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British Standard
A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to
Technical Information Services Dept .
22 September 2003
This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most
current version of this document by searching British
Standards Online at [Link]
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BRITISH STANDARD
BS 144 : 1997
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1
ICS 71.100.50; 79.020
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
Specification for
Coal tar creosote for
wood preservation
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B
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BS 144 : 1997
This British Standard, having
been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
15 July 1997
BSI 1998
First published, as BS 144, August
1921
Second edition July 1936
Third edition June 1954
Fourth edition March 1973
Fifth edition, as Parts 1 and 2,
April 1990
Sixth edition, as BS 144, July 1997
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/515
Draft for comment 96/120287 DC
ISBN 0 580 25301 5
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Text affected
9947 April 1998 Indicated by a sideline in the margin
Committees responsible for this
British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee
B/515, Wood preservation, upon which the following bodies were represented:
British Telecommunications plc
British Wood Preserving and Damp-proofing Association
Chemical Industries Association
Creosote Council
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Timber Research and Development Association
Timber Trade Federation
Wood Panel Industries Federation
The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through
subcommittees and panels:
Association of Consulting Scientists
ITRI Ltd.
Ministry of Defence
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B
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BS 144 : 1997
BSI 1997 i
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Specification
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Composition 1
4 General requirements 1
5 Methods of treatment of timber 1
Annexes
A (normative) Method for the determination of liquidity 3
B (normative) Method for the determination of density 3
C (normative) Method for the determination of distillation range 4
D (normative) Method for the determination of extractable phenols 9
E (normative) Method for the determination of kinematic viscosity 10
F (normative) Method for the determination of water content 12
G (normative) Method for the determination of matter insoluble in toluene 12
H (normative) Method for the determination of naphthalene content by gas
chromatography 13
I (informative) Guidance on the methods of treatment of timber 15
Tables
1 Requirements for creosote types 1, 2, 3 and 4 2
B.1 Multiplication (m) and addition (a) factors for conversion of corrected
hydrometer readings at t C to density at 38 C (creosote types 1 and 2) 5
B.2 Multiplication (m) and addition (a) factors for conversion of corrected
hydrometer readings at t C to density at 20 C (creosote type 3) 6
B.3 Multiplication (m) and addition (a) factors for conversion of corrected
hydrometer readings at t C to density at 55 C (creosote type 4) 7
C.1 Corrections for barometric pressure 8
Figures
E.1 BS/IP/RF U-tube reverse flow viscometer 11
I.1 Example spacing of incisions 17
List of references 20
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B
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ii BSI 1997
BS 144 : 1997
Foreword
This revision of BS 144 has been prepared under the direction of Technical Committee
B/515, Wood preservation.
This British Standard was first published in 1921, with revisions in 1954, 1973 and 1990.
The 1990 revision brought all types of creosote under one standard (low viscosity
creosote not requiring heat for application had previously been covered by BS 3051).
The 1990 revision specified three types of creosote to cover all applications; it also
incorporated the provisions of BS 913, which was withdrawn. This revision reflects the
subsequent advances in technology and particular attention has been paid to
environmental issues.
Four types of creosote are specified in this revision, together with methods for
determining conformity to the specifications. Methods of application previously
specified in BS 144 : Part 2 : 1990 are now given in an informative annex.
Materials conforming to this specification and used as a wood preservative require
Government approval under the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (SI 1510)
before they can be sold, supplied, stored, advertised or used in the United Kingdom.
This revision supersedes BS 144 : Part 1 : 1990 and BS 144 : Part 2 : 1990, which are
withdrawn.
CAUTION. Attention is drawn to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, and the
need for ensuring that the methods specified in this British Standard are carried out
with suitable precautions.
The procedures described in this British Standard are intended to be carried out by
appropriately qualified and experienced persons or other suitably trained and/or
supervised personnel. Normal safety precautions should be taken throughout
performing the methods.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to
20, an inside back cover and a back cover.
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BSI 1997 1
BS 144 : 1997
Specification
1 Scope
This British Standard specifies requirements for four
types of coal tar creosote for wood preservation.
Type 1 creosote is intended for treatment of timber
by pressure impregnation.
Type 2 creosote is also intended for pressure
impregnation, but has a more closely defined
distillation range and a more restricted residue
content than creosote of type 1. Type 2 creosote is
especially suitable for treatment of poles for
overhead power and telecommunication lines, and
for structural timbers where bleeding in service
could present a problem.
Type 3 creosote is intended for treatment of timber
by immersion and brushing.
Type 4 creosote is intended for treatment of timber
by pressure impregnation at temperatures > 100 C.
This creosote excludes the lower boiling fractions
allowable in the other three creosote types and is
especially suitable where volatility leading to odour
is a problem.
NOTE. Creosote of types 1, 2 and 3 may be used for the
hot-and-cold open tank process.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
This British Standard incorporates, by dated or
undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are made
at the appropriate places in the text and the cited
publications are listed on page 20. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies; any
subsequent amendments to or revisions of the cited
publication apply to this British Standard only when
incorporated in the reference by amendment or
revision. For undated references, the latest edition of
the cited publication applies, together with any
amendments.
2.2 Informative references
This British Standard refers to other publications
that provide information or guidance. Editions of
these publications current at the time of issue of this
Standard are listed on the inside back cover, but
reference should be made to the latest editions.
3 Composition
All types of creosote shall consist of blends of
distillates of coal tar and shall be free from
petroleum oils or oils not derived from coal tar.
4 General requirements
4.1 When tested in accordance with the methods
listed in table 1, the creosote, when manufactured,
shall be in accordance with the limiting requirements
given in that table. Samples for the assessment of
conformity to these requirements shall be taken in
accordance with BS EN 1014-1.
4.2 Requirements for creosote in use within
treatment plants shall be as in table 1 except for:
water content (max.): 3.0 % (V/V);
insoluble matter content (max.): 0.6 % (m/m).
5 Methods of treatment of timber
Guidance on methods of treatment of timber for use
with these preparations is given in annex I.
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2 BSI 1998
BS 144 : 1997
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Table 1. Requirements for creosote types 1, 2, 3 and 4
Property
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Test method
Liquidity
32

32

0
50
Temperature ( C) at which the
product is completely liquid, after:
2 h
4 h
Annex A
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
Density (kg/m
3
) at:
55 C 1003 1144
38 C 1003 1108 1003 1108 Annex B
20 C 910 1120
Distillation
Recovery of dehydrated creosote
(% (m/m)) at:
Annex C
205 C 6 5 15
230 C 40 5 30 40
270 C 30
315 C 78 40 78 40 90 18
355 C 60 73 90 65 65 95
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
Extractable phenols content
(ml/100 g of dehydrated creosote) in
the distillate up to 315 C (as
obtained in annex D):
Types 1, 2 and 4, density
range 1003 kg/m
3
to 1045 kg/m
3
5 20 5 20 5 18 Annex D
Types 1, 2 and 4, density
range 1046 kg/m
3
to 1144 kg/m
3
0 20 0 20 0 18
Type 3 1 20
Flash point (C, Pensky-Martens
closed tester)
61 61 61 61 BS EN 22719
Viscosity (mm
2
/s), kinematic at 40 C 4 20 Annex E
Water content (% (V/V)) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Annex F
Insoluble matter content (% (m/m)) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Annex G
Naphthalene content (% (m/m)) 15 Annex H
Benzo[a]pyrene content (mg/kg) 500 500 50 500 DD ENV 1014-3
Water extractable phenols content
(% (m/m))
3 3 3 3 BS EN 1014-4
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BS 144 : 1997
BSI 1997 3
Annexes
Annex A (normative)
Method for the determination of liquidity
A.1 Principle
The sample is maintained at the specified temperature
(50 C, 32 C or 0 C) for 2 h or 4 h and then examined
for the presence of separated solid matter.
A.2 Apparatus
A.2.1 Conical flask, capacity 100 ml.
A.2.2 Thermometer, partial immersion thermometer of
range 20.5 C to 55 C, graduated at each 0.1 C and
accurate to

