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Tet TNPSC Tamil 6 12 Study Materials

The document lists 20 Tamil words and their English meanings. It then provides background information on the Tamil scholar C.N. Annadurai and details about his life and works. It also briefly describes some of Annadurai's notable publications.

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Karthik S

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0% found this document useful (2 votes)

3K views524 pages

Tet TNPSC Tamil 6 12 Study Materials

Uploaded by

Karthik S

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

B\m Yl .......................................................... 1 HZm Yl ...........................................................19 GhPm Yl .........................................................71 JuTRm Yl ................................................... 126 TjRm Yl ....................................................... 198 T]Wm Yl ...............................................

232 TuWiPm Yl ........................................ 242

AdLPp TlTLm
U] Gi: 3262, RrS hYN YVd l, pXWU, UW - 625 011 LT : 98426 - 49140, 98421 - 88660 RXT : 0452 - 6463666
CQVR[m: www.gksuccess.com / u]gNp : [email protected]

Mwhk; tFg;G nra;As; tho;j;J jpUtUl;gh

fz;zpy; fye;jhd; fUj;jpy; fye;jhd; vd;Dk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy vOjpatH ahH? ,uhkypq;f mbfshH 2. jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhH vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaH ngw;wtH ahH? ,uhkypq;f mbfshH 3. MrpupaH Fwpg;G:CH flY}H khtl;lk; kUJ}u; ngw;NwhH ,uhikah> rpd;dk;ikahH. E} y ; [PtfhUz;a xOf ;f k; > kDKiw fz;lthrfk;> ghly; jpUtUl;gh 4. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH grpj;JaH Nghf;fp kf;fSf;F cztspf;f ve;jr; rhiyia mikj;jhH? mwr;rhiyia 5. mwpTnewp tpsq;f ,uhkypq;f mbfshH epWtpa rig vJ? Qhdrig 1 1. 7.

fhyk; 5.10.1823 Kjy; 30.1.1874 tiu

jpUf;Fws; md;Gilik
jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpatH ahH? jpUts;St H jpUts;Stu; tho;e;j fhyk;? fp.K. 31 vd;W $WtH

9. jpUts;Stupd; NtW rpy ngaHfs; ahit? nre;ehg;NghjhH> nja;tg;GytH> ehadhH 10. jpUf;Fws; vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ? mit ahit? %d;W gpupTfs;. mit 1. mwj;Jg;ghy; 2. nghUl;ghy; 3. ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; 11. jpUf;Fwspy; xt;NthH mjpfhuj; jpw;Fk; 10 Fwl;ghf;fs; tPjk; vj;jid Fwl;ghf;fs; cs;sd? 1330 12. jpUf;Fwspy; vj;jid mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd? 13 3 13. jpUf;Fws; ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPo;f;f zf;F 14. jpUf;Fwspd; NtW rpy ngaHfs; ahit? Kg;ghy;> nghJkiw> jkpo;kiw 15. c y f k f;fs hy ; jp Uf ; Fws ; vt;thW Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ? cyfg; nghJkiw jpUts;StH Mz;L fzf;fpLk; Kiw fpwpj;J Mz;L (fp.gp.) +31 = jpUts;St H

Mz;L (vLj;Jf;fhl;L) 2010 + 3 1 (fp.gp.2010 = jpUts;StH Mz;L 2041 vd;W $WNthk;

16. nrhw;nghUs; 1. MHtyH - md;GilatH 2. Gd;fzPH - Jd;gk; fz;L ngUFk; fz;zP H 3. g+ry;jUk; - ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk; 4. vd;G vYk;G (,q;F cly;>nghUs;> Mtpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ) 5. <Dk; - jUk; 6. MHtk; - tpUg;gk; 7. tpUg;gk; vd;gjpd; nghUs; ahJ? ntWg;ig ePf;fp tpUg;gj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; vd;gJ nghUs; 8. ez;G - el;G 9. itafk; - cyfk; 10. vd;g - vd;ghHfs; 11. kwk; - tPuk; 12. vd;gpyJ - vYk;gpy;yhjJ (GO) 13. md;gpyJ - md;gpy;yhj capHfs; 14. md;G + mfj;J + ,y;yh md;G cs;sj;jpy; ,y;yhj 15. td;ghw;fz; - td;ghy; + fz; ghiyepyj;jpy; 16. jspHj;jw;W - jspHj;jJ Nghy 17. tw;wy;kuk; - thba kuk; 18. Gwj;JWg;G - cly; cWg;Gfs;
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19. vtd; nra;Ak; - vd;d gad;? 20. mfj;JWg;G - kdj;jpd; cWg;G

ciueil jkpo;j;jhj;jh c.Nt.rh

17. j k p o ; j ; j h j ; j h a h i u miof;fpd;Nwhk;? c.Nt.rh vd;W

18. c.Nt.rhkpehjH Xiyr; Rtbia ve;j Cupy; vLj;jhH? <NuhL k ht l;l j;j p y ; cs ; s nfhLKb 19. goq;fhyj;jpy; gidXiyapy; vij itj;J vOJthHfs;? vOj;jhzp 20. goq;fhyj;jpy; nra;As;>,yf;fzk; ve;jr; Rtbapy; vOjg;gl;ld? Xiyr;Rtbapy; 21. Xiyr;Rtb vOj;Jf;fspy; vJ ,Uf;fhJ? Gs;sp> xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf; nfhk;G NtWghL ,Uf;fhJ 22. v O j ; j h z p n f h z ; L v O J k; Xiyf;F vd;d ngaH? Xiyr;Rtb 23. ekf;fhfj; jhspy; vOjp> mr;rpl;Lg; Gj;jfj;ij toq;fpatH ahH? c.Nt.rhkpehja;aH 24. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;Dk; Rtbapy; vj;jid tifahd g+f;fspd; ngaHfs; ,Ue;jd? njhz;Z}w;W xd;gJ 25. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;Dk; E}ypd; MrpupaH. fgpyH 26. Xiyr;Rtbfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; rpy ,lq;fs; ahit? 1. fPo;j;jpirf; Rtbfs; E}yfk;> nrd;id 2. muR Mtzf; fhg;gfk;> 4

nrd;id 3. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id 4. ruRtjp kfhy;> jQ;rht+H

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27. c.Nt.rhkpehja;aH ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhH? jpUth&H khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s cj;jkjhdGuk; 28. c.Nt.rhkpehja;aupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? Ntq;fluj;jpdk; 29. c.Nt.rh.tpd; MrpupaH ngaH ? kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is 30. MrpupaH c.Nt.rhkpehja;aUf;F itj;j ngaH vJ? rhkpehjd; 31. c . N t . r h tpupj;Jf; $ W f ? cj;jkjhdGuk; Ntq;fl Rg;igaH kfdhd rhkpehjd;. 32. c.Nt.rh.ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH. 19.2.1855 33. c.Nt.rh ve;j Mz;L ,aw;if va;jpdhH? 28.4.1942 34. jkpo;j;jhj;jhtpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpd E}ypd; ngaH ahJ? vd;rupjk; 35. c.Nt.rh tho;f;if tuyhw;iw ve;j ,jopy; njhluhf vOjpdhH? Mde;j tpfld; c.Nt.rh. gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; 1. vl;Lj;njhif 8 2. gj;Jg;ghl;L 10
3

3. rPtfrpe;jhkzp 4. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 5. kzpNkfiy

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36.

37.

38.

39.

6. Guhzq;fs; 12 7. cyh 9 8. Nfhit 6 9. J}J 6 10. ntz;gh E}y;fs; 13 11. me;jhjp 3 12. guzp 2 13. Kk;kzpf;Nfhit 2 14. ,ul;il kzpkhiy 2 15. ,jugpuge;jq;fs; 4 c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; ve;j Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ? 1942 c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; ve;j efupy; njhlHe;J nray;gl;L tUfpwJ? nrd;idapy; cs;s ngrd;l;efH c.Nt.rh. mtHfspd; jkpo;g; gzpfisg; ghuhl;ba ntspehl;L mwpQHfs; ahH? [p.A.Nghg;> #ypa]; tpd;Nrhd; eLtz; muR>c.Nt.rh.mtHfspd; jkpo;j;njhz;bidg; ngUikg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ______ Mk; Mz;L mQ;ry; jiy ntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;J cs;sJ. 2006 Mk; Mz;L

,uz;L ,lq;fspy; mnkupf;fh Fz;L tPrpaJ? 1. `pNuhrpkh 2. ehfrhfp

Jizg;ghlk ; filrptiu ek;gpf;if

40. [g;ghdpy; ve;j ve;j
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41. rlNfh ve;j ehl;Lr; rpWkp? [g;gh d; 42. [g;ghdpaH tzq;Fk; gwit vJ? nfhf; F 43. mutpe;j Fg;jh vOjpa E}y;. nld; ypl;by; gpq;fH]; fhfpjj;jpy; cUtq;fs; nra;Ak; fiyia [g;ghdpaH xupfhkp vd;W $WtH

48. kQ;rs;> mQ;rhNj vd;Dk; ,t;tpuz;L nrhw;fspy; vit el;G vOj;Jf;fs;? Q; r 49. e; kw;Wk; d; ,t;tpuz;Lk; vd;d vOj;Jfs; ? nka ; 50. r; vd;gJ nka;naOj;J v vd;gJ capnuOj;J ,t;tpuz;Lk; NrUk; NghJ khWtJ?

,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk ;
44. ,yf;fzk; vjw;Fj; Njitg; gLfpwJ? ehk; NgRk; nkhopia> vOJk; nkhopiar; rupahf g; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F 45. jkpopd; Kjy; vOj;J vJ? m 46. m vd;Dk; vOj;J vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;? kdpjd ; 47. q; vd;w vOj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; tUk; ,d vOj;J vJ? f
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Fwpy; 51. r; vd;gJ nka;naOj;J V vd;gJ capnuOj;J ,t;tpuz;Lk; NrUk; NghJ khWtJ? neby; 52. gpupj;J mwpjy; 1.jkf;FupaH - jkf;F + cupaH 2. md;gPDk; - md;G + <Dk; 3. epoyUik - epoy; + mUik 53. c.Nt.rh.tpd; ek;gpf;iff;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d? mtUila MHtk; 54. Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; vdf; $wpatH. jpUts;StH

58. ehybahupy; vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? 40 0

,ay;-2 nra;As; - ehybahH

55. eha;f;fhy; rpWtpuy; Nghy; vd;Dk; ehybahH ghliyg; ghbatH ahH? rkzKdptH 56. nrhw;nghUs; 1. eha;f;fhy; ehapd;fhy; 2. <f;fhy; - <apd;fhy; 3. ed;fzpaH - ed;F + mzpaH 4. mzpaH - neUq;fp ,Ug;gtH 5. vd;dhk; - vd;d gad; 6. Nra; - J}uk; 7. nra; - tay; 57. ehybahH ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W . gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F

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59. ehybahupd; kw;nwhU rpwg;Gg;ngaH vJ? ehyb ehD}W 60. ehybahiu ,aw;wpatH ahH? rkz KdptH 61. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F tpsf;fk; rq;f E}y;fs; vdg;gLgit gj;Jg; ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;njhifAk;. gj;Jg; ghl;by; gj;J E}y;fSk;> vl;Lj; njhifapy; vl;L E}y;fSk; cs;sd. nkhj;jk; gjpndl;L E}y;fs;. ,tw;iw Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;W $Wk; tof;fKk; cz;L. rq;f E}y;fSf;Fg;gpd; Njhd;wpa E}y;fspd; njhFg;G gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;njhFg;gpYk; gjpndl;L E}y;fs; cs;sd. gjpndz; vd;why; gjpndl;L vd;W nghUs;. ,e;E}y;fisf; fPo;f; fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;Wk; $WtH. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit mwE}y;fNs

fhfpjk; vd;w ghujNjrk; ghliyg; ghbatH ahH? kfhftp ghujpahH 63. nrhw;nghUs; 1. jiyrhAjy; - Xa;e;J gLj;jy; 2. tz;ik nfhil 3. cOgiltptrhak; nra;ag; gad;gLk; fUtpfs; 4. Nfhzp rhf;F

ghuj Njrk;
62. MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y
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5. eil - rhiyapy; nry;Yk; tz;bfs; 6. gwg;G - gwf;Fk; tpkhdk; Nghd;wit 7. Qhyk; - cyfk; 8. cte;J nra;Nthk; tpUk;gpr; nra;Nthk; 9. jkpo;kfs; - xsitahH

cs;s rpwpa fpuhkk; $e;jd;Fsk;

10. NkytH - NkNyhH 11. fPotH - fPNohH 12. kw;NwhH - gpwHf;F cjTk;mw;NwhH NeHik 13. newpapdpd;W - mwnewpapy; epd;W 64. jkpo;ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w ftpQH ahH? ghujpahH 65. ghujpahH vt;thW nfhz;lhlg; gl;ltH? ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; ghujp 66. Rje;jug; Nghuhl;l tPuH ahH? kfhftp ghujpahH 67. kfhftp ghujpahH tho;e;j fhyk;? 11.12.1882 Kjy; 11.9.1921 tiu

ciueil gwitfs; gytpjk ;

68. v e ; j Cupy; gl;lhNr ntbg;gjpy;iy? jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
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69. gwitfs; Vd; ehL tpl;L ehL gwe;J tUfpd;wd? gUtepiy khWk; NghJ 70. gUtepiy vd;why; vd;d? ntapy; kpfTk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; 71. gUtepiy ve;j khjj;jpy; Vw;gLk;? Nk khjk; 72. gUtepiy khw;wk; vd;gJ? ntapYk;> kioAk;> gdpAk; khwp khwp tUtJ 73. gwitfs; ntapy; kw;Wk; gdp $Ljyhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ NtW ,lj;jpw;F nry;tjw;F vd;d ngaH? tyir Nghjy; 74. gioafhyj;jpy; ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ,d;iwf;F kio tUk; vd;W vg;gbf; $WtH? gwitfs; ,lk; khWtij itj;J cyfk; KOtJk; ,Ue;J gy ehl;Lg; gwitfs; te;J jq;fp ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fg; ngaH jhd; gwitfs; ruzhyak;.
9

75. ek; ehl;by; vj;jid gwitfs; cs;sd ? Vwj;jho ,uz;lhapuj;J ehD}W 76. gwitfis vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;? mit ahit? Ie;J tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk; 1.Njidf; Fbj;J thOk; gwitfs; 2.goj;ij cz;L thOk; gwitfs; 3.g+r;rpiaj; jpd;W thOk; gwitfs; 4.Ntl;ilahb cz;Zk; gwitfs;

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5.,we;j cly;fis cz;L thOk gwitfs; 77. rkntsp kuq;fspy; thOk; rpy gwitfs; ahit? kQ;rs; rpl;L> nrq;fhfk;> Rliyf; Fapy;> gdq;fhil> J}f;fzhq; FUtp. 78. ePHepiyfspy; thOk; gwitfs; ahit? nfhf;F> jhiof;Nfhop> gtsf;fhyp> Mw;W cs;shd;> Kf;Fspg;ghd;> ehiu> mu pths ; %f;fd;> fuz;bthad;> Crpthy;thj;J. 79. kiyfspy; thOk; rpy gwitfs; ahit? ,Uthr;rp> nre;jiyg;g+q;FUtp> kpd;rpl;L> fUQ;rpd;dhd;>ePyfpup nel;ilf;fhyp> nghd;KJF kuq;nfhj;jp> rpd;df;FWthd; nfhz;il cothud;> ,uhrhspg; gUe;J> g+kd; Me;ij 80. $e;jd; Fsk; fpuhkj;J kf;fs; Vd; gl;lhR ntbf;fhkYk; Nksk; mbf;fhkYk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH. gwitfs; gae;Jtplhky; ,Uf;f

gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs; (Gfyplq;fs;):

1. Ntle;jhq;fy; 2. fupf;fpsp (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;) 3. fQ;rpuq;Fsk; 4. rpj;jpuq;Fb

jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s

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5. Nky;nry;tD}H (,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk; ) 6. goNtw;fhL (jpUts;@H khtl;lk;) 7. cjakhHj;jhz;lk; (jpUth&H khtl;lk; ) 8. tLt+H (jQ;rht+H khtl;lk;) 9. fiuntl;b (nguk;gY}H khtl;lk;) 10. Ntl;lq;Fb (rptfq;if khtl;lk;) 11. nts;NshL (<NuhL khtl;lk;) 12. $e;jd; Fsk; (jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;) 13. Nfhbaf;fiu (ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk; )

ghk;Gfs; cs;sd? ,uz;lhapuj;J vOE}w;W Ik;gJ 84. ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid tifahd ghk;Gfs; cs;sd? ,UE}w;W ehw;gj;J ehd;F 85. ghk;Gtiffspy; vj;jid ghk;GfSf;F kl;Lk; er;Rj;jd;ik cz;L? Ik;gj;jpuz;L 86. ghk;G tpOq;Ffpw vyp> jtisfs clk;gpy; cs;s _____mjw;F g; NghJk;. ePHr;rj;Nj.

Jizg;ghlk ; ghk;Gfs ;
81. ghk;Gg; gz;iz vq;F cs;sJ? nrd;idf; fpz;b 82. ghk;Gfs; ve;j tifiar; rhHe;jit? CHtd tifia 83. cyfj;jpy; vj;jid tif
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ghk;gpdk;> cyfpy; kdpj ,dk; Njhd;Wtjw;F g; g j ; J f ; N f hb Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Njhd;wpaJ. ,e;jpahtpYs;s ,uh[ehfk; jhd; cyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd eQ;Rs;s ghk;G. 15mb ePsKil aJ $Lfl;b thOk; xNu tifg; ghk;G ,J ,uh[ ehfk;> kw;w ghk;GfisNa $l czthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;. ghk;Gfspd; gw;fs; cs;Nehf;fp tise;jpUf;Fk; ,iuiag; gpbj;jhy; jg;gtplhJ. ghk;Gfs; ,iuia nkd; W jpd;gjpy;iy. m g ; g b N a tpOq;fptpLfpd;wd 87. ghk;G vjw;fhf vr;rpypy; eQ;R itj;jpUf;fpwJ ? ,iuiaf; nfhy;yTk;> nrupkhdj; jpw;fhfTk; > 88. ghk;G ve;j mjpHTfis czHe;J Kd;ndr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;fpwJ.. jiuapd; 89. ghk;G ahUf;F ez;gd;?

tptrhapfSf; F xU ghk;igf; nfhd;why;> mjd; ,izg;ghk;G gop thq;Fk; vd;W nrhy;tJz;L. ,J cz;ikad;W. nfhy;yg;gl;l ghk;gpd; clk;gpypUe;J ntspNaWk; xUtif thridj; jputpak; kw;wg; ghk;GfisAk; me;j

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,l k ; Nehf;fp tutiof;fpwJ. gopthq;f> ghk;Gfs; tUtjpy;iy ghk;G jd; e h f ; i f mbf;fb ntspNa ePl;Lk;. Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd; thridia mwpe;J nfhs;sj;jhd; ghk;G mt;thW nra;fpwJ. ey;y ghk;gpd; eQ;R Nfhg;uhf;rpd; (Cobrozin) vDk; typePf;fp kUe;J jahupf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa muR tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1972 ,d; gb> NjhYf;fhfg; ghk;Gfs; nfhy;yg;gLtijj; jLf;f rl;lk; epiwNtw;wp cs;sJ.

Kg;gJ 93. md;whl Ngr;rpYk;> vOj;jpYk;> ve;j vOj;Jfs; gad;gLfpd;wd? fp> rp> gp> b> jp> kp. capnuOj;J 12 nka;naOj;J 18 capH nka; vOj;J 21 6 Ma;j vOj;J 1 nkhj;jk; 247
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,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk ;
90. capH vOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? gd;dpuz;L. m> M> ,> <> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs. 91. nka; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? mit ahit? gjpndl;L. f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> H> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;. 92. jkpopYs;s Kjy; vOj;Jfs; nkhj;jk; vj;jid?

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94. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid mit ahit? Ie;J. m> ,> c> v> x 95. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; nka; vOj;Jf; fNshL NrUk; NghJ vOj;Jfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. capH nka;f;Fwpy; 96. neby; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? mit ahit? M> <> C> V> I> X> xs 97. neby; vOj;Jfs;> nka;naOj;Jf; fNshL NrUk; NghJ vOj;Jfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. capHnka;neby; 98. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L thf;fpaq;fis mikf;fTk;. 1. f y ; - rpw;gq;fs;fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gLk; 2. fhy; - Nrw;W epyj;jpy; fhiy mOe;j Cd;wp nkJtha; elf;f Ntz;Lk; 3. Fil - ntapypypUe;Jk; kioap ypUe;Jk; ek;ikf; fhg;gJ> Fil 4. $il - %q;fpy;fshy; $ilfs Kilag;gLfpd;wd 99. NrHj;J vOJf 1. kzk; + cz;L = kzKz;L 2. rpyH + mOthH = rpyuOthH 3. Gfo; + ,oe;Njd; = Gfopoe;Njd; 100. gpupj;J vOJf 1. ,Uk;ghzpfs; - ,Uk;G + Mzpfs;

2. nfhy;yUiy - nfhy;yH + ciy 3. Ntwpy;iy - NtW + ,y;iy

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101. ey;y jkpo;r;nrhw;fis mwpNthk; 1. tha;f;fhy; Mw;wpd; xU rpWfpisNa tha;f;fhy; MFk; 2. nra; ed;nra; epyq;fspy; ney;Yk; fUk;Gk; kpFjpaha; tpisAk; 3. t z ; i k nghUs; ,y;yhjtHf;Ff nfhLf;Fk; tz;ikf;Fz k; vy;yhUf;Fk; Ntz;Lk; 4. Qhyk; - ,e;j Qhyj;jpy; cs;NshH midtUk; ek; cwtpdNu 102. gpd;tUk; epfo;TfSf;fhd fhuzj;ijf fz;lwpe;J vOJf 1. kdpjHfs; ahidia Ntl;il ahlf; fhuzk; je;jk; 2. cyfk; ntg;gkilaf; fhuzk; - thfdg;Gif 3. MWfs; khrilaf; fhuzk; - njhopw;rhiyf; fopT 4. ki o Fiwaf ; fhuzk; - fhLfs; mopg;G

NrUk; vOj;Jfs; cldpiynka;k; kaf;fk; v.fh gf;fk;> mr;rk; 104. jd; vOj;Jld; NruhJ gpw vOj;Jf;fSld; NrUk; vOj;Jfs;. Ntw;W epiy nka;k;kaf;fk; v.fh. rhHG> tho;f;if

,ay; 3 nra;As; ehd;kzpf;fbif

vOj;Jf;fSk; cwTk;
103. jd; vOj;Jld; kl;Lk;
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kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths; vd;Dk; ehd;kzpf;fbifg; ghliy ghbatH ahH? tpsk;gpehfdhH 106. nrhw;nghUs; 1. klths; - ngz; 2. jifrhy; - gz;gpy; rpwe;j 3. kdf;fpdpa - kdj;Jf;F ,dpa 4. fhjy; Gjy;tH md;Gkf;fs; 5. Xjpd; - vJntd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ 6. Gfo;rhy; - Gfioj;jUk; 7. czHT - ey;nyz;zk; 107. ehd;kzpf;fbif ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F 108. FLk;gj;jpd; tpsf;F ahH? ngz; 109. fbif vd;gJ mzpfyd; ( eif) 110. ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;gjd; nghUs;. ehd;F kzpfs; nfhz;l mzpfyd 111. ehd;kzpf;fbifapd; MrpupaH ahH? tpsk;gpehfdhH 112. tpsk;gp - CHg;ngaH@ ehfdhH vd;gJ Gytupd; ,aw;ngaH 105.

113.

vOj;J topahf tuhky; ghbg;ghb tha;topahfg; guTfpw ghl;L vJ? ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghl;L

ciueil MuhNuh MupuNuh

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114. Foe;ijiaj; jha; njhl;bypypl;Lg; ghLk; ghl;Lf;F ngaH vd;d? jhyhl;Lg;ghly; 115. Kw;fhyj;jpy; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fis vt;thW $wp te;jhHfs;? fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; 116. nrd;id Nghd;w ngU efuq;fspy; kf;fs; ghLk; $l ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;. fhdhg;ghly; 117. flYf;Fr; nrd;W kPd;gpbf;Fk; kPdtHfs; vd;d ghl;L ghLthHfs;. ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; 118. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisf; fPo;f; fhZk; tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;: jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs; tpisahl;Lg;ghly;fs; njhopy; ghly;fs; rlq;Fg; ghly;fs; nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs; topghl;Lg;ghly;fs; xg;ghupg; ghly;fs; 119. gpwe;j Foe;ijf;fhfg; ghLk; ghly; vJ? jhyhl;Lg; ghly; 120. nfhQ;rk; tsHe;j gps;isfs; ghLk; ghly; vJ?
11

tpisahl;Lg;ghly; 121. fisg;G ePq;f> Ntiy nra;NthH ghLtJ vJ? njhopy; ghly;

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122. jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gpw epfo;Tfspy; ghLtJ vJ? rlq;Fg; ghly;> nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;f s; 123. rhkp Fk;gpLNthH ghLk; ghly; vJ? topghl;Lg;ghl y; 124. ,we;NjhUf;Fg; ghLk; ghly; vJ? xg;ghupg;ghly;f s;

Rthkp ahH? tpNtfhde;j H 128. tpNtfhde;jupd; kWngaH vd;d? eNue;jpuehj ;

,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk ; ehl;Lg;Gwj; jkpo; mwpNthk;

129. Nfhopaf; Nfl;lh Mdk; fhr;Rthq;f...? Mdk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? Fok; G

Jizg;ghlk ; tPur;rpW td;

125. kf;fs; neUf;fk; kpFe;j efuk; vJ? nfhy;fj;j h vOj;jhsH [hdfpkzhsd; vd;ghUila mwpit tsHf;Fk; mw;Gjf; fijfs; vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;J ,r;rpWfij vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ. 126. tpy;ypypUe;J Gwg;gl;l mk;igg; Nghyg; gha;e;J rhiyf;F te;jtH ahH? tpNtfhde;jH. 127. gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfk; Gfo caHe;j
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130. msf;Fw ehopf;F mftpiy 2. tpidr;nrhy; njupAkh? ehop vd;gjd; nghUs; 3. ,ilr;nrhy; 4. cupr;nrhy; ahJ? jhdpaq;fis 137. nry;tp te;jhs; vd;w msf;Fk; gb nrhw;nwhlupy; ngaHr;nrhy; 131. mftpiy vd;gjd; nghUs; vJ? ahJ? tpidr;nrhy; vJ? jhdpa tpiy nry;tp vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy; 132. jpwe;j tPl;Lf;Fj; jpwTNfhy; te;jhs; vd;gJ tpidr;nrhy; vJf;F? jpwTNfhy; vd;gjd; 138. fPo;f;fhZk; nghUs; ahJ? rhtp nrhw;nwhlHfspy; cs;s 133. xw;W vdg;gLtJ ahJ? ngaHr;nrhy;fisAk; tpidr nka;naOj;J nrhw;fisAk; Rl;Lf. 134. xw;nwOj;ijr; NrHj;J ngaHr; tpidr; vOJf ghliy+nrhd;Ndd; = nrhy; nrhy; ghliyr; nrhd;Ndd; 1. kuk; MbaJ kuk; MbaJ flTis+fz;Nld; = 2. ,UtH ghbdH ,UtH ghbdH flTisf; 3. nra;jp guTk; nra;jp guTk; fz;Nld; 4. Fkud; Fkud; tUfpwhd; goj;ij +jpd;Nwd; = tUfpwhd; 139. fPo;f;fhZk; goj;ijj; nrhw;nwhlHfspd; nghUj;jkhd jpd;Nwd; f z ; z D f ; F ngaHr;nrhy;iy ,l;L epug;Gf. +n f h L j ; N j d ; = fz;zDf;Ff; nfhLj;Njd; k J i u f ; F +n r y ; N t h k ; = 1. J}q;fpdhd; kJiuf;Fr; nry;Nthk; 2. g+j;jJ 135. rupahd nrhw;fisj; 3. fpupf;nfl;by; NjHe;njLj;Jr; ntw;wp ngw;wJ nrhw;nwhliu epug;Gq;fs;. 1. ky;ypif tPrpa 4. mOjhs; J 2. g+kpia tUNtd tpil: 1. ghz;bad; 2) ; ky;ypif> 3. gJq;fpg;ghAk; 3) ,e;jpah 4) kzpNkfiy 4. Kfj;jpy; KWty; 140. fPo;f;fhZk; Ntz;Lk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy ; 11

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5. eha;

epkpuhJ

nghUj;jkhd

1. kzk;> 2. tyk;> 3. Gyp> 4. Gd;> 5.thy; 136. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; 1. ngaHr;nrhy;

tpidr;nrhy;i y ,l;L epug;Gf. 1. $l;lk; 2. Me;ij 3. tpd;nrd;l; ghlk; 4. KfkJ jz;zPH

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tpil: 1.fiye;jJ 2. mywpaJ 3.gbj;jhd; 4.gUfpdhd;. 141. tha;nkhopahf tpil $Wf.(Mk; my;yJ ,y;iy) eNue;jpuehj; Jzpr;ry; kpf;ftd; (Mk;> ,y;iy) Mk;

ahH? ghujpjhrd; 145. ghujpjhrd; vd;gtupd; ,aw;ngaH? fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;

,ay; - 4 nra;As; - ,iraKJ

142. kioNa kioNa th th vd;w ,iraKJ vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrd; 143. nrhw;nghUs; 1. thdg;Gdy; - thdj;J ePH 2. Gdy; - ePH 3. itaj;J mKJ - g+kpapd; mKjk; 4. itak; - cyfk;>g+kp 5. jfug;ge;jy; - jfuj;jpy; Nghlg; gl;l ge;jy; 6. nghb - kfue;jg;nghb 7. jio - nrb 8. jioahntg;gk; ngUFk; ntg;gk Fiwahj ntg;gk; vd;W k; nghUs; nfhs;syhk; 9. jiof;fTk; - FiwaTk; 144. Gul;rpf; ftpQH vd;Wk; ghNte;jH vd;Wk; Gfog;gLgtH

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146. ghujpapd; ftpij kPJ nfhz;l fhjyhy; jk;Kila ngaiu khw;wpf;nfhz;ltH ahH? ghujpjhrd; 147. fdf Rg;Guj;jpd ftpij E}y;fs;? 1. ghz;bad; gupR 2. mofpd;rpupg;G 3. FLk;gtpsf;F 148. Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrdpd; tho;e;j fhyk;. 29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu

ehNl 4. Mw;Wzh MW +czh 5. MW - top 6. czh - czT (topeil czT ,jidf; fl;Lr;NrhW vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrhy;Nthk;) MFk; -

gonkhop ehD}W
Mw;wTk; fw;whH mwpTilahH vd;w gonkhop ehD}W ghliy ghbatH ahH? Kd;Wiw miuadhH 150. Nghjpa E}y;fis epiwthff; fw;wtH ahH? mwpTilahH 151. mwpTilahupd; Gfo; ve;j jpirfspy; guTk;? ehd;F jpirfspYk; 152. nrhw;nghUs; 1. Mw;wTk; epiwthf 2. ehw;wpir ehd;F+jpir 3. jkNtahk; jk;Kila 149.

