX

B
Math symbol tables

B.1

Hebrew and Greek letters

Hebrew letters
Type
\aleph

Typeset
@

\beth

\daleth

\gimel

502

Appendix B

Greek letters
Lowercase
Type

Typeset

\alpha

Type

Typeset

Type

\iota

\sigma

\beta

\kappa

\tau

\gamma

\lambda

\delta

\mu

\phi

Typeset

\upsilon

\epsilon

\nu

\chi

\zeta

\xi

\psi

\eta

\pi

\omega

\theta

\rho

\varepsilon

"

\varpi

\varsigma

&

\vartheta

\varrho

\varphi

'

\digamma z

\varkappa

Uppercase
Type

Typeset

Type

Typeset

Type

\Gamma

\Xi

\Phi

\Delta

\Pi

\Psi
\Omega

\Theta

\Sigma

\Lambda

\Upsilon

\varGamma

\varXi

\varPhi

\varDelta

\varPi

\varPsi
\varOmega

\varTheta

\varSigma

\varLambda

\varUpsilon

Typeset

B.2

Binary relations

B.2

503

Binary relations

Type
<
=
\in
\leq or \le
\ll
\prec
\preceq
\sim
\simeq
\equiv
\subset
\subseteq
\sqsubseteq
\smile
\perp
\mid
\vdash
\propto
\bowtie
\sqsubset
\Join

Typeset
<
=
2

'

v
^
?
|
`
/
./
<
1

Type
>
:
\ni or \owns
\geq or \ge
\gg
\succ
\succeq
\approx
\cong
\doteq
\supset
\supseteq
\sqsupseteq
\frown
\models
\parallel
\dashv
\asymp
\sqsupset

Typeset
>
:
3

=
.
=

w
_
|=
k
a

Note the \colon command used in f : x ! x2 , typed as

504

Appendix B

More binary relations

Typeset

Type

Typeset

\leqq

\geqq

\leqslant

\geqslant

>

\eqslantless

\eqslantgtr

\lesssim

\gtrsim

&

\lessapprox

\gtrapprox

'

\approxeq

\lessdot

\gtrdot

\lll

\ggg

\lessgtr

\gtrless

\lesseqgtr

\gtreqless

\lesseqqgtr

\gtreqqless

\doteqdot

\eqcirc

\circeq

\triangleq

\risingdotseq

\fallingdotseq

\backsim

\thicksim

\backsimeq

\thickapprox

\preccurlyeq

\succcurlyeq

<

\curlyeqprec

\curlyeqsucc

\precsim

\succsim

\precapprox

\succapprox

\subseteqq

\supseteqq

\Subset

\Supset

\vartriangleleft

\vartriangleright

\trianglelefteq

\trianglerighteq

\vDash

\Vdash

\smallfrown

\shortmid

\shortparallel

\bumpeq

\Bumpeq

\between

\pitchfork

\varpropto

\backepsilon

\blacktriangleleft

\blacktriangleright

\therefore

\because

\Vvdash
\smallsmile

B.2

Binary relations

505

Negated binary relations

Typeset

Type

Typeset

6=

\notin

\ngtr

\nleq

\ngeq

\nleqslant

\ngeqslant

\nleqq

\ngeqq

\neq or \ne
\nless

\lneq

\gneq

\lneqq

\gneqq

\lvertneqq

\gvertneqq

2
/

\lnsim

\gnsim

\lnapprox

\gnapprox

\nprec

\nsucc

\npreceq

\nsucceq

\precneqq

\succneqq

\precnsim

\succnsim

\precnapprox

\succnapprox

\nsim

\ncong

\nshortmid

\nshortparallel

\nmid

\nparallel

\nvdash

\nvDash

\nVdash

\nVDash

\ntriangleleft

\ntriangleright

\ntrianglelefteq

\ntrianglerighteq

\nsubseteq

\nsupseteq

\nsubseteqq

"

\nsupseteqq

\subsetneq

\supsetneq

\varsupsetneq

\varsubsetneq
\subsetneqq

\supsetneqq

\varsubsetneqq

&

\varsupsetneqq

'