0.2 C.
NOTE. A thermometer conforming to BS 593 is suitable.
A.2.3 Constant temperature baths. Depending on the
type of creosote being tested, baths able to maintain
temperatures of (50

0.1) C, (32

0.1) C or
(0

0.1) C.
A.3 Procedure
Pour about 50 ml of the laboratory sample (see
BS EN 1014-1) into the conical flask. Fit the
thermometer by means of a cork into the neck of the
flask, with the bulb of the thermometer immersed in
the creosote. Place the flask in the appropriate
constant temperature bath.
Ensure that the surface of the creosote is below that of
the water in the bath. Swirl the flask until the creosote
reaches the appropriate temperature. Leave the flask in
the bath for 2 h or 4 h as appropriate, then withdraw
the flask and examine the surface of the creosote for
solid matter. Rotate the flask slowly, holding it
horizontally, and examine the sides for solid matter.
When the sample is free from solid matter, place the
flask in the second bath, maintained at (32

0.1) C for
types 1 and 2 creosote, (0

0.1) C for type 3, and

(50

0.1) C for type 4. Re-examine the sample for

solids when the contents have reached the bath
temperature, and again after having maintained the
sample at the bath temperature for 2 h for
types 1, 2 and 4, or 4 h for type 3.
A.4 Acceptance criteria
The sample shall be deemed to pass the liquidity test if
it remains completely liquid for the specified period at
the specified temperature.
The sample shall be deemed to fail the liquidity test if
any solid matter is observed, either after cooling to the
specified temperature or at any time up to the end of
the specified period at that temperature.
Annex B (normative)
Method for the determination of density
B.1 Principle
Density is determined by means of a density
hydrometer.
B.2 Apparatus
B.2.1 Hydrometer, conforming to series L50 of BS 718,
calibrated for determination of density at 20 C in g/ml,
for use in liquids of low surface tension, and
constructed of soda-lime glass.
NOTE. Hydrometers calibrated in kg/m
3
are also available in
series L50 of BS 718, and these may be used instead. If such a
hydrometer is used, it should be read to the nearest kg/m
3
(see B.3); the corrections described in B.4 should be multiplied
by 1000, and the factor 1000 from the equation in B.4.2 omitted.
Examine the hydrometer before use to see that it is
clean and dry and that there has been no displacement
of the paper scale during use.
NOTE. Any displacement of the paper scale can be detected by
reference to the means provided for this purpose: e.g., a horizontal
line may be etched on the stem of the hydrometer and the
corresponding datum marked on the paper scale. If the scale has
been displaced, recertification of the hydrometer is necessary.
B.2.2 Hydrometer vessel, free from local irregularities
producing distortion and several millimetres greater in
diameter than the hydrometer bulb.
NOTE. A 1 l measuring cylinder conforming to BS 604 is suitable.
B.2.3 Partial immersion thermometer, of range
20.5 C to 60 C, graduated in 0.1 C and accurate to