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153. gonkhop ehD}W ve;j 1922 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1964 E}y;fSs; Mk; Mz;L tiu 42 xd;W. Mz;Lfs; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F fbjq;fs; vOjpdhH. E}y;fs 164. NeU ntspehL nrd;w ; nghOJk; 154. ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j nghOJk; E}y; ahUf;Ff; fbjk; vOjpdhH? vJ? kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F gonkhop ehD}W 165. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp ve;j fy;Y}upy; 155. gonkhop ehD}W vd;Dk; NrUk; NghJ NeU fbjk; ghlypy; tUk; gonkhop Mw;Wzh vOjpdhH? jh$upd; Ntz;LtJ tpRtghujp fy;Y}up ,y; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? 166. tpRtghujp ve;j ,lj;jpy; fw;wtDf;Ff ; cs;sJ? fl;Lr;Nrh Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; W Ntz;lhk; 167. NeU ve;jg; 156. gonkhop ehD}w;wpd; MrpupaH gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ahH? gapd;whH? Kd;Wiw miuadhH 157. Kd;Wiw vd;gJ vd;d? CHg;ngaH Nfk;gpupl;[; 158. miuad; vd;w nrhy; Fwpf;Fk 168. mw;Gjkhd ; Mq;fpyg;gilg;ghspfs; muridf; 161. ek; ehL tpLjiy ngw;wgpd; 159. Mw;Wzh - MW + czh Kjy; ciueil kfs; gpujkuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;wtH ,e;jpuhTf;F ahH? NeU vOjpa [tfHyhy; NeU fbjk; 162. [tfHyhy; NeUtpd; md;G kfs; ahH? 160. ekJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp tpLjiyf; fhfg; ghLgl;l ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;Ff; jiytHfspy; xUtH [tfHyhy; 163. fbjq;fis vj;jid NeU
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Mz;Lfs; vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;jhH?

NeU

ahH? Nrf;];gpaH> kpy;ld; 169. Gj;jfq;fisg; gw;wp NeU> ,e;jpuh fhe;jpaplk; $wpaJ? gpNsl;Nlhtpd; Gj;jfq;fs; Ritah dit@ rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lgit 170. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp NeUtplk; ve;j ehtiy thrpf;fg; Nghtjhfr; nrhd;dhH? l h y ; ] ; l h a p d ; N g h U k ; mikjpAk; 171. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwe;j E}y;fSs; xd;W. lhy;];lhapd; NghUk; mikjpAk; 172. ehk; Vd; Gj;jfk; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;? mwpT ngWtjw;fhf> kfpo;r;rp miltjw;fhf. 173. Nfk;gpupl;[; ,q;fpyhe;jpYs; s gy;fiyf;fofk ;

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174. Nrf;];gpaH Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH 175. kpy;ld; - Mq;fpyf;ftpQH 176. gpNsl;Nlh - fpNuf;fr; rpe;jidahsH 177. fhspjhrH - tlnkhop ehlf MrpupaH 178. lhy;];lha; - ,u\;a ehl;L vOj;jhsH 179. ngHdhHl;\h - Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH 180. ngl;uz;l; u];]y; rpe;jidahsH: fy;tpahsH 181. my;Nkhuh rpiw cj;juhQ;ry; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ 182. fpUgshdp - tpRtghujpapy; gzpGupe;j xU NguhrpupaH

,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk ;
183. kuKk; jioAk; vd;w njhlupy;

jio vd;gJ nrbnfhbiaf;

Fwpj;j J

184. MW vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj;jhd ; vj;jid nghUs;fs;? MW XH vz;(6) MW ejp

xw;iwf;nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J Fwpy; g; + x + ngh = nghUs; ,ul;ilf; nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J neby ; j; + X + Njh = Njhy;tp 188. NeUtpd; JiztpahH ngaH vd;d? fkyh NeU 189. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F NeU ve;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J fbjj;ij vOjpdhH. NeU ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F> my;Nkhuh khtl;lr; rpiwr;rhiyapypUe;J vOjpdhH. 190. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gbj;j gy;fiyf;fofk; vJ? mJ vq;Fs;sJ? ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Mf;];NghHL gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gbj;jhH> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;sJ. MW - top 185. ,ul;ilf;fpstp vd;gJ vd;d? ,ul;il vd;why; ,uz;L fpstp vd;why; nrhy; 186. ,ul;ilf;fpstpf;F v.fh

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jUf? jz jz> fz fz 187. xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf;nfhk; G fPNo fhz;Nghk; xw;iwf;nfhk;G Fwpy; r; + v + nr = nrb ,ul;ilf;nfhk;G - neby; t; + V + Nt = Nty;

191.

,e;jpaj; tpLjiyf;fhf> ve;j Mz;by; gy;NtW tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lgl;lhH? 1921 Mk; Mz;L 192. mz;zy; fhe;jpabfspd; jiyik apy; NeU ve;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jPtpukha;g; gq;Nfw;whH? mwg;Nghuhl;lk; 193. rpiwr;rhiyapy; NeUtpd; ez;gdha ,Ue;jJ vJ? Gj;jfk;

NeU jpUehl;bd;

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Kg;gJ 93. md;whl Ngr;rpYk;> vOj;jpYk;> ve;j vOj;Jfs; gad;gLfpd;wd? fp> rp> gp> b> jp> kp. capnuOj;J 12 nka;naOj;J 18 capH nka; vOj;J 21 6 Ma;j vOj;J 1 nkhj;jk; 247
8

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2. nfhy;yUiy - nfhy;yH + ciy 3. Ntwpy;iy - NtW + ,y;iy

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NrUk; vOj;Jfs; cldpiynka;k; kaf;fk; v.fh gf;fk;> mr;rk; 104. jd; vOj;Jld; NruhJ gpw vOj;Jf;fSld; NrUk; vOj;Jfs;. Ntw;W epiy nka;k;kaf;fk; v.fh. rhHG> tho;f;if

,ay; 3 nra;As; ehd;kzpf;fbif

vOj;Jf;fSk; cwTk;
103. jd; vOj;Jld; kl;Lk;
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113.

vOj;J topahf tuhky; ghbg;ghb tha;topahfg; guTfpw ghl;L vJ? ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghl;L

ciueil MuhNuh MupuNuh

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tpisahl;Lg;ghly; 121. fisg;G ePq;f> Ntiy nra;NthH ghLtJ vJ? njhopy; ghly;

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122. jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gpw epfo;Tfspy; ghLtJ vJ? rlq;Fg; ghly;> nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;f s; 123. rhkp Fk;gpLNthH ghLk; ghly; vJ? topghl;Lg;ghl y; 124. ,we;NjhUf;Fg; ghLk; ghly; vJ? xg;ghupg;ghly;f s;

Rthkp ahH? tpNtfhde;j H 128. tpNtfhde;jupd; kWngaH vd;d? eNue;jpuehj ;

,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk ; ehl;Lg;Gwj; jkpo; mwpNthk;

129. Nfhopaf; Nfl;lh Mdk; fhr;Rthq;f...? Mdk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? Fok; G

Jizg;ghlk ; tPur;rpW td;

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5. eha;

epkpuhJ

nghUj;jkhd

1. kzk;> 2. tyk;> 3. Gyp> 4. Gd;> 5.thy; 136. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; 1. ngaHr;nrhy;

tpidr;nrhy;i y ,l;L epug;Gf. 1. $l;lk; 2. Me;ij 3. tpd;nrd;l; ghlk; 4. KfkJ jz;zPH

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tpil: 1.fiye;jJ 2. mywpaJ 3.gbj;jhd; 4.gUfpdhd;. 141. tha;nkhopahf tpil $Wf.(Mk; my;yJ ,y;iy) eNue;jpuehj; Jzpr;ry; kpf;ftd; (Mk;> ,y;iy) Mk;

ahH? ghujpjhrd; 145. ghujpjhrd; vd;gtupd; ,aw;ngaH? fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;

,ay; - 4 nra;As; - ,iraKJ

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ehNl 4. Mw;Wzh MW +czh 5. MW - top 6. czh - czT (topeil czT ,jidf; fl;Lr;NrhW vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrhy;Nthk;) MFk; -

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Mz;Lfs; vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;jhH?

NeU

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,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk ;
183. kuKk; jioAk; vd;w njhlupy;

jio vd;gJ nrbnfhbiaf;

Fwpj;j J

184. MW vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj;jhd ; vj;jid nghUs;fs;? MW XH vz;(6) MW ejp

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jUf? jz jz> fz fz 187. xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf;nfhk; G fPNo fhz;Nghk; xw;iwf;nfhk;G Fwpy; r; + v + nr = nrb ,ul;ilf;nfhk;G - neby; t; + V + Nt = Nty;

191.

NeU jpUehl;bd;

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,ay;-5 nra;As; rpj;jH ghly;

194. itNjhiu $l itahNj vd;w rpj;jH ghly; ghbatH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH 195. nrhw;nghUs; 1.nta;a tpid - Jd;gk; jUk; nray; 2 Ntk;G - frg;ghdnrhw;fs;@ 3. tPwhg;G - ,Wkhg;G 4. gyupy; - gyH + ,y;> gyUila tPLfs; 5. Gfy; xz;zhNj nry;yhNj 6. rhw;Wk; - Gfo;r;rpahfg; NgRtJ@ 7. flk; - clk;G 196. rpj;jHfs; vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jkpofj;jpd; fhL kiyfspy; tho;e;jtHfs;. RkhH ehD}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd; 197. rpj;jHfspd; fhuzg;ngaHfs; ahJ? ghk;ghl;br;rpj;jH> Fjk;igr;rpj;j H> mOFzpr;rpj;jH. 198. cUt topghL nra;ahky; ntl;l ntspiaNa flTshf topgl;ltH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH 199. vspa nrhw;fspd;
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200. ,uhkrhkpapd; ngw;Nwhu; ngaH vd;d? ntq;flg;gUf;Fk;rpd;dj; jhak;khs 201. nrhe;jkhfr; rpe;jpj;Jg;Gupe;J nfhs;s epidf;fpwtH ahH? ,uhkrhkp 202. ,uhkrhkpapd; CH vJ? <NuhL 203. jkpofj;jpd; kpfg;ngupa rpe;jid ahsH ahH? ,uhkrhkp 204. ,uhkrhkp vd;w ngaiu vt;thW miog;ghH? ngupahH <.nt.uh 205. ngupahH <.nt.uh. tho;e;j fhyk;

KOtJk; nfhLj;jhH. mwpTf;Nf

f;Nf Kjyplk;

mwpTiufisr; nrhd;dtH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH

ciueil ,sikapy; ngupahH Nfl;l Nfs;tp

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206. mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp vJ rup> vJ jtW vd;W rpe;jpj;Nj KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dtH ahH? ngupahH 207. rhjp Vw;wj;jho;TfisAk; kj khWghl;ilAk; mfw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;wtH ahH? ngupah H 208. ngupahH xU rq;fKk; mikj;jhH mjd; ngaH vd;d? gFj;jwpthsH rq;fk; 209. ,sk; tajpNyNa ngupahH ahUld; njhz;L Gupe;jtH? kfhj;kh fhe;jp 210. ngupahH ve;jf; fl;rpapy; NrHe;jhH? fhq;fpu];fl;rp

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211. fs;Sf;fil kwpaypy; <Lgl;ltH ahH? ngupah H 212. fs; ,wf;fhky; jLg;gjw;fhfj; jdJ Njhg;gpypUe;j midj;Jj; njd;id kuq;fisAk; ntl;br; rha;j;jtH ahH? ngupah H 213. ngupahH gpwg;gpdhy; tUk; ve;j rhjp NtWghLfis mfw;wpdhH. fPo;r;rhjpNky;rhjp 214. kf;fs; midtUk; vd;Dk; Xupdkhf vz;zNtz;Lnkd;whH. kdpjrhjp 215. fjH mzpa Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpur;rhuk; nra;jJld;> jdJ Njhspy; fjHj; Jzpfisr; Rke;J tpw;wtH ahH? ngupahH 216. Nfushtpy; ve;j Cupy; jho;j;jg; gl;l kf;fs; Nfhtpy; Rw;Wj;njUtpy; elg;gjw;Fj; jil ,Ue;jJ. itf;fk; 217. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhf itf;fk; vd;Dk; Cupy; ngupahH Nghuhb ntw;wp ngw;wjhy; kf;fs; vt;thW mioj;jdH? itf;fk; tPuH 218. ngupahH vy;yhUf;Fk; vJ
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mtrpak; vd;whH? fy;tp 219. ngz;fSf;F vd;d Kf;fpak; vd;W ngupahH $wpdhH? mwpTk;> RakupahijAk;

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220.

jha;khHfs; ,uhkrhkpf;F vd;d gl;lk; toq;fpdhHfs;? ngupah H 221. ngz; tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd; ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;fNtz;Lk; v d ; W typAWj;jpatH ahH? ngupah H 222. n g u p a h H ngz;fis ve;j tpisahl;Lf;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whH? ky;Aj;jk;> Fj;Jr;rz;il 223. ngupahH ve;j murhq;fg;gzpapy; ngz;fSk; NruNtz;Lk; vd;whH. ,uhZtk;> fhty;Jiw 224. ngupahH ve;j tajpYk; $lg; Gjpa rpe;jidfis vLj;Jf;$wpdhH? njhz;Z}w;iwe;J taJ 225. ngupahH ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH? 17.09.1879 ,y; gpwe;jhH. 226. ngupahH ve;j Mz;L kiwe;jhH? 24.12.1973 227. ngupahH jk; tho;ehspy; 8600 ehs;fs;> 13>12>000 fpNyh kPl;lH J}uk; gazk; nra;J> 10>700 $l;lq;fspy; 21>400 kzp
20

Neuk; kf;fSf;fhf ciuahw;wpr; r%fj; njhz;lhw;wpdhH. 228. 1970 Mk; Mz;L r%fr;rPHjpUj;jr; nray;ghLfSf;fhf If;fpaehLfs; mitapy; ve;j tpUJ ngupahUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. And];Nfh tpUJ

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229. v e ; j Mz;L eLtz; m u R ngupahupd; cUtk; nghwpj;j mQ;ry; jiyia ntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. 1978 Mk; Mz;L

,yf;fz k;
230. gpiofs; 1) xw;Wg;gpiofs; flikia nra;@ gyidNfs; kurhkhd;fs; thliff;F fpilf;Fk; 2) Fwpy; neby; gpiofs; rhg;ghL jhahH gs;spf;Flk; mUfpy; cs;sJ 3) JiznaOj;Jg; gpiofs; (n> N> d;) kUj;Jtkd ghFk; thop ,q;F gl;L rhy;ypj; jug;ghLk; 4) kaq;nfhypg; gpio ,Urf;fu thfdk; gYJ ghHf;fg;gLk; jpdrup gfs; fhl;rp cz;L. 231. kWj;jy;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;G 1. kWj;jy; vd;gJ mfk;ghtk; ,y;iy 2. kWj;jy; vd;gJ gzpahik md;W 3. jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis kWj;jhy; jhd; ehk; tsu KbAk; 4. J z p r ; r y p d ; m i l a h s k ;
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jtwhdtw;iw kWg;gJ 5. %lek;gpf;iffis kWg;gJ Kd;Ndw;wk; 6. kWg;gJ ngz;Zf;Fg; ghJfhg;G 7. kWj;jy; miu Fiwahf ,Ue;J gad; ,y;iy@ cWjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

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,ay;-6 nra;As; - GwehD}W

232. ehlhF xd;Nwh@ fhlhF xd;Nwh vd;w GwehD}w;W g; ghliy g; ghbatH ahH? xsitahH 233. nrhw;nghUs; 1. xd;Nwh njhlUk; nrhy; 2. ehlhF xd;Nwh - ehlhf ,Ue;jhy vd;d my;yJ.... vdj; njhlUk; 3. mty; gs;sk; 4. kpir - NkL 5. ey;iy ed;whf ,Ug;gha;@ 6. MltH - Mz;fs; (,q;F kdpjH fisg; nghJthff; Fwpj;jJ) 234. GwehD}W- ,ijg; gpupj;J vOJf Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W 235. GwehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W? vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; 236. E}y;Fwpg;G ,e;E}y; GytH gyH ,aw;wpa ghly;fspd; njhFg;G. vl;Lj;njhif Ak; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; rq;f E}y;fSk; rq;f ,yf;fpak; <uhapuk; Mz;Lfs; gioik cilaJ. jkpoHfspd; tuyhW>
18

gz;ghL Mfpatw;iw mwpa cjTk; E}yhfg; GwehD}W jpfo;fpwJ. 237. xsitahH ahH? rq;fg;Gyt H 238. xsitahupd; ez;gd; ahH? mjpakhd ; 239. xsitahH mupaney;ypf;fdpia ahuplk; ngw;wtH? mjpakhdplk ;

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240. MrpupaH Fwpg;G:rq;f fhyj;jpy; ngz; ftpQH gyH ,Ue;jdH mtHfSs; kpFjpahd ghly;fs; ghbatH xsitahH. rq;fg;ghly; ghba xsitahUk;> Mj;jp#b ghba xsitahUk; xUtH my;yH@ NtW NtwhdtH.

Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky;

246. mbikj;jis ePq;ff; fz;zPUk; nre;ePUk; rpe;jpNahH ahH? jkpofj;jpy; Rg;gpukzpa rpth> t>Nt.R. IaH> fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; t.crp.> thQ;rpehjd;> jpUg;g+H

GJf;ftpij jpz;izia ,bj;J j; njUthf;F!

241. cl;fhH ez;gh> eye;jhdh? eP xJq;fp tho;tJ rupjhdh? vd;w ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH? jhuhghujp 242. ve;jf; ftpQH vOr;rpkpf;f ftpijfs; vOJtjpy; ty;ytH? ftpQH jhuhghujp 243. jkpof murpd; ey;yhrpupaH tpUJ ngw;wtH ahH? jhuhghujp 244. jhuhghujp ftpijfs; ______ Kjypad ,tHjk; E}y;fSs; rpy. Gjpa tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F 245. jhuhghujp tho;e;j fhyk; 26.02.1947 Kjy; 13.05.2000 tiu

ciueil
19

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Fkud;> KjypNahH gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH 247. Kj ; Ju hk y pq; f j ; NjtH ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH? ,uhkehjGuk; 248. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njtupd; CH? gRk;nghd; 249. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;j Mz;L> ehspy; gpwe;jhH? 1908 Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgHj; jpq;fs; 30 Mk; ehs; 250. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;Njtupd; ngw;NwhH ahH? jpU. cf;fpughz;bj;NjtH> jpUkjp. ,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahH. 251. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njtupd; MrpupaH ahH? Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is 252. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH njhlf;ff; fy;tpia _____ fKjpapYs;s njhlf;fg; gs;spapy; ngw;whH. fpwpj;Jtg; ghjpupahHfsplk; 253. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH ve;j ve;jg; gs;spfspy; gbj;jhH? 1. caHepiyg;gs;sp gRkiyapy; gapd;whH. 2. If;fpaf; fpwpj;Jtg;
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gs;spapy; 3. ,uhkehjGuk; muR caHepiyg; gs;spapy; gj;jhk; tFg;Gg; gbj;jhH. 254. ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; gbj;Jf; nfhz;b Uf;Fk; NghJ ve;j Neha; gutp Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH fy;tp epd;wJ.

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255.

256.

257.

258.

gpNsf; Neha; ,uhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;jg; gl;lwpit kpFjpahfg; ngw;whH? gs;spg;gbg;G epd;whYk; Nfs;tp awpitAk; gl;lwpitAk; Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;j ,U nkhopfspy; ty;yik ngw;wtH? jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; nkhopfspy; jpwd; ngw;wtH. nrhw;nghopthw;Wk; jpwd; , u h k y p q ; f j ; N j t H vji d fw;wwpe;jhH? rpyk;gk;> FjpiuVw;wk;> Jg;ghf;fpr; RLjy;>Nrhjplk;> kUj;Jtk;.

259. ,sikapNyNa nfhz;lhH. murpaypy;

MHtq ;

jpU.tp.f vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; vd;d? jpUth&h; tpUj;jhrydhh; kfdhh; fypahzRe;judhh;. 4) jpU.tp.f tpd; ngw;Nwhh; ngah; vd;d? tpUj;jhrydhh; rpd;dk;ikahh; 5) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; gpwe;j Ch; vJ? fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s Js;sk;. 6) Js;sk; jw;nghOJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ ? jz;lyk; (,t;t+h; nrd;idia mLj;Js;s Ngh&Uf;F Nkw;Nf cs;sJ.) 7) jpU.tp.f tpd; rpwg;G: ,th; njhopyhsh; eyDf;Fk; ngz;fs; Kd;Nd w;wj;jpw;F k; mauhJ ghLgl;lhh;. Nkilj; jkpOf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jhh;. ,thpd jkpo; 1) gz;zpid ,aw;if itj;j vdg; njhlq;Fk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; nrhw;nghUs;:-

260.

,sik Kjw;nfhz;Nl nghJj; njhz;by; <LghL cilatH ahH? Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH

Vohk; tFg;G ,ay; xd;W nra;As; tho;j;J

2)
21

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m) gz; - ,ir M) tz;ik nfhilj;jd;ik ,) Nghw;wp - tho;j;JfpNwd; <) ,Uf;if - Mrdk;

eiliag; Nghw;wpj; jkpo;j; njd;wy; vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. 8) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; gilg;Gfs; ahit? 1). kd p j t h o; f ;i f A k ; fhe;jpabfSk;> 2). ngz;zpd; ngUik> 3). jkpo;j;njd;wy;> 4).chpik Ntl;if> 5). KUfd; my;yJ moF> 6). rPh;jpUj;jk; my;yJ ,sik tpUe;J> 7). nghJik Ntl;ly;. 9) jpU.tp.f mth;fs; tho;e;j fhyk; vd;d? 26.08.1883 - 17.09.1953 10) jpU.tp.f ,aw;wpa tho;j;Jg; ghly; ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? nghJik Ntl;ly;

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11)

nghJik Ntl;ly; vd;Dk; E}y; v e ; j j ; j i y g ; g p y ; , l k ; ngw;Ws;sJ? Nghw;wp 12) nghJik Ntl;ly; vjidf; fle;J c y f j ; i j xU FLk;gkhff; fUJfpwJ? ehL> kjk;> ,dk;> nkhop> epwk; 13) nja;tepr;rak; Kjyhfg; Nghw;wp <whf vj;jid jiyg;Gfspy; cs;sJ? ehw;gj;J ehd;F 14) nghJik Ntl;ly; vj;jid ghf;fshy; MdJ? ehD}w;W Kg;gJ 15) nrd;idapy; cs;s v e ; j g ; gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhf jpU.tp.f. mth;fs; gzpahw;wpdhh;? ,uhag;Ngl;il nt];yp gs;spapy; 16) ,iwtd; caphpy; itj;jJ vjid? ,iwtd; nfhilj;jd;ikia caphpy; itj;jhh;. 17) ,iwtdpd; ,Uf;if ahJ? ,iwtdpd; ,Uf;if cz;ik.

19) jpUts;Sthpd; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;? jhapd; ngah; Mjp je;ijapd; ngah; - gftd; 20) jpUts;Sth; ve;j Chpy; gpwe;jhh;? kapyhg;g+h; (kJiu vd;Wk; $Wth;) 21) jpUts;Sth; ahuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;? ts;Std; xUtdhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;.

jpUf;Fws ;
18) jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpath; ahh;? jpUts;Sth;
23

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22) ts;Sth; vd;why; nghUs; ahJ? murUf;F me;juq;f MNyhrid $Wk; Xh; cah;e;j mYtyh; 23) jpUts;Sthpd; kidtpapd; ngah; vd;d? thRfp 24) thRfp ahUila kfs;? khh;f;frfhah; vd;Dk; Ntshshpd; kfs; 25) jpUts;Sth; nra;j njhopy; vd;d? nerTj; njhopy; 26) jpUts;Sthpd; NtW ngah;fs; vd;d? ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;> nj a;t g ; Gyth;> e hd; Kf d; > khjhDgq;fp> nre;ehg; Nghjhh;> ngUehtyh;> ngha;apy; Gyth; vd;gd 27) jpUts;Sth; fhyk; vJ? fp.K. 31 28) kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho> kdpjd; kdpjDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiujhd; ------------- MFk;. jpUf;Fws; 29) -------------vd;Dk; milnkhopiag; ngw;Wj; jpUf;Fws; vd toq;fg; ngWfpwJ. jpU 30) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ? mit ahit? %d;W gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ. 24

mit:m. mwj;Jg;gh y; M. nghUl;ghy; ,. ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;

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31) ,e;E}y; jpUf;Fws; vd;W vjdhy; ngah; ngw;wJ? jpU + Fws;. Nkd;ikahd Fws; ntz;ghf;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ. 32) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid mjpfhuq;fis cilaJ. 133 mjpfhuq;fs; 33) jpUf;Fws; xt;nthU mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; vj;jid ghly;fis nfhz;lJ? 10 34) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid Fwl;ghf;fshy; MdJ? Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;W Kg;gJ 35) jpUf;Fws; -------------- E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPof;;f zf;F 36) jpUf;Fws; Vd; cyfg; nghJkiw vd;W toq;fg; ngWfpwJ? cyfk; Vw;Fk; fUj;Jfisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,t;thW toq;fg; ngWfpwJ. 37) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid
25

nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;f;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ? E}w;NwO nkhopfspy; (107) 38) jpUf;Fwspd; NtW ngah;fs; vd;d? Kg;ghy;> cj;juNtjk;> nja;tE}y;> jpUts;Sth; > ngha;ahnkhop> thAiw tho;j;J> jkpo;kiw> nghJkiw vd;gd. 39) nrhw;nghUs;:1. Giu Fw;wk; 2. gaf;Fk; jUk; 3. RLk; tUj;Jk;

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40)

41)

42)

43)

4. md;d - mit Nghy; td 5. va;ahik - tUe;jhky; 6. mfk; - cs;sk; 7. mikAk; - cz;lhFk; jpUf;Fws; E}ypd; gad; ahJ? jpUf;Fws; fw;gjdhy; kdpj tho;f;if nrk;ikAWk;. gz;Gfs; tsUk;. cynfyhk; xd;nwDk; cah;Fzk; Njhd;Wk;> kdpjh;fsp ilNa NtWghLfs; kiwAk;> vy;yh caphplj;Jk ; md;G jiof;Fk;. cliy ePH J}a;ik nra;Ak;: ------------- cs;sj; J}a;iki a ntspg;gLj;Jk;. tha;ik tha;ik vd;why; vd;d? kw;wth;fSf;Fj; jPq;F juhj nrhw;fisg; NgRjy;. gphpj;J vOJf:1. ahnjdpd; - ahJ + vdpd; 2. ngha;ahnjhOfpd; ngha;ahJ + xOfpd; 44) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikf;f 1: ,aw;if Fw;whyj;jpy; cs;s ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs; cs;sj;ijf; fth;fpd;wd. 2: ngz;ik ghujpahh; ngz;ikiag; Nghw;wpg;
26

ghbAs;shh; 3: tha;ik tha;ikNa nty;Yk; vd;w njhlh; jkpof murpd; rpd;dj;jpy; cs;sJ. 4. cs;sk; Foe;ijapd; cs;sk; fs;sk; Gfh ,lkhFk;.