506

B.3

Appendix B

Binary operations

Type
+
\pm
\times
\circ
\div
\cap
\sqcap
\wedge or \land
\triangleleft
\bigtriangleup
\oplus
\otimes
\odot
\dagger
\setminus
\wr
\ast
\diamond
\lhd
\unlhd
\dotplus
\ltimes
\leftthreetimes
\circleddash
\barwedge
\curlywedge
\veebar
\doublecap or \Cap
\circledast
\boxminus
\boxdot
\divideontimes
\And

Typeset
+

\
u
^
/
4

\
o

u
n
h

Z
f
Y
e
~

>
&

Type
\mp
\cdot
\bigcirc
\bmod
\cup
\sqcup
\vee or \lor
\triangleright
\bigtriangledown
\ominus
\oslash
\bullet
\ddagger
\smallsetminus
\amalg
\star
\rhd
\unrhd
\centerdot
\rtimes
\rightthreetimes
\uplus
\doublebarwedge
\curlyvee
\intercal
\doublecup or \Cup
\circledcirc
\boxtimes
\boxplus
\vartriangle

Typeset

mod
[
t
_
.
5

r
q
?

o
i
]
[
g
|
d
}

B.4

Arrows

B.4

507

Arrows

Type
\leftarrow
\longleftarrow
\Leftarrow
\Longleftarrow
\leftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\updownarrow
\nearrow
\swarrow
\iff
\mapsto
\hookleftarrow
\leftharpoonup
\leftharpoondown
\leadsto
\leftleftarrows
\leftrightarrows
\Lleftarrow
\twoheadleftarrow
\leftarrowtail
\looparrowleft
\upuparrows
\upharpoonleft
\downharpoonleft
\leftrightsquigarrow
\multimap
\nleftarrow
\nLeftarrow
\nleftrightarrow
\dashleftarrow
\curvearrowleft
\circlearrowleft
\leftrightharpoons
\Lsh

Typeset

(
(=
$
,
"
*
l
%
.
()
7!
(
)
;

"

!
(
8
:
=
L99
x

Type

Typeset

\rightarrow or \to
\longrightarrow
\Rightarrow
\Longrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\downarrow
\Downarrow
\Updownarrow
\searrow
\nwarrow
\mapstochar
\longmapsto
\hookrightarrow
\rightharpoonup
\rightharpoondown

!
!
)
=)
!
()
#
+
m
&
7
7 !
,!
*
+

\rightrightarrows
\rightleftarrows
\Rrightarrow
\twoheadrightarrow
\rightarrowtail
\looparrowright
\downdownarrows
\upharpoonright
\downharpoonright
\rightsquigarrow

\nrightarrow
\nRightarrow
\nLeftrightarrow
\dashrightarrow
\curvearrowright
\circlearrowright
\rightleftharpoons
\Rsh

9
;
<
99K
y

508

B.5

Appendix B

Miscellaneous symbols

Type

Typeset

\hbar
\imath
\wp
\Im
\infty
\emptyset
\forall
\smallint
\top
\P
\dag
\flat
\sharp
\clubsuit
\heartsuit
\surd
\pounds
\Box
\mho

}
=
1
;
8
s
>

[
]
|
~
p

\hslash
\backprime
\Bbbk
\diagup
\blacktriangle
\triangledown
\square
\lozenge
\measuredangle
\circledS
\Finv

}
8
k

2
0

N
O

]
s
`

Type

Typeset

\ell
\jmath
\partial
\Re
\prime
\varnothing
\exists
\triangle
\bot
\S
\ddag
\natural
\angle
\diamondsuit
\spadesuit
\nabla
\neg or \lnot
\Diamond

`
|
@
<
0
?
9
4
?

\
\
}

r

\complement
\nexists

{
@

\diagdown
\blacktriangledown
\eth
\blacksquare
\blacklozenge
\sphericalangle
\bigstar
\Game

H
g

^
F
a

B.6

Delimiters

B.6

509

Delimiters

Name

Type

left parenthesis
right parenthesis
left bracket
right bracket
left brace
right brace
backslash
forward slash
left angle bracket
right angle bracket
vertical line
double vertical line
left floor
right floor
left ceiling
right ceiling
upward
double upward
downward
double downward
up-and-down
double up-and-down
upper-left corner
upper-right corner
lower-left corner
lower-right corner