0.2 C.
NOTE. A thermometer conforming to BS 593 is suitable.
B.3 Procedure
Warm the laboratory sample (see BS EN 1014-1) to
approximately 38 C for types 1 and 2, 20 C for type 3
and 55 C for type 4 creosote. Fill the clean hydrometer
vessel with the liquefied laboratory sample to a depth
sufficient to allow the hydrometer to float.
NOTE. Pour the sample down the side of the vessel, to avoid
formation of air bubbles.
Gently stir the sample, avoiding formation of air
bubbles. Hold the hydrometer by the top of the stem,
insert it carefully into the sample, and release it when
approximately in the position of equilibrium, i.e. when
it rises or falls only to a small degree.
Lightly press the top of the hydrometer stem, to
immerse it further by a few millimetres. Release the
hydrometer. After a few oscillations, when the
hydrometer is steady, note the reading.
Observe the meniscus. If the stem is clean the
meniscus shape will remain unchanged during the
hydrometer oscillations. If the meniscus shape changes,
clean the hydrometer and repeat the procedure.
Record the hydrometer reading to the
nearest 0.001 g/ml and the temperature of the creosote
to the nearest 0.1 C. If the bottom of the meniscus is
not visible, take the reading at the level where the
meniscus merges into the stem of the hydrometer.
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4 BSI 1997
BS 144 : 1997
B.4 Calculation
B.4.1 Correction of hydrometer reading
Calculate the corrected hydrometer reading, R
t
, as
follows:
R
t
= R + C + 0.0007
where
R is the hydrometer reading;
C is the certification correction;
0.0007 is the meniscus height correction (to be
used for opaque creosotes only).
NOTE. The value of R
t
is the corrected hydrometer reading for
the sample at t C, the temperature of the creosote in the test.
B.4.2 Calculation of density
Calculate the density d, at the required temperature
(55 C, 38 C or 20 C), as follows:
d = 1000 (R
t
m + a)
where
d is the density (kg/m
3
);
R
t
is the corrected hydrometer reading
(see B.4.1);
m is the multiplication factor (see note);
a is the addition factor (see note).
NOTE. m and a are obtained from table B.1 for types 1 and 2,
from table B.2 for type 3, and table B.3 for type 4 creosote.
B.5 Expression of results
Express the density of the sample, to the nearest
kg/m
3
, at the specified temperature.
Annex C (normative)
Method for the determination of
distillation range
C.1 Principle
A sample of creosote is dehydrated and distilled, and
the fractions collected at specified temperatures.
C.2 Apparatus
C.2.1 Distillation apparatus, described in BS 658.
Assemble in accordance with BS 658, except as stated
in a) to d).
a) Distillation flasks:
1) capacity 250 ml, untared;
2) capacity 150 ml, tared, held in the vertical
position by means of a clamp at the extreme
upper end of the neck.
b) Condensers, types 1 and 2.
c) Draught screen, type 2, from which the shelf has
been removed.
d) Crow receivers, capacity 50 ml, tared.
C.2.2 Thermometer, with a range of 22 C to 400 C,
as described in BS 593.
C.2.3 Separating funnels, capacity 50 ml, as described
in BS 2021.
C.2.4 Fortin's barometer.
C.3 Corrections
C.3.1 General
Apply the corrections described in C.3.2 and C.3.3 to
the specified distillation temperatures before
commencing the distillation.
C.3.2 Barometer readings
C.3.2.1 Read the barometer to obtain the atmospheric
pressure in mbar or mmHg, and record the ambient
temperature. Continue as described in either C.3.2.2
for mbar or C.3.2.3 for mmHg.
NOTE. If atmospheric pressure is measured in other units, the
following conversion factors can be used:
1 mbar = 100 N/m
2
= 100 Pa;
1 mmHg = 133.322 N/m
2
.
C.3.2.2 Correct the barometer readings for
temperature as described in BS 658, and if the
corrected reading differs from 1013 mbar, apply
corrections to the specified distillation temperature by
adding the value given in table C.1 for each millibar
above 1013 mbar, or subtracting for each millibar
below 1013 mbar.
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Table B.1 Multiplication (m) and addition (a) factors for conversion of corrected hydrometer readings at t C to density at 38 C
(creosote types 1 and 2)
t C 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
34 1.00318 1.00309 1.00299 1.00290 1.00281 1.00271 1.00262 1.00253 1.00243 1.00234
20.00667 20.00650 20.00634 20.00617 20.00600 20.00584 20.00567 20.00550 20.00533 20.00517
35 1.00225 1.00215 1.00206 1.00197 1.00188 1.00178 1.00169 1.00160 1.00150 1.00141
20.00500 20.00483 20.00466 20.00450 20.00433 20.00416 20.00400 20.00383 20.00366 20.00350
36 1.00132 1.00122 1.00113 1.00104 1.00094 1.00085 1.00076 1.00067 1.00057 1.00048
20.00333 20.00316 20.00300 20.00283 20.00266 20.00250 20.00233 20.00216 20.00200 20.00183
37 1.00039 1.00030 1.00020 1.00011 1.00002 0.99992 0.99983 0.99974 0.99964 0.99955
20.00166 20.00150 20.00133 20.00116 20.00100 20.00083 20.00067 20.00050 20.00033 20.00017
38 0.99946 0.99937 0.99928 0.99918 0.99909 0.99900 0.99890 0.99881 0.99872 0.99863
0.00000 0.00017 0.00033 0.00050 0.00066 0.00083 0.00100 0.00116 0.00133 0.00149
39 0.99853 0.99844 0.99835 0.99826 0.99816 0.99807 0.99798 0.99789 0.99780 0.99770
0.00166 0.00183 0.00199 0.00216 0.00232 0.00249 0.00266 0.00282 0.00299 0.00315
40 0.99761 0.99752 0.99743 0.99733 0.99724 0.99715 0.99706 0.99697 0.99687 0.99678
0.00332 0.00348 0.00365 0.00381 0.00398 0.00414 0.00431 0.00448 0.00464 0.00481
41 0.99669 0.99660 0.99650 0.99641 0.99632 0.99623 0.99614 0.99604 0.99595 0.99586
0.00497 0.00513 0.00530 0.00547 0.00563 0.00580 0.00596 0.00613 0.00629 0.00646
NOTE. The upper figure is the multiplication factor.
Licensed Copy: Technical Information Services Dept ., CNL Technical Information Services, 22 September 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
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Table B.2 Multiplication (m) and addition (a) factors for conversion of corrected hydrometer readings at t C to density at 20 C
(creosote type 3)
t C 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
15 1.00466 1.00456 1.00447 1.00438 1.00428 1.00419 1.00410 1.00400 1.00391 1.00382
20.00835 20.00818 20.00801 20.00785 20.00768 20.00751 20.00734 20.00718 20.00701 20.00684
16 1.00372 1.00363 1.00354 1.00344 1.00335 1.00326 1.00316 1.00307 1.00298 1.00288
20.00667 20.00651 20.00634 20.00617 20.00600 20.00584 20.00567 20.00550 20.00533 20.00517
17 1.00279 1.00270 1.00260 1.00251 1.00242 1.00232 1.00223 1.00214 1.00204 1.00195
20.00500 20.00483 20.00467 20.00450 20.00433 20.00416 20.00400 20.00383 20.00366 20.00350
18 1.00186 1.00176 1.00167 1.00158 1.00149 1.00139 1.00130 1.00121 1.00111 1.00102
20.00333 20.00316 20.00300 20.00283 20.00266 20.00250 20.00233 20.00216 20.00200 20.00183
19 1.00093 1.00084 1.00074 1.00065 1.00056 1.00046 1.00037 1.00028 1.00019 1.00009
20.00166 20.00150 20.00133 20.00117 20.00100 20.00083 20.00067 20.00050 20.00033 20.00017
20 1.00000 0.99991 0.99982 0.99972 0.99963 0.99954 0.99944 0.99935 0.99926 0.99917
0.00000 0.00017 0.00033 0.00050 0.00067 0.00083 0.00100 0.00117 0.00133 0.00150
21 0.99907 0.99898 0.99889 0.99880 0.99870 0.99861 0.99852 0.99843 0.99833 0.99824
0.00166 0.00183 0.00200 0.00216 0.00233 0.00250 0.00266 0.00283 0.00300 0.00316
22 0.99815 0.99806 0.99797 0.99787 0.99778 0.99769 0.99760 0.99750 0.99741 0.99732
0.00333 0.00350 0.00366 0.00383 0.00400 0.00416 0.00433 0.00450 0.00467 0.00483
23 0.99723 0.99713 0.99704 0.99695 0.99686 0.99677 0.99667 0.99658 0.99649 0.99640
0.00500 0.00517 0.00533 0.00550 0.00567 0.00584 0.00600 0.00617 0.00634 0.00651
24 0.99631 0.99621 0.99612 0.99603 0.99594 0.99585 0.99575 0.99566 0.99557 0.99548
0.00667 0.00684 0.00701 0.00718 0.00734 0.00751 0.00768 0.00785 0.00801 0.00818
25 0.99539 0.99529 0.99520 0.99511 0.99502 0.99493 0.99484 0.99474 0.99465 0.99456
0.00835 0.00852 0.00868 0.00885 0.00902 0.00919 0.00935 0.00952 0.00969 0.00986
NOTE. The upper figure is the multiplication factor.
Licensed Copy: Technical Information Services Dept ., CNL Technical Information Services, 22 September 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
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Table B.3 Multiplication (m) and addition (a) factors for conversion of corrected hydrometer readings at t C to density at 55 C
(creosote type 4)
t C 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
51 1.00315 1.00306 1.00297 1.00288 1.00279 1.00270 1.00261 1.00252 1.00243 1.00234
20.00667 20.00650 20.00633 20.00616 20.00599 20.00582 20.00565 20.00548 20.00531 20.00514
52 1.00222 1.00213 1.00204 1.00195 1.00186 1.00177 1.00168 1.00159 1.00150 1.00141
20.00500 20.00483 20.00466 20.00449 20.00432 20.00415 20.00398 20.00381 20.00364 20.00347
53 1.00129 1.00120 1.00111 1.00102 1.00093 1.00084 1.00075 1.00066 1.00057 1.00048
20.00333 20.00316 20.00299 20.00282 20.00265 20.00248 20.00231 20.00214 20.00197 20.00180
54 1.00036 1.00027 1.00018 1.00009 1.00000 0.99991 0.99982 0.99973 0.99964 0.99955
20.00166 20.00149 20.00132 20.00115 20.00098 20.00081 20.00064 20.00047 20.00030 20.00013
55 0.99943 0.99934 0.99925 0.99916 0.99907 0.99898 0.99889 0.99880 0.99871 0.99862
0.00000 0.00017 0.00034 0.00051 0.00068 0.00085 0.00102 0.00119 0.00136 0.00153
56 0.99850 0.99841 0.99832 0.99823 0.99814 0.99805 0.99796 0.99787 0.99778 0.99769
0.00166 0.00183 0.00200 0.00217 0.00234 0.00251 0.00268 0.00285 0.00302 0.00319
57 0.99757 0.99748 0.99739 0.99730 0.99721 0.99712 0.99703 0.99694 0.99685 0.99676
0.00332 0.00349 0.00366 0.00383 0.00400 0.00417 0.00434 0.00451 0.00468 0.00485
58 0.99664 0.99655 0.99646 0.99637 0.99628 0.99619 0.99610 0.99601 0.99592 0.99583
0.00497 0.00514 0.00531 0.00548 0.00565 0.00582 0.00599 0.00616 0.00633 0.00650
59 0.99571 0.99562 0.99553 0.99544 0.99535 0.99526 0.99517 0.99508 0.99499 0.99490
0.00663 0.00680 0.00697 0.00714 0.00731 0.00748 0.00765 0.00782 0.00799 0.00816
NOTE. The upper figure is the multiplication factor.
Licensed Copy: Technical Information Services Dept ., CNL Technical Information Services, 22 September 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
8 BSI 1997
BS 144 : 1997
C.3.2.3 Correct the barometer readings for
temperature as described in BS 658, and if the reading
differs from 760 mmHg, apply corrections to the
specified distillation temperature by adding the value
given in table 4 for each millimetre of mercury
above 760 mmHg, or subtracting for each millimetre of
mercury below 760 mmHg.
Table C.1 Corrections for barometric pressure
Specified
temperature
C
Corrections
C
Per millibar Per millimetre of
mercury
205 0.076 0.057
230 0.080 0.060
270 0.087 0.065
315 0.095 0.071
355 0.100 0.075
C.3.3 Thermometers
If necessary, make the appropriate adjustments
indicated by the thermometer test certificate at any of
the specified distillation temperatures (see table 1).
C.4 Preparation of test portion of dehydrated
creosote
Transfer about 120 g of the sample (see BS EN 1014-1)
into the 250 ml untared distillation flask, to which has
been added fragments of porous inert material. Using
the type 1 condenser, distil the sample and collect the
distillate in a separating funnel (C.2.3), stopping the
distillation when water ceases to distil. Allow the
contents of the separating funnel to settle, run the
lower water layer off, and return the oil layer to the
distillation flask when the flask has cooled to
about 40 C. Mix the contents of the flask thoroughly,
ensuring that the oil is homogeneous.
C.5 Procedure
Weigh, to an accuracy of 0.1 g, approximately 100 g of
the dehydrated creosote (see C.4) directly into the
tared 150 ml distillation flask. Record this mass as M
c
.
Add fragments of porous inert material and assemble
the distillation apparatus, with the side arm of the flask
extending at least 25 mm beyond the cork in the upper
end of the type 2 condenser.
Apply heat, and distil at a rate of (5