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nrk;nkhopj; jkpo;
45) cyfj;jpy; vj;jidf;F Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs; cs;sd? Mwhapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs; cs;sd . ts;syhh; ve;j nkhopia vspjpy; NgrTk;> vspjpy; ghly; ,aw;wTk; ,aw;ifahf mike;J cs;sJ vd;W $Wfpwhh;? njd;nkhopahfpa jkpo; xd;Nw mwpQh;fs; vjid cyf nkhopfspy; rpwe;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;fs;? jkpo; nkhopNa 48) ------------------ nghUe;jpa nkhopfs; nrk;nkhopfs; vdg;gLk;. jpUe;jpa nrt;tpay;Gfs; nkhopapay; mwpQh; r.mfj;jpa y p q ; f k ; vtw;iw vy;yhk; nrk;nkhopfs; vdg;gl;baypLfpwhh;? fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> rkw;fpUjk;> rPdk;> vgpNuak;> muG> <g;U ,d;W Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,y;yhj nkhopfs; vit? fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> rkw;fpUjk; cyfpy; ,d;W toq;Fk; 22

46)

47)

Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ghfNt jkpo;nkhop -----------------tsq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpaJ? vz;zw;w ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsq; fisf; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpaJ. 52) jkpior; nrk;nkhop vd epiyehl;L tjw;F chpa rhd;Wfshf vit jpfo;fpd;wd? njhy;fhg;gpak;> gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj; njhif> gjpndz;fPo;f; fzf;F> rpyg; gjpf huk; > kzpNkfi y > Kj;njhs;shapuk;> ,iwadhh;

nkhopfs;

49)

50)

51)

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mfg;nghUs; Mfpa nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;. 53) gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;fpy; xd;whd -------------------- ,izahd NtW E}y; cyfpy; ,y;iy. jpUf;FwSf; F 54) jkpo;nkhop mofhd rpj;jpu Ntiyg; ghlike;j nts;spj;jl;L: jpUf;Fws; mjpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s jq ;f Mg;gps;: jkpo; vd;id <h;j;jJ: FwNsh vd;id ,Oj;jJ vd;W $wpath; ahh;? lhf;lh; fpnusy; 55) cyfpd; kpfg;goikahd epyg;gFjp ------------------- MFk;. Fkhpf;fz;l k; 56) Fkhpf;fz;lk; gw;wpa Fwpg;G ahJ ,e;epyg;gFjp fl y ; N f h s h y ; %o;fptpl;lJ. me;j njhd;dpyj; jpy; jhd; jkpo; Njhd;wpanjdj; jz;bayq;fhu Nkw;Nfhs; nra;As;
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$WfpwJ. 57) cyf Kjd; nkhopaha;j; Njhd;wpAk;> ,d;Wk; ,sik khwhky; fd;dpj;jkpoha ; _____ ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. jkpo; nkhop 58) ngw;Nwhiuf; Fwpf;Fk; ---------vd;Wk; nrhy; ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ. mk;ik> mg;gd; 59) --------------- ,y;yhj cyfg; ngUnkhop ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iy jkpo;r; nrhy;

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60) fhy;Lnty; jkpo; nkhopia vt;thW $Wfpwhh;? jkpo; gpwnkhopj; Jizapd;wpj; jdpj;J ,aq;FtJ kl;Lkd;wpj; jioj;Njhq;fTk; nra;Ak; vd;W $wpdhh; . 61) nkhopf;F ----------------- tuk;Gk;> nrhw;fSf;Fj; -----------tbTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,yf;fz> jpUe;jpa 62) jkpopy; cs;sJ Nghy;> NtW vk;nkhopapYk; fhz ,ayhJ. Mjyhy; jkpo; -------------vdg;gl;lJ. nre;jkpo; 63) njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;gh vd;gJ vd;d? vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; n g h U s ; Fwpj;jdNt 64) jkpopy; -----------ngah;fs; kpfTk; FiwT. ,LFwpg ; 65) jkpo; kw;Wk; tlnkhopapy; vj;jid vz;fs; cs;sd? mit ahit? jkpopy; ,uz;L tif vz; cz;L. mit:xUik>gd;i k 66) tl nkhopapy; %tif vz;
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cs;sd. mit: xUik> ,Uik> gd;ik 67) jkpopy; vjw;Fg; ghy;NtWghL cz;L? vjw;Fg; ghy;NtWghL ,y;iy ? caph;fSf; F g; ghy;NtWgh L cz;L . nghUs;fSf;Fg; ghy;NtWghL ,y;iy

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68) jkpo; nkhopapy; cs;s -----------gpw gpwnkhopfspy; ,y;iy. gFg;G Kiw 69) vy;yh nkhopfSk; vjw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk;? vOj;Jf;Fk;> nrhy;Yf;Fk; 70) tho;tpaYf;fhd ,yf;fzkh f vijj; jkpo; nkhop $WfpwJ? nghUspyf;fzj;ij 71) nghUspyf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.mit: 1. mfk; 2. Gwk; 72) -------------- nra;As; tiffs; NtW vk;nkhopapYk; ,y;iy. fypg;gh 73) Gyth;fs; nra;ASf;Fr; rpwg;Gr; Nrh;f;f --------------> --------> Kjypa E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. ctik> cUtfk;

76)

kf;fs; ehsiltpy; gy;NtW Ch;fs; cUthf epytiff;Nfw;g vt;thW ngahpl;ldh;? kiya+h;> fhl;^u;> kUJ}u;> flY}h vd kf;fs; ngahpl;ldh;.

CUk; NgUk; (Jizg;ghlk;)

74) jkpo; kf;fs; jk; FbapUg;Gg; gFjpfis ----------vd;w ngauhy; Fwpj;jdh;. Ch; 75) ghgpNyhd; mUNf -----------vd;Dk; ngahpy; xU efUk;> --------- vd;Dk; CUk; cs;sjhk; Ch;> Cu;ek;K
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fhd;g+h;> Nfhyhyk;g+h;> rpq;fg;g+h;> kzpg;g+h;> [df;g+h;> n[a;g;g+h;> N[hj;g+h; 77) kiyapd; mUNf cs;s Ch;fSf;F vt;thW kf;fs; ngahpl;ldh;? Midkiy> rpWkiy> jpUtz;zh kiy> ehfkiy> ts;spkiy> tpuhypkiy vdg; ngahpl;ldh;. 78) Xq;fpAah;e;j epyg;gFjpia --------- vdf; $wpdh;? kiy 79) kiyapd; cauj;jpy; Fiwe;jjidf; vdf; $wpdh;. Fd; W 80) Fd;wpYk; cauj;jpy; Fiwe;jjidf; --------vdTk;> ---------------vdTk; ngahpl;L mioj;jdh;? fuL> ghiw 81) Fd;iw mLj;Js;s Ch;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;l d? Fd;W}h;> Fd;wj;J}h;> Fd;wf;Fb vd miof;fg;gl;ld. 82) ghiwfs ; vd;W $Wk; Ch;g;

ngah;fs; ahit? Fl;lg;ghiw> rpg;gpg;ghiw> g+k;ghiw> kl;lg;ghiw> kzg;ghiw> thy;ghiw Mfpait. 83) tlnrhy;ypy;> kiyia -----------vd;W $Wth;? fphp 84) kiyianahl; b vOe;j Ch;g; ngah;fs; ahit? fpU\;zfphp> Nfhj;jfphp> rptfphp> ePyfphp vd;gd MFk;.

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85)

86)

87)

88)

90)

FwpQ;rp epykf;fs; kiyapypUe;J gpw ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W jq;fpa NghJk; jq;fs; epyg;ngai u kwthJ vt;thW ngah; itj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. Mo;thh;Fwpr;rp> fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rp> Fwpr;rp> fs;sf;Fwpr;rp> nkhlf; Fwpr;rp vd;W ngah; itj;jdh;. kuq;fs; ngahpy; cUthd Ch;fs;:- mj;jp (Mh;) kuq;fs; #o;e;j Ch; ------------vd mioj;jdh;. Mh;f;fh L My kuq;fs; epiwe;j Ch; -----------vd mioj;jdh;. Myq;fh L fshr; nrbfs; epiwe;j gFjpia vt;thW mioj;jdh;? fshf;fh L 89) khkuq;fs; nropj;jpUe;j ,lj;ij ------------------vd mioj;jdh;. khq;fhL gidkuq;fs; epiwe;jpUe;j Ch; -----------------vdg; ngah;ngw;wJ. gidaGuk; 91) gl;b> ghb vd;w ,g;ngah; Ch;fSf;F 27

vt;thW te;jd? fhl;bd; eLtpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; mq;Fj; jphpAk; tpyq;Ffshy; jkf;Fk;> jk; fhy;eilfSf;Fk; CW Neuhtz;zk; Ntyp fl;bg; ghJfhj;jdh;. mt;t+h;fs; gl;b> ghb vd;wiof;fg; ngw;wd. ML khLfs; milf;fg;gLk; ,lk; gl;b vdg;gLk;.

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99) Fsk;> Vhp> CUzp Kjypa 92) jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rpy ePH epiy fis cUthf;fp gl;bfs; Ch;fisf; $Wf? mtw;NwhL Ch;g; Ml;ilahk;gl;b > ngah;fis fhspg;gl;b> v t ; t h W Nfhtpy;gl;b> rpW$ly;gl;b> ,izj;jdh;? rpd;d nfhy;yg;gl;b> nghpa rPtyg;Nghp> Gspaq;Fsk;> nfhy;yg;gl;b Kjy p a Nguht+uzp> E}w ; W f ; fzf;fh d khq;Fsk; > Ntg;Nghp gl;bfs; jkpo;ehl;by; vd; gd cs;sd. , t ; t h W Njhd;wpa 93) epytsKk;> ePh;tsKk; Ch;g; gaph;tsKk; ngau;fs;. nrwpe;j kUjepyf; FbapUg;Gk; -------------- vd toq;fg;gl;lJ. Ch; 94) MWfs; ghAk; ,lq;fspy; ---------- vd toq;Fk; Ch;fs; jtwhky; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. Mw;W}u; 95) Mw;W}u; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Ngr;R tof;fpy; ---------------vd kUtp toq;FfpwJ. Mj;J}h; 96) flk;gkuk; #o;e;j gFjpia vt;thW mioj;jdh;. flk;g+h;> flk;gj;J}u; 97) njd;id #o;e;j gFjpia vt;thW $wpdh;? njq;$h; 98) Gspakuq;fs; mlh;e;j gFjpia vt;thW ngahpl;L mioj;jdh;? G s p a q ; F b > G s p a Q ; N r h i y > Gspak;gl;b vd mioj;jdh;. 28

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Njtf Nfhl;il> ehl;lurd; goq;fhyj;j py ; Nfhl;il> epyf;Nfhl;il> flw;fiu ap y; cUthd gl;Lf; Nfhl;il> Ng&u;fs; --------------vd GJf;Nfhl;il vd miof;fg;gl;ld. toq;fyhapd. gl;bdk ; 107) ehw;wpirg; ngah;fSk; 101) rpw;W}h;fs; --------------- vdTk; Cu;fSld; Fwpg;gpLf? ngah; fpof;Nf vOe;j ngw;wpUe;jd Ch;g;gFjpiaf; fPOu; . vdTk;> Nkw;Nf mike;j ghf;fk Cu;g;gFjpia NkY}u; ; vdTk;> njw;Nf cs;sJ 102) gujth; tho;e;j Ch;fs; njd;goQ;rpah fTk;> tlf;Nf vt;thW cs;sJ tlgoQ;rp ahfTk; ngah; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ngah; ngw;wd. fPof;fiu> Nfhbaf;fiu> ePyhq;fiu 103) kPdth; thOkplq;fspd; ngah;fs; -------------vd;Dk; ngaiur; Nrh;j;Jg; gy;fpg; ngUfp tUfpd;wd. Fg;gk ; 104) ngUNte;jUk; FWepy kd;dUk; vij mikj;J kf;fisf; fhj;jdh;? muz;fs; 105) muz;fSs; ----------------- xd;W MFk;. Nfhl;ilAk ; 106) Nfhl;il #otpUe;j Ch;fs; vt;thW toq;fyhapd? fe;ju;tf;Nfhl;il> Nfhl;il>29 100)

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108)

ehaf;f kd;du;fs; jkpofj;ij vj;jid ghisaq;fshfg; gphpj;jdh;? 72 ghisaq;fshfg; gphpj;jdh;. 109) ehaf;f kd;du;fs; Cu;g; ngau; fSld; ghisaj;ijr; Nrh;j;J vt;thW toq;fpdhh;fs;? Mug;ghisak;> ,uhrghisak;> fzf;fk;ghisak;> Fkhughisak;> Nfhgpr;nrl;bg;ghisak; > Nfhhpg;ghisak;> Nkl;Lg;ghisak; vdg; gythFk;. 110) fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; --------- kUijahfp ,d;W ---------- ahf khwpAs;sJ. kjpiu 111) -----------vd;Dk; ngah; NfhaKj;J}h; Mfp> ,d;W Nfhitahf kUtpAs;sJ. Nfhtd;Gj;J}h;

,aq;fp Kjd;ik ngw;W tpsq;Ftjhy; mtw;iw KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;. 113) KjnyOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;JtUk; vOj;Jfisr; --------------vd;fpNwhk;. rhh;ngOj;Jfs; 114) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? 10 tifg;gLk;. mit: 1. caph;nka;> 2. Ma;jk;> 3. capusngil> 4. xw;wsngil> 5. Fw;wpaypfuk;> 6. Fw;wpaYfuk;> 7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk;>

,yf;fz k; rhh;ngOj;Jfspd; tiffs ;

112) vtw;iw KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;? caph; vOj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk;> nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndl;Lk; jdpj;J
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8. Xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> 9. kfuf; FWf;fk;> 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; Mfpait MFk;. 115) Ma;jk; ------------- vOj;J tifiar; rhh;e;jJ . rhh;ngOj; J 116) KjnyOj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if ------30 117) ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jfs; vit? f;> r;> j;> g; 118) m>,>c vd;gd vd;d vOj;Jfs;? Rl;nlOj;Jf s; 119) vjid ty;nyhw;W kpFjy; vd;gh;? v O j ; J f s p d ; Kd; ty;ypd vOj;Jfis Kjyhf cila nrhy; te;J Nrh;e;jhy; ,ilapy; mt;ntOj;jpd; nka;naOj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;. ,jid ty;nyhw;W kpFjy; vd;gh;. 120) ------------- vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;jhdJ jw;nghOJ tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy. c 121) v vd;Dk; tpdh vOj;Jf;FKd; ty;ypd vOj;ij Kjyhf cila nrhw;fs; te;jhYk; -------31

kpFk;. ty;ypdk; (v.fh) v + Flk; = vf;Flk;> v + rl;il = vr;rl;il

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jkpo; vz;fis mwpNthk;

vspjhf fliy

Qhgfk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s rpwpa Nahrid vq;qdk; Ritj;J Urpj;J rhg;gpl;lhd; vd;W mtd; $wpdhd;. 124) ney;Yk; capud;Nw: ePUk; capud;Nw: vd njhlq;Fk; GwehD}W ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;?

cUz;il

gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis KjnyOj;ijf; nfhz;L mfuthpirapy; mikf;f. Vzp> <ry;> vyp> xd;W> xsit> Cl;b> mz;zd;> ,y;yk;> ML> Xlk;> Ie;J> cil. tpil: mz;zd;> ML> ,y;yk;> <ry;> cil> Cl;b> vyp> Vzp> Ie;J> xd;W> Xlk;> xsit. 123) ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fj; njd;dfj; jpypUe;J me;epaiu vjpu;j;j rpwe;j tPud; ahh;? Gypj;Njt d;

122)

,ay; ,uz; L nra;As; - GwehD}W

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125) NkhrpfPudhu; tho;e;j Ch; vJ? njd;ghz;b ehl;bYs;s Nkhrp 126) --------------vd;gJ Fbg;ngauhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. fPud; 127) muRf;Fhpa K u Rf ; fl;bypy; cwq;fpa NghJ ve;j kd;duhy; fthptPrg; ngw;w ngUikf;Fhpath;? Nrukhd; ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw NkhrpfPudhh;

128) nrhw; nghUs;:1. mwpif - mwpjy; Ntz;Lk; 2. jhid - gil 3. flNd - flik 4. kyh;jiy cyfk; - gue;j ,lkfd;w cyfk; 129) GwehD}W ----------- E}y;fSs; xd;W. vl;Lj; njhif 130) GwehD}W ------------- ghly;fspd; njhFg;G. Gwk;gw;wpa ehD}W

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131) NkhrpfPudhh; ghba ghly;fs; NtW ve;j E}y;fspy; cs;sJ? mfehD}W> FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz Mfpatw;Ws; cs;sd. 132) gz;ila jkpof kd;dh;fspd; mw czh;T> tPuk;> nfhil> Ml;rpr; rpwg;G> fy;tpg; ngUik Kjypa tw;iw vtw;wpd; %yk; mwpayhk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; %yk; 133) G w e h D } W g h l y ; f s ; % y k ; Gyth;fspd; -------------> kf;fSila -------> -------> Kjypatw;iwAk; mwpayhk;. ngUkpjk;> kf;fSila ehfupfk;> gz;ghL 134) muridf; Fwpf;Fk; NtW ngah;fs; ahit? Nfh> kd;dd;> Nte;jd;. 135) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikf;fTk;:1. ney; jQ;ir> jkpofj;jpd; ney; fsQ;rp akha;j; jpfo;fpwJ. 2. caph;. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; tlf;fpUe; J caph; ePj;jhh;. 3. ePu;
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fly; ePh; Nkfkhfp kioaha;g; nga;fpwJ. 4. Nte;jd;. Nte;jd; eLepiy jtwhJ Ml;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

KJnkhopf;fhQ;r p

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fpohh; 136) rpwe;jnjdf; $wg;gLk; gj;Jg; gpwe;j Cu; : $lY}u; nghUisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUg;gJ rpwg;G : ,th;jk; ------------------- MFk;. ghly;fis er;rpdhh;f;fpdpau; rpwe;j Kjypa ey;Yiu ahrpupah;fs; gj;J Nkw;Nfhs;fshff; 137) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp vd;w ifahz;Ls;shh;fs;. E}iy fhyk; : rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; ,aw;wpath; tho;e;jth;. ahh;? 140) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp vd;gJ -------kJiuf; --- JiwfSs; xd;W. $lY}h;fpohh; fhQ;rpj;jpizapd; 138) nrhw;nghUs;:1. Mu;fyp - epiwe;j XirAila fly; 2. fhjy; md;G> tpUg;gk; 3. Nkij mwpT El;gk; 4. tz;ik <if> nfhil 5. gpzp - Neha; 6. nka; clk;G 7. ehzk; nra;af; $lhjjidr; nra;a mr;rg;gLjy; 8. rpwe;jd;W rpwe;jJ 9. topgLjy; Nghw;wp tzq;Fjy; 10. jw;nra;if - jd;idr; nry;tk; K jy patw;wpy ; Nkk;gLj;jpf ; nfhs;sy;. 139) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:ngah; : kJiuf; $lY}h; 29

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141) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp ----------vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mwTiuf; Nfhit 142) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rpapy; vj;ji d mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd? 10 143) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp -------ghly;fshy; MdJ. E}W 144) ,sikiaf; fhl;bYk; -------------rpwe;jJ. Nehaw;w tho;Nt 145) fw;wiytplTk; rpwe;jJ xOf;fKilik 146) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikf;f 1. kf;fs;: kf;fs; midtUk; fy;tp ngw;wtuha ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. xOf;fk;: xOf;fk; caphpDk; NkyhdJ. 3. topgLjy;: ,iwtid kdk;> nkhop> nka;> Mfpatw;why; topgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

jkpod;id Vq;fpa NghJ ehd; fhg;Ngd; vd;W vOe;jth; ahh;? c.Nt.rhkpehjh; 148) gpd;dhspy; c.Nt.rhkpehjh; midt uhYk; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? jkpo;j; jhj;jh

kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;jud hh; (ciueil)

147) ahh; fhg;ghu; vd;W
30

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149)

c.Nt. rhkpehjh; mth;fspd; Mrphpah ngah; vd;d? kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; 150) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; vg;NghJ gpwe;jhh;? 1815 Mk; Mz;L vg;uy; jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehsd;W gpwe;jhh;. 151) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; gpwe;j Ch; vJ? jpUr;rp khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j vz;nza;f; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. 152) kPdhl;rpRe;judhhpd; ngw;Nwhu; ngah; vd;d ? rpjk;guk; -md;dj;jhr;rpahh; 153) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; ,sikapy; ahhplk; jkpo; fw;whh;? jkJ je;ijahhplk; 154) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; rpWtajpNyNa ------------,aw;Wk; Mw;wy; iftug; ngw;whh; . nra;A s; 155) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;L FLk;gj;Jld; ve;j Chpy; tho;e;J te;jhh;?
31

jphprpuGuj;jpy; (jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp) 156) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jphprpuGuj;jpy; tho;e;j jhy; mth; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? jphprpuGuk; kPdhl;rpRe;judh h; 157) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jkpopy; ve;j E}y;fspy; Mu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;? irt rka E}y;fs; 158) kPdhl;rp Re;judhhpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khzth;fs; ahh;? Fyhk;fhjh; ehtyh;> rtupuhaY> jpahfuhru;> rhkpehjh; MfpNahh; Mth;.

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159) kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; ve;j Chpy; tho;e;j NghJ c.Nt. rhkpehjUf;F Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhu;? jpUthtLJiwapy; 160) kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;jud hu; vj;jidf;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;? vz;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs; 161) kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; gy;NtW Nfhtpy;fSf;F eilg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L mf;Nfhtpy; fisg; gw;wp ----gy ,aw;wpAs;shh;. jyGuhzq;fs; 162) Fk;gNfhzj;jpYs;s Rz;zhk;Gf; fuhd; njUit vt;thW toq;Fth;? ePw;Wf;fhuj; njU 163) ePw;Wf;fhuj; njUit ,g;gbAk; miof;fyhk; vd;W kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; $wpdhh;? %d;whtJ njU 164) %d;whtJ vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;Fk; xU nrhy;? Rz;zhk;G 165) Neha;f;F vJ kUe;J vd;W
32

kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; $Wfpwhh;? ,yf;fpak; 166) kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ? 01.02.1876 167) ehis vd; jha;nkhop rhFkhdhy; ,d;Nw ehd; ,we;J tpLNtd; vd;W $wpa ftpQd; ahh;? U\;af; ftpQd; u#y; fk;rNjt;

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168) njhg;Gs; nfhb cwTfs; vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; ve;j E}ypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;lJ. nrhy;yj; Jbf;FJ kdR

177)

ve;jg; Nfht+u;fpohu;

Nfht+h; fpohu; (Jizg;ghlk;)

169) Nfht+h;fpohu; vq;F gpwe;jhu;? ciwa+Uf;F mUfpYs;s Nfht+hpy; gpwe;jhh; 170) ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> GwehD}W> jpUts;St khiy Mfpatw;wpy; Nfht+h;fpohupd; ------------ ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. gjpndl;Lg; ghly;fs; 171) Nfht+h;fpohiu mitf;fsj; jiytu Mf;fpf; nfhz;l kd;dd; ahh;? eyq;fps;sp 172) eyq;fps;spf;Fk;> neLq;fps;spf;Fk; ,Ue;j gifia ePf;fpath; ahu;? Nfht+h;fpohu; 173) gdk;g+ khiyazpe;j kd;dd; ahh;? Nrud; 174) Ntg;gk;g+ khiyazpe;j kd;dd; ahh;? ghz;bad; 175) Mj;jpg+ khiy ahUf;F cilaJ? NrhoUf;FhpaJ 176) filNaO ts;sy;fSs; xUth; ahh;? kiyakhd; jpUKbf;fhhp
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Gytiuf; neLq;fps;sp rpiwapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpj;jhh;? ,se;jj;jdhh;

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178) tpiue;J njhopy; vdj; njhlq;Fk; vj;jidahtJ mike;Js;sJ? 64 8

Nfl;Fk; jpUf;Fws; Fwsps;

capu;nka;> Ma;jk ;
179) f>fh>fp Mfpait ve;j vOj;Jfs;? caph;nka; vOj;Jfs; 180) ve;nje;j vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;jhy; caph;nka; vOj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;? capnuOj;Jk;> nka;naOj;Jk; 181) caph;nka; vOj;J capiuAk; nka;iaAk; rhh;e;jpUg;gjhy; ------------- vd;fpNwhk;. rhh;ngOj;J 182) / vd;why; vd;d? m/Nfdk; m/Nfdj;jpy; / vDk; ,t;ntOj;J %d;W Gs;spfisg; ngw;Ws;sjhy; ,jid vt;thW Fwpg;gpLthh;fs;. Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw; Gs;sp 183) / vDk; vOj;J capNuhLk; nka;NahLk; Nruhky; jdpj;Nj
34

,Ug;gjhy; ,jid vt;thW $Wth;? jdp epiy 184) jw;fhg;G MAjj;jpy; (Nflak;) fhzg;gLk; %d;W Fkpo;g; Gs;spfs; Nghd;W ,Ug;gjhy; / vDk; vOj;ij ---------- vdTk; $Wth;. Ma;jk; 185) -------------- fiuj;jhy; fy;Yk; fiuAk;. fiug;ghu;

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186) capu;nka; vOj;Jfs; ------------ tifapy; mlq;Fk;. rhh;ngOj; J 187) md;G> mlf;fk; v/F ,r;nrhw; f s p Ys ; s rhh; ng Oj ; Jf sp d ; mbapy; NfhbLf:md;G 188) Nghh; nra;ag; Gwg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf m u rd; > j d; muz ;ki dapy ; tPuu;fSf;F mspf;Fk; ngUtpUe;jpd; ngah; vd;d? ngUQ;NrhW mspj;jy;

--------kpFk;. ty;nyhw; W (v.fh) ehb + nrd;whd; = ehbr; nrd;whd; Ngrp + gofpdhd; = Ngrpg; gofpdhd;

ty;ypdk; ,lq;fs;
189)

kpFk;

----------Kd; f;>r;>j;>g; nka;naOj;J fspd; tUf;f vOj;Jr; nrhw;fs; (tpidr; nrhw;fs;) tUkhapd; chpa ty;nyOj;Jfs; Njhd;Wk;. Mfu <w;W tpidnar;rq;fSf;F (v.L) Xl + fhj;jpUf;fpwhd; = Xlf; fhj;jpUf;fpwh d; ghl + Nfl;Nld; = ghlf; Nfl;Nld; 190) <w;W tpidnar;rr; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypd capu;nka; vOj;Jr; nrhw;fs; ( tpidr;nrhw;fs;) te;jhy; 35

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,ay; %d;W nra;As; jdpg;ghly; ,ul;Lw nkhopjy;

191) ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; vd;w ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? fhsNkfg; Gyth; 192) nrhw;nghUs;:1. Rop --- cly; kPJ cs;s Rop> ePu;r;R op 2. Jd;dyh; -- gifth;> mofpa kyh; 3. guptha; -md;gha; 4. rhLk; -jhf;Fk;> ,Of;Fk; 5. MLghp MLfpd;w Fjpiu 193) fhs Nkfg;Gyth; vq;Fg; gpwe;jhh;? Fk;gNfhzj;jpw;F mUfpy; ee;jpf;fpuhkk; vdTk;> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s vz;zhapuk; vdTk; $Wth; 194) fhsNkfg;Gythpd; ,aw;ngah ; vd;d ? tujd
32

; 195) ve;jf;Nfhtpy; kilg;gs;spapy; fhsNkfg; Gyth; gzpGhpe;jhh;? jpUtuq;ff; Nfhtpy; 196) itzt rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ve;j rkaj;jpw;Ff; fhsNkfg;Gyth; khwpdhu;? irt rkaj;jpw;F 197) fhsNkfg;Gyth; vijg; Nghd;W ftpij nghopAk; Mw;wy; ngw;wpUe;jhh;? fhh;Nkfk; Nghy;

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fy;tpf;F vy;iy ,y;iy

198) fw;wJifk; kz;zsT fy;yhJ cyfsntd;(W) $wpath; ahh;? xsitahh; 199) nrhw;nghUs;:1. ifk;kz;zsT xU rhz; vdTk; nghUs; nfhs;Sth; 2. nkj;j - kpFjpahf 3. ge;jak; - Nghl;b 4. GytPu; - Gytu;fNs 5. fiykle;ij - fiykfs; 200) fk;gh;> xl;lf;$j;jh;> GfNoe;jpg;Gyth; Kjypa G yt h ; f s ; ahUila fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jhu;fs;? Xsitahu; 201) Gyth; gyh;> gy;NtW #o;epiyf;F Vw;g mt;tg; NghJ ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng ---------- vdg;gLk;. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L

205) ,uhkhD[k; vj;jid Mz;Ltiu NgRk; jpwd; mw;wtuhf ,Ue;jhh;? 3 Mz;Lfs;

ciueil fzpjNkij ,uhkhD[k;

202) fzpjNkij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; ,uhkhD[k; vq;F tho;e;J te;jhu;? <Nuhl;by; 203) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; ngw;Nwhu; ahh;? rPdthrd; --Nfhksk; 204) fzpjNkij ,uhkhD[k; gpwe;j Mz;L vJ? 22.12.1887

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206) fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; cs;s ve;jg; gs;spapy; ,uhkhD[k; gbj;jhh;? jpz;izg; gs;spapy; 207) , u h k h D [ k ; j k J rpWtaJ KjNy ------------- ghlj;jpy; kpFe;j Mu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. fzpjg;ghlj;jpy; 208) vjw;F kjpg;G cz;L vd ,uhkhD[k; jdJ Mrpupahplk; $wpdhh;? Ropaj;jpw;F (0) 209) Ma;yuhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ,uhkhD[d; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU INfhgp vd;W $wpath; ahh;? ypl;by; Tl;L 210) Ma;th; ve;j ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;? Rtpl;rh;yhe;i jr; 211) Ma;th; -------------- Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,izaw;w fzpjNkij Mthh;? 18 212) IhNfhgp ve;j ehl;by; tho;e;jhu;? n[h;kdpapy ; 213) IhNfhgp ve;j E}w;whz;bd; fzpjNkij
33

19 Mk; 214) fzpjj; jpwikahy; tpQ;Qhd cyfpidg; gpukpf;fr; nra;J tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Xh; ,lj;ijg; ngw;w gpwtpf; fzpj Nkij vd;W $wpath; ahh;? ,e;jpuh fhe;jp 215) 1880 Mk; Mz;L ,yz;ldpypUe;j ------vd; gt h ; gjpi de; j hk ; tajpNyNa ahh; fzpjj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;? fhu ;

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216)

,uhkhD[k; jdJ je;ij rPdthrdpd; Kaw;rpahy; nrd;idj; JiwKfj;jpy; vg;gzpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;? vOj;jh; 217) ,uhkhD[k; jhd; fz;Lgpbj;j Njw;wq;fisAk; vLNfhs;fisAk; Nfs;tpfshfj; njhFj;J ve;j gj;jpupiff;F mDg;gpdhh;? ,e;jpaf; fzpjf; fofg; gj;jpupif 218) jdJ fz;Lgpbg;Gfis ,e;jpaf; fz p jf ; fofg; gj;jpupiff;F ,uhkhD[k; ahh; %yk; mDg;gpdhu;? / gpuhd;rp]; ];gphpq; 219) ------------- vDk; jiyg;gpy; ntspahd ,uhkhD[j;jpd; fl;Liu fzpj ty;Yeh;fspilNa kpFe;j tuNtw;igg; ngw;wJ. ngu;ndsyp]; vz;fs; 220) ,uhkhD[k; ve;jg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Muha;r;rp khztuhfr; Nrh;e;jhh;? nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jp y; 221) ,uhkhD[k; jdJ fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Muha;r;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw tptukhf vOjp ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s
33

ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrphpau; --------- vd;gtUf;F fbjkhf mDg;gpdhu;. Nfk;gpupl;[ ; gy;fiyf;fofg ; Nguhrphpah; `hh;b 222) ,yz;ld; Nfk;gpupl;]; gy;fiyf; fofj;Jld; ,ize;Js;s fy;Y}hpd; ngah; vd;d? jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hp

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223)

jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hpapd; Nguhrphpah; ahh;nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jpw;Fr; nrhw;nghopthw;w te;jhh;? <.vr;. netpy; 224) , u h k h D [ k ; v e ; j M z ; L ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fg; Gwg;gl;lh;? 1914 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; 17 Mk; ehs; 225) jphpdpl;b fy;Y}upapy; Muha;r;rp khztuhf ve;j Mz;L ,uhkhD[k; Nrh;e;jhh;? 18.04.1914 226) f p q ; ] ; fy ; Y} h p a p d ; fzp j g ; Nguhrphpah ahh;? Mu;jh; ngu;rp 227) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; topKiwfis E}yhf ntspapl;L mtUf;Fg; ngUik Nrh;e;jth; ahh;? `hu;b 228) `hu;b -------------- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,uhkhD[j;jpd; topKiwfis E}yhf ntspapl;lhh;? Nuhru;]; ,uhkhD[d; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; 229) ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf ,uhkhD[k; ve;j Mz;L Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhu;? 1918 230) ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fof

k; ,uhkhD[j;jpw;F ------------gl;lk; toq;fpaJ. v/g;.Mu;.v]; 231) v / g ; . M u ; . v ] ; g l ; l k ; n g w ; w ,uhkhD[j;ij; ve;jf; fy;Y}up ghuhl;br; rpwg;gpj;jJ? jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hp

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232)

jpupdpl;b fy;Y}upapd; fy;tpf; FOtpd; rpwg;G cWg;gpduhfTk; ,uhkhD[j;ijj; Njh;e;njLj;J Mz;LNjhWk; vj;jid gTz;Lj; njhifia MW Mz;LfSf;F toq;fTk; Vw;ghL nra;jJ? 233) ahUila ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofKk; 250 gTz;Lj; n j h i f i a Ie;J Mz;Lf;Fk; nfhLf;f Kd;te;jJ. `hu;bapd ; 234) ,uhkhD[k; ---------------gTz;ilj; jk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; ----------- gTz;il Vio vspa khzth;fSf;Fk; toq;fp tUkhW fbjk; vOjpdhh;. 50 gTz;ilj; jk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; 20 0 g T z ; i l V i o v s p a khzth;fSf;Fk; 235) ,uhkhD[j;ijg; ghh;f;f te;j `hu;b ----------- vd;w vz; nfhz;l thlif kfpOe;jpy; te;Njd; vdf; $wpdhh;? 1729 236) ,e;jpahtpw;F ,uhkhD[k; vg;NghJ jpUk;gp te;jhh;? 1919 khu;r; 27 35

237) ,uhkhD[k; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ? 1920 Vg;uy; 26 238) ,uhkhD[k; rhjhuz kdpjuy;yh; mth; ,iwtd; je;j ghpR vd;W $wpath; ahh;? Nguh <.b ngy; 239) ,uhkhD[d; Kjy;jukhd fzpj Nkij vd;W $wpath; ahh;? Nguhrphpah; #ypad; ff;Ryp

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240) 1962 jprk;gh; 22 Mk; ehsd;W ,uhkhD[j;jpd; -------------- MtJ gpwe;j ehs; MFk;. 75 241) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; 75 MtJ gpwe;j e h i s K d ; d p l ; L e L t z u R gjpide;J fhR mQ;ry;jiy --------------- ,yl;rk; ntspapl;lJ. ,Ugj;ije;J 242) Nguhrphpah; ,uhkhD[k; midj;Jyf epidTf;FO ve;j Mz;L nrd;idapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1971 243) nrd;idapy; 1972 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 3 Mk; ehs; md;iwa Kjyikr;ruhy; ---------------epWtdk; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhkhD[k; fzpj mwptpay; 244) nrd;idj; JiwKfk; rhh;gpy; Gjpjhf thq;fpa FbePu;f;fg;gYf;F> -------------- vdg; ngau; #l;lg;gl;lJ. rPdpthr ,uhkhD[k; 245) upr;ru;l;Lk; M];NfAk; ,ize;J ---------- Mz;by; ,uhkhD[j;jpd; khu;gsT ntz;fyr; rpiyia ,e;jpahtpw;Ff;
36

nfhz;L te;J toq;fpdu;? 1984 Mk; 246) fzpjf; Fwpg;Gfs; mlq;fpa vj;jid Fwpg;NgLfisAk; Muha;r;rpf fl;LiufisAk ; ,uhkhD[k ; tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;shu;. 3

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247) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; Fwpg;NgLfspy; ------------ Kjy; -----------------Njw;wq;fs; ,Ue;jd. 3000 Kjy; 4000 248) 1957 Mk; Mz;L -------------mbg;gil Muha;r;rp epiyak; ,uhkhD[j;jpd; Njw;wq;fis xspg;glk; vLj;J E}yhf ntspapl;Ls;sJ. lh l h

; ,yf;fz k;
254) ngaiuf; Fwpj;J te;jhy; --------- vd;W ngah;. ngau;r; nrhw;fs;

ed;wpg;ghpR (Jizg;ghlk; )
249) grp ----------- mwpahJ. Urp 250) kUJ ghz;bf;Fr; rhg;gpl fpotp vd;d nfhLj;jhs;? gioa NrhW 251) gioa Nrhw;Wf;fhff; fpotpf;F kUJghz;b vd;d ghpR toq;fpdhu;? mts; trpj;j Cu; 252) fpotpf;Fg; ghprhff; fpilj;j me;j Chpd; ngah; vd;d? goQ;Nrhw;Wf; FUehjNde;jy; 253) goQ;Nrhw;W f; FUehjNde;jy; vd;Dk; Cu; ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ? rptfq;if

ehy;tifr; nrhw;fs

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255)

xUnghUspd; nraiy (,af;fj;ijf;) Fwpg;gjhy; ,r;nrhy; --------------- MFk;. tpidr;nrh y; 256) jk;gp + ck; ,jpYs;s ck; vd;gJ ,izg;Gr; nrhy;yhf tUfpwJ. ,jid --------vd;gh;. ,ilr;nrh y; 257) ,ilr;nrhy; vjidr; rhh;e;J tUk;? ngau;r nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fs; 258) gytifg;gl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L ngau;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fis tpl;L ePq;fhJ nra;ASf;Nf chpik ngw;W tUtd -------- MFk;. chpr;nrhw;fs; 259) nghUj;Jf:1. ngau;r;nrhy; --m. te;jhd; 2. tpidr;nrhy; -- M. Ie;Jk; MWk; 3. ,ilr;nrhy; -,. jtr;rpwpJ 4. chpr;nrhy; -<. Ntyd; tpil:1-<> 2-m> 3-M> 4-, 260) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;: vl;L> gj;J Mfpa vz;Zg; ngau;fspy; gpd; kl;Lk; ty;ypd tUf;fr;

nrhw;fs; te;jhy; --------- kpFk;. ty;nyhw; W (v.fh) vl;L + fhy; = vl;Lf;fhy; gj;J + Ngu; = gj;Jg;Ngu; gj;J + rl;il = gj;Jr;rl;il gj;J + Njhg;G = gj;Jj;Njhg;G vl;L + $il = vl;Lf;$il vl;L + Njh; = vl;Lj;Njh;

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261) ghlhj> Nfshj> Mlhj> nra;ahj> nrhy;yhj vd;gd vjpu;kiwg; nghUspy; tUtjhy; -------------MFk;. vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; 262) nrhw;fspYs;s <w;nwOj;jhdJ nfl;Lg; ghlh> Nfsh> Mlh> nra;ah> nrhy;yh vd;W tUtjid -------- nganur;rk; vd;gh;. <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;. <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj; jpy; kpFk; ty;ypdk; (v.fh) ghlh + Fapy; = ghlhf;Fapy; Nfsh + nrtp = Nfshr;nrtp
36

263) ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;:tpidr; nrhw;fs; ngaiuf; nfhz;L Kw;Wg; ngWk;. ,r;nrhw;fisg; ------------- vd;gu;. nganur;rk; (v.fh) te;j + Foe;ij = te;j Foe;ij c i l e ; j + gyif = c i l e ; j gyif nra;j + jr;rd; = nra;j jr;rd; ghba + ftpij = ghba ftpij fhj;j + rpWkp = fhj;j rpWkp ntbj;j + gQ;R = ntbj;j gQ;R 264) ngaur;rr; nrhw;fs;Kd; ---------kpfhJ. ty;nyhw;W 265) Rth; ,Ue;jhy; jhNd ------------ tiua KbAk;. rpj;jpuk;

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,ay; ehd;F nra;As; - jphpfLfk;

266) jphpfLfk; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? ey;yhjdhu; 267) nrhw;nghUs;:1. cz;nghOJ cz;Zk;nghOJ 2. ngwpDk; -- ngw;whYk; 3. ghy;gw;wp - xUgf;fr; rhu;G 4. Njhy;tw;wp - Njhy; RUq;fp 5. rhapDk; -- mopapDk; 6. rhd;whz;ik - mwpT xOf;fq;fspy; epiyj;J epw;wy; 7. Fd;whik - FiwahJ ,Ue;jy; 8. J} cak; -- J}a;ik cilNahu; mwTzh;T cilahuplj;J cs;sit 268) nrhw;nghUs;:1. <Ak; - mspf;Fk; 2. epy;yhik - epiyahik 3. newp - top 4. J}a;ik - J}a jd;ik 5. khe;jh; -- kf;fs;

5. tpj;J - tpij 270) ey;yhjdhu; ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhu;? jpUney; Nty p khtl;lj;ijr ; Nrh;e;j jpUj;J vd;Dk; Cu;

Gjupy; tpijj;j tpij

269) nrhw;nghUs;:1. epiw xOf;fk; -- Nkyhd xOf;fk; 2. Njw;whjhd; -filg;gpbf;fhjtd; 3. tdg;G -- moF 4. J}W -- Gjh;

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271) nrU mLNjhs; ey;yhjd; vd ghapuk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahh;? ey;yhjdhu; 272) jphpfLfk; ------------ E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPo;f;f zf;F 273) jphpfLfk; vj;jid ntz;ghf;fis cilaJ? E}W 274) jphpfLfg; ghlypYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s %d;W mwf;fUj;Jfs; fw;ghupd; k d j ; j p Y s ; s -----Nehi a g Nghf;FfpwJ? mwpahik 275) cupa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:m) ghy;gw;wpr; nrhy;yh tpLjYk; -,t;tbapy; ghy;gw;wp vd;gjd; nghUs;. xUgf;fr; rhh;Ggw;wp M) epy;yhik As;Sk; newpg;ghLk; ,t;tbapy; top vd;Dk; nghUs; jUk; nrhy; newp ,) tdg;G vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs moF

276) fhe;jpabfs; -----------khepyj;jpy; Mw;wpa ciuiaf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk $wpdhu;. F[uhj ; 277) xUnkhopapd; j d ; i k --------jd;ikiag; nghUj;Nj mikAk;. kf;fspd;

fhe;jpabfs; fbjk; ciueil

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278) Ntiy njhpahj njhopyhsp jd; fUtpapd; kPJ ---------nfhz;lhdhk;. rPw;wk; 279) 1917 Mk; Mz;L ---------efupy; eilngw;w ,uz;lhtJ fy;tp khehl;by; fhe;jpbfs; epfo;j;jpa jiyik ciu> khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tz;zk; fbj tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? GNuhr;

285)

fe;jrhkp xbte;J je;ijiaAk; KdptiuAk; njhOJ rhkpf;F vd;d nfhz;L tul;Lk; vdf; Nfl;ldhd;? ghy;> gok; 286) ----------- nra;j gzk; vdf;F chpaJ. jUkk;.

chpaJ (Jizg;ghlk; )
280) Kdpth; mjpfkhf ahiu ntWg;gtu;? ngha; nrhy;thiu 281) Kdptu; ngha; nrhy;thu; kidapy; ---------------- khl;lhu;? czT cz;z 282) nghpatupd; ------------ew;Fzq;fisf; fz;L Kdptu; Kfk; kyu;e;J. md;G> mlf;fk;> gzpT 283) kf;fs; Kdptuplk; m e ; j g ; nghpatUf;F vj;jid kfd;;fs; cz;L vd;W $wpdhh;? ehd;F 284) nghpatupd; ehd;F kfd;fspd; ngah;fs; vd;d? eluh[h> Nty;rhkp> rptrhkp> fe;jrhkp
39

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287) vd; fUj;ij Vw;W elf;fpd;wtNd --------- kfd;. vdf;F chpa 288) ------------- nra;j NeuNk vdf;F chpaJ vd;W nghpath; $wpdhh;. ,iwj;njhz;L 289) njhd;ik kpf;f cyf nkhopfs; vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliy vOjpath; ahh;? NjtNeag; ghthzu;

$Wtu;. ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngau;

,LFwpg; ngaUk; fhuzg; ngaUk;

290) xU nghUSf;Ff; FwpaPlhf ,l;l ngaNu ------- MFk;. ,LFwpg;ngau; 291) fhuzk; fUjp ,lg;gl;l ngau;fs; ------------- vdg;gLk;. fhuzg;ngau;fs; (v.fh) gwit> tisay;> nrq;fy; 292) jkpopy; ------------- kpFjpahf cs;sd. fhuzg;ngah;fNs 293) gpwnkhopfspy; ---------------- kpFjpahf cs;sd. ,LFwpg;ngau;fNs 294) kiy> fhL> khL ,itnay;yhk; ------------- ngau;fs; MFk;. ,LFwpg; 295) midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthf tUk; ,LFwpg;ngau;fis -------- vdf;
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296) njd;id vd;Dk; nrhy; xU fhuzKk;> ,d;wp ,LFwpg; ngauha; epd;W> xU nghUSf;Nf (njd;id kuk;) rpwg;gha; tUtjhy; ------------- ngauhapw;W. ,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg; 297) fhfk;> Fapy;> Gwh> fpsp Mfpa midj;ijAk; gwit vd;Dk; nghJr;nrhy;yhy; miof;fpNwhk;. mjdhy;> ,jidf; -----------------vd;fpNwhk;. fhuzg; nghJg; ngau; 298) tisay;NghyN t rpynghUs; t i s e ; J tl;lkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ug;gpDk; mitnay;yhk; tisay vd miof;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; ,r;nrhy; ifapy; mzpAk; tisaiy kl;LNk Fwpg;gjhy; -------------- Mapw;W. fhuzr; rpwg;Gg; ngau; 299) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;J vOJf:1. ngl;b vd;gJ --------------MFk;. ,LFwpg;ngah; 2. rpj;jpiu khjj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy; 41

------------- vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;. rpj;jpiuahd; 3. fhuzg; nghJg; ngah; ------------ MFk;. mzp 300) nghUj;Jf:1. ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah; -- m. kuq;nfhj;jp

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2. ,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg; ngah; --- M. gwit 3. fhuzg; nghJg; ngau; ---,. fhL 4. fhuzr; rpwg;Gg; ngah; -<.gid tpil: 1.,> 2.<> 3.M> 4.m 301) rpyg;gjpfhuk; je;j ,sq;Nfhtbfs; --------- vd kioiag; Ngw;wp tzq;fpj; jk; fhg;gpaj;ij njhlq;fpdhu;. khkio Ngh w;W Jk; kh kio Nghw;WJk; 302) --------vd;gd Nghd;w KJnkhopfSk; rpwg;Gfis ekf;F czh;j;Jfpd;wd. khhpay;yJ fhupak; ,y;iy. 303) xU nrhw;nwhlupYs;s vOtha; mjd; gadpiyNahL --------------,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhf mika Ntz;Lk;. jpiz> ghy;> vz; (v.fh) jpizg; nghUj;jk;: Nfhykapy; xapyhf MbaJ. (Nfhykapy; -- m/wpiz vOtha;: MbaJ - m/wpizg; gadpiy) ghy; nghUj;jk;: tz;Lfs; Njd; Fbj;jd (tz;Lfs; -- gytpd;ghy; vOtha; Fbj;jd gytpd;ghy; gadpiy) vz;nghUj;jk;: tpz;fyq;fs; tpz;zpy;
42

gwe;jd (tpz;fyq;fs; -vOtha;g; gd;ik gwe;jd gd;ikg; gadpiy) ,lg; nghUj;jk;: mtd; ghlk; gbj;jhd; (mtd; -- glu;f;if vOtha;> gbj;jhd; -- glu;f;ifg; gadpiy)

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rpwg;Gg; nghUj;jk;:ghNte;ju;> ghujpiag; Gfo;e;J ghbdhu;. ghNte;ju; vd;Dk; ngau; ghujpjhridNa Fwpf;Fk; vd;gjdhy;> mJ rpwg;Gg; ngauhapw;W. rpwg;Gg; nghUj;jk; cau;Tkl;Lky;yhJ ,opT fUjpAk; tUk;. (v.fh) KjiyAk; %u;f;fDk; nfhz;lJ tplh.

,iwtd; kz;Rke;jhu;. 6. cUFthu; -tUe;Jthu; 306) FkuFUghupd; ngw;Nwhu; ngah; vd;d ? rz;Kfrpfhkzpf; ftpuhau; -rptfhkRe;jup mk;ikahu;. 307) FkuFUguu; gpwe;j Cu; vJ? jpUitFz;l k;

,ay; Ie;J nra;As; jpUth&u; ehd;kzpkhiy

304) jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy vd;Dk; E}iyia ,aw;wpath; ahh;? FkuFUguu; 305) nrhw;nghUs;:1. vd;gzpe;j (vd;G + mzpe;j) - vYk;ig khiyahf mzpe;j 2. njd;fkiy - njw;fpy; cs;s jpUth&u; 3. g+q;Nfhapy; -jpUth&h;f;Nfhapypd; ngah ; 4. Gz;zpadhu; ,iwtu; 5. kz; Rke;jhu; -te;jpf;fhf
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ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; 315) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1. vd;gzpe;j nj d; f ki y -Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp ,t;tbapy; njd;fkiy gps;isj;jkpo;> fe;ju;fyp czh;j;Jk; ntz;gh> kPdhl;rpak;ik nghUs; -------gps;isj;jkpo; njw;fpy; cs;s jpUth&h; > kJiuf;fyk;gfk; Mfpa 2. kz;Rke;jhu; vdf; E}y;fis Fwpg;gplg;gL ,aw;wpath; ahh;? gth; --------FkuFUguu; 309) FkuFUguu; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ? fp.gp gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L 310) jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy gphpj;J vOJf? jpUth&u; + ehd;F + kzpkhiy 311) -------vOe;jUspAs;s jpahfuhrh;kPJ ghlg;ngw;w ehd;kzpkhiy vdg; nghUs;gLk; jpUth&hpy; 312) ehd;kzpkhiy vd;gJ jkpopy; toq;Fk; --------------rpw;wpyf;fpaq; fSs; xd;W njhz;Z}w;whW 313) ehy;tifahd ghly;fshy; vjdhy; Md ehw;gJ nra;As;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ntz;gh> fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw> Mrphpa tpUj;jk;> Mrphpag;gh. 314) jpUth&h; jpahfuhrg; ngUkhidg; gw;wpa ngUikfis ve;j E}ypd; %yk; mwpe;J ,d;Gwyhk;. jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy 44 308)

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rptngUkhd; 3. ------------- vd;Dk; ngaUila fpotpf;fhf kz; Rke;J ghz;badplk; ,iwtd; (rptngUkhd;) mbg;gl;lhu;. te;jp 316) gphpj;J vOJf:m. g+q;Nfhtpy; -- g+ + Nfhtpy; M. Gilj;njd;dhu; -- Gilj;J + vd;dhh; ,. vd;WUFthu; - vd;W + cUFthh; <) vd;gzpe;j - vd;G + mzpe;j 317) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf:1. gzpT: nghpNahhplk; ehk; gzpTld ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 2. Nfhtpy;: jQ;irg; nghpa Nfhtpy; ,uhruhrdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. 3. md;G: ghpR ngw;w kfidj; jha md;Gld; mize;Jf; nfhz;lhs;. 4. kz;: Fatd; fspkz; nfhz;l kl;ghz;lk; nra;jhd;

thzpjhrd; 319) nrhw;nghUs;:1. gJik - cUtk; 2. nka;g;nghUs; - epiyahd nghUs; 3. fzf;fhau; - Mrphpah;. 320) thzpjhrd; vd;gthpd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d? vj;jpuhrY (v) muq;frhkp 321) thzpjhrd; gpwe;j Ch; vJ? GJitia mLj;j tpy;ypaD}u;

nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp
318) nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpath; ahh;?
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322) thzpjhrdpd; ngw;Nwhu; ahh;? muq;f jpUf;fhK Jsrpak;khs; 323) thzpjhrd; ---------> -------------vd;Dk; gl;lq;fs; ngw;Ws;shu;. ftpQNuW> ghtyu;kzp 324) jkpofj;jpd; ---------- vd thzp jhridj; jkpOyfk; Gfo;fpwJ. Ntu;l;]; nthu;j; 325) --------->----------- Kjypa nkhopfspy; ,th; ghly;fs; nkhopngau;f;fg; gl;Ls;sd. cUrpak;> Mq;fpyk; 326) thzpjhrd; tho;e;j fhyf;fl;lk; vJ? 22.07.1915 Kjy; 07.08.1974 tiu 327) nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp vd;Dk; ghly; ftpQh; thzpjhrd; jkpo; cyfpw;Fg; Gide;J mspj;Js;s -------------- vd;Dk; ghly; njhFg;gpypUe;J ghlg;gFjpahf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; 328) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:m.jq;fg; gJikahk; Njhou;fNshL - ,t;tbapy; gJik vd;Dk; nrhy; czh;j;Jk; nghUs;. cUtk; 329) gphpj;J vOJf:-

1. mOf;fpy;yh - mOf;F + ,y;yh 2. mzptjhyy;yNth - mzptjhy; + my;yNth 3. nrt;tpjo; -- nrk;ik + ,jo; 4. mwpTz;lhk; -- mwpT + cz;lhk; 5. clw;Fz;lhk; - clw;F + cz;lhk;

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330)gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf:1. gs;sp: vk; gs;spapy; Mapuk; khzth;fs; gapy;fpd;wdh;. 2. gJik: ghlk; Nfl;Fk; khzth; Xtpaj;jpy; cs;s gJikNghy; mirtpd;wp mkh;e;J ghlj;ijf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. 3. Njhoh;: xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; Vw;gLk;nghOJ mijj; jPh;g;gtNu rpwe;j Njhoh; Mthh;. 4. fy;tp: fy;tp fw;wth;fis vy;yhUk; Nghw;Wth;.

rpwpa NfhGuq;fisAk; nfhz;L vopy;kpF rpw;gf;fiyf; $lkhf tpsf;Fk; Cu; vJ? Nfhtpy; khefu; (kJiu) 334) gok; ngUk; jkpou;jk; ehfupfj; njhl;byhfj; jpfo;e;j kJiu ---------vdg; Gfo;g;ngw;w efu; MFk;. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Vnjd;]; 335) ghz; b ehl;bd ; gioikahd jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ vJ? kJiu

J}q;fh efu;
331) jkpofj;jpYs;s J}q;fh efh; vJ? kJiu 332) Mz;bd; vy;yh ehspYk; tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhba gb ,Ug;gjhy; -------------- vd;Dk; ngUik ngw;w efh; kJiu. jpUtpoh efu; 333) ehw;wpirapYk; fiyaoF nghUj;jpa khngUq; NfhGuq;fNshL vl;Lr;
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336) kJiu vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ------ vd;gJ nghUs;. ,dpik 337) -------------- vdg; GwehD}W Nghw;wpaJ jkpo;nfO $ly; 338) neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Xq;FrPu; kJiu> kJiu %J}u; khefh; njd; jkpo; ed;dhl;Lj; jPJjPu; kJiu> khz;Gil kugpd; kJiu> thdth; ciwAk; kJiu> gjpnaOtwpaha; gz;G Nkk;gl;l kJiu %J}u; vdg; gw;gy mil nkhopfshy; kJiuf;Fg; Gfo;khiy #l;b kfpo;e;jth; ahh;? ,sq;Nfhtbfs; 339) Nru ehL NtoKilj;J> NrhoehL NrhWilj;J> ghz;baehL Kj;Jilj;J> njhz;ilehL ---------cilj;J vd;gd jkpofj;jpd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk;. rhd;Nwhu;. 340) kJiuf;Ff; ------ vdTk; -----vdTk; NtW ngah;fs; cs;sd. $ly;> Mytha; 341) ---------- >----------->--------->-------- Mfpa ehd;F jpUf;Nfhtpy;fs; Nrh;e;jike; jjhy; ehd;khlf; $ly; vd;Dk; ngah; toq;fyhapw;W. j p U t h y t h a ; > jpUes;shW >
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jpUKlq;if> jpUeLt+u; 342) ve;j ehd;F jpUf;Nfhtpy;fs; kJiuf;Ff fhtyhf mike;Js;sJ? fd;dpNfhtpy;> fhpakhy; Nfhtpy;> fhspNfhtpy;> Mytha;f; Nfhtpy; Mfpait MFk;.

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343)

tUzd; kJiuia m o p f ; f vj;jid Nkfq;fis mDg;gpdhd;? VO 344) ,iwtdplk; ghz;bad; Kiwapl ,iwtd; ----------Nkfq;fis kJiuiaf; fhf;f mDg;gpdhh;. ehd;F 345) ehd;F khlq;fshff; $b kJiuiaf; fhj;jikahy; ehd;khlf;$l y; vd;dk; ngah; Vw;gl;ljhff; $wpaJ ahh;? guQ;Nrhjpahu; 346) rq;fk; itj;Jr; nre;jkpio tsh;f;f> Gyth; vy;yhUk; $bajhy; ------------vd;Dk; ngah; Vw;gl;ljhfTk; mwpQh; $Wth;? $ly; 347) kJiuapy; vOe;jUspa <rd; Myku epoypy; tPw;wpUe;jjhy; ------------ vd;Dk; ngah; vw;gl;ljhfTk; $Wth;. Mytha; 348) kUj kuq;fs; mlh;e;j gFjpahf ,Ue;jikahy; ------ vd toq;fpa , l k ; fhyNghf;fpy; kJiu vd;whfpajhk;. kUij

349) fy;ntl;by; --------- vd;w ngah; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kjpiu Fwpg;G:rq;fg;Gytu;fSs; fzf;fhadhu; kfdhu; ef;fPudhu;> Fkudhu;>
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jh[;kfhiy nahj;j -----------ey;ye;Jtdhu;> kUjdps ehfdhu;> mikj;J kJiuia ,se;jpUkhwd;> moFgLj;jpdhu;. rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhu;> jpUkiy ehf;fu; kfhiyAk; ngUq;nfhy;ydhu;> 356) kJiuiaj; jpUkiy ehaf;fu; fz;zfdhu;> --fjq;fz;zhfdhu;> --efukhf tpsf;fKwr; Nre;jk;g+jdhu; nra;jhu;. K j y p N a h u ; md;iwa kJiuapy; tpoh tho;e;Njhuhth;. ky;F 350) kJi uapy ; Milfs; tpw;Fk; filg;gFjpf;Fg; ngah; vd;d? mWit tPjp 351) kJiu tPjpfspd; ngah;:1. $ytPjp jhdpaf;fil 2. nghd;tPjp nghw;filfs; 3. kd;dth; tPjp - kd;du;thOk; gFjp 4. kiwath; tPjp - me;jzu; tPjp 352) mupkh;j;jd ghz;baDf;F mikr;ruh fj; jpfo;e;jth; ahu;? khzpf;fthrfh; 353) $d;ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy; kJiuapy; kq;ifau;f;furp> Fyr;rpiwahu; cjtpAld; irtj;ijf; fhj;jtu; ahh;? jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; 354) jpUkiy ehaf;fu; vijj; jiy efuhff; nfhz;L Mz;lhh;.? kJiuia 355) Nfhil tpLjpahd jKf;fKk;> Fsph;g+e;jlhfkhfpa nghpa njg;gf; FsKk;> fiy eaj;jpy;

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357)

-------------mikj;j rj;jpuq;fSk; rhiyfSk; kJiuf;Fg; ngUik Nrh;g;gdthf ,d;Wk; jpfo;fpd;wd. ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; 358) guQ;Nrhjpahupd; jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; jUkpf;F ,iwtd; --------- ghly; je;jik gw;wpf; $WfpwJ? jz;lkpo;g; 359) kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;s kiyfspy; tho;e;j rkz Kdptu;fshy; --------,aw;wg; ngw;wJ. ehybahu; 360) kPdhl;rpak;ikNa rpWkpahf te;J Kj;Jkzp khiyia ahUf;Fg; ghprspj;jJ? FkuFUguUf; F 361) rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj; jiytd; Nfhtyd; nfhiyf;fsg;gl;l ,lk; ---vd;Dk; ngaUld; ,d;Wk; mg;gFjp kf;fsplk; toq;fg;gLfpwj. Nfhtyd; nghl;ly; 362) goq;fhy kjpypd; vQ;rpa xU rpWgFjp --------tPjpapy; khefuhl;rpj; njd;kz;ly
44

mYtykhf ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. Nkyntsp 363) fPothry; Nkythry; njw;Fthry; tlf;Fthry; vd toq;fg;gLk; ,lq;fs;---------kjpy; thapy;fs; ,Ue;j ,lq;fhsf mwpag;gLfpd;wd. Nfhl;ilap d; 364) ifapw; rpyk;Gld; cl;fhu;e;jpUf;Fk; cUtr;rpiy mike;j Nfhtpy; ---