(
)
[ or \lbrack
] or \rbrack
\{ or \lbrace
\} or \rbrace
\backslash
/
\langle
\rangle
| or \vert
\| or \Vert
\lfloor
\rfloor
\lceil
\rceil
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\downarrow
\Downarrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
\ulcorner
\urcorner
\llcorner
\lrcorner

Typeset
(
)
[
]
{
}
\
/
h
i
|
k
b
c
d
e
"
*
#
+
l
m
p
q
x
y

510

B.7

Appendix B

Operators

Pure operators, with no limits

Typeset

Type

Typeset

Type

Typeset

Type

Typeset

\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
\cos
\cosh

arccos
arcsin
arctan
arg
cos
cosh

\cot
\coth
\csc
\deg
\dim
\exp

cot
coth
csc
deg
dim
exp

\hom
\ker
\lg
\ln
\log
\sec

hom
ker
lg
ln
log
sec

\sin
\sinh
\tan
\tanh

sin
sinh
tan
tanh

Operators with limits

Typeset

Type

Typeset

\det
\gcd
\inf
\lim
\liminf
\injlim

det
gcd
inf
lim
lim inf
inj lim

\limsup
\max
\min
\Pr
\sup
\projlim

lim sup
max
min
Pr
sup
proj lim

\varliminf

lim

\varlimsup

lim

\varinjlim

lim
!

\varprojlim

lim

B.7

Operators

511

B.7.1 Large operators

Inline
Rb

\int_{a}^{b}

\idotsint_{a}^{b}
\prod_{i=1}^{n}
\coprod_{i=1}^{n}
\bigcap_{i=1}^{n}
\bigcup_{i=1}^{n}
\bigwedge_{i=1}^{n}
\bigvee_{i=1}^{n}
\bigsqcup_{i=1}^{n}
\biguplus_{i=1}^{n}
\bigotimes_{i=1}^{n}
\bigoplus_{i=1}^{n}
\bigodot_{i=1}^{n}
\sum_{i=1}^{n}

ZZZ

RRRR b
a

Qn

Rb
a

i=1

`n

i=1

Tn

i=1

Sn

i=1

Vn

i=1

Wn

i=1

Fn

i=1

Un

i=1

Nn

i=1

Ln

i=1

Jn

i=1

Pn

RRR b

\iiint_{a}^{b}

ZZ

RR b

\iint_{a}^{b}

\iiiiint_{a}^{b}

Hb

\oint_{a}^{b}

Displayed
Z b

i=1

ZZZZ

n
Y

i=1
n
a
i=1
n
\
i=1
n
[
i=1
n
^
i=1
n
_
i=1
n
G
i=1
n
]
i=1

n
O
i=1

n
M
i=1

n
K
i=1

n
X
i=1

512

B.8

Appendix B

Math accents and fonts

Math accents
amsxtra
Type
\acute{a}
\bar{a}
\breve{a}
\check{a}
\dot{a}
\ddot{a}
\dddot{a}
\ddddot{a}
\grave{a}
\hat{a}
\widehat{a}
\mathring{a}
\tilde{a}
\widetilde{a}
\vec{a}

Typeset
a

a
a

...
a
....
a
a
`
a

b
a

a
a

e
a
~a

Type

\spbreve
\spcheck
\spdot
\spddot
\spdddot

\sphat

\sptilde

Typeset

.
..
...

Math fonts
Type
LATEX
\mathbf{A}
\mathcal{A}
\mathit{A}
\mathnormal{A}
\mathrm{A}
\mathsf{A}
\mathtt{A}
\boldsymbol{\alpha}
\mathbb{A}
\mathfrak{A}
\mathscr{a}

Typeset
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

A
A
A

\mathscr requires the eucal package with the mathscr option

B.9

Math spacing commands

B.9

513

Math spacing commands

Name

Width

Short

Long

1 mu (math unit)

\mspace{1mu}

thinspace

\,

\thinspace

medspace

\:

\medspace

thickspace

\;

\thickspace

interword space

1 em

\quad

2 em

\qquad

Negative space
1 mu
thinspace

\mspace{-1mu}
\!