0.5) ml/min. If for

any reason the distillation rate falls outside the
specified limits at any time after the first 5 ml of
distillate has been collected, discontinue the test and
start again on another portion of the original sample.
NOTE. The specified distillation rate corresponds to
approximately 90 drops/min (i.e. three drops in 2 s), but this figure
should only be taken as a guide so that the rate in millimetres per
minute may be kept under close observation.
If solids are deposited in the condenser during the
distillation, warm the condenser so that such solids are
collected in the fraction with which they distil.
Change the receiver at each corrected specified
temperature (see tables 1 and 4), without stopping the
distillation. Remove the heat when the thermometer
indicates the highest corrected specified temperature.
The final fraction includes the oil that drains from the
condenser within 5 min after the heat has been
removed.
Weigh each receiver containing distillate fraction. Note
the mass of each fraction (f
1
, f
2
, f
3
, f
4
, and f
5
) and
calculate the accumulative distillate as a percentage by
mass of the dehydrated creosote (M
c
).
Reserve the distillate fractions (f
1
, f
2
, f
3
, and f
4
) for
testing in accordance with annex D.
C.6 Calculation
Calculate the percentage by mass of each fraction as
follows:
let f
1
be the mass of the fraction distilled up
to 205 C;
let f
2
be the mass of the fraction distilled
between 205 C and 230 C;
let f
3
be the mass of the fraction distilled
between 230 C and 270 C;
let f
4
be the mass of the fraction distilled
between 270 C and 315 C;
let f
5
be the mass of the fraction distilled
between 315 C and 355 C.
Calculate the cumulative distillate up to each of the
specified temperatures as a percentage by mass of the
dehydrated creosote (M
c
) as required in table 1, using
the generalized formula:
cumulative percentage to a specific temperature =
100 f
n
M
c
for n = 1 to 5, as appropriate.
C.7 Expression of results
Express the cumulative distillate as a percentage by
mass of the dehydrated creosote (M
c
) at the specified
temperature.
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BSI 1997 9
BS 144 : 1997
Annex D (normative)
Method for the determination of
extractable phenols
D.1 Principle
The phenols are extracted from the distillate up to
315 C (obtained from the distillation described in
annex C as f
1
, f
2
, f
3
, and f
4
) with sodium hydroxide.
The neutral oils and bases are removed by boiling. The
phenols are liberated by hydrochloric acid and
measured.
NOTE. The phenols, as recovered, contain water derived from the
reagents used in the test. No correction is made for this water.
D.2 Reagents
NOTE. All reagents should be of recognized analytical grade and
water conforming to grade 3 of BS EN ISO 3696 should be used
throughout.
D.2.1 Hydrochloric acid (HCl), concentrated, 425 g/l.
D.2.2 Sodium chloride (NaCl), powdered solid.
D.2.3 Sodium chloride solution, saturated.
D.2.4 Sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH), 100 g/l.
D.2.5 Toluene [C
6
H
5
CH
3
].
D.2.6 Methyl orange indicator solution,
4-[4dimethylaminophenylazo]benzenesulfonic acid
sodium salt, 1 g/l.
D.3 Apparatus
D.3.1 Phenols flask, capacity 200 ml or 150 ml (see
notes 2 to 5 of D.5), with graduated neck conforming to
BS 676.
D.3.2 Separating funnel, capacity 250 ml, stoppered,
conforming to BS 2021.
D.3.3 Measuring cylinder, capacity 100 ml,
conforming to BS 604.
D.3.4 Thermometer, of range 210 C to 110 C,
conforming to BS 593.
D.3.5 Glass wool.
D.4 Test portion
The test portion (see note) shall be obtained by
combining distillate fractions f
1
+ f
2
+ f
3
+ f
4
, collected
below 315 C (see annex C).
NOTE. A known mass (approximately 100 g) of dehydrated
creosote (M
c
) will have been distilled to produce the combined
fractions (f
1
+ f
2
+ f
3
+ f
4
) which constitute this test portion.
D.5 Procedure
If necessary, warm the test portion (see D.4) until
completely liquid, and transfer it to the separating
funnel (D.3.2). With 50 ml of sodium hydroxide
solution (D.2.4) (see notes 1 and 2), rinse the receivers
originally containing the test samples into the
separating funnel. If the combined samples contain
solids which have separated, warm the separating
funnel just sufficiently to redissolve the solids.
Stopper the funnel, shake vigorously for 1 min to 2 min,
and allow to stand. After separation (see note 1), pour
the alkaline layer into a beaker. Repeat this operation
with successive 25 ml portions of sodium hydroxide
solution (D.2.4) until all the phenols have been
removed from the oil layer (see notes 1 and 2).
After separation, add the alkaline layers to the first
sodium hydroxide washing.
During the extraction procedure, ensure that the
contents of the separating funnel are completely liquid.
If necessary, immerse the funnel in warm water (40 C
to 70 C).
Take the combined sodium hydroxide washings and
boil for 20 min (using, if necessary, a fragment of inert
material of approximately 2 mm
3
, to prevent bumping),
and roughly maintain the initial volume by adding
water. Cool the sodium hydroxide washings to
laboratory temperature and, if clear, transfer them
directly to the phenols flask (see note 4). If the
solution contains suspended matter, filter it through
glass wool moistened with sodium chloride
solution (D.2.3) and collect in the 200 ml phenols
flask (D.3.1) (see note 4). Wash the glass wool with a
further 25 ml of sodium chloride solution and add to
the filtered sodium hydroxide washings.
Add a few drops of methyl orange indicator
solution (D.2.6) to the washings, and slowly add
concentrated hydrochloric acid (D.2.1) until the methyl
orange just indicates distinct acidity, mixing the two
layers by swirling. While adding the hydrochloric acid,
keep the contents of the flask cool by immersing it
periodically in cold water.
Add just sufficient powdered sodium chloride (D.2.2)
to saturate the aqueous layer and leave a few particles
undissolved. Shake to ensure thorough mixing and
then stand to allow separation, the phenols forming the
upper liquid layer. Bring the phenols into the graduated
portion of the flask by adding the saturated sodium
chloride solution (D.2.3). After setting (preferably
overnight), measure the volume of phenols (see
note 5). Record the volume as V
p
.
NOTE 1. Complete removal of the phenols can be verified by
slightly acidifying the final washings with concentrated
hydrochloric acid (D.2.1) and examining for separated phenols.
NOTE 2. It may be assumed that 25 ml of sodium hydroxide
solution (D.2.4) is sufficient to remove about 5 ml of phenols.
NOTE 3. If necessary, the upper layer of the flask may be diluted
with toluene (D.2.5) to secure a satisfactory separation.
NOTE 4. If it is expected that the sample for test contains only a
small amount of phenols, it is preferable to use about half the
specified volumes of sodium hydroxide solution for the successive
washings and to collect the sodium hydroxide washings (after
filtration through the glass wool if necessary) in the 150 ml
phenols flask.
NOTE 5. For some creosotes, measurement of the liberated
phenols is difficult because of their viscous nature. This may be
overcome by adding a measured volume of toluene (D.2.5) to the
phenols flask immediately before the final addition of saturated
sodium chloride solution. From the observed volume of the
separated upper layer in the phenols flask, subtract the volume of
toluene added.
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10 BSI 1997
BS 144 : 1997
D.6 Expression of results
Express the volume of phenols (V
p
), in millimetres,
in 100 g of the original sample of dehydrated creosote
(M
c
), as follows:
V
p
3 100
M
c
D.7 Precision
D.7.1 Repeatability
Duplicate results for the volume of extractable phenols
obtained by the same operator shall be considered
suspect if they differ by more than 0.8 ml.
D.7.2 Reproducibility
Single results for the volume of extractable phenols
obtained at separate laboratories shall be considered
suspect if they differ by more than 2.9 ml.
Annex E (normative)
Method for the determination of
kinematic viscosity
E.1 Principle
The kinematic viscosity of a sample of creosote at
40 C is determined using a U-tube reverse flow
viscometer.
E.2 Apparatus
E.2.1 U-tube reverse flow viscometers, type BS/IP/RF,
conforming to BS 188 : 1977, size 2 (viscosity range
2 mm
2
/s to 10 mm
2
/s, nominal factor
C = 0.01 mm
2
/s
2
) and size 3 (viscosity range 6 mm
2
/s
to 30 mm
2
/s, nominal factor C = 0.03 mm
2
/s
2
), with
certificate of calibration.
E.2.2 Test sieve, nominal aperture size 75 mm,
conforming to BS 410.
E.2.3 Water bath, thermostatically controlled, able to
adjust to (40