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------ Nfhtpyhf ,d;Wk; kf;fshy; topglg;gLfpwJ. nry;yj;jk;kd; 365) kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpypd; ehd;F NfhGuq;fSs; gioikahdJ vJ? fpof;Ff; NfhGuk; 366) kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpypd; caukhd NfhGuk; vJ? njw;Ff; NfhGuk; Fwpg;G:njw;Ff; NfhGuk; 160.9 mb cauKk;> 1511 Rij cUtq;fSk; cilaJ. 367) fp.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;j rpyg;gjpfhuk; kJiu --------- vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. %J}u; 368) kuk; gad;gLj;jhky; fl;lg;gl;lJ vJ? ehaf;fu; kfhy; Fwpg;G:ehaf;fu; kfhypy; cs;s xt;nthU J}Zk; 82 mb cauKk; 19 Rw;wsTk; nfhz;lJ. 369) ghz;ba ehL vjw;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ. Kj;J 370) NrhoehL vjw;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ? NrhW
45

371) kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpi o ,aw;wpatu; ahh;? FkuFUguu; 372) ehd;fhk; jkpo;r; rq;fj;ijj ; Njhw;wptpj;jth; ahh;? ghz;bj;Jiuahu;

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mwpT El;gk; (Jizg; ghlk;) mWtifg; ngah;r;nrhw;fs;

373) Mly;> ghly;> tl;lk;> moF MfpadTk; ---------- MFk;. ngau;r;nrhw;fs; 374) ngau;r;nrhw;fis ,yf;fz E}yhh; vj;jid tifg;gLj;Jth;? mit ahit? MW tifg;gLk; mit: 1. nghUl; ngau;> ---------------2. ,lg; ngau;> ---------------3. fhyg; ngau;> ---------------4. rpidg; ngau;> ---------------5. Fzg; ngau;> ---------------6. njhopw; ngau;> ---------------375) nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; -------- MFk;. nghUl; ngah; 376) nghUl; ngau; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? nghUl;ngah; ,Utifg;gLk; mit:capUs;s nghUs;> capuw;w nghUs; 377) Fkud;> kyh;f;nfhb> njd;id> nrk;gUj;jp> nts;shL> Xzhd; Kjypad vt;tifg; nghUs; MFk;. capUs;s nghUs;fs; 378) ehw;fhyp> mLg;G> jl;L>
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vz;nza;> kz;> ePu;> fhw;W Kjypad vt;tifg; nghUs; MFk;. capuw;w nghUs;fs;

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379) tPL> njU> gs;sp> Nfhtpy;> kf;fs; thoplk;> Njhl;lk; vd ,lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpdnty;yhk; ------ngah;fs; MFk;. ,lg; ngah;fs; 380) nehb> tpehb> kzp> nghOJ> fpoik> thuk;> jpq;fs;> Mz;L vd vy;yhNk ------ MFk;. fhyg; ngah;fs; 381) rpid vd;gJ xd;wpd; ---------Fwpg;gJ MFk;. cWg;igf; 382) kdpj cWg;Gfs;> tpyq;F cWg;Gfs;> jhtug; gFjpfs;> nghUs;fspy; gFjpfs; OOikahd xd;wpd; gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs; ---------- vdg;gLk;. rpidg; ngah;fs; 383) Fzg; ngaiug; --------- vdTk; $Wth;. gz;Gg; ngah; 384) gbj;jy;> fw;gpj;jy; ---------vdg;gLk;. njhopy; ngau;fs; ngau; tif ngau; 1. nghUl; ngau; - fz;zd;> ehw;fhyp 2. ,lg; ngah; -- NtY}h;> ehkf;fy; 3. fhyg; ngah; -- ijj;jpq;fs;> ez;gfy; 4. rpidg;ngah; - Kfk;> if 5. Fzg; ngah; -- tl;lk;> moF 6. njhopw; ngau; - Mly;> ghly; 385) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:-47

1. kJiu vd;gJ ---------- ngah;. m) fhyg; ngah;> M) Fzg; ngah;> ,) ,lg; ngah; tpil: ,lg;ngah;

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2. g+q;nfhb g+g; gwpf;fpwhs; . ,j;njhlhpYs;s g+ vd;gJ -------- ngah;. m) nghUl;ngah;> M) rpidg;ngah;> ,) njhopw;ngah; tpil: rpidg;ngah; 3. rJuk; ,J --------- ngah; m) nghUl;ngah; M) fhyg;ngah; ,) Fzg;ngah; tpil: Fzg;ngah; 386) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; Vw;w ngah;r; nrhw;fis vOJf:1. ---------- g+ir elf;fpwJ. 2. ----------- mirfpwJ. 3. ---------- gs;spf;F tpLKiw. 4. ---------- cile;J tpl;lJ. 5. ---------- %d;W Nfhzq;fis cilaJ. 6. --------- ty;ytd; ,uhkd;. tpil: 1. Nfhtpypy;> 2. nfhb> 3. ehis> 4. ghid> 5. Kf;Nfhzk;> 6. tpy;tpj;ijapy;. 387) ftpauR fz;zjhrd; vq;F vg;NghJ gpwe;jhh;? rpW$ly;gl;b vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy; 1927 388) fz;zjhrdpd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d? Kj;ijah
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389)

fhiuKj;Jg; Gyth;> tzq;fhKb> ghh;tjpehjd;> MNuhf;fpehjd; > fkfg;gphpah vdg; gy Gidg;ngah;fs; ahUf;F cz;L? fz;zjhrd;

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390) ftpauR fz;zjhrd; ---------Nkw;gl;l jpiug;glg; ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Iahapuj;jpw;Fk; 391) fz;zjhrd; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ? 1981 392) ehk; nra;jpfisAk; fUj;JfisAk; gpwhplk; $Wk;nghOJ Ritglf; $Wtjw;fhf xNu nghUs;jUk; ,Unrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ ---------- vdg;gLk;. Neh; ,izr; nrhw;fs; (v.fh) 1. fhNthp fz;Zq;fUj;Jkhfg gbg;ghs;. 2. tstdpd; je;ij NgUk;GfOk kpf;fth;. 393) vjpuhd fUj;ijf; $Wk;nghOJ vjph;g;nghUs; jUk; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; ----------vdg;gLk;. vjph; ,izr; nrhw;fs; (v.fh) 1. Nfhghyd; cau;Tjho;tpd;wp midthplKk; goFk; gz;ghsu;. 2. kyu;f;nfhbapd; je;ij my;Yk; gfYk; mauhJ cioj;jtu;. 394) chpa ,izr;nrhw;fis

vLj;Jf; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; epug;Gf: (,uTgfy;> Vw;wj;jho;T> fw;NwhUk; k w; N wh U k ; > mbj;Jg;gpbj;J > gj;jpgj;jpahf) 1. mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; -----------fisf; fisag; ghLgl;lhu;. Vw;wj;jho;T

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2. fl;Liu vOJk; NghJ ------------ vOj Ntz;Lk;. gj;jpgj;jpahf 3. cyfk;> #hpaidr; Rw;Wtjhy; -------------- Njhd;WfpwJ. ,uTgfy; 4. NgUe;jpy; ,lk; gpbf;f ---------- VwpNdd;. mbj;Jg;gpbj;J 5. NeUtpd; mwpthw;wiyf; --------- Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;jdh;. fw;NwhUk;> kw;NwhUk; 395) f;>q;>r;>Q; ------Mfpa gjpndl;L nka;naOj;JfSk; caph; vOj; ijNah> capu;nka;naOj;ijNah njhlh;e;J ----------thpirahf tUk;. nka;naOj;J 396) n[h;kdp ehl;bd; nfhLq;Nfhyuhff; fUjg;gl;lth; ahh;? `pl;yu; 397) `pl;yUf;F vjpuhfj; jpwikahf thjhb> vOj;J %yk; `pl;yiu kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;fr; nra;jth; ahh;? nrz;gfuhkd;

ahh;? kUjfhrp 399) nrhw;nghUs;:1. khup - kio 2. Nrkk; - eyk;

,ay; MW nra;As; - Vu;Kid

398) Vu;Kid vd;w ghliy vOjpath;
50

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3. Njrk; - ehL 4. Kl;L - Ftpay; 5. nej;jp - new;wp 400) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:ngah; : m. kUjfhrp gpwe;j Cu; : jpUr;rp khtl;lj;jpYs;s Nkyf;FbfhL ngw;Nwhu; : ma;ak;ngUkhs;> kpsfhap mk;khs; rpwg;G : jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; fhyk; : 13.02.1920 - 29.11.1989 401) ---vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; jpiuf; fijfSf;F vOjpa ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; m.kUjfhrp ghly;fs; 402) ---------- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ghly;> ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. r%fk; 403) Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf:1. epfuw;w njhopy; -------tpil: coTj; njhopy; 2. coth;fs; nry;tkhff; fUJtJ -----tpil: ney;kzpfis 3. ney;iy ----------- Ftpg;gh;. tpil: Kl;LKl;lha; 4. coth;fs; tpah;itia ---------- rpe;jpdh;. tpil: Kj;JKj;jha; 404) gphpj;J vOJf:51

1. Neupq;Nf - Neh; + ,q;Nf 2. NrkKw - Nrkk; + cw

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3. Njrnky;yhk; - Njrk; + vy;yhk; 4. gUtg;ngz; - gUtk; + ngz;

nghq;fy; topghL
405) nrhw;nghUs;:1. jpU - nry;tk; 2. fdfk; - nghd; 3. Nfh - murd; 4. epNtjdk; - gilayKJ 5. Gutp - Fjpiu 6. fLfp - tpiue;J 406) nghq;fy; topghL vd;w ghliy vOjpath; ahh;? e.gpr;r%u;j;jp 407) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d? e.Ntq;fl kfhypq;fk; 408) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; gpwe;j Cu; vJ? jQ;rht+u; khtl;lj;jpYs ; s Fk;gNfhzk; 409) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp nra;J te;j njhopy; vd;d? 1924 - 1938 tiu tof;FiuQh; 1938 - 1954 tiu Nfhtpy; epUthf mYtyh; 410) e. gpr;r%u;j;jp vOjpa E}y;fspd; ngah; vd;d? fijfs;> kuGf;ftpijfs;>
48

GJf; ftpijfs;> Xuq;f ehlfq;fs; 411) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp tho;e;j fhyk; vJ? 15.08.1900 - 04.12.1976 412) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; ftpij E}y;fs; --------E}w;whz;bd; jw;fhy

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,yf;fpaj ; J i w f ; F k ; Gjpa rpwg;Gfisr; Nrh;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,Ugjhk; 413) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp ftpijfs; vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ----------- ftpijfspy; xd;W ,g;nghq;fy; topghL vd;Dk; ftpij. vz;gj;J %d;W 414) gphpj;J vOJf:1. new;fjpu; --- ney; + fjpH 2. epyTKz;Nlh - epyTk; + cz;Nlh 3. kz;Zz;Nlh - kz; + cz;Nlh 4. epd;db - epd; + mb 5. xspAz;Nlh - xsp + cz;Nlh 415) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhupy; mikj;J vOJf: 1. fdp 2. fjpu; -3. fjputd; --4. fUk;G 5. capu; -jhq;fNs Kaw;rp nra;f.

fwpf;F 417) mr;Rkuk;> gilkuk;> tpOJfk;G> Fj;Jf;fk;gp> Xlk;> CilFoy;>

nerT (ciuahly;) ciueil

416) Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; ----------cjthJ.
48

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ghT ,itnay;yhk; ---------gad;gLk; fUtpfs;. jwp nea;ag; 418) jpU.tp.f tpw;Fg; gpbj;j g+ vJ? gUj;jpg; g+ 419) E}y; vz; 10> vz; 20> vz; 60> vz; 80> vz; 100> vz; 120 vd mjd; nkd;ikj; jd;ikf;F Vw;g vjidg; ngahpl;L miof;fpd;Nwhk;. gQ;rpypUe;J E}w;fg;gLk; E}iy 420) fhQ;rp> Muzp> kJiu> Nfhit> gukf;Fb> rpd;dhsg;gl;b> <NuhL> nrd;dpkiy> ciwa+u;> jpUg;Gtdk; Kjypa Cu;fspy; ------- ,d;Dk; eilngWfpwJ. ifj;jwp nerT 421) efh;g;Gwq;fspy; ---------nerT eilngWfpwJ. ,ae;jpu 422) jpUg;g+u; ------- Milf;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ. gpd;dyhil 423) Rq;Fbg;Glitfs; ve;j Cupy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd? kJiuapy; 424) ciwa+u; ngau; ngw;w Nriyfs; vJ?
49

fz;lhq;fpr; 425) gl;lhilfs; vq;F jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; 426) gl;lhilfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ vJ? gl;Lg;GO

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mz;zy; fhe;jpabfs; ngUe;jiytu; fhkuhru;> je;ij nghpahu;> NguwpQu; m z ; z h K j yp Na h u ; - - - - - - - - Milfis mzpe;jdu;. ifj;jwp 428) Fsphpy; thba kapYf;Fg; Nghh;it Nghh;j;jpaJ ahh;? ts;sy; Ngfd; 429) Milapy;y h kdpjd; ---------- kdpjd;. miu 430) Ms; ghjp: ------ghjp vd;Dk; gonkhopfs; Milapd; rpwg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. Mil 431) nra;Ak; njhopypy; rPu; J}f;fpd; ----- njhopYf;F epfhpy;iy vd;Dk; tof;fhWk; cz;L. nea;Ak; 432) cyfpNyNa ifj;jwp nertpd; Kd;Ndhb ------ MFk;. jkpofk; 433) kq;if jd; gpwe;j ehs; ghprhfj; je;ijaplk; Nfl;l Mil vJ? ifj;jwp Mil 434) nghUj;Jf:1. fhQ;rp - m. Rq;Fbg; Glitfs; 2. jpUg;g+u; - M. fz;lhq;fpr; Nriyfs; 3. kJiu - ,. Nghu;itfs;
50

427)

4. ciwa+u; - <. gpd;dhilfs; 5. nrd;dpkiy - c. gl;lhilfs; tpilfs;:1 - c> 2 - <> 3 - m> 4- M> 5 - ,

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jkpo; ehlf Kd;Ndhbfs; (Jizg;ghlk;)

435) fz;Zf;Fk; fhJf;Fk; kdj;Jf;Fk; ,d;gk; gaf;Fk; fiy vJ? ehlf;fi y 436) Ma fiyfs; ----- cz;L. mWgj;J ehd;F 437) rq;f fhyj;jpy; f p i l j ; j ehlf , y f ; f z E}y;fs; vj;jid? mit ahit? ehd;F E}y;fs; fpilj;jd. mit: rae;jk;> KWty;> kjpthzd;> ehlfj;jkpo;> nrapw;wpak; 438) kf;fspilNa eilngw;w ehlfq;fs; vit? gs;S> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b ehlfq;fs;> fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs; MFk;. 439) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ehlfj; jkpOf;Fg; Gj;Japu; Cl;l Xu; vOr;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fs; ahu;? gupjpkhw; fiyQu;> rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;>
51

gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; MfpNahu; Mtu;. 440) ----------- vd;Dk; jk; ngaiuj; J}a jkpopy; ghpjpkhw; fiyQd; vd khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. #hpa ehuhaz rh];jpup 441) ---------- gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ehlfj; njhz;lhw;wpath; ghpjpkhw; fiyQd;. jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauha;g;

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ghpjpkhw; fiyQu; ---------eilapy; ehlfq;fis ,aw;wp muq;Nfw;wpdhu;. nrk;khe;j rPhpa nre;jkpo; 443) j kp o fj ;jp y ; ahiug; Nghd;W ehlfhrpupah;fs; Njhd;w Ntz;Lk; vdg; nghpJk; tpioe;jth; ghpjpkhw; fiyQu;? Nkiy ehl;L ehlf Mrphpau;fshd Nrf;];gpau;> vg;rd;> Nkhypau; 444) ghpjpkhw; fiyQupd; ehlfq;fs; vit? &ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak; 445) tlnkhop> Nkdhl;L kuGfisj; jkpo;ehlf kuNghL ,izj;J -----vd;Dk; E}iyg; ghpjpkhw; fiyQu; gilj;jhu;. ehlftpay; 446) --------- ehlfk;> fstop ehw;gJ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;ij mbg;gil ahff; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. khdtp[ak; 447) ehlfj;jkpo; cyfpd; ,kakiy vdg; ghuhl;lg;gLth; ahh;? rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; 448) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; ts;sp jpUkzk;> Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;> rjp RNyhrdh> ,ytFrh> gf;jpg; gpufyhjh> ey;yjq;fhs;> rjp 52

442)

mDRah> tPu mgpkd;A> gtsf;nfhb Kjypa -----ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. ehw;g J 449) Jbg;gpUf;Fk; rq;fujhR vOj;jpy; vy;yhk; Ritnrhl;Lk; re;jeak;

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Njha;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;W a h u ; rq;fujhR Rthkpfisg; Gfo;fpd;whu;? Gj;jNdup Rg;ukzpak; 450) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; ,aw;wpa -------ehlfk; kJiuapy; muq;NfwpaJ. Nfhty rhpj;jpuk; 451) khghtpNahu; $b thOk; khefUf;F kd;dh NghfhjPu; ,e;jg; ghlypy; kh> gh> tp Mfpa ,t;ntOj;J vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;W Rthkpfs; $wpdhu;? kh vd;gJ miyfs; gh vd;gJ fiykfs; tp vd;gJ kiykfisAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. 452) vkd ; > , uht z d; > ,u zp a d ; Kjypa Ntlq;fs; Gide;jJ ahu;? Rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; 453) Rthkpfs; vOj;Jj; jpwikNahL -----jpwikAk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
51

ebg;G j; 454) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; tho;e;j fhyf;fl;lk; vJ? 1867 - 1920 455) 1891 Mk; Mz;L jdJ gjpndl;lhk; tajpy; RFztpyhr rigiaj; njhlq;fpj; jkpo; kf;fspd; rpe;jidia ehlff;fiy Nehf;fpj; jpir jpUg;gpath; ahh;? gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; 456) ebfu;fshy; -------- vd kjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;

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mwpKfg;gLj;jpat 457) gk; ky; rk;ge; jd hu ; vq;F g ; h; gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;. gzpahw;wpath;? Nfspf;if ehlfk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; 463) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhupd; gilg;ghd 458) rk;ge;jdhu; -------------- ehlfg; ghj;jpuk; ,d;wsTk; ehlfq;fisj; kwf;f Kbahj eifr;Ritg; jkpod;idf;Fg; ghj;jpukhFk;. rghgjp gilj;jspj;jhu;. njhz;Z}w;W ehd;F 459) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; jkp;od;idf;Fg; gilj;jspj;j njhz;Z}w;W ehd;F ehlfq;fspy; rpytw;iwf; $Wf. kNdhfuh> aahjp> rpWj;njhz;ld;> fu;zd;> rghgjp> nghd;tpyq;F vd;gd MFk;. 460) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; Nrf;];gpaupd; ehlfq;fisj; jOtp ------> ----------> ---------> Kjypa jkpo; ehlfq;fisg; gilj;jhu;. thzpGuj;J tzpfd;> tpUk;gpa tpjNk> mkyhjpj;jpad;. 461) rpwe;j ehlf ,af;FeuhfTk; jpwikahd ebfuhfTk; mwpTkpf;f MrphpauhfTk; tpsq;fpath; ahu;? gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; 462) ------vd;w tifapidAk; ehlf ieahz;bapidAk; jkpo; ehlf cyFf;F 51

TET- I - II & TNPSC

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150

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464)

rghgjp jkpopy; ----- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy fl;Liu vOjpdhu;. ,dpa gazk; 465) ------> -----> -----> Mfpa %d;W fiyQu;fSk ; jk; vOj ; Jj ; j pwikahYk ; ebg;ghw ;w h Y k ; ehlfj;jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;fhf cioj;j rhd;Nwhu; Mtu;. ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;> rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;> gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; 466) gupjpkhw; fiyQiuj; ------vd;W Nghw;Wth;? jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah; 467) rq;fujhR Rthkpfisj; ------vd;Wk; Nghw;Wth;? jkpo ehlfj; jiyik Mrphpau; 468) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhiuj; ----vd;W ehlf cyfk; Nghw;wp tzq;FfpwJ. jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij

Kw;Wg;ngwhj tpidr;nrhy; 471) xU ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbAk; Kw;Wg; ngwhj tpidr;nrhy;Ny -------- MFk;. nganur;rk;

tpidKw;W> nganur;rk; > tpidnar;rk ;

469) tUfpd;whd;> tUthd; vd nray; Kbe;jijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;Ny ---- MFk;. tpidKw;W 470) gOj;j vd;Dk; nrhy; -----vdg;gLk;.

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(v.fh) 1. gok; vd;Dk; ngau;r; Nfl;l nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L KbT ngWfpwJ. te;J 472) vLj;J vd;Dk; nrhy; -----tpidr; nrhy; MFk;. KbTngwhj 473) tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk; ------- vdg;gLk;. tpidnar;rk; 474) tpidnar;rk; ---------fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;Jk;. %d;W 475) vLj;J te;jhd; - ,/J -------- tpidnar;rk; MFk;. ,we;jfhy 476) vLj;J tUfpd;whd; vd;gJ --------- tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;. epfo;fhy tpidnar;rk; 477) vLj;J tUthd; ve;j tpidnar;rk MFk;. vjph;fhy 478) ml;ltizia epug;Gf:t.vz; tpidKw;W nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; 1 2 3 4 gbj;jhd --------------fz;lhd; ; ----------------------------te;j ----------------

gbj;J

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fz;L --------------------479) ek; Kd;Ndhh; vg;nghUis vr;nrhy; yhy; Fwpj;J toq;fpdhu;fNsh mg;nghUis mr;nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gNj -------- vdg;gLk;. kuG 480) kuGr; nrhw;fisg; gad;glj;jhky; NtW nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ ----vdg;gLk;. kuGg;gpio 481) kuGr; nrhy;Yf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ahidf;fd;W 482) kuGg;gpiof;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ahidf;Fl;b 483) capu;fisg; gypapl Ntz;lhk; vd;W kd;du; gpk;gprhuu;f;F mwpTiu $wpath; ahu;? nfsjk; Gj;ju;

4. vOj;J -- ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; 5. ctg;g - kfpo 6. jiyf;$b - xd;W Nrh;e;J 7. cilahu; -- nry;tk; cilahu; 8. ,y;yhu; -- nry;tk; ,y;yhjtu; 9. Vf;fw;W - ftiyg;gl;L 10. filau; -- jho;e;jtu; 11. njhl;lidj;J - Njhz;Lk; msT

,ay; VO nra;As; jpUf;Fws;

484) nrhw;nghUs; :1. frL -- Fw;wk; 2. epw;f --- fw;wthW elf;f 3. vz; -- vz;fs;> fzpjk;

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12. khe;jh; --- kf;fs; 13. rhe;JizAk; -- rhFk; tiuapYk; 14. Vkhg;G - ghJfhg;G 15. fhKWth; -- tpUk;Gth; 16. tpOr;nry;tk; - rpwe;j nry;tk; 17. khL - nry;tk; 485) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1. ctg;gj; jiyf;$b -------gphpjy; midj;Nj Gyth; njhopy;. tpil: cs;sg; 2. xUikf;fhz; jhd;fw;w ----- xUtw;F vOikAk; Vkhg;G cilj;J. tpil: fy;tp 3. Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ------- tpil: ahit 486) gphpj;J vOJf: 1. frlw - frL + mb 2. vOj;njd;g - vOe;J + vd;g 3. kzw;Nfzp - kzy; + Nfzp 4. fw;wwpe;jhu; - fw;W + mwpe;jhH 5. khly;y - khL + my;y 487) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikf;f: m) vOj;J - M) Kfk; -,) Gyth; -<) mwpT ,tw;wpw;F tpilfhz Kaw;rp
54

nra;f

Kf;$lw; gs;S
488) Ckj;jk; g+it tpUk;gpr; ,iwtd; ahu;? rptngUkhd; #Lk;

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mike;j 489) kUJ}hpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd; ghf;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; ahh;? MFk;. re;jeak; rptngUkhd 494) ePh; epiwe;j gs;skhd ; Nrw;W epyj;jpy; coTj; 490) kUJ}hpy; cs;s kf;fs; njhopy; nra;J thOk; ghku nra;Ak; kf;fshfpa gs;su; fspd; njhopy; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jhpj;Jf; vJ? $Wtjhf mike;j E}y; cNyhfj; vJ? njhopy; gs; 491)nrhw;nghUs; jUf: S 1.jj;Jk; Gdy; -- miynawpAk; 495) tha;f;fhy; ePiu milj;jJ ePUk; vJ? 2. Kj;jk; milf;Fk; Kj;Jf Kj;Jfs; kpf;Fg; ngUfp s; ,ilNa milj;Jf; nfhz;L fplf;Fk; 3. fypg;G Ntiy - fUkhu;> nfhy;yu;> jl;lhu; Kjyp N a h u ; nra;Ak ; njhopy;f s; 4. rpj;uk; -rpwg;ghd fhl;rpfs; 5. kNjhd; kj;jh; -ngUk;gpj;jdhfpa rptngUkhd; 492) Kf;$lw;gs;S vd;Dk; E}iy ehlfg; ghq;fpy; mikj;J ,aw;wpath; ahh; ? vd;dapdhg; Gyth; 493) Kf;$lw;gs;S ---------- 55

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496) jpUney;Ntypf;Fr; rw;W tlfpof;fpy; ---------> ----------> ---------> vd %d;W MWfs; $Lfpd;wd? jz;nghUie> rpw;whW> Nfhjz;luhk MW 497) %d;W MWfs; $Lk; ,lj;jpw;F ------- vd;W ngah;? Kf;$l y; 498) K f ; $ l Y f ; F - - - - - vd;Dk; ngaUKz;L . M#h; tlfiu ehL 499) Kf;$lYf;Fj; njd;ghy; cs;s gFjp ------- vd toq;fg; ngWfpd;wJ. rPtykq;ifj; njd;fiuehL 500) ,U kidtpfs; kze;J jpz;lhLk; gs;sdpd; tho;f;if tsj;ij tbj;Jiug;gJ Nghyg; ghlg;gl;l E}y; vJ? Kf;$lw;gs; S 501) mf;fhy kf;fspd; coTj;njhopy;> fhisfspd; gy;NtW ngah;fs;> tpijfspd; ngah;fs;> kPd; tiffs; vd kUj epytsk; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; E}y; vJ? Kf;$lw;gs; S 502). xd;gJ kzpfs;
56

Kj;J> gtsk;> kufjk;> khzpf;fk;> Gl;guhfk;> ,uj;jpdk;> ituk;> it^hpak;> NfhNkjk;

,aw;if Ntshz;ik (ciueil)

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503) Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; vq;F cs;sJ ? Nfhit 504) Nfhitapy; eilngWk; Ntshz;ikg gy;fiyf;fof fz;fhl;rpf;Fr; nry;y K F e ; j D l d ; a h h ; tUtjhff; $wpAs;shh;? fay;tpo p 505) Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;foj;j py; ahUila khkh neLkhwd; Nguhrphpa uhfg; gzpahw;wp tUfpwhh;? Ntyd; 506) KFe;jd;> Ntyd;> fay;tpop Mfpa %tUk; ---nrd;W Ntshz; fz;fhl;rpiag; ghu;j;J kfpo;fpd;wdh;? Nfhitf;Fr; 507) Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy; nraw;if cuq;fs; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ------> ---------> ------Kjypa tho;thjhuq;fs ; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. epyk;> ePu;> fhw;W> Mfhak;
55

508) ----vd;Dk; KJnkhopia ek; Ntshz; ngUkf;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. tUKd; fhg;Nghk; 509) ,aw;if Ntshz;ik rhd;wspg;Gf; Fwpj;J ahh; Ntyd;> KFe;jd;> fay;tpop ,k;%tUf;Fk; Gjpa fUj;Jfisf; $wpdhh;? Ntshz; mYtyh; rpth

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510)

cOjy;> tpijj;jy;> njhO cukpLjy;> ePh; gha;r;Rjy;> fis vLj;jy;> fhj;jy; Kjypait ---------- $Wfs; MFk;. ,aw;if Ntshz;ikf; 511) ts;Sth; epyj;ij vg;gb co Ntz;Lk vd;W jkJ Fwspy; $Wfpwhh;? mfy cOtijtpl Mo cOjy; ed;W 512) epyj;jpd; ,Utiffs; vd;d? ed;nra;> Gd;nra; 513) ed;nra; epyk; ------- tskpf;fJ. ePu; 514) ePu;tsk; Fiwe;j gFjp vJ? Gd;nra; 515) Gd;nra; epyj;ij -----vd ek; Ntshz; kf;fs; $Wth;? thdk; ghh;j;j g+kp 516) ney;> fUk;G> thio Kjyhd gaph;fs; ----------epyj;jpy; tpisAk;? ed;nra; 517) Gd;nra; epyj;jpy; tpisAk; gaph;fs; vJ? fk;G> Nfo;tuF> jpid> tuF> rhik> Jtiu> nfhs;S> fhuhkzp 518) gUtj;Nj gaph; nra;> Mbg;gl;lk; Njb ------ vd;gJ gonkhop. tpij

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519) ve;nje;jg; gapu;f;F vt;tsT ,ilntsp Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; $Wf: gaph;fs; ,ilntsp ney;Yf;F ez;Nlhl fUk;Gf;F VNuhl thiof;F tz;bNahl njd;idf;F NjNuhl 520) j; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; --------cuq;fisNa gad;gLj;jpj; jukhd tpisr;riyf; fz;ldh;. njhO 521) ,iy jiofs;> Ml;LvU> khl;L vU> fliyg; gpz;zhf;F> Ntg;gk; gpz;zhf;F> ,Yg;gk; gpz;zhf;F vdg; gy -------cuq;fs; MFk;. ,aw;if 522) nraw;if cuk;> g+r;rp g+Q;rhzf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jfisg; gapu;fSf;Fg gad;gLj;jhky; czT cw;gj;jp nra;tJ -------------MFk;. mq;ff Ntshz;ik 523) gQ;r ft;tpak; vjdplk; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; Ie;J nghUs;fs; MFk;? mit ahit?
57

gRtplkpUe;J mit: Nfhkak;> rhzk;> ghy;> japu;> nea; 524) rzg;G> mThp> nfhSQ;rp> jf;ifg; g+z;L Kjypad -----cuk; MFk;. j io

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525) gaphpYk; Ntz;lhj Gy; g+z;Lfs; tsUk;. mij coth;fs; fise;J tpLth;. mjw;Ff; --------vd;W ngah;. fisnaLj;jy; 526) fhg;G vd;why; vd;d? fhj;jy; 527) ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Nfl;fhj flDk; ghh;f;fhj gapUk; ------ vd;gh;. gho; 528) ----------- kUe;J: ----------czT vd;gJ KJnkhopahFk;. czNt> kUe;Nj 529) Ntshz;njhopypy; cs;s $Wfs; vj;jid? ,uz;L 530) nghUj;Jf:1. ney; -- m. tz;bNahl 2. fUk;G - M. ez;Nlhl 3. thio -- ,. NjNuhl 4. njd;id -- <. VNuhl tpil: 1.M> 2.<> 3.m> 4.,

$wpdhh; fy;tpr; nry;tk;

epiyj;j nry;tk; fy;tpr; nry;tk; (Jizg;ghlk;)

531) eif tzpfh; vijr; rpwe;j nry;tk; vdf; $wpdhh;? jq;fk;> ituk; 532) Gyth; vijr; rpwe;j nry;tk; vdf;
58

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533) fy;tpr; nry;tj;ij ahuhYk; ---- nra;a KbahJ vdg; Gyth; $wpdhh;? fsthl 534) jpUlh;fs; eiffis ahUf;Fg; ghprhfj; je;jdh;? Gyth;f; F 535) jpUlh;fis vt;thW rk;ghjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Gyth; $wpdhh;? cioj;J 536) tzpfh; ve;jr; nry;tk; epiyj;j nry;tk; vdf; $wpdhh;? fy;tpr; nry;tk;

fhl;Lk; cUGfs; ----- vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik (v.fh) 1. ,uhkd; fz;lhd; 2. ,uhkidf; fz;lhd; 540) Fwpg;G: Kjy; N t w; Wi k > , uz; lhk; Ntw;Wik> %d;whk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik> Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik> Mwhk; Ntw;Wik> Vohk; Ntw;Wik> vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik vd vz; tifg;gLk;.