\negthinspace

medspace

\negmedspace

thickspace

\negthickspace

APPENDIX

C
Text symbol tables

C.1

Some European characters

Name

Type

Typeset

Type

Typeset

a-ring

\aa

\AA

aesc

\ae

\AE

ethel

\oe

\OE

eszett

\ss

\SS

SS

inverted question mark

inverted exclamation mark

slashed L

\l

\L

slashed O

\o

\O

516

C.2

Appendix C

Text accents

Name

Type

acute

\{o}

breve

Typeset

Name

Type

macron

\={o}

\u{o}

overdot

\.{g}

caron/hacek

\v{o}

ring

\r{u}

cedilla

\c{c}

tie

\t{oo}

o o

circumflex

\^{o}

tilde

\~{n}

dieresis/umlaut

\"{u}

underdot

\d{m}

double acute

\H{o}

underbar

\b{o}

grave

\{o}

o
`

m
.
o

dotless i

\i

dotless j

\j

\{\i}

\v{\j}

C.3

Text font commands

C.3.1

Text font family commands

Command with Argument

Command Declaration

Typeset

Switches to the
font family

\textnormal{...}

{\normalfont ...}

document

\emph{...}

{\em ...}

emphasis

\textrm{...}

{\rmfamily ...}

roman

\textsf{...}

{\sffamily ...}

sans serif

\texttt{...}

{\ttfamily ...}

typewriter style

\textup{...}

{\upshape ...}

upright shape

\textit{...}

{\itshape ...}

italic shape

\textsl{...}

{\slshape ...}

slanted shape

\textsc{...}

{\scshape ...}

small capitals

\textbf{...}

{\bfseries ...}

bold

\textmd{...}

{\mdseries ...}

normal weight and width

C.3

Text font commands

517

C.3.2 Text font size changes

LATEX sample text

AMS sample text

\Tiny

[not available]

sample text

\tiny

sample text

sample text

\SMALL or \scriptsize

sample text

sample text

\Small or \footnotesize

sample text

sample text

\small

sample text

sample text

\normalsize

sample text

sample text

\large

sample text

sample text

\Large

sample text

sample text

\LARGE

sample text

sample text

\huge

sample text

sample text

\Huge

sample text sample text

518

C.4

Appendix C

Additional text symbols

Name

Type

Typeset

ampersand

\&

&

asterisk bullet

\textasteriskcentered

backslash

\textbackslash

bar (caesura)

\textbar

brace left

\{

brace right

\}

bullet

\textbullet

circled a

\textcircled{a}

circumflex

\textasciicircum

copyright

\copyright

dagger

\dag

double dagger (diesis)

\ddag

dollar

\$

double quotation left

\textquotedblleft or

double quotation right

\textquotedblright or

em dash

\textemdash or ---

en dash

\textendash or --

exclamation down

\textexclamdown or !

greater than

\textgreater

>

less than

\textless

<

lowline

\_

midpoint

\textperiodcentered

octothorp

\#

percent

\%

pilcrow (paragraph)

\P

question down

\textquestiondown or ?

registered trademark

\textregistered

section

\S

\
|

{
}

C.5

Additional text symbols with T1 encoding

519

Additional text symbols, continued

Type

Typeset

single quote left

\textquoteleft or

single quote right

\textquoteright or

sterling

\pounds

superscript

\textsuperscript{a}

tilde

\textasciitilde

trademark

\texttrademark

visible space

\textvisiblespace

TM

For the \textsubscript command, see Section 12.3.

C.5

Additional text symbols with T1 encoding

An accent
Name

Type

Ogonek

\k{e}

Typeset

European characters
Name

Type

Typeset

Type

Typeset

Eth
Dyet
Eng
Thorn

\dh
\dj
\ng
\th

\DH
\DJ
\NG
\TH

Quotation marks
Name

Type

Single Guillemet
Double Guillemet
Single Quotation
Double Quotation

\guilsinglleft
\guillemotleft
\quotesinglbase
\quotedblbase

Typeset

Type
\guilsinglright
\guillemotright
\textquoteright
\textquotedbl

Typeset

"

520

Appendix C

C.6

Text spacing commands

Name

Width

Short command

Long command

Positive Space
Normal

varies

Intersentence

varies

\@.

Interword

varies

Italic Corr.

varies

\/

Tie

varies

Thinspace

\,

\thinspace

Medspace

\:

\medspace

Thickspace

\;

\thickspace

1 em

\quad

2 em

\qquad

Negative Space
Thinspace

\!

\negthinspace

Medspace

\negmedspace

Thickspace

\negthickspace