0.1) C.
NOTE. The temperature control should be such that the bath does
not vary by more than 0.01 C during the period of measurement,
over the viscometer or between viscometers. The depth of the
bath should be such that, when the viscometer and sample are in
position, no part of the sample is less than 20 mm below the
surface of the water, or less than 20 mm above the bottom of the
bath.
E.2.4 Thermometer, total immersion type. Details of
suitable thermometers are given in BS 2000 :
Part 0 : Addendum 1.
E.2.5 Viscometer holder, to hold the viscometer firmly
in the thermostatic bath, in the alignment described in
the certificate of calibration.
E.2.6 Timing device, graduated in divisions of 0.2 s or
less, accurate to 0.07 % over 15 min.
E.3 Preparation of test portion
Warm the creosote sample (see BS EN 1014-1) to 45 C
and filter a minimum of 20 ml through the test
sieve (E.2.2).
E.4 Procedure
E.4.1 Filling the viscometer
NOTE. See figure E.1.
Vertically mount the thermometer (E.2.4) in the
bath (E.2.3), so that the top of the mercury column is
within 2 mm of the surface of the water. Mount the
clean, dry viscometer (E.2.1) inside the viscometer
holder (E.2.5) in the bath, in the alignment described
in the certificate of calibration. Allow the viscometer to
reach bath temperature. Stop tube L with a rubber
bung fitted with a stopcock or similar device so that
the air can be prevented from escaping. With the
stopcock open, pour the creosote sample (E.3) into the
filling tube N to a point just below the upper filling
mark H, without wetting the glass above H. Allow the
sample to flow through the capillary tube R, ensuring
that the creosote column remains unbroken, until it
has reached a position about 5 mm below the lower
filling mark G. Stop the flow of creosote at this point
by closing tube L.
Add more of the sample to the filling tube N to bring
the upper surface of the creosote to just below the
mark H. Keep the viscometer in the bath for at
least 30 min, to allow the sample to reach bath
temperature and for any air bubbles to rise to the
surface. With the stopcock, carefully adjust the lower
level of the creosote so that its ring of contact with the
glass coincides with the bottom of mark G. Next add
further sample to tube N, until the ring of contact of
the creosote coincides with the bottom of mark H.
Allow time for this additional amount of sample to
reach bath temperature.
E.4.2 Measurement
Remove the rubber bung from tube L or open the
stopcock to allow the creosote to flow under its own
head. Measure the time for the uppermost ring of
contact of the sample with the glass to rise from the
bottom of mark E to the bottom of mark F. Record the
thermometer readings before, during, and after the
timed flow.
NOTE. As some of the sample may remain on the walls of the
viscometer between the timing marks, repeat determinations of
flow time may be made only after emptying, cleaning and drying
the viscometer.
E.5 Expression of results
The kinematic viscosity of the creosote sample is
calculated from the following equation:
h = Ct
where
h is the kinematic viscosity (mm
2
/s);
C is the viscometer constant;
t is the mean flow time (s).
E.6 Repeatability
Duplicate results for the kinematic viscosity, obtained
by the same operator with the same viscometer, shall
be considered suspect if the difference is greater
than 0.35 % of the mean.
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BSI 1997 11
BS 144 : 1997
Figure E.1 BS/IP/RF U-tube reverse flow viscometer
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12 BSI 1997
BS 144 : 1997
Annex F (normative)
Method for the determination of water
content
F.1 Principle
The sample is azeotropically distilled with a suitable
solvent, and the water collected and measured.
F.2 Reagent
F.2.1 Solvent, either:
a) toluene [C
6
H
5
CH
3
]; or
b) xylene [C
6
H
4
(CH
3
)
2
].
F.3 Apparatus
F.3.1 Measuring cylinder, capacity 100 ml, conforming
to BS 604.
F.3.2 Dean and Stark condensing and collecting
system, conforming to BS 756 : 1952, type 1, with a 2 ml
receiver.
F.3.3 Round-bottomed flask, capacity 500 ml.
F.4 Procedure
Fill the measuring cylinder (F.3.1) to the 100 ml mark
with thoroughly mixed sample (see
BS EN 1014 : Part 1) at laboratory temperature (or at
the lowest temperature of complete liquidity if above
laboratory temperature), and transfer it to the
flask (F.3.3). Wash the measuring cylinder with
successive quantities of solvent (F.2.1), using 100 ml
altogether, and add the washings to the flask. Add a
fragment of porous inert material and connect the flask
to the Dean and Stark condensing and collecting
system (F.3.2).
Heat the flask so that the condensate falls from the
end of the condenser at a rate of 2 drops/sec
to 5 drops/sec. Continue the distillation until condensed
water is no longer visible in any part of the apparatus
(except at the bottom of the graduated tube), and the
volume of collected water remains constant. Record
the volume of water in the graduated tube.
If a ring of condensed water persists in the condenser
tube, clean the condenser and repeat the
determination.
F.5 Expression of results
The water content, as a percentage by volume, is equal
to the volume, in millimetres, of water in the graduated
tube.
Annex G (normative)
Method for the determination of matter
insoluble in toluene
G.1 Principle
A sample of creosote is mixed with toluene and the
soluble matter filtered out. The remainder is washed,
dried and weighed.
G.2 Reagent
G.2.1 Toluene [C
6
H
5
CH
3
].
G.3 Apparatus
G.3.1 Beakers, capacity 250 ml, with glass covers.
G.3.2 Filter crucibles, capacity 30 ml, glass or
porcelain, porosity grade P16, conforming to
BS 1752 : 1983.
G.3.3 Measuring cylinder, capacity 100 ml,
conforming to BS 604.
G.3.4 Water bath, able to heat to boiling.
G.3.5 Laboratory oven, (105