Ntw;Wik> milnkhop
537) n g a h ; r ; n r h y ; y p d ; nghUis NtWgLj;JtJ> -------- vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik 538) ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; mike;J nghUs; NtWghl;ilr; nra;Ak; cUGfis ------vd;gh;. Ntw;Wik cUGfs; 539) ngaiu NtWgLj;jpf; 57

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541) ,ay;ghd ngah; (vOtha;) gadp iyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ ---------- vdTk;> ----------- vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;. Kjy; Ntw;Wik> v O t h a ; Ntw;Wik 542) vOtha; Ntw;Wikf;F vdj; ------,y;iy. jdp cUG 543) ---------- cUG I vd;gjhFk;. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik 544) ngah;r;nrhy;ypdJ nghUisr; nrag;gL nghUshf NtWgLj;JtJ ---------- MFk;. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik (v.fh) 1. tstd; nra;Aisg; gbj;jhd;. 545) My;> Md;> xL> XL> cld; Mfpad ---------- cUGfs; MFk;. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik (v.fh) 1. ehw;fhyp jr;rdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 2. J}q;Fifahd; Xq;Feil 546) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG -------MFk;. F (v.fh) ee;jpdpf;Fg; ghpR toq;fpdhh;. 547) Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ------> -------------> vd;gd MFk;. ,y;> ,d;

(v.fh) nfhilapy; rpwe;jth; ghup 548) nrhw;fSld; ,y;> ,d; vd;Dk; c U G f s ; Nrh;e;J nghUis NtWgLj;JtJ ---------vdg;gLk;. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik

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549) Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ----------MFk;. mJ (v.fh) ,uhkdJ tPL 550) ngah;r;nrhw;fSld; mJ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG Nrh;e;J nghUis NtWgLj;JtJ ----------vdg;gLk;. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik 551) Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; -----------> -----------> ------------------> vd;gd cUGfshk;. fz;> cs;> Nky;> fPo; (v.fh) 1. ngl;bf;Fs; gzk; ,Uf;fpwJ. 2. $iuapd; Nky; Nrty; cs;sJ. 552) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;F ----------,y;iy. cUG 553) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikia NtW vt;thW miog;gh;? tpsp Ntw;Wik 554) fe;jd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; ,Wjp (d;) vOj;jhdJ nfl;L> mjd; may; vOj;J (j jh - vd) ePz;L mioj;jw; nghUisj; jUfpwJ. ,t;thW ngah;r;nrhy; rpy khw;wq;fSld; mioj;jw; nghUspy; tUtij ---------------

vd;gh;. tpsp Ntw;Wik 555) jpq;fs; vd;why; vd;d nghUs;? epyT> khjk; 556) epyit ------ vd;Wk; miog;ghh;fs;? ntz;zpyT

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557) ntz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy; epyTf;f ------------- ahf te;Js;sJ. Milahf 558) nghUs;fi s ,dk;gphpj;jwp a cjTk; milnkhopfs; --------------vdg;gLk;. ,dKs;s milnkhop 559) ntz;zpyT> fUq;fhf;if> nrq; fjpNuhd; ,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk; ,dkhff $w Ntz;Lkhdhy ; fUepyT> ntz;fhf;if> fUq;fjpNuhd; vdf; $wNtz;Lk;. mt;thW xd;W ,y;yhjjhy; ,it Nghd;wtw;iw ----------- vdf; $Wth;. ,dkpy;yh milnkhopfs; 560) gpw nkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r; nrhy; mDkjp ,irT Mjtd; flTs; Muk;gk; njhlf;f k; M];jp nrhj;J ,k;ir Jd;gk; ,Ujak; neQ;rfk; <rd; ,iwtd; cgrhpj;jy; tpUe;Njhk;gy; cgak; jpUg;gzpahsu ; nfhil c\hh;

vr;rupf; if vjhh;j;jk; ,ay;G Ijpfk; cyf tof;F fhfpjk; jhs; fphPlk; kzpKb FNgud; ngUQ;nry;t k;

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561) jkpnoz; $l;liyg; nghUj;J $l;ly; $Ljy; 1. f + f = m) 10 2. + U = M) 8 3. c + = ,) 2 4. $ + f = <) 5 5. U + = c) 9 tpil: 1-,> 2-c> 3-<> 4-M> 5-m 562) Vio khztu;f;F ez;gfy; ,yta czT toq;Fk; jpl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;jpj; njhlq;fpath; ahh;? Nt%u; eurpk;ku; 563) Nt%u; eurpk;ku; nghUSjtp ngw ahiuia mZfpdhh;. kUj;Jt khNkij FUrhkp 564) FUrhkp vq;F tUkhW Mrphpah; N t% u ; eurpk;kiuf ; Nfl;L f ; nfhz;lhu;. rhh;gjpthsu; mYtyfj;jpw;F 565) FUrhkp vOk;g+u;f; nfd;dj;Jr; rhiyapy; jkf;F chpikahf ,Ue;j ---------xd;iwg; gs;spf;Fg; gj;jpuk; vOjpg; gjpT nra;J nfhLj;jhu;. khspif

566) nghUs; jUf: 1. fsgk; -re;jdk; 2. khjq;fk; -nghd; 3. Ntok; -fUk;G 4. gfL - vUJ 5. fk;gkh - fk;g khT

,ay; vl;L nra;As; jdpg;ghly;

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567) fsgk;> khjq;fk;> Ntok;> gfL> fk;gkh> ifk;kh Kjypad --------- NtW ngah;fs; MFk;. ahidf;Fupa 568) jdpg; ghly; vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; 569) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; gpwe;j Cu; vJ? fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s g+J}h 570) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; tho;e;j Cu; vJ? nghd;tpise;jfsj;J} h; 571) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; ngw;Nwhh; ngah; vd;d? je;ijapd; nagh; tLfehju; 572) rPl;Lf;ftp ghLtjpYk; eifr;Rit jJk;gg; ghly; ,aw;WtjpYk; ty;ytu; ahh;? me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; 573) me;jff;ftptPuuhfth; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vit? r e;jputhzd; Nfhit> Nra+u; KUfd; gps;isj; jkpo;> Nra+u;f; fyk;gfk;>
62

jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk; 574) jdpg;ghly; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s J. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L 575) jdpg;ghly; vj;jid Gyth;fshy; ghlg;ngw;wJ ? E}w;Wg;gj;J g;

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576) jdpg;ghlypy; vj;jid ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd? Mapuj;J E}w;Wg; gjpd;%d;W 577) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ? fp.gp gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gFjp. 578) gphpj;J vOJf: 1. fsgnkd;Nwd; - fsgk; + vd;Nwd; 2. Ntonkd;Nwd; - NtOk; + vd;Nwd; 3. c%nkd;whs; - cOk; + vd;whs;

fjk;gk; vdg; -------------jiyg;Gfspy; ghly;fs; njhFf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. gjpd; %d;W 582) jhyhl;L ghly; ----------vd;Dk; gFjpapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhyhl;L

jhyhl;Lg; ghly;
579) ---------- vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,e;ehl;Lg; ghly; njhFf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. kiyaUtp (ehNlhbg; ghly;fs;) 580) kiyaUtp vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,Ue;J ,g;ghliyj; njhFj;jspj;jth; ahu;? fp.th. [fe;ehjd; 581) kiyaUtp (ehNlhbg; ghly;fs;) vd;Dk; E}ypy; njk;khq;F> jq;f uj;jpdNk> uhrhj;jp> Mz; ngz; jh;f;fk;> njhopyhsh; ghl;L> fs;sd; ghl;L> FLk;gk;> jhyhl;L> rpWth; cyfk;> Gyk;gy;> Fk;kp> nja;tk;> gy 63

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583)kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; > gz;ghL> FLk;gk;> njhopy;fs;> nja;t topghL> jpUtpohf;fs; Kjypatw;iw ve;j E}iyg; gbj;jyd; thapyhf mwpayhk;. kiyaUtp 584) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;gf: m) nfhl;b itj;j ------------- Kj;Nj M) fz;Nz eP fz;nlj;j ---------fhl;Lf; Fapy; ,) Gs;isf; ---------jPu;f;f te;j fz;Nz. Fiw

------- Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. fp.gp 1883 Mk; 588) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahu; ve;j kugpy; gpwe;jth;? Njtjhrp

jkpofj;jpd ; md;dpngrz; l;
585) ngz;zpw; ngUe;jf; f ahTs vd;w ts;Sth; $w;Wf;F xg;ghf gy rhjidfs; Ghpe;jth; ahh;? %tY}u; ,uhkhkp;jk; mk;ikahh;. 586) mwpQh; mz;zh mth;fshy; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh; ---------vdg; Gfog;gl;lhu;? jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrz;l; 587) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ---

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589)

,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahhpd; je;ijapd ngah; vd;d? fpU\;zrhk p 590) Njtjhrpf; Fbapy; gpwe;j ngz;fSf;F -----------> ----------------> chpadthFk;. MlYk;> ghlYk; 591) Ie;J taJ kfshd ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahiu mtuJ jha; vj;jid &gha;f;Fj; Njtjhrp xUj;jpaplk; tpw;whh; ? gj; J 592) tsh;g;Gj;jha; ----------taJila KjpatUf;F md;dpngrz ; l mk;ikahiuj; jpUkzk; Kbf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhh;. mWgJ 593) md;dpngrz;l mk;ikahhpd; fzth; ahh; ? mk;ikahUf;F ,irAk;> ehl;baKk; fw;Wj; fe;j Rak;G vd;gtiu kze;jhh;. 594) 1917 Mk; Mz;L vq;Fj; jkJ Kjy; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh;
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njhlq;fpdhh;? kapyhLJiwapy; 595) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ve;j Kiwia xopg;gjw;fhfg; ghLgl;lth;? Njtjhrp 596) fhe;jpabfs; ---------khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh;. ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir

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597)

fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljhy; rpdk; nfhz;l mk;ikahh; -------Milahf mzpe;J nfhz;lhh;. %tz;zf; nfhbia 598) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ve;j Milia Cu; Cuhff; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;whu;. fjh ; 599) fhe;jpabfspd; fl;lisia Vw;W md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; jhk; ,Ue;j Xl;LtPl;il tpLj;Jf; ------- mikj;J tho;e;jhh;. Fby; (Fbir) 600) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; Fbypd; ntspapy; tpag;g+l;Lk; tpsk;gug; gyifapy; ----------- vd vOjg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ . fjh; mzpe;jth;fs;> cs;Ns tuTk 601) %tY}h; mk;ikahNuhL ,ize;J Njtjhrp Kiwia xopg;gjw;fhf ghLgl;lth;fs; ahh;? nghpahu;> jpU.tp.f> tujuhRY> jUkhk;ghs;> ePyhk;gpif> kyh;Kfj; jk;ikahu;> jhkiuf; fz;zp
62

ak;ikahh; KjyhNdhh;. 602) %tY}h; mk;ikahh; -------jpUkzq; fis Mjhpj;jhh;. Rakhpahijj ; 603) 1938 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nkhopg; Nghh; Nguzpapy; ---------Kjy; ------------ t i u eilg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ciwa+h; (jpUr;rp) Kjy; nrd;id

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604) ciwa+h; Kjy; nrd;id tiu ------------- ehs;> -------------iky; eilg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ehw;gj;jpuz;L> Ie;E}w;W vOgj;NjO 605) nkhopg;Nghu; Nguzpapy; ciwa+u; Kjy; nrd;id tiu ei l g; gazj;jpd; NghJ vj;jidf; nghJf; $l;lq;fspy; ciuahw;wpdhu;. vz;gj;NjO 606) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ---------- ghLgl;l tpbnts;spahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;? ngz; chpikf;Fg; 607) nghJ tho;tpy; md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhh;? 50 608) md; dpngr z;l ; mk;ikahhpd ; kiwT vg;NghJ? vz;gjhk; tajpy; 27.06.1962 609) %tY}h; mk;ikahhpd; epiditg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; mtuJ ngauhy; Viog; ngz;fSf;fhd jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lj;jpid -------------- Mz;L Kjy; jkpof muR toq;fp tUfpwJ. 1989 Mk; 610) mk;ikahh; Kjy;
63

Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpa Mz;l vJ? 1917

%tifg; Nghypfs;
611) mfk; Kfk; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf mfd; Kfd; vd vOjpdhYk; nghUs; khWghlJ. ,t;thW xU

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nrhy;ypd; vOj;J NtWgl;lhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gijg; --------- vd;gh;. Nghyp 612) xU nrhy;ypy;> KjypYs;s vOj;Njh , i l a p y ; c s ; s vOj;Njh khWgl;lhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gpd; mJ ------- vdg;gLk;. Nghyp 613) Nghyp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? %d;W mit: 1. Kjw;Nghyp 2. ,ilg; Nghyp 3. ,Wjpg; Nghyp 614) ,Wjpg; Nghypiaf; -------vdTk; $Wth;. filg;Nghyp 615) xU nrhy;ypd; KjnyOj;J khwpdhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ tUtJ ----------- vdg;gLk;. Kjw; Nghyp (v.fh) 1. kQ;R - ikQ;R 2. kay; -- ikay; 616) xU nrhy;ypd; ,ilnaOj;J khwpdhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gJ ----------- vdg;gLk;. ,ilg; Nghyp (v.fh) 1. KuR - KiuR 64

2. murpay; -- miurpay;

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617)

xU nrhy;ypy; <w;nwOj;J khwpdhYk nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gJ ------------ vd;gh;. ,Wjpg;Nghyp (filg; Nghyp) (v.fh) 1. mwk; --- mwd; 2. ge;jy; -- ge;ju; 618) mQ;R &gha; ,jpy; mQ;R vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; cs;s midj;J vOj;J fSk; khwpAs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; nghUs; khwtpy;iy. vdNt ,J -------------- vdg;gLk;. Kw;Wg; Nghyp 619) Fwpg;G: ek; khh;f;fj;jpd; khR Jilj;jpl te;j kfdhh;. mth; tpLjiy tPuh;. ek; ehl;L mbikj; jisfis cilj;njwpe;j mQ;rh neQ;rpdh;. mth; Ntjhe;jp: gioa jj;Jtq;fs; gytw;wpw;Fg; Gjpa tpsf;fk; je;jth;. mth; fhyj;jpd; rpd;dk; Xh; vOr;rpapd; milahsk;. kfhj;kh kWkyh;r;rpapd; cUtk;.

kh> gyh> thio Mfpa %d;iwAk;.

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
620) Kf;fdp vd;Dk; njhifr; nrhy; vij Fwpf;Fk;?
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,ay; xd;gJ nra;As; - mk;khid

621) tPud;neL nts;Nty; tpay;nre;jpy; vk;ngUkhd; vd;w ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahu;? Rthkpehj Njrpfh; 622) mk;khid vd;d tpisahl;L? xUtiff; fha; tpisahl;L 623) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:jpUr;nre;jpw; fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; ,e ; E }i y ,aw;wpath; <rhd Njrpfh; vd;Dk; Rthkp ehj Njrpfh; Mthh;. <rhd NjrpfH vd;gJ mtuJ rpwg;Gg; ngauhFk;. jhz;lt %h;j;j p vd;ghh;f;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; kapNyWk; ngUkhs; vd;ghhplk; fy;tp fw;whh;. ,th; jpUthtLJiw QhdNjrpfuhfpa mk;gythz Njrpf%h;j;jpf;Fj; njhz;luha; ,Ue;jhh;. Vwj;jho E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G tho;e;jth;. 624) E}y; Fwpg;G:jpUr;nre;jpw; fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; ,e;E}y; njhz;Z}w;whW rpw;wpyf;fp aq;fSs; xd;W. fyk;gfk; = fyk; + gfk; vdg;gphpAk;. fyk;
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gd;dpuz;L: gfk; -MW. Mfg; gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. NkYk; gy;tifahd gh tiffSk; fye;jpUj;jyhy; ,e;E}y; fyk;gfk; vdTk; ngah; ngw;wJ. gjpndz; cWg;Gfspy; xd;whfpa mk;khid

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vd;Dk; gFjp <z;Lg; ghlg;gFjpahf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 625) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f: 1. mk;khid vd;gJ ----------tpisahLk; tpisahl;L . ngz;fs; 2. mk;khidg; ghlypy; Nghw;wg;gLk; nja;tk;. KUfd; 3. KUfdhy; rpiwapyplg;gl;lth; ehd;Kfd;

tz;L 629) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: jpUj;jf;f Njth; Nrhoh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;. ,th; ghba kw;nwhU E}y; ehptpUj;jk; MFk;. 630) E}y; Fwpg;G: Ik;ngU fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W rPtfrpe;jhkzp. ,e;E}y; fijf;

rPtfrpe;jhk zp
626) t P o ; e ; J ntz;kio j t O k ; tpz;ZW ---rPtfrpe;jhkzp vd;w ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? jpUj;jf;f Njth; 627) jpUj;jf;f Njth; ,aw;wpa rPtf rpe;jhkzp ghly; ve;jf; fhl;rpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. xU ehlfk; elg;gJ Nghy; 628) nrhw;nghUs;: 1. tpz; -- thdk; 2. tiu - kiy 3. KoT - kj;jsk; 4. kJfuk; -- Njd; cz;Zk;
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jiytd; rPtfd;. mtd; ngaiu ,izj;Jr; rPtfrpe;jhkzp vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ vd;gh;. ,e;E}Yf;F kzE}y; vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L.

jkpof tpisahl;Lfs ; (ciueil)

631) Xb tpisahL ghg;gh vd;w ghliy ghbath; ahh;? ghujpahH 632) kfsph; tpisahl;Lfs; vd;gJ? mf tpisahl;Lfs; 633) Mlth; tpisahl;Lfs; vd;gJ? Gw tpisahl;Lfs; 634) tpisahl;L ve;j mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW tifapdthf mikfpd;wd? ghy; mbg;gilapYk;> jd;ik mbg;gilapYk; 635) rpWth; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L? gk;guk;> fpspj;jl;L> cg;G tpisahl;L> fs;sd; fhtyd;> Nfhyp> fpl;bg;Gs;> fhw;whb> ge;J tpisahl;L> xw;iwah ,ul;ilah> ePr;ry;. 636) rpWkpah; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L? G+g;gwpj;jy;> fufutz;b> jl;lhq;fy;> gy;yhq;Fop> CQ;ry;> jhak; 65

637) Nghl;b Ml;lq;fshf tpisahL git? rLFL (fgb)> kl;ilg;ge;J> fhy;ge;J> ifg;ge;J> vwpge;J> ,wFg;ge;J> Xl;lk;> jiljhz;b Xl;lk ;.

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638) tPutpisahl;Lfspy; ngUtpUg;g Kilath; ahh;? goe;jkpoh ; 639) g i o i k tha;e;j Mlth; tpisahl;Lfs ;: kw;Nghhply;> VWjOTjy;> Ntl;ilahLjy;> %o;fp kzy; vLj;jy;. 640) gz;ila ehspy; ngz;fs; ve;j tpisahl;Lfspy; ,dpNj nghOJ Nghf;fpdhh;fs;. tl;lhLjy;> foq;F> mk;khid> ge;jhLjy;> CQ;ry;> XiuahLjy;. 641) kJiuapy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fl;ba kz;lgk; vd;gJ? jKf;fk; kz;lgk; 642) Nrho ehl;bd; gioa jiyefukhd cwe;ija+hpy; tPuf;Nfhop fs; rpwe;jpUe;jikahy; ------------vd;Dk; ngaUk; mjw;fike;jJ. Nfhopa+h; 643) jkpohpd; jw;fhg;Gf; fiy tpisahl;L fspy; xd;whf tsh;e;J tUtJ vJ?
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rpyk;ghl;l k; 644) Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ---------vd;Dk; tPu tpisahl;L eilngw;wJ. VWjOTjy; 645) tpisahl;L tPuh;fSf;Fg; muR Kd;Dhpik vij mspf;fpd;wJ. ghpRfSk;> rhd;wpjo;fSk;> fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;G

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ez;gd; (Jizg;ghlk; )
646) Fwpg;G: Xtpah; uhk;fp> khpahij uhkd; fijfs; fijj;njhFg;gpypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fzk ; --- gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk;

vOj;Jj; njhlh; nkhop 653) gFj;jy; vd;gjpd; nghUs; gphpj;j y;

nrhy; 647)

X N u Oj; J j ; jdpj;J epd;Wk;> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;J epd;Wk; nghUs; je;jhy; mJ ---------vdg;gLk;. nrhy; 648) vz;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy;:gF vz;> gfh vz; 649) gjk; vd;whYk; --------vd;whYk; xd;Nw. nrhy; 650) Fwpg;G:nkhop> fpstp vd;gd mjd; NtW ngah;fs;. 651) XnuOj;jhd J jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; je;jhy; m/J ------------- vdg;gLk;. XnuOj;J xU nkhop 652) vOj;Jfs; gy njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; je;jhy;.

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654) gfh vd;gjpd; nghUs; --gphpf;f ,ayhjJ. 655) ngah;g;gfhg;gjq;fspd; (v.fh) kz;> fy;> nghd;. 656) tpidg; gfhg;gjq;fspd; (v.fh) el> th> Ngh> nra;> epy;. 657) gFf;f ,aYk; nrhw;fisg; -------- vd;gh;. gFgjk; 658) gFf;f ,aYk; cWg;Gfspd; ngah;fs;? gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> re;jp> rhhpia> tpfhuk;. 659) kdpjd; ehfhpfk; miltjw;F Kjw; fUtpahf tpsq;FtJ vJ? nkhopNa 660) nrhw;nwhlh; tiffs;: nra;jpj;njhlh;> tpdhj;njhlh; > fl;lisj njhlh;> czh;r;rpj; njhlh;. 661) cyfj;jkpo;r; nrk;nkhop khehL vq;F eilngw;wJ? Nfhit 662) tyf;if jUtJ ,lf;iff;Fj; njhpaf; $lhJ vd;W (v.fh) tho;e;jth; ahh;? K.tujuhrdhh;. 663) ,ay;tJ fuNty; <tJ tpyf;Nfy; vd;W
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njhlq;Fk; ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? xsitahh;. 664) nrhw;nwhlh; njhlh;: 1. fl;lisj; njhlh; --ehs; NjhWk; clw;gapw;rp nra;

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2. nra;jpj; njhlh; -ehs;NjhWk; clw;gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 3. tpdhj; njhlh; -cd; ,Ug;gplk; vq;Fs;s J? 4. vd;Nd> ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; moF czh;r;rpj; njhlh;

vd khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.)' ngw;Nwhh; -fdfrig ,yf;Fkpak;khs; fy;tp - jkpo;> gpnuQ;rp> Mq;fpyk; Mfpatw;wpy; Gyik kpf;fth;. ,aw;wpait FLk;g tpsf;F> ghz;bad; ghpR> Nru jhz;ltk;> ,Uz;l tPL> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp>

,ay; gj;J nra;As; vq;fs; jkpo;

665) ,dpikj; jkpo;nkhop ----vdj; njhlq;Fk; vq;fs; jkpo; ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? ghujpjhrd ; 666) nrhw;nghUs;: 1. fjp - Jiz 2. NgW nry;tk; 3. edp - kpFjp (kpf;f) 4. juk; jFjp 5. Gtp cyfk; 667) ,dpik> ,d;gk;> mKJ> fdpr; rhnwdj; jpfl;Lk; Ritkpf;fJ vJ? jkpo; 668) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ,aw;ngah; fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; (ghujpahh; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpdhy; ghujpjhrd;
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gprpuhe;ijahh;> FwpQ;rpj; jpl;L> mofpd; rphpg;G> jkpopaf;fk; Kjypad. fhyk; -29.04.1891 --21.04.1964 669) E}y; Fwpg;G: ,g;ghly; ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs; ftpijj; njhFjpapy; vq;fs; jkpo; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 670) epug;Gf: 1. jkpo; vq;fs; -----------capnud;gjhNy. 2. ,d;gj; jkpOf;F ehSk; nra;Nthk; ey;y -------njhz;L nra;Nthk;

3. Mop Nkhjpuk; 4. #o;tpid - cz;lhFk; tWikj; Jd;gk; 5. fhuhsh; -Nkfj;ij MSfpd;wth; fshfpa coth;. 673) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ,aw;ngah; -fk;gh; gpwe;j Cu; -- NjuOe;J}h;> kapyhL Jiwf;F mz;ikapy; cs;sJ.

cotpd; fk;gu;

rpwg;G

671) Nkop gpbf;Fk; i f --vdj; njhlq;Fk; cotpd; rpwg;G vd;w ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? fk;g h; 672) nrhw;nghUs;: 1. Nkop --- fyg;ig> Vu; 2. Nte;jh; -kd;dh;
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je;ij ngah; -Mjpj;jd; Nghw;wpath; -rilag;g ts;sy; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; -fk;guhkhazk;> rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk; rpwg;G -- fy;tpapy; nghpah; fk;gh;> fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk fhyk; -gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L

,lq;fs; (khd;> Nghh; nra;jy;> tpyq;F Ntl;il) 678) jkpo; ehl;by; rq;f fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ------------ tiuag;gl;ld. Xtpaq;fs; 679) Xtpaq;fis Kjypy; vt;thW toq;fpAs;sdh ;? fz;nzOj; J

Xtpaf;fiy (ciueil)
674) fhz;gtiuf; fth;e;jpOj;J cs;sq; fisj; jd;tag;gLj;Jk; cah;e;j fiy vJ? Xtpaf;fi y 675) jkpoh; tsh;j;j Ez;fiyfspd; thpirapy; ------------- Kd;dzpapy; epw;fpwJ. Xtpaf;fi y 676) ve;j Mz;L Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpd; ,df; FOf;fshf tho;e;jdh;. fp.K 2000 677) jkpofj;jpy; vj;jid ,lq;fspy; Fif Xtpaq;fs; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sd? ,Ugj;ije;jpw;Fk ; Nkw;gl ;l
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680) jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; --------------- vd;gjw;F Xtpak; vdg;gLk;. vOj;J 681) v e ; j n k h o p a p y ; vOj;Jfs; cUtq;fshf cs;sd? rPd nkhopapy; 682) Xtpak; tiujw;F vJ mbg;gilahFk;? Neh;NfhL> Nfhzf;NfhL> tisNfhL. 683) Neh;NfhL> Nfhzf;NfhL> tisNfhL vd;W tiuag;gLgit ----------vdg;gLk;. Nfhl;Nlhtpaq;f s; 684) mt;tiuNfhLfs; Nky; vd;d tz;zq;fs; g+r> mofpa xtpaq;fs; cUntLf;Fk;? rptg;G> fWg;G> kQ;rs;> ePyk; 685) njhy;fhg;gpak;---------gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. eLfy; tzf;fk; 686) Xtpaf;fiy vd;d ngah;fshy; toq;fg; ngw;wJ? XT> Xtk;> Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;>
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glk;> glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp. 687) Xtpaf;fiyQh; vt;thW miof;fg; gl;lhh; ? Xtpah;> Xtpag;Gytd;> fz;Zs; tpidQd;> rpj;jpufhuh;> tpj;jf tpidQd;> tpj;jfh; > fpstp ty;Nyhd;. 688) Xtpah; vz;zq;fspd; vOr;rpiag; gy tz;zq;fspd; Jiznfhz;L

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vOJ vOJNthuhjypd; ------- vdg; epiy kz;lgk;> vOnjopy; Gfo;g;ngw;whh;. mk;gyk;. fz;Zs; tpidQh; 696) ,iw eldk; Ghptjw;Nf vd;w 689) Xtpa E}ypd; EZf;fj;ij rig xd;iw ed;F Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. vJ? rpj;jpu fw;Wg; Gyik ngw;w Mrphpah; ---rig -------- vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;. Xtpag;Gytd; 690) Xtpaf; fiyQh; FOit vt;thW mioj;jdh;. Xtpa khf;fs; 691) Mz; Xtpah; ---------------vdTk;> ngz; Xtpah; ----------vdTk; ngah; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. rpj;jpuhq;fjd;> rpj;jpuNrdh. 692) Xtpaf; fiyf;nfd ve;j E}y;fs; ,Ue;jd? jdp ,yf;fz E}y;fs; 693) gy;tiff; fUtpfis vjw;F gad;gLj;jpdh;? gy;tiff; fhl;rpfs;> cUtq;fs; tiua 694) tz;zq;fs; Fog;Gk; gyiff;F ------------ vdg; ngahpl;LUe;jdh;. tl;bifg; gyif 695) mf;fhyj;jpy; Xtpaq;fs; tiutjw; nfd;W jdp ,lq;fs; ,Ue;jd. mit ahit? rpj;jpuf;$lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;> 71

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697) GwehD}w;wpy; ftpQh; Xtpaj;ij vt;thW Nghw;Wfpwhh;? Xtj;jida ,lDil tdg;G vd tPl;bd; moif Xtpaj;jpw;F xg;g itj;Jf; ftpQh; Nghw;Wfpwhh;. 698) Fwpg;G: Rth; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; rpj;jpuk; tiua KbAk;. 699) tz;zq;fythky; fhpj;Jz;Lfshy; tbtk; kl;Lk; tiutijg; -------vd;wioj;jdh;. Gidah Xtpak; 700) Xtpaj;jpw;Ff; fUg;nghUs;f s; ahit? ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;> fw;gidf; fhl;rpfs;> rKjha tho;f;if Kiwik> , j p f h r Guhzf ; fijfs; 701) rq;f fhyj;jpy; nropj;jpUe;j -------------- ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; rpije;J kiwe;J Nghfj; njhlq;fpaJ? Xtpaf;fiy 702) ve;j E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;ij Mz;l
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Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd;> fiyahh;tk; kpf;fth;? fp.gp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;L 703) kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd; vt;thW Gfo;ngw;wpUe;jhd;? Xtpadhf 704) fy;ntl;Lfs; kNfe;jputh;kd; id vt;thW Gfo;fpd;wd? rpj;jpufhug;Gyp

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705) ve;j Xtpa E}Yf;F kNfe;jpth;kd; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. jl;rpzrpj;jpuk; 706) jpUee;jpf; fiuapy; ve;jf; fhy Xtpaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd? Nruh; fhy 707) ve;j E}w;whz;by; mtdpg Nrfu =ty;ygd; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;> kJiu Mrphpah; ,sk; nfsjkd; ,t;Nthtpaq;fi s tiue;jhh; vd;W fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp mwptpf;fpd;wJ. fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L 708) Nrhoh;fhy tdg;Gkpf;f Xtpaq; fisj; --------nghpaNfhtpypy; fz;L kfpoyhk;. jQ;irg; 709) tpra efu> ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; Xtpaq;fs; ve;j ,lj;jpy; fhzg; gLfpd;wd. jpUtuq;fk;> jpUg;gjp> jpy;iy> jpUth&h;> Fle;ij> kJiu> fhQ;rp 710) fp.gp gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ahUila fhyj;jpy; X t p a f ; f i y ed; F ts h ;r ; r p ngw;wJ? j Q ; i r i a M z ; l ku h l ; b a kd;dh;fs; 711) <uhapuk; Mz;Lfshfg; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L
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tsh;e;J tUk; fiyahf ---------------- cs;sJ. Xtpaf;fiy

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nfhilf;Fz k; Jizg;ghlk;
712) fh;z kfhuhrhtpd; n f h i l j ; jpwidg;gw;wpg; gy ------------------- cs;sd. tha;nkhopg; Guhz kuGf;fijfs; 713) fh;z kfhuhrh ahh;? rpw;wurd ; 714) mq;fNjrk; vd;w rpwpa ehl;il MSfpwth; ahh;? fh;z d;

vdg;gLk;. 719) cah;T etpw;rpazp vd;why; vd;d? xU nghUspd; jd;ikia kpifg;gLj;jpf $WtJ cah;T etpw;rpazp.