5) C.
G.3.6 Desiccator, with silica gel desiccant.
G.3.7 Analytical balance.
G.3.8 Stainless steel filter, mesh size 150 mm,
conforming to BS 410.
G.4 Procedure
Dry a filter crucible (G.3.2) in the oven at 105 C, cool
in the desiccator and weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg.
Repeat until successive weighings do not differ by
more than 0.2 mg. Record the mass of the crucible
(m
1
).
Pour 25 g to 30 g of thoroughly mixed sample (see
BS EN 1014-1) through the stainless steel filter (G.3.8)
into a beaker (G.3.1), weigh to the nearest 0.1 g and
record the mass of the sample (m
2
). Add 100 ml of
toluene (G.2.1) to the beaker, place a glass cover on
the beaker, and heat on the boiling water bath.
Cautiously stir the contents of the beaker with the
glass rod. When the sample has dissolved, cover the
beaker and leave on the water bath for about 10 min to
allow the greater part of the insoluble matter to settle.
Heat approximately 200 ml of toluene (G.2.1) on the
water bath (80 C to 100 C) for washing purposes.
Decant the supernatant solution in the beaker through
the filter crucible, using gentle suction to assist
filtration. With the hot toluene, quantitatively transfer
the insoluble matter to the crucible and rinse out the
beaker. Wash the filter and its contents three or four
times using the remainder of the hot toluene.
Dry the crucible in the oven at 105 C, cool in the
desiccator and weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg. Repeat
until successive weighings do not differ by more
than 0.2 mg. Record the final mass of the crucible (m
3
).
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BSI 1997 13
BS 144 : 1997
G.5 Expression of results
Calculate the matter insoluble in toluene as a
percentage by mass of the sample using the following
equation:
(m
3
2 m
1
) 3100
m
2
where
m
1
is the mass of the crucible (g);
m
2
is the mass of the test portion (g);
m
3
is the mass of the crucible and residue after
drying (g).
Annex H (normative)
Method for the determination of
naphthalene content by gas
chromatography
H.1 Principle
A toluene solution of the creosote sample is analysed
by gas chromatography using a flame ionization
detector, and the response compared with that of a
standard naphthalene solution.
H.2 Reagents and materials
NOTE. All reagents should be checked for purity by passing a
sample through the chromatograph under the conditions of the
determination (see H.6). If a response is obtained on the
chromatogram that is likely to cause significant errors in the
determination on the test sample, then the reagent or material
should be rejected.
H.2.1 Carrier gas, nitrogen (N
2
), oxygen-free.
H.2.2 Detector gases, hydrogen (H
2
) and compressed
air, to be used as directed by the manufacturers of the
gas chromatograph.
H.2.3 Toluene [C
6
H
5
CH
3
], giving no peaks that
coincide with those of naphthalene or tetralin when
1 ml (see note) is analysed by gas chromatography.
NOTE. Some sample splitters may require a different injection
volume to 1 ml. In these cases, account should be taken using the
procedure given in H.6.1.3.
H.2.4 Benzo[b]thiophene (thionaphthalene), of a
purity such that, when used in the column
performance solution (H.5), and the solution is
analysed by gas chromatography, there are no
additional peaks between the main, single peaks of
naphthalene and benzo[b]thiophene.
H.2.5 Naphthalene [C
10
H
8
], minimum melting
point 79.6 C.
H.2.6 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin)
[C
6
H
4
(CH
2
)
3
CH
2
], showing no peaks that coincide with
those of naphthalene by gas chromatography.
H.3 Apparatus
H.3.1 Gas chromatograph, fitted with a flame
ionization detector and heated injection port with
sample splitter, and the following:
a) a column temperature range of 130 C to 200 C;
b) the injection port temperature set at 200 C
to 250 C;
c) a silica capillary column, approximately 25 m in
length and 0.2 mm ID, coated with methyl silicone
gum (OV1);
d) a potentiometric strip chart recorder with
minimum chart width of 200 mm and maximum
response time of 1 s.
NOTE. An electronic integrator may be used either in addition or
as an alternative to the chart recorder.
H.3.2 Micro-pipette, syringe type, suitable for
accurately injecting 1 ml portions into the gas
chromatograph.
H.3.3 Micro-pipette, syringe type, able to accurately
measure 100 ml.
H.3.4 Analytical balance.
H.3.5 One-mark volumetric flasks, capacity 10 ml,
conforming to BS 1792.
H.4 Calibration solutions
Prepare duplicate calibration solutions of
approximately the same composition by the following
procedure.
Add approximately 0.1 g of naphthalene (H.2.5) to a
tared 10 ml one-mark volumetric flask (H.3.5), stopper
the flask, and weigh to the nearest 0.0002 g. Add
carefully, from a syringe, 10 ml
of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (H.2.6), replace the
stopper, and re-weigh. Dilute to the mark with
toluene (H.2.3).
H.5 Column performance solution
Take approximately 0.01 g of naphthalene (H.2.5),
weigh accurately and transfer quatitatively to a 10 ml
one-mark volumetric flask (H.3.5). Take
approximately 0.10 g of benzo[b]thiophene (H.2.4),
weigh accurately and transfer quantitatively to the
same 10 ml one-mark volumetric flask (H.3.5). Add
toluene (H.2.3), first to dissolve, then to make up to
the mark.
H.6 Procedure
NOTE. Throughout this procedure all solutions are analysed by
injecting 1 ml samples into the gas chromatograph (see also the
note to H.2.3).
H.6.1 Setting up the gas chromatograph
H.6.1.1 Oven conditions
For all analyses, maintain the column oven at 130 C
until the benzo[b]thiophene has been eluted. Then raise
the oven temperature to 200 C (either manually or by
a temperature programmer) and maintain at this
temperature until the rest of the sample has been
eluted. Reset the oven to 130 C, allowing sufficient
time for the temperature to equilibrate before running
the next sample.
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14 BSI 1997
BS 144 : 1997
H.6.1.2 Carrier gas
Adjust the carrier gas flow to give a retention time for
naphthalene of 15 min to 20 min.
H.6.1.3 Detector signal
If using a strip chart recorder, adjust the detector
signal to give a naphthalene peak height of 50 % to 99 %
of full-scale deflection.
H.6.1.4 Column performance
NOTE. The criteria in a), b), and c) should be checked during the
adjustments to the chromatograph described in H.6.1.1, H.6.1.2
and H.6.1.3.
Satisfy the following before the column is used for
analysis:
a) that peaks to be measured are symmetrical, i.e.
show no obvious tailing;
b) that the number of theoretical plates measured on
the naphthalene peak is not less than 5000. The
theoretical plate number (n) is calculated from the
equation:
n = 16 (retention time/peak width)
2
where both retention time and peak width are
measured in length terms directly from the recorder
chart;
c) that the separation between naphthalene and
benzo[b]thiophene is such that the trough ratio is
less than 0.2. The trough ratio is determined by
dividing the height of the trough between two
partially resolved peaks by the height of the smaller
of the two peaks, both measurements being made
from the baseline.
H.6.2 Calibration
Analyse in turn 1 ml of each of the duplicate calibration
solutions by chromatography (H.4), applying the
conditions described in H.6.1 to obtain separate
chromatograms.
Measure the heights of the naphthalene
and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene peaks from the
chromatograms (or take the equivalent values from an
integrator). Calculate the calibration factor f
n
for each
solution, from the formula:
f
n
= 3
H
t
H
n
m
n
m
t
where
H
t
is the peak height (or integrator reading)
of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene;
H
n
is the peak height (or integrator reading) of
naphthalene;
m
t
is the mass of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
in 10 ml of solution (g);
m
n
is the mass of naphthalene in 10 ml of
solution (g).
Determine the mean of the two factors.
H.6.3 Analysis
If the approximate naphthalene content is not known,
weigh 0.20 g of the test sample (see BS EN 1014-1) into
a one-mark volumetric flask, dilute to 10 ml with
toluene (H.2.3) and analyse 1 ml of the solution by
chromatography under the same conditions as for the
calibration (H.6.2).
NOTE. If the test sample requires warming to dissolve solid
matter before analysis, care should be taken that volatile
constituents are not lost.
Measure the peak height for naphthalene and compare
this with the peak heights obtained from the
calibration solutions. Calculate the approximate
naphthalene content.
Weigh a test portion containing 0.05 g to 0.1 g of
naphthalene into a tared 10 ml one-mark volumetric
flask and dilute to the mark with toluene. Inject 1 ml of
this solution into the chromatograph to obtain the first
chromatogram. Weigh the flask and add 100 ml
of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene as in the calibration.
Shake and re-weigh the flask, and inject 1 ml of this
solution into the chromatograph to obtain the second
chromatogram.
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BSI 1997 15
BS 144 : 1997
H.6.4 Measurement of peak heights
Draw in the peak base for each relevant peak on the
chromatogram, and measure the vertical distance
between the peak base and the apex of the peak.
NOTE. The peak base is defined as the interpolation line drawn
between the start and the finish of the peak, and represents the
base line that the chromatogram would have followed if the
sample component forming the peak had not been present.
Record the peak heights for naphthalene
and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene in the second
chromatogram, and for naphthalene and any coincident
peak at the 1,2,3,4tetrahydronaphthalene retention
time in the first chromatogram.
H.7 Expression of results
The naphthalene content of the test sample, as a
percentage by mass, is given by the following formula:
Naphthalene content =
3 100f
n
3
(H
n1
+ H
n2
)
2m
s
m
t
(H
t2
2 H
t1
)
where
f
n
is the calibration factor;
m
t
is the mass of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
added (g);
m
s
is the mass of sample taken (g);
H
n1
is the height of the naphthalene peak (or
integrator reading) in the first chromatogram
(mm);
H
n2
is the height of the naphthalene peak (or
integrator reading) in the second
chromatogram (mm);
H
t1
is the height of the peak (or integrator
reading) at the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
retention time in the first chromatogram
(mm);
H
t2
is the height of the
1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene peak (or
integrator reading) in the second
chromatogram (mm).
If H
t1
= 0, the formula simplifies to:
Naphthalene content = 3 100f
n
3
(H
n1
+ H
n2)
2m
s
m
t
H
t2
Annex I (informative)
Guidance on the methods of treatment of
timber
Introduction
This annex gives guidance on the methods that can be
used for the treatment of timber with creosote.
The method to select depends on the end use of the
treated timber and the penetration and retention of
creosote required by the specifier.
NOTE. Guidance on the treatment of timber with preservatives
and an introduction to the European Standards for wood
preservation is given in BS 1282 and DD239 (in preparation).
I.1 Condition and preparation of timber for
treatment
I.1.1 Moisture content
Unless otherwise specified, or when using the Boulton
process (see I.2.6.5), the average moisture content of
the timber should not exceed 28 % (m/m) on an oven
dry basis.
The Boulton process can be used on green or
unseasoned timber, to ensure a moisture content of
28 % (m/m) or lower before continuing with a full cell
or empty cell process.
NOTE. If timber is frozen, the penetration power of preservative is
limited, so treatment should not be carried out in this condition.
I.1.2 Incising
If incising the timber is specified, incisions should be
made parallel to the general direction of the grain.
Incisions (usually of up to 20 mm in length) should
penetrate to a depth of approximately 20 mm, and
should be spaced 25 mm apart across the timber, in
rows extending across all faces of the timber. The
distance between each row along the timber should
be 60 mm, and incisions in adjacent rows should not
be in direct line but staggered at intervals of
approximately 6 mm (i.e. incisions in every fourth row
are in direct line, see figure I.1).
NOTE 1. Sawn timbers rated as resistant to preservative (e.g.
Douglas fir), of thickness 75 mm or more, and intended for
exterior use, can benefit from incising before treatment.
NOTE 2. For definitions of resistant or extremely resistant timber,
refer to BS EN 3501 and BS EN 350-2.
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BS 144 : 1997
I.2 Processing by pressure impregnation with
creosote types 1, 2 or 4
I.2.1 General
Many different schedules for applying creosote under
pressure have been devised; each requires the timber
to be contained in a pressure cylinder and uses hot
creosote with varying combinations of time,
temperature, pressure and vacuum. Details of the most
commonly used processes in the UK are given
in I.2.6.2, I.2.6.3 and I.2.6.4. An associated process
that may be used to condition green or unseasoned
timber prior to pressure impregnation, the Boulton
process, is described in I.2.6.5.
Full cell processes are normally used where high
absorption of creosote is required or where
impermeable species are being treated. After treatment,
the timber cells are nearly full of creosote, which may
give rise to exudation of free creosote on the surface
of the timber when in service.
Empty cell processes are normally used when
permeable species are being treated, and the high
absorption resulting from a full cell process is not
necessary. After treatment, the timber cells contain
almost no creosote, minimizing exudation of creosote
on the surface.
I.2.2 Stacking in the cylinder
The timber should be stacked in the cylinder so that
the creosote can reach all surfaces. If necessary, the
timber should be separated by sticks or laths.
NOTE 1. Consideration of stacking is particularly important when
planed timber is to be treated.
NOTE 2. Only timbers of the same species and similar
cross-sectional areas should be treated in the same charge, and
differing timbers should be separated unless the most intense
schedule can be applied without detriment to the more easily
treated timbers.
I.2.3 Applied pressure and temperature
The applied pressure should be a gauge pressure not
lower than 10 bar and not higher than 14 bar. During
the pressure period, the minimum temperature for
type 1 and type 2 creosote should be 65 C and the
maximum temperature should be 100 C.
For type 4 creosote the minimum temperature should
be 90 C and the maximum 125 C.
I.2.4 Pressure period
The pressure period should be measured from the time
the specified maximum working pressure (I.2.3) is
reached. Pressure should be maintained until the
required penetration and retention has been achieved.
I.2.5 Penetration and retention
I.2.5.1 General
The method that should be used by specifiers to
describe the quality of treatment required in
preservative-treated timber is given in BS EN 351. This
method requires the result of the treatment to be
expressed rather than the treatment process. The result
is described in terms of the preservative penetration
into the wood, and the retention of the wood
preservative in the defined analytical zone.
NOTE 1. It is anticipated that penetration and retention
requirements may be routinely achieved through a defined
treatment process, provided that it has been established that the
defined process is able to produce treated timber with the
required penetration and retention values.
NOTE 2. Guidance on methods for sampling treated timber to
determine penetration and retention values is presented in
BS EN 351-2.
I.2.5.2 Penetration
Listed in BS EN 351-1 are nine penetration classes that
can be used to specify penetration, starting from
P1 (no penetration requirement) to P9 (full sapwood
penetration and a minimum of 6 mm penetration of
exposed heartwood).
I.2.5.3 Retention
The average retention for the charge, determined at the
analytical zone (according to BS EN 351-1), should be
not less than that specified. Retention values are based
upon the critical value of the preservative for the
hazard class concerned (see BS EN 599-1).
I.2.6 Treatment schedules
I.2.6.1 General
The timber should be treated with coal tar creosote of
type 1, type 2 or type 4, using one of the procedures
described in I.2.6.2 to I.2.6.4, subject to any additional
requirements of the user.
The Boulton process (see I.2.6.5) is essentially a
conditioning process, and is particularly applicable to
treatment of unseasoned timber. Immediately following
treatment by this process, timber can be further
treated using one of the processes detailed in I.2.6.2
to I.2.6.4.
NOTE. The Boulton process is a very severe treatment process,
and unless extreme caution is exercised, breakdown of the timber
structure may occur. The process should only be used with prior
agreement with the customer.
I.2.6.2 Full cell (Bethel) process
In the Bethel process, timber is enclosed in a pressure
cylinder, and a vacuum of at least 20.75 bar applied.
Hot creosote is introduced into the cylinder until the
cylinder is full, and the vacuum is then released.
Next, a pressure of sufficient magnitude (see I.2.3) is
applied and maintained long enough to ensure that the
requirements regarding penetration and retention
(see I.2.5) are met.
The pressure is released and the cylinder emptied of
creosote. Finally, a vacuum of not less than 20.75 bar
is applied so that the timber is substantially free from
surplus creosote before removal from the cylinder.
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Dimensions in millimetres (approx.)
Figure I.1 Example spacing of incisions
Licensed Copy: Technical Information Services Dept ., CNL Technical Information Services, 22 September 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
18 BSI 1997
BS 144 : 1997
I.2.6.3 Empty cell (Rueping) process
In the Rueping process, timber is enclosed in a
pressure cylinder, and an air pressure greater than
atmospheric pressure but not exceeding 4 bar applied.
While the gauge pressure is maintained, hot creosote is
introduced into the cylinder until the cylinder is full.
The pressure is increased to a sufficient magnitude and
maintained for long enough to ensure that the
requirements regarding retention and penetration
(see I.2.5) are met.
The pressure is then released and the cylinder emptied
of creosote. A final vacuum of not less than 20.75 bar
is applied for a sufficient period to ensure that the air
in the cylinder has expanded and forced out any free
creosote from the cells of the timber, reducing the
creosote retention.
NOTE. With most permeable timber, creosote retention can be
raised by lowering the initial air pressure.
I.2.6.4 Empty cell (Lowry) process
The procedure for the Lowry process is the same as
for the Rueping process (I.2.6.3), except that the air in
the cylinder is maintained at atmospheric pressure
until the cylinder is full.
NOTE. Creosote retention by the Lowry process is normally higher
than with the Rueping process.
I.2.6.5 Boulton process (boiling under vacuum)
In the Boulton process, timber is enclosed in a
pressure cylinder, and sufficient hot creosote
introduced to immerse the timber but ensuring that an
air space is left. A vacuum is applied to the cylinder
and a sufficiently high temperature maintained so that
the water in the timber boils under the vacuum.
The boiling water vapour is condensed and measured
in a suitable receiver. When sufficient water has been
extracted to achieve the required moisture content in
the timber, the process is halted by releasing the
vacuum and emptying the creosote from the cylinder.
NOTE. This treatment can be followed immediately by pressure
impregnation using any of the processes detailed in I.2.6.2
to I.2.6.4.
I.3 Processing by hot-and-cold open tank with
creosote types 1, 2 or 3
I.3.1 Treatment materials
The treatment material should be coal tar creosote
conforming to either type 1, type 2 or type 3.
I.3.2 General method
The hot-and-cold open tank process can be carried out
in any convenient open tank or drum suitable for the
size and quantity of wood to be treated. It is essential
to provide some means of lifting the timber in and out
of the tank, and to ensure that the timber is completely
submerged in the creosote during treatment. The
timber is immersed in the creosote and then heated
safely to (90