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
720) Kw;Wg;Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf: Kw;Wg;Gs;sp( .)

mzpapyf;fzk; (,yf;fzk; )
715) mzp vd;why; vd;d? moF 716) Gyth;fs; nra;Ais moFgLj; Jtij --------------vd;Nw toq;fpdh;. mzp 717) mzpfs; vd;gJ ,ay;G etpw;rp cah;T etpw;rp 718) ,ay;G etpw;rpazp vd;why; vd;d? xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig cs;sJ c s ; s t h W $ W t J ,ay;G etpw;rpazp
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xU njhlh; Kw;Wg; ngw;wijf; Fwpf;f Kw;Wg;Gs;sp ,l Ntz;Lk;. (v.fh) Nfhitapy; nrk;nkhop khehL eilngw;wJ. 721) fhw;Gs;sp (>) vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf gy nghUs;fisj; njhlh;e;J nrhy;Yk; NghJ xt;nthd;wpd; gpd;Dk; fhw;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;. (v.fh) kh> gyh> thio Kf;fdpfs; 723) miug;Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf. Xh; vOtha;> gy gadpiyfisf; nfhz;L KbAk; nghOJ> xt;nthU gadpiyf;Fg; gpd;dUk; miug;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk ;. (v.fh) rpe;jidr; nry;td; ed;whfg; gb j; jhd; @ Kjy; kj pg;ngz ; ngw;whd;@ ghpR ngw;whd;. 724) tpdhf;Fwp (?) vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf xU tpdhj; njhlhpd; ,Wjpapy; tpdhf;Fwp ,lNtz;Lk;. (v.fh) nghw;nfhb ghlk; gbj;J tpl;lhah? 725) czh;r;rpf;Fwp(!)
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vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh) jUf xU nra;jpia czh;r;rpahff; $Wk; NghJ czh;r;rpf; Fwpapl Ntz;Lk ;. (v.fh) vd;Nd> ,g;g+tpd; kzk;!

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726) xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp ( ) 4. vd;why; vd;d? (v.fh)jUf Xh; vOj;J my;yJ nrhy; my;yJ 5. nrhw;nwhliuj; jdpNa Fwpf;Fk; ,lj;jpYk; xU nrhw;nwhlhpy; E}ypd; ngah;> gonkhop Kjypad tw;iw Fwpf;Fk; NghJk; xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp ,lNtz;Lk;. vopy; vd;why; moF vd;gJ nghUs ; (v.fh) 'ghQ;rhyp rgjk;' 727) ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (---") xUth; $wpaij Neh;f;$w;whff; $Wk; NghJk;> xU njhliu Nkw;Nfhshff; $Wk; NghJk; ,ul;il N kw ;N fh s ; F w p a p l Ntz;lk;. mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njhpAk;" vd;whh; xsiahh;.

jhAkhdtupd; gzp vd;d? jpUr;rpia Mz;l tpra uFehj nrhf;fypq;fuplk; fUt+y mYtyH tho;j;jhf,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly; vd;Dk; E}y; MFk;

nra;As; tho;j;J

vl;lhk;; tFg;G ,ay; xd;W

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7. 1.

jhAkhdtH jpUg;ghly; jpul;L jhAkhdtH jpUg;ghly; jpul;L vd;Dk; E}y; nja;tj; jkpopd; ,dpikAk; vspikAk; nghUe;jpa nra;As; eilahy; Mfpatw;iw Cl;Lk; tifapy; cs;sJ kdj;J}a;ik> gf;jpr;Rit jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kiykPJ vOe;

jUspAs;s ,iwtdhd jhAkhdtH jpUtUshy; gpwe;jikahy; ,tUf;Fj vd;W ngaH #l;lg;gl;lJ. jhAkhdtH 8. jhAkhdtupd; kidtp ngaH vd;d? kl;LthH Foyp 9. jhAkhdtupd; fhyk; vJ? fp.gp.gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L 10. j h A k h d t H epi d T , y; y k ; ,y; cs;sJ. ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs; s ,yl;RkpGuk; nrhw;nghUs; 1.RlH - xsp 2. Mde;jk; kfpo;r;rp 3. guhguk; - Nkyhd nghUs; ,iwtd;

Kj;Nj gtsNk nkha;j;jgRk; nghw;RlNuvdj; njhl q;Fk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy vOjpatH ahH? jhAkhdtH 11. 2. jhAkhdtupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? Nfbypag;gH nfrty;yp mk;ikahH 3. jhAkhdtH gpwe;j CH vJ? ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lj;jpYs 12. ;s jpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz;ak;)

jpUf;Fws;
jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpatH ahH? jpUts;StH

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13. jpUts;Stupd; NtWngaHfs; vd;d? Kjw;ghtyH> ngha;apy;GytH > ngUehtyH> nre;ehg;NghjhH 14. jpUts;Stupd; fhyk; vJ ntd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ? fp.K. 31 15. jpUf;Fws; E}y;fSs; xd;W. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F 16. ehL> nkhop>,dk;>rkak; fle;J vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhf mike;jikahy; ______ vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. cyfg;nghJkiw 17. kf;fs;> tho;tpy; milaj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;j cWjpg;nghUs;fs; ahit? mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; 18. mwk;>nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;Dk; %d;W gpupTfisf; nfhz;ljhy; ,e;E}y; vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ Kg;ghy; 19. jpUf;Fws; mjpfhuq;fisAk;> Fwl;ghf;fisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. E}w;WKg;gj;J %d;W mjpfhuk;>
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M ap uj ; J K e ; E }w; W Kg; g J Fwlghf;fs; 20. jpUf;FwSf;F %d;W tifahd rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; cs;sJ mit thAiw tho;j;J> nghJkiw ngha;ahnkhop.

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21. jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia czHe;j tPukhKdptH vDk; nkhopapy; nkhop ngaHj;jhH. ,yj;jPd; 22. ______ vd;gtH Mq;fpyj;jpy; Fws;fis nkhop ngaHj;jhH. [p.A.Nghg; 23. cUrpa ehl;by; khspifapy; cs;s Ruq;fg; ghJfhg;Gg; ngl;lfj; jpy; jpUf;FwSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. m Z Jisf;fhj fpnuk;spd; khspif 24. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lf; fhl;rpr;rhiyapy itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUf;Fws; tptpypaj;Jld; 25. nrhw;nghUs; 1. tpid - nray; 2. fhg;G - fhty; 3. ePutH - mwpTilahH 4. Nfz;ik - el;G 5. NgijahH - mwptpyhH 6. etpy;njhWk; - fw;ff; fw;f 7. eak; - ,d;gk; 8. eFjy; - rpupj;jy; 9. ,bj;jy; - fbe;Jiuj;jy; 10. fpoik - cupik 11. Kfef - Kfk; kyu 12. mfk; - cs;sk; 13. MW - ey;top 14. ca;j;J - nrYj;jp 15. my;yy; - Jd;gk;
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16. cLf;if - Mil

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17. ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk; 18. fistJ - ePf;FtJ 19. nfhl;gpd;wp - NtWghL ,y;yhky; 20. Cd;Wk; - jhq;Fk; 21. Gidjy; - Gfo;jy;

,ay; - 1 jkpo; tsHj;j rhd;NwhHfs;

22. tPukhKdptH ve;j ehl;by; gpwe;jhH? ,j;jhyp 23. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp 24. jkpo;nkhopapd; gw;wpdhy; ijupa ehjd; vd;Dk; jk; ngaiuj; jdpj; jkpohf;fp vdr; #l;bf; nfhz;lhH. tPukhKdptH 25. tPukhKdptH jd;Dila vj;jid ahtJ mfitapy; rkaj; jpUg; gzpahw;w jkpofj;jpw;F te;jhH? Kg;gjhk; mfit 26. tPukhKdptH jkpo;nkhop gapd;wNjhL v e ; j nkhopfisA k ; fw;Wj ; NjHe;jhH? njYq;F> tlnkhop 27. tPukhKdptH jkpopy; Kjd;Kjyhf
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29. tPukhKdptH Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; ve;j E}ypd; tpsf;fj;ijg; gilj;jhH? njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; 30. tPukhKdptH ve;nje;j rpw;wpyf; fpaq;fis ,aw;wpdhH? fyk;gfk;> mk;khid 31. Nj k;g htz p ______ fjk;g khiyahff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ? fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk; 32. tPukhKdptH jkpo; KdptHfSs; xUtuhf tpsq;Ffpd;whH vdf; $wp ahH tPukhKdptUf;Fg; Gfohuk; #l;bdhH? nry;tH ,uh.gp> NrJg;gps;is 33. tPukhKdptupd; fhyk; vJ? 1680-1747 vd;Dk; mfu Kjypia ntspapl;lhH? rJufuhjp 28. tPukhKdptH Njk;ghtzp vd;Dk; fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpdhH? fpwpj;jtf; fhg;gpak;

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34. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH? 1788 Mk; Mz;L 35. khjtQ;NrH NkNyhH tOj;Jk; Fzq;Fbahd; vd;W GytH ngUkf;fshy; Gfog;gl;ltH ahH? Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG 36. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ,tupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjpW 37. ve;nje;j kiyg;gFjpfSf;Fr; nrd;W> jdpj;jpUe;J Qhdk; ngw;whH? rJufpup> Gwhkiy> ehfkiy 38. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhFG ahUila ghly;fshy; <Hf;fg;gl;lhH? jhAkhdtH ghly;

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39. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG 48. MWKf ehtyhupd; gy jpwik ghba fz;zpfs; ahit? f i s f ; f z ; l jpUthtLJiw guhguf;fz;zp> MjPdj;jhH vf;fhyf;fz;zp kfpo;Tw;W ,tUf;F > kNdhd;kzpf; fz;zp> ee;jPRtuf; vd;Dk; gl;lj;ijr; #l;br; fw;whH? irt rpj;jhe;j fz;zp E}y;fisAk;> 40. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG vt; jpUKiwfisAk;. tifapy nghUs; jUk; ghly;fs; 47. MWKfehtyH jk; gy ,aw;wpj; jkpOf;Fj; nkhopj;jpwik i a A k ; njhz;lhw;wpdhH? FUepiy> thf;Ftd;ikiaA jtepiy> JwTepiy k ; nghUs; tpsf;Fk; epak epiy> fhl;rpepiy> jd;ikiaAk; fz;L jpahdepiy> rkhjpepiy ahH kfpo;e;jdH jpUthtLJiw 41. jpUj;jzpr; rutzg; ngUkhs;> MjPdj;jhH ,tH kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpdhy; xd;iwg; ghbAs;shH? ehd;kzpkhiy 42. F z q ; F b k ] ; j h d ; r h f p G ,t;Tyif tpl;L vg;NghJ ePj;jhH? 1835 Mk; Mz;L 43. MWKf ehtyH gpwe;j Mz;L vJ? 1822 Mk; Mz;L 44. MWKf ehtyH vq;Fg; gpwe;jhH? aho;g;ghzk; ey;Y}H 45. MWKf ehtyupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? MWKfdhH 46. MWKfehtyH ,sikapNyNa ve;j E}y;fisj; njspthff;
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49. 50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

rpwg;gpj;jdH? ehtyH MWKfehtyupd; gzpfs; ahit? gjpg;ghrpupaH> ciueilahrpupaH MWKf ehtyiu trd eil i f t e ; j ty;yhsH vd ahH ghuhl;bdhH? gupjpkhw;fiyQH MWKf ehtyH nrd;idapy; mikj;jhH? mr;Rf;$lk; MWKf ehtyupd; mr;Rf;$lj;jpy; ve;nje;jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhH? ghujk;> ngupaGuhzk;> fe;jGuhzk;> jpUf;Fws;. MWKf ehtyupd; mr;Rf; $lj;jpy; ve;nje;jj; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhH? ,yf;fz tpdh-tpil> ,yf;fzr; RUf;fk;> ed;D}y; tpUj;jpAiu> ed;D}y; fhz;bifAiu> ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J> ,yf;fzr; #whtsp Fwpg;G jkpowpQH rp.it.jhNkhjudhH> MWKf ehtyiug; gpd;tUkhW Gfo;e;J ciuf;fpd;whH ey;iyef H M W K f ehtyH
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gpwe;jpyNuw;

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nrhy;Yjkp noq;Nf 65. [p.A.Nghg;gpd; jikadhH ngaH vd;d? fUjpnaq;Nf- vy;ytUk; n`d;wp vj;JGuh zhfkq;fs; vq;Nfgpu 66. [p.A.Nghg;gpd; jikadhH n`d;wp rq;fnkq;F vd;gtH jkpofj;jpy; Ig; k; mj;jdwp ntq;Nf miw gug;Gk; rka FUthfg; gzpahw;wp te;jhH. vdg; Gfo;e;jhH 55. GJf;ftpijf;F tpj;jpl;ltH fpwpj;Jtkjj; ahH? ij ghujpahH 67. [p.A.Nghg; mtUila 56. rKjhag;Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltH vj;jidahtJ tajpy; ahH? j k p o f j ; j p y ; rk a g; ghujpjhrdhH gzpahw;wj; 57. nghJTlikf;F tpj;jpl;ltH NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH? ahH? 19-MtJ jpUtp.fypahzRe;judhH tajpy; 58. jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;ltH 68. [p.A.Nghg; gha;kuf; fg;gypy; ahH? nrd;id te;JNru vj;jid kiwkiyabfs; jpq;fshapd? 59. Ngr;Rf;fiyf;F> vl;Lj;jpq;fshapd rpWfijf;F 69. jkpo;nkhopahy; <Hf;fg;gl;Lj; tpj;jpl;l ftpQH jkpoha; ahH? mwpQH kyHe;J> kzk; gug;gp> mz;zhJi vd;Wk; jkpOyfpy; u GJikg;gpj;jd; mopahg;Gfo; ngw;wtH ahH? [p.A.Nghg; rhd;NwhH jtj;jpU [p.A.Nghg; 70. [p.A.Nghg; gFjpapy; rkag; 60. [p.A.Nghg; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltH gzp Mw;wpdhH. ahH? [pahH[; Af;Nsh Nghg; gpwe;jhH? gpuhd;R ehl;bd; 61. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j Mz;by; vl;tHL jPtpy; gpwe;jhH? gpwe;jhH fp.gp. 1820 Mk; Mz;L 63. [p. A.Nghg;gpd; ngw;NwhH ahH? 62. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j ehl;by; [ h d ; Nghg;Gf;Fk ;> n f ju p d ;
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AshGf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhH. 64. [hd; Nghg;Gk;> nfjupd; Ashg;Gk; jd; kfDf;F ______I Cl;b tsHj;jdH. fy;tp> rkak;> ey;nyhOf;fk;

nrd;idr;rhe;Njhk; gFjpapy; 71. [p.A.Nghg; rkag;gzp Mw;wpag; gFjpfspy; vq;Fg; gs;spfis epWtpdhH? jpUney;Ntyp khtl;l k ; (rhaHGuj;jpy;) 72. rkaf;fy;Y}upapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjypa tw;iwAk; ----------> ----------> Kjypa nkhopfisAk; fw;Wj;ju [p.A.Nghg; Vw;ghL nra;jhH. fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> vgpNuak;

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73. [p.A.Nghg; --------------> n j h y ;n g h Us ; Ma;T Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; Nghd;w jkpo;nkhop gw;wpa fy;Y}up Mrpupauhfg; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpa gzpahw;wpdhH. fl;Liufspy; -------> -------> fzpjk;> mwptha;T ,lk;ngw;wpUe; (jUf;fk;)> jd nka;awpT GwehD}w;W g; (jj;Jtk;) ghly;fSk;> Gwg;nghUs; 74. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; ntz;ghkhiyj; jpiz rhaHGuj;jpy; tpsf;fq;fSk;> jkpo;g; Kjy; Mk; GytH tuyhWk;. Mz;L tiu fy;tpg; 81. [p.A.Nghg; caHe;j gzpAk; rkag; gzpAk; gz;ghl;Lf;Fupa nghW ik> Mw;wpdhH. rpdkpd;ik 1842 Kjy; e l ; G Kjyhdtw;iw tpsf;Fk; 1849 mWE}W 75. 1849 Mk; Mz;by; nra;As;fis ehl;bw;Fr; ePjpE}y;fspypUe;J nrd;whH. ,q;fpyhe;J Ma;e;njLj;Jj; vd;Dk ; 76. [p.A.Nghg; vj;jidahtJ tajpy; E}yhfj; njhFj;jhH. Muha;r;rpf; ve;j Mz;by; jpUkzk; nra;J fl;Liufis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nfhz;lhH? vOjpdhH. taJ 30> 1850 Mk; ,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpd; 77. [p.A.Nghg; jQ;irapy; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T gzpahw;wpa vl;lhz;Lf; 79. [p.A.Nghg; fp.gp.1850Mk; fhyj;jpy; Kjyhd rq;f Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF vq;Fr; E}y;fisAk; Kjyhd rkag; gzpahw;wj; ,yf;fzq;fisAk; gapd;whH. njhlq;fpdhH? GwehD}W> ed;D}y; jQ;rht+H 78. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j VLfspy; 80. [p.A.Nghg; mtHfs; Muha;r;rp nra;j jkpo;nkhop gw;wpa
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,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> ,e;jpahtpd;

jkpo;r;nra;Al; fyk;gfk; 82. Nkiyehl;lhH jkpio vspjpy; fw; W f ; nfh s;S k ; ti fap y ; ______ x d ; i w A k ; > N g h g ; ntspapl;lhH. jkpo;- Mq;fpy mfuhjp Mq;fpyk;- jkpo; mfuhjp 83. c j f kz;lyj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w [p.A.Nghg; ve;j Mz;by; gs;sp xd;iwj; njhlq;fp MrpupauhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhH? 1858 Mk; Mz;by; 84. jhafj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w Nghg; vj;jid tUlk; ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhH. 23 tUlk; (1885 Kjy; 1908 tiu) 85. ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;> ______ > ______ fw;gpf;Fk; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhH. jkpo;> njYq;F

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Fw;wpaYfuk 86. [p.A.Nghg; jpUf;Fwis ; vj;jid Mz;L gbj;Jr; Ritj;jhH? ehw;gjhz;Lfs; 93. Fw;wpaYfuk; gpupj;J vOJf? 87. jpUf;Fwis ehw;gjhz;Lfs; FWik + ,ay; + cfuk; gbj;Jr; Ritj;j Nghg;> mjid 94. FWik vd;why; ______vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy nkhop ngaHj;J nghUs; ve;j Mz;by; ntspapl;lhH? FWfpa 1886 Mk; Mz;L 95. ,ay; vd;why; _____ vd;W 88. [p.A.Nghg; jkJ nghUs;. vz;gj;jhwhk; Xir m fi t a p y ; 1900-Mk; Mz;L 96. cfuk; vd;why; vd;Dk Mq;fpy ; vOj;J MFk; nkhopngaHg;gpid ntspapl;lhH? c jpUthrfj;jpd; jkpo; khztd; 89. [p.A.Nghg; mtupd; 92. [p.ANghg; mtH jk; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; fy;yiwapy; ______ Kjypa vd;d vOj Ntz;Lnkd;W E}y;fisAk; jkJ gjpg;gpj;jhH? ,WjpKwpapy; vOjp itj;jhH? Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy> ,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd; cwq;fpf; GwehD}W> jpUtUl;gad;. nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; 90. jkpopd; ngUikiaj ; juzp KOtJk; gug;gpa Nghg; mtHfs; Mk; Mz;L Mk; ehs; jk; ,d;Dapiu ePj;jhH. 1908 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utupj; jpq;fs; 11 91. Mq;fpy nkhopapid md;id nkhopahff; nfhz;l Nghg; mtHfs; vd;W jk;ik mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhH?
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97. Fwpy; vOj;Jf;F vj;jid khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;f Ntz;Lk;? xU khj;jpiu 98. neby; vOj;Jf;F v j ; j i d khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;f Ntz;Lk;? ,uz;L khj;jpiu 99. nka ; v Oj; Jfs ; vj;ji d khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;f Ntz;Lk;? miu khj;jpiu 100. cfuk; Fwp yhdhy; vj;jid khj;jpiuf; fhy msNt xypf;f Ntz;Lk;? xU khj;jpiu 101. F>R>L>J>G>W Mfpa MW ty;ypd nka; vOj;Jfisr; NrHj;J tUk; NghJ cfuk; vj;jid khj;jpiu ahff; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;? miu khj;jpiu

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102. F>R>L>J>G>W vd;gd ty;ypd 109. capHneby;> capHnka; ______ nka;fspd; Nky; CHe;J nel;nlOj;J fis mLj;J tUk; tUk; vOj;Jfs; cfuNkwpa ty;ypd MFk;? cfuk; vOj;Jfs; vt;tiff; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;? 103. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid neby; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;Fk;? 110. F>R>L>J>G>W Mfpa miu khj;jpiu vOj;JfSf;F K d ; , u z; L 104. F>R>L>J>G>W vd;Dk; MW Kjyhfg; gy ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; vOj;Jfisg; ngw;W> jdpnebiyr; <w;way; vOj;J (muR> rhHe;J tUk;NghJ> gy ghyhW) capHnka;f; FwpyhfNth> vOj;Jf;fisr; rhHe;J nebyhfNth ,Ue;jhy; mit nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; vdg;gLk; NghJ mit vj;jid capHj;njhlHf; khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fw;wpaYfuk; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;? xU 111. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid khj;jpiu mstpy; tifg;gLk;? 105. v / F > f/R> m/J MW , e ; j r ; nrhw;fspy; ,Ue;J 112. neby;njhlHf ; F>R>J vd;Dk; ty;ypd F w ; w p a Yf u k ; vj;jid nka;fs; Nky; vOj;Jf;fisg; CHe;j cfukhdJ ngw;W tUk;? Ma;j vOj;ijj; ,uz;L njhlHe;J te;Js;sjhy; 113. neby; njhlHf; ,it Fw;wpaYfuj;ijj; jtpu MFk;. Vida Itiff; Ma;jj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fs; Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid vOj;Jf;fisg; 106. Rf;F> fr;R> gl;L ngw;W tUk;? ,r;nrhw;fspy; F>R.L Mfpa ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;JfSf;F Kd;> ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jfs; te;jhy;
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MFk; . ty;ypdj; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; 107. r q ; F > k Q ; R > e z ; L > r e ; J ,r;nrhw;fs; Fw;wpaYfuk ; MFk;. nkd;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; 108. nfha;J> rhHG> %o;F ,r;nrhw;f s; vt;tiff; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. ,ilj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;

mit

Fw;wpaypfuk;
114. Fw;wpaypfuk; gpupj;J vOJf? FWik + ,ay; + ,fuk; 115. ,fuk; vd;why; vOj;jhFk;. , vd;Dk ;

116. Fw;wpaypfuj;jpy; tUk; ,fuk;> jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J khj;jpiu msT Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. xU khj;jpiuapypUe;J miu khj;jpiu msT

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vO> js;S> fjT epiynkhop Fw;wpaYfukhf ,tw;wpd; ,Ue;J> tUnkhop afuk; tupd;> <w;wpYs;s ,ilapd epiynkhop cfuk;> ,fukhfj; cfuq;fs; (O>S>T) jpupe;J jd; khj;jpiu mstpy; Kw;wpaYfuq;fs; MFk;. Fiwe;J xypg;gJ ,t;thW jdpf;Fwpiy vdg;gLk;. mLj;Jr; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; Fw;wpaypfuk; tUk; ty;ypd nka;apd; 118. Nfz;kpah> nrd;kpah Nky; CHe;J tUk; Mfpatw;wpy tUk; kpah cfuKk;> nghJthfr; vd;Dk; mirr; nrhy;ypy; nrhw;fspd; cs;s ______ jd; ,Wjpapy; nky;ypd nka;apd; khj;jpiuapy; Fiwe;J Nky; CHe;J tUk; xypf;Fk;. cfuKk;>,ilapd nka;apd; ,fuk; Nky; CHe;J tUk; cfuKk 119. ,fuk; jd; khj;jpiuapy; Mfpa %d;Wk; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk; ed;D}iy Kw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vOJf? a f u k ; t u f ; F w s ; 124. FwpQ;rpf;fyp fgpyuhy; cj ;j pu p ,aw;wg; gl;lJ ,t; thf;fpak; ,fuKk; mirr;nrhy; kpahtpd; vt;tpidiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ? ,fuKk; Fwpa. - ed;D}y; 93 nrag;ghl;L tpid Kw;wpaYfuk 125. Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk; ; vd;gJ Md;NwhH nkhop 120. jdf;Fupa xU khj;jpiu ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; mstpypUe;J vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ? Fiwahj cfuk; vdg;gLk nra;jpj; njhlH ;. Kw;wpaYfuk; 126. vd;Nd> mUtpapd; moF! ,t; 121. jdpf;Fwpy; vOj;ij mLj;J thf;fpaj;jpy; vj;njhlH tUk; te;Js;sJ? cfuk; vdg;gLk; czHr;rpj; njhlH ? ty;ypd cfuk; ,tw;wpd ; 122. fhZ> cz;Z> cUK 83 117.