5) C (see caution), causing air to be

extracted from the timber by expansion (the vapour
pressure within the wood also increases, expelling
further air). The temperature is maintained for at
least 1 h, depending on the size and permeability of the
timber, after which the creosote and timber are
allowed to cool. On cooling, the remaining air in the
timber contracts and the vapour pressure decreases,
creating a partial vacuum that draws the creosote into
the wood.
Caution. Naked flames should not be used for
heating. Smoking and other potential sources of
ignition should be avoided, because the creosote may
be heated above its flash point.
NOTE 1. Practically all of the creosote absorption takes place
during the cooling period. For this reason, equivalent results are
not obtained if the timber is merely immersed in the hot
preservative for steeping.
NOTE 2. Permeable species often absorb much more creosote
than necessary. Excess creosote can be removed by reheating the
charge to 85 C to 95 C for about 1 h, then removing the timber
while still hot. During reheating, up to 50 % of the retained
creosote is expelled.
I.3.3 Variations
I.3.3.1 It is permissible to vary the hot-and-cold open
tank method in a number of ways. For example,
cooling can be achieved more quickly by transferring
the timber to a tank of cold preservative, or the timber
can be preheated for 1 h or 2 h by any convenient
alternative means, such as with hot air, before
transferring into cold creosote.
I.3.3.2 A convenient but less efficient variation of the
hot-and-cold open tank method, used to treat small
numbers of fence posts, is the butt-treatment process.
The fence posts are placed upright in a drum with only
their ends immersed in the creosote, therefore covering
the part of the post which will be in or near the
ground, and then heated and cooled as described
before.
I.4 Processing by brushing and immersion
I.4.1 Treatment materials
The treatment material should be coal tar creosote
conforming to type 3.
I.4.2 Brushing
NOTE 1. Brushing is the easiest but generally the least effective
method of applying wood preservatives.
NOTE 2. In situ brush treatment of outdoor timber is best carried
out between late spring and early autumn, after a period of dry
weather, when the surface of the timber is warm and dry. The
timber is then in its most absorbent state, and the higher
prevailing temperatures aid penetration. It is advisable to re-treat
the timber periodically.
The creosote should be applied liberally and the timber
allowed to absorb as much as possible, particularly
into the sapwood and end grain. It is essential to cover
the whole of the surface thoroughly and to ensure that
the creosote penetrates into all the splits and surface
checks. More than one coating should be applied and
the timber allowed to dry between applications.
I.4.3 Immersion
The timber should be submerged in cold preservative
for the period required by the appropriate commodity
specification.
NOTE. The efficiency of this method largely depends on the
species, sapwood content and period of immersion. Fairly deep
penetration may be obtained with some species of timber if left in
the preservative for several days or even weeks. Resistant timbers,
however, will merely show surface penetration.
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20 BSI 1997
BS 144 : 1997
List of references
Normative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS EN 1014 : Wood preservatives Creosote and creosoted timber Methods of
sampling and analysis
BS EN 1014-1 : 1995 Procedure for sampling creosote
DD ENV 1014-3 : 1996 Determination of the benzo[a]pyrene content of creosote
BS EN 1014-4 : 1996 Determination of the water extractable phenols content of creosote
BS EN 22719 : 1994 Methods of test for petroleum and its products Petroleum
products and lubricants Determination of flash point
Pensky-Martens closed cup method
BS EN ISO 3696 : 1995 Water for analytical laboratory use Specification and test
methods
BS 188 : 1977 Methods for determination of the viscosity of liquids
BS 410 : 1986 Specification for test sieves
BS 593 : 1989 Specification for laboratory thermometers
BS 604 : 1982 Specification for graduated glass measuring cylinders
BS 658 : 1989 Specification for apparatus for the determination of distillation
range (including flasks and receivers)
BS 718 : 1991 Specification for density hydrometers
BS 756 : 1952 Specification for Dean and Stark apparatus
BS 1752 : 1983 Specification for laboratory sintered or fritted filters including
porosity grading
BS 1792 : 1982 Specification for one-mark volumetric flasks
BS 2000 : Methods of test for petroleum and its products
BS 2000 : Part 0 :
Addendum 1 : 1987
Standard reagents and thermometers
BS 2021 : 1980 Specification for separating and dropping funnels for laboratory
use
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BSI 1997
BS 144 : 1997
1)
In preparation.
Informative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS EN 350 : Durability of wood and wood-based products Natural
durability of solid wood
BS EN 350-1 : 1994 Guide to the principles of testing and classification of natural
durability of wood
BS EN 350-2 : 1994 Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood
species of importance in Europe
BS EN 351 : Durability of wood and wood-based products
Preservative-treated solid wood
BS EN 351-1 : 1996 Classification of preservative penetration and retention
BS EN 351-2 : 1996 Guidance on sampling for the analysis of preservativetreated
wood
BS EN 599 : Durability of wood and wood-based products Performance of
preventive wood preservatives as determined by biological tests
BS EN 599-1 : 1997 Specification according to hazard class
BS 1282 : 1975 Guide to the choice, use and application of wood preservatives
DD 239
1)
Code of practice for preservation of timber
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