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<w;wpYs;s nky;ypd (Z> cfuq;fs; ahit? Kw;wpaYfuq;fs; 123. vO> js;S> fjT ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s cfuq;fs; (O>S>T) Kw;wpaYfuq;fs; MFk;. ,ilapd cfuq;fs; Fwpg;G

127. ghlk; gbj;jhah? ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ? tpdhj;njhlH 128. fz;zd; ghlk; gbj;jhd; ,t; thf;fpak vj;njhliuf; Fwpf;fpwJ? cld;ghl;Lj;njhlH (nra;jp) 129. , u h k d ; g h l k ; gb j ;j p y d ; ,t;thf;fpak; vj;njhliuf ; Fwpf;fpwJ? vjpHkiwj;njhlH (nra;jp)

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130. epidthw;wiy tsHj;Jf;nfhs; ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy ; vj;njhlH te;Js;sJ ? fl;lisj;njhl H

fz;zfp Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;> gbj;j ngz;fs;> ,isQH ,yf;fpak;> FwpQ;rpj; jpl;L Nghd;wit.

ehd; tpUk;Gk ; ftpQH

,ay; 2 nra;As; gFjp ,dpait ehw;gJ

136. Fotp gpzpapd;wp tho;jy; ,dpNj vdj; njhlq;Fk; ,dpait ehw;gJ ghliy vOjpatH ahH? g+jQ;Nre;jdhH

131. Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH? 29.04.1891 Mk; Mz;L 132. ghujpjhrdpd; je;ij ngaH vd;d? fdfrig 133. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? Rg;Guj;jpd k; 134. ahH Nky; nfhz;l gw;why; jk;ngaiug; ghujpjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhH? ghujpahH 135. ghujpjhrd; vOjpa gpwE}y;fs; vit? ,iraKJ> FLk;g tpsf;F> kzpNkfiyntz;gh>
80

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137. g+jQ;Nre;jdhH mtHfs; vt;t+upy; gpwe;jhH? kJiu 138. g+jQ;Nre;jdhH gpwe;j fhyk; vJ? fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L 139. ,dpait ehw;gJ E}y;fSs; xd;W gjpndz;fPo;f;f zf;F 140. ,dpait ehw;gJ ghly;fs; vj;jid ghly;fspy; njhFj;Jiuj;Js;sJ? ehw;gJ 141. _____ f U j ; J f i s e h w ; g J ghly;fspy; njhFj;Jiug;gjhy; ,dpait ehw;gJ vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ. ed;ik jUk; ,dpa 142. ,dpait ehw;gJ E}ypd; xt;nthU ghlYk; vj;jid ew;fUj;Jfis ,dpikahff; $wpAs;sJ? %d;W my;yJ ehd;F 143. Mk; ghly;fs; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 12> 20 144. Foe;ij _____,d;wp tho;jy; ,dpaJ vd g +j Q; N re ;j d h H
80

$wpAs;shH. Neha; 145. nrhw;nghUs; 1. Fotp Foe;ij 2. gpzp - Neha; 3. kaup kaf;fk; 4. foWk; NgRk; 5. rytH tQ;rfH 6. kd;DapH - epiy ngw;w capH

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154. mfuhjp vd;Dk; nrhy; ve;j ,Ur;nrhw;fspd; NrHf;if 146. nghd;dpd; Fitnadf;F MFk;? Ntz;ba jpy;iyvd;w mfuk;> Mjp ghliy vOjpatH ahH? 155. xU nkhopapYs;s vy;yhr; f.rr;rpjhde;jd; nrhw; fisAk; mfutupirapy; 147. jkpo;g;grp vDk; ghlypd; mikAk; gb xU Nruj; MrpupaH njhFj;J tpsf;Fk; ahH? E}iy vd;gH. f.rr;rpjhde;jd; mfuhjp 148. f.rr;rpjhde;jupd; gzpfs; ahit? 1. Fit - Ftpay; MrpupaH gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upapy; 2. khud; - kd;kjd; tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH. 153. f.rr;rpjhde;jupd; rpwg;G: 149. f. rr;rpjhde;jd; Gyik ahJ? kfhtpj;Jthd; etePj jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> fpUl;bd rk];fpUjk; Mfpa ghujpahupd; khztH> Kk;nkhopfspy; ,tHjk; ghly;fspy; fk;gdpd; Mo;e;j Gyik kpLf;ifAk; gh u jp a p d ; ngw;wpUe;jhH. rpdg ;Ngh f ;i f A 150. f.rr;rpjhde;jd; gilg;Gfs; k; xUkpj;Jf; fhzyhk;. ahit? Mde;jj;Njd; (ftpijj;njhFjp) 1954)@ md;dg+uzp (Gjpdk;)@ aho;g;ghzf;fhtpak;. 151. vd;Wk; ,sik Fiwahj jkpOk;@ jkpOf;F capuhf tpsq;Fk; fk;gd; ftpijfSk ; Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wpatH ahH? f.rr;rpjhde;jd; 152. nrhw;nghUs; 81

jkpo;g;gr p

mfuKjyp tuyhW

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156. mfuhjpj; jw;Nghija tof;fpy; vd;dntd;W miof;fpwhHfs;? mfuKjyp 157. jkpo; mfuKjyp tuyhw;wpy;> nrk;ghjp ,lj;ijg; ngWk; ve;E}y;fs; epfz;Lfs; MFk;? nrhw;nghUs; Jiw E}y;fs; 158. epfz;Lfspy; gioikahdJ Nre;jd; jpthfuk; 159. Nre;jd; jpthfuk; - E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH? jpthfuH 160. epfz;Lfisj; njhlHe;J vj;jid epfz;Lfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd? ,Ugj;ije;J epfz;Lfs; 161. #lhkzp epfz;L vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH? kz;ly GUlH 162. , U g j ; i j e ; J e p f z ; L f s p y ; rpwg;Gkpf;f epfz;L vJ? kz;ly GUlH ,aw;wpa #lhkzp epfz;L 163. jpU%yupd; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; vr;nrhy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,lk; ngw;wJ? mfuhjp

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164. mfuhjp vd;Dk; nrhy; epfz;LfSs; xd;whd ,y; milnkhopahf mike;Js;sJ? mfuhjp epfz;Lr; nrhy; 165. mfu Kjypfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F xU jpUg;G Kidahf mike;j E}y; vJ? mfuhjp epfz;L 166. mfuKjyp E}ypy;; nrhw;fspd; ve;j vOj;Jfs; kl;LNk mfutupirapy; tUk;? KjnyOj;Jfs; 167. tPukhKdptH njhFj;j jkpopy; Njhd;wpa MFk;. rJufuhjpa> Kjy; mfuKjyp 168. rJH vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; vd;d? ehd;F

173. jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp vd;w E}y; ahuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ?

aho;g;ghzk; fjpiuNtydhH. 173. jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjpf;F kw;nwhU ngaH vd;d? rq;f mfuhjp 174. jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp vd;Dk; xd;iw ntspapl;ltH ahH? Fg;Grhkp 175. rq;f mfuhjpapy; nrhy;ypd; %yk; ve;j kuigg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ? jUjy;> Nkw;Nfhs; mikj;jy; 176. glq;fSld; $ba XH mfu Kjypia ntspapl;ltH ahH? ,uhkehjd; 177. mfuKjyp ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; 169. rJH vd;Dk; E}ypd; vj;jid vDk; ngaUld; ntspte;jJ? tifapy; jdpj;jdpahfg; jkpo; mfuhjp nghUs; tpsf;fk; 178. jkpo; Mq;fpyg; Ngufuhjpiaj; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? ngaH> njhFj;jtH ahH? nghUs;> njhif> njhil tpd;RNyh vd;Dk; ehd;F 179. gthde;jj;jpd; jw;fhyj; 170. NghHr;RfPrpa- ,yj;jPd; jkpo;r; nr hy ;y f uhj p jkpo; mfuhjpia ve; j cUthf;fpatH ahH? M z ; b y ; ntspte;jd? tPukhKdptH 1925 Mk; Mz;L 171. jkpo;-,yj;jPd; mfuhjp> ,yj;jPd;gpnuQ;R mfuhjp> g jkpo; mfuhjp> jkpo;83

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pnuQ;R-jkpo; mfuhjp> 180. 1937- Mk; Mz;by; vDk; NghHr;RfPrpa- ,yj;jPd; jkpo; mfuhjp mfuhjp ntspte;jd? kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp Mfpa mfu K j y p f i s 181. j k p o ; - j k p o ; m f u K j y p i a cUthf;fpatH ahH? njhFj;jtH ahH? tPukhKdptH K.rz;Kfk; 172. jkpo;- jkpo; mfuhjp xd;iw ntspapl;ltH ahH? nytp ];ghy;b];

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182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

187.

K.rz;Kfk; vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg; gl;l jkpo;- jkpo; mfuKjyp ve;j Mz;by; jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghlE}y; epWtdj;jhy; ntspapl;lJ? 1985 Mk; Mz;L ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ntspte;j kpfg;ngupa mfuKjyp ahJ? nrd;idg;gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjp nrd;idg;gy;fiyf;fof mfuhjp v d ; D k ; ngaupy; _____ ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo; nyf;rpfd; jkpo; nyf;rpfd; vd;Dk; ,t;tfu Kjyp vj;jid njhFjpfshf ntspaplg;gl;ld? MW njhFjp ve;j Mz;L NjtNeag;ghthzupd; nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; Ngufu Kjypapd; Kjy; njhFjp ntsp te;jJ? 1985 Mk; Mz;L ve;j Mz;L NjtNeag;ghthzupd; nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;g;gpay; Ngufu Kjypapd; ,uz;lhk; njhFjp ntsp te;jJ? 1993 Mk; Mz;L
85

188.

KOikahff; fzpdp cjtpAld; cUthf;fg;gl;L ntspte;j Kjy; jkpo; mfuKjyp vJ? fpupahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp 189. vr;rpe;jidapd; tpisthff; fiyf; fsQ;rpak; Njhd;wpaJ? ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s ngaHfs;> fijfs; tuyhWfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;

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190. jkpo;f; fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fsp d; Kd;Ndhb vJ? mgpjhd Nfhrk; 191. vr;nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L ,yf;fpaf; fsQ;rpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ? ,yf;fpag;Guhz ,jpfhrr; nra;jp 192. ,yf;fpag;Guhz ,jpfhrr; nra;jpfs ve;j Mz;by; ntspahdJ? 1902 Mk; Mz;L 193. mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp E}iyj; njhFj;J ntspapl;ltH ahH? rpq;fhu NtydhH 194. mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp E}y; ve;j Mz;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ? 1934 Mk; Mz;L 195. jkpo; tsHr;rpf; fofk; Kiwahd Ij; njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;sJ? Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ij 196. Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ij vj;jid njhFjpfshf ntspapl;ldH? gj;Jj; njhFjp 197. jkpo; tsHr;rpf; fofk; vj;jid tifahd fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fis ntspapl;Ls;sJ? %d;W (1.Foe;ijfs; fiyf; fsQ;rpak;> 2.

ehlff; fiyf; fsQ;rpak;> 3. ,Ryhkpa fiyf; fsQ;rpak; 198. ve;j epWtdj;jpd; Kaw;rpahy; nghJmwpT> cstpay;> Gtpapay;> Gs;spapay;> tuyhW> thdtpay;> JiwfSf;Fk; fiyr;nrhy; mfu Kjypfs; njhFf;fg;gl;ld? ve;j Mz;by; njhFf;fg;gl;ld? fiyf;fjpH (1960 Mk; Mz;L)

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199.

mwptpay; rhHe;j Jiwthupahd fiyr;nrhy; mfuKjypia ahH njhFj;J ntspapl;ldH? kzit K];jgh 200. mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy; fsQ;rpak; ve;j Mz;by; ntspaplg;gl;lJ? 1991 Mk; Mz;L 201. mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy; fsQ;rpaj;ij jkpo;f; fiyr; nrhy;Yld; tpsf;f jug;gl;Ls;sd. nrhw;nghUs;fs; 202. ,d;iwa kf;fSk; gz;ila ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz q;fs pd ; nrhy;tsk; nghUshok; Nghd;wtw;iwj; njs;sp jpd; mwpe;J Ritj;J kfpoj; Jiz nra;tJ vJ? mfuKjyp 203. fhye;NjhWk; Vw;gLk; nrhw;nghUs; khw;wq;fis mfuKjypfs; gjpT nra;tjd; %yk; cjTfpd;wd? rPHikahd nkhop tsHr;rp 204. Fwpg;G mfu Kjyp xd;iw ehSk; gbj;J tUtha; epfup yhj nrhw;fs; epidtpy; ed;F ngWtha; ghujpjhrd;
87

207. ehd;F ,yf;fpa tifr; nrhw;fis vOJf? ,aw;nrhy;> jpupr;nrhy;> jpirr; nrhy;> tlnrhy; 208. vy;yhUf;Fk; nghUs; tpsq;Fk; tif apy; ,ay;gha; mike;j

jkpo;r;nrhy; ,aw;nrhy;

vdg;gLk;?

209. ,aw;nrhy; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 210. ,U tifahd ,aw;nrhw;fs; vd;ndd;d? 1. ngaH ,aw;nrhw;fs; 2. tpid ,aw;nrhw;fs; 211. fw;wtHfSf;F kl;LNk tpsq;ff; $badtha; ,Uf;Fk; nrhy; vJ? jpupnrhy; 212. jpupnrhy; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 213. , U t i f a h d j p u p n r h y ; f s ; vd;ndd;d? n g a H j ; jp u p n rh y; > t p i d j; jpupnrhy; 214. jkpo;ehl;ilr; #o;e;Js;s gpwgFjp fspypUe;J jkpopy; toq;Fk;

,yf;fpa

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ifr;

nrhw;fs;

205.

ngaHr;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;> ,ilr; nrhy;> cupr;nrhy; ,it ve;j tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk;? ,yf;fz tif 206. ,yf;fpa tifr; nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ehd;F

nrhw;fs; MFk;. jpirr;nrhw;f s; 215. jpirr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; jpirr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrh y; 1. gz;bif - jpUtpoh 2. nts;sk; - ePHg;ngUf;F 3. tpahghuk; - tzpfk; 4. [kf;fhsk; - tpupg;G 5. Ntbf;if - fhl;rp

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216.

tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jpupe;Jk; jpupahkYk; jkpo; nkhopapy; te;J t o q ; F k h d h y ; m i t _____ vdg;gLk;. tlnrhy ; 217. tlnrhw;fSf;Fj; jkpo;r;nrhw;fs;: tlnrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy; 1. fkyk; - jhkiu 2. tp\k;(tplk;) - eQ;R 3. G\;gk; (Gl;gk;) - kyH 218. nghUj;Jf 1. epyk;> eha; tpidj;jpupnrhy; 2. te;jJ> gbj;jhd; ngaH ,aw;nrh y; 3. fspW> Gutp - tpid ,aw;nrhy; 4. tpdtpdhd;> Nehf;fpdhd; ngaHj;jpupnrhy; tpil: 1. ngaH ,aw;nrhy; 2. tpidj; jpupnrhy; 3. ngaHj;jpupnrhy; 4. tpid ,aw;nrhy; 219. mkH vd;gjd; nghUs; Ngh H

220. njhz;Z}w;whW gpupf;Fk; Kiw njhz;Z}W MW 221. fhw;W> epyT> QhapW> gyif ,it vspjpy; nghUs; tpsq;Fk; nrhw;fs; vd;gjhy; ,it MFk;. ngaHr; nrhw;fs;

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222. NeH$w;W> maH$w;Wj; njhlHfs; Nty;tpop ed;whfg; gbj;Jj; NjHtpy; Kjd;ik ngW vd;W MrpupaH mwpTiu $wpdhH. (NeH$w;W) ed;whfg; gbj;Jj; NjHtpy; Kjd;ik ngWkhW MrpupaH Nty; tpopf;Ff; $wpdhH. (maw;$w;W) 223. NeH$w;iw maw;$w;whf khw;Wk; NghJ khWk; nrhw;fs; NeH$w;W maw;$w;W ,d;W md;W New;W Kd;dhs; ,J mJ ,jdhy; mjdhy; ehk;> ehq;fs; - jhk;> jhq;fs; ePq;fs; mtHfs; ehis kWehs; ,g;nghOJ mg;nghOJ ,it mit ehd; jhd; eP mtd;> mts;

fp.gp.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jtnud;Wk;> rq;ff;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; tho;e;jtnud;Wk; Fwpg;gH.

,ay; %d;W nra;As; gFjp jpUts;Stkhi y

224. j p U t s ; S t k h i y g h l i y ,aw;wpatH ahH? fgpyH 225. fgpyH gpwe;j fhyk; vJ?
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226. jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;gpid czHj;j ve;E}y; vOe;jJ? jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk; jdpE}y; 227. jpUts;Stkhiy E}ypy; vj;jid ghly;fs; cs;sd? Ik;gj;ije;J 228. jpUts;Stkhiy ghliy vj;jid GytHfs; ghbAs;shHfs;? Ik;gj;J %d;W 229. jpUts;Stkhiy Kiwiar; rhHe;jJ? mwptpay; 230. Fwpg;G ctik mZF

esntz;gh
233. esntz;ghtpd; MrpupaH ahH GfNoe;jpg;GytH 234. GfNoe;jpg;GytH gpwe;j CH vJ? njhz;ilehl;bd; nghd;tpise;j fsj;J}H (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ngUq;fsj;J}H) 235. GfNoe;jpg;Gytupd; rpwg;G ahJ? tuFz ghz;badpd; mitg;GytH 236. GfNoe;jpg;Gytiu Mjupj;j ts;sy; ahH? re;jpud; RtHf;fp 237. GfNoe;jpg;Gytupd; fhyk; vd;d? fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L 238. GfNoe;jpg;GytH fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ,U GytHfs; ahH? fk;gH> xl;lf;$j;jH 239. ntz;gh ahg;gpy; fhg;gpag; nghUisj njhlHepiyr; nra;As;fsha;g; ghba rpwg;gpdhy; ,tH vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH? ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp $Wk;

rpWGy;ypd; jiyapy; jpidas tpDk; rpWgdpePH nebJaHe;j gid kuj;jpd; cUtj;ijj; jd;Ds; njspthff; fhl;Lk;. ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; ts;Stupd; Fws;ntz;ghf;fs; mUk;ngUk; fUj;Jfisj; jk;kfj;Nj mlf;fpf; fhl;Lk; 231. x s p i a j ; Nfhl;lk; 240. esntz;gh vd;gJ milar; nra;tjdhy; nra;ayhk; vd;W ahH njhiytpYs; s $wpdhH? nghUspd; cUtj;ij fyPypNah mz;ikapy; Njhd;Wk; gb fypyp
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232. nrhw;nghUs; 1. ts;is - ney;Fj;Jk; NghJ ngz;fshy; ghlg;gLk; xUtifg; ghl;L 2. msF - Nfhop

E}nyd tpupe;J nghUs; jUk;. esdJ tuyhw;iw ntz;ghf;fshy; 241. esntz;gh vj;jid fhz;lq; fisf; nfhz;lJ? %d;W 242.esntz;ghtpy; fhz;lq;fis f; $Wf? Rak;tu fhz;lk;> fypnjhlH fhz;lk;> fypePq;F fhz;lk;.

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243. e s n t z ; g h t p d ; vj;ji d ntz;ghf;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ? ehD}w;W Kg;gj;njhU ntz;ghf;fs; 244. epljehl;L kd;dd; esd;> tpjHg;g ehl;L kd;dd; kfs; jkae;jp Mfpa ,UtUk; ve;jg; gwitfs; cjtpapd; xUtiug; gw;wp xUtH mwpe;J md;G nfhz;ldH? md;dg;gwit 245. nrhw;nghUs; 1. Mop - fly; 2. tb mk;G - tbf;fg;gl;l mk;G 3. tpRk;G - thdk; 4. nrhw;whd; - ntd;whd; 5. muT - ghk;G 6. gps;isf;FUF ehiuf;FQ;R 7. ts;is - xUtif ePHf;nfhb 8. flh - vUik 9. ntstp - ft;tp 10. rq;fpd; gps;is rq;Ff;FQ;Rfs; 11. nfhb - gtsf;nfhb 12. NfhL - nfhk;G 13. fop - cg;gq;fop 14. jpiu - miy 15. Nkjp - vUik 16. fs; - Njd;
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17. Gs; - md;dk; 18. Nrb - Njhop 19. <upUtH - ehy;tH 20. CryhLw;whs; - kdk; jLkhwpdhs; 21. nrk;ik NrH - Gfo;kpF 22. fbkhiy - kzkhiy 23. #o;tpjp - ey;tpid

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24. jhH - khiy 25. fhrpdp - epyk; 26. ed;Djy; - ey;y new;wp 27. nts;fp - ehzp 28. fsp$u - kfpo;r;rp nghq;f 29. taNte;J - typikkpF murd; (esd;) 30. xz;jhiu - xspkpf;f kyHkhiy 31. ky;yy; - tsk; 32. klehL - ,isagR 33. kotpil - ,sq;fhis 34. nrk;khe;J - ngUkpjj;Jld; 35. kWF - murtPjp

251. gpNs];gh];fy; vd;Dk; mwpQH ve;efiur; NrHe;jtH? ghupR efiu

cyfk; cs;sq;ifapy;
246. f z p d p i a Kjd;Kjypy ; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH? rhHy]; ghg;Ng[; 247. rhHy[; ghg;Ng[; ve;j Mz;by; ve;ehl;by; gpwe;jhH? fp.gp. 1833 Mk; Mz;L> ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by; 248. fzpdp cUthf vJ Kjy; gbtkhf mike;jJ? kzpr;rl;lk; 249. rpynehbfspy; kpy;ypad; fzf;F fisr; nra;J fhl;Lk; fzpdpia ve;j Mz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ? ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L 250. fzf;fpLk; fUtpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH? gpNs]; gh];fy; 89

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252. K j y; nray;jpl;l tiuthsH vdg;Nghw;wg;gl;ltH ahH? Mq;fpyf; ftpQH igudpd; kfs; Nyb yt;Ny]; 253. `hHthHL gy;fiyf;foff; fzpjg; NguhrpupaH N`hthHL [f;fd; v d; ghi u _____ JizAld; v z ; z p y f ; f f ; fzpdpiaf; fz;lwpaj; J}z;baJ? I. gp.vk;. nghwpahsH 254. fzpjg; NguhrpupaH N`hthHL [f;fd; fz;lwpe;j vz;zpyf;ff; fzpdpapd; ngaH vd;d? `hHthHL khHf; -1 255. jw;NghJ mnkupf;fhTk; [g;ghDk; ve;jf; fzpdpia cUthf;fg; Nghl;bapLfpwhHfs;? kPj;jpwd; fzpdp 256. fzpdpapd; tiffs; ahit? 1. gy;Y}lf trjpnfhz;l fzpdp 2. kbf;fzpdp 3. ifalf;ff; fzpdp 257. ,izak; vd;Dk; tbtj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH? [ h d ; lh];ly; vd;Dk; mnkupf;fuhthH 258. vjd; thapyhf ,yf;fpak;>
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mwptpay;> thdpay; tuyhW> Gtpapay;> fzpjk;> jpiug;glk; vd vz;zw;w Jiw fspd; nra;jpfis mwpa KbAk;? ,izak;

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ve;j Mz;by; xU fzpdpapypUe;J kw;nwhU fzpdpf;Fr; nra;jpia khw;w kpd;fhe;j ehlhitg; gad;gLj;jpdH? 1960 Mk; Mz;L 260. xU fl;lj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fzpdp fis vy;yhk; fk;gpr; RUSld; ,izf;f vd;Dk; rpWgyif iag; nghUj;jp gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;? <jHnel; ml;il 261. <jHnel; ml;il vd;Dk; ,izg;G vdg;gl;lJ . FWk;gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy; 262. xU t l ; l h u j ; J f ; F s ; c s ; s fzpdpfis ,izg;gjw;F ve;j tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; gad;gLfpwJ? mfd;w gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy; 263. Rtpl;rHyhe;J ehl;ilr;rhHe;j vd;Dk; ,aw;gpay; ty;YeH> 1989 Mk; Mz;L cyfshtpa tiyg;gpd;dy; vdg; ngaupl;lhH. gpk;ngHdH yP 264. cyfshtpa tiyg;gpd;di y vdTk; miof;fpwhHfs;. itaf tpupT tiy 265. ,izaj;jsr; Nritiag;
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259.

gad; gLj;jj; Njitahd nghUs;fs; ahit 1. fzpdp 2. njhiyNgrp 3.,izar;Nrit 4.khw;wp 5.njhlHG nkd;nghUs; 266.njhiyNgrp topahff; fzpdp iaAk; khw;wpiaAk; ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk; KiwNa NritahFk;. njhiyNgrp ,izg;Gr;

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,yf;fz 267. vjd; nray;gLtijf; nfhz;L k; ,iza , i z g ; G ehd;F tof;F : ,ay;G tof;F tiffshff; fpilf;fpd;wJ jFjp itaf gpupT tiy tof; 268. e h d ; F t i f a h d , i z a F ,izg;Gfisf; $Wf 274. ek; Kd;NdhH ve;jr; 1. cWg;gpdH vz;zpyf;f nrhy;yhy; toq;fp ,izg;G te;jhHfNsh mjid 2. fk;gp tlkhw;wp mg;gbNa ehKk; toq;fp 3. nraw;iff;Nfhs; tUtjw;F ngaH vd;d Nrit tof;F 4. fz;ziwr; Nrit 275. tof;fpd; ,Utiffs; ahit 269. fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;Fk; 1. ,ay;G tof;F 2. jFjp tof;F fy;tpNa MFk; 276. ve;jr; nrhy; jdJ ,ay;G . nghUs; fzpdp khwhky; xNu nghUisr; topf;fy;t p 270. fzpdp topahf Ig; ngw Rl;LfpwNjh mjw;F vd;W KbAk;. ngaH. nkhopf;fy;tp ,ay;G tof;F 271. vd;Dk; ,izaj;jsk; 277. ,ay;G tof;fpd; tiffs; jkpo; ahit vOj;Jfis vOjTk; ,yf;fzKilaJ> xypf;fTk; ,yf;fzg; Nghyp fw;Wj; jUfpwJ. k&c. jkpok; 278. ,yf;fzg;gpio ,y;yhky; toq;fp 272. njhiyj;njhlHGj ; Jiwapy; tUtij vd;gH. <uhapuk; Mz;Lfspy; klq;fhFk; Vw;gl;l fle;j 20 Kd;Ndw;wj;ij tpl ve;j Mz;L Mz;L fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s 273. f l e ; j ,Ugjhz;Lf; fzpdpg; Kd;Ndw;wk; gy E}W
92

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,yf;fzKilaJ 279. efHg;Gwk;> fhy;tha;> nfhk;G Edp Nghd;w ,yf;fzKila nrhw;fisg GwefH> tha;f;fhy;> gazj;jpy; ,izaj;jpd; gq;F kpfr; rpwe;jJ vd;Nw nrhy;Ntd; vdf; $wpatH ahH? fzpdp ty;YeH gpy;Nfl;];

Edpf;nfhk;G vd khw;wp ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ,yf;fz KilaJ Nghy toq;fp tUtij vd;fpNwhk;.

,yf;fzg;Nghyp 280. jQ;rhT+H> Nfhak;Gj;JhH> ,it jQ;ir> Nfhit vdr; rpije;J te;Js;sjhy; ,ij vd;fpNwhk;. k&c

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281. jFjpahd nrhw;fisg; NgRtJ 287. ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs; ,j;njhlH vd;gH. ahJ? jFjp tof;F ,yf;fzKilaJ. 282. jFjp tof;fpd; tiffs; ahit kuGr;nrhw;f ,lf;fulf;fy;> kq;fyk;> s; FOcf;Fwp 283. gyH Kd;Nd $w 288. Kd;NdhH vr;nrhy;iy ,lHg;ghlhfj; Njhd;Wk; vg;gb toq;fpdNuh mr;nrhy;iy nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j mg;gbNa Vw;W toq;Fjy; nrhw;fshy; mg;nghUisj; kuG njuptpg;gJ tpyq;Ffspd; vd;gH. ,sikg;ngaHfs ,lf;fulf;fy; ; 284. mkyq;fykhd nrhy;iy 1. mzpw;gps;is ePf;fp kq;fykhd nrhy;yhy; 2. Gypg;gwo; mg;nghUis toq;FtJ vd;gH. 3. eha;f;Fl;b kq;fyk; 4. fPupg;gps;is 285. xU FOtpdH jkf;F kl;Lk; 5. vUikf;fd;W GupAk; 6. khd;fd;W tifapy; xU nghUSf;Ff; Fwpg;ghf toq;Fk; ngaiuf; vd;gH 7. gd;wpf;Fl;b FOcf;Fwp 8. rpq;ff;FUis 286. nghUj;Jf: 9. fOijf;Fl;b 1. ,yf;fzKilaJ - Nfhit 1. epyk; 2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp - epyk; 2. GwefH 3. k&c - GwefH 3. Nfhit 4. ,lf;fulf;fy; - gwp 4. fhy; fOtp te;jhd; 5. kq;fyk; - fhy; fOtp 5. ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH te;jhd; 6. gwp 6. F*cf;Fwp- ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH tpil:
90

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10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Ml;Lf;Fl;b ahidf;fd;W Fuq;Ff;Fl;b Fjpiuf;Fl;b vypf;FQ;R

tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs; 1. Ml;Lg;gl;b 2. Fjpiuf;nfhl;by; 3. Nfhopg;gz;iz 4. khl;Lj;njhOtk; 5. ahidf;$lk; 6. thj;Jg;gz;iz

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tpyq;F gwit ,dq;fspd; xypkuG 1. Me;ij myWk; 2. fOij fj;Jk; 3. fhf;if fiuAk; 4. fpsp nfhQ;Rk; 5. eup CisapLk; 6. Fjpiu fidf;Fk; 7. Fapy; $Tk; 8. Nfhop nfhf;fupf;Fk; 9. rpq;fk; Koq;Fk; 10. kapy; mfTk; 11. ahid gpspWk; jhtu cWg;Gg;ngaHfs; 1. <r;r Xiy 2. Nrhsj;jl;il 3. khtpiy 4. Ntg;ge;jio 5. gidNahiy 6. gyh ,iy 7. jhio kly; 8. njd;idNahiy 9. %q;fpy; ,iy 10. fKfq;$e;jy; 11. thio ,iy 12. new;whs; fha;fspd; ,sepiy 1. mtiug;gpQ;R 2. njd;d;q;FUk;ig 3. KUq;ifg;gpQ;R 4. khtL 5. thiof;rr;ry; 6. nts;supg;gpQ;R
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nfhb kuq;fspd; njhFg;gplk; 1. Myq;fhL 2. fk;gq;nfhy;iy 3. gde;Njhg;G 4. rTf;Fj;Njhg;G 5. Nrhsf; nfhy;iy 6. gyhj; Njhg;G 7. njd;de;Njhg;G 8. Njapiyj;Njhl;lk; 9. G+Q;Nrhiy nghUs;fspd; njhFg;G 1. Ml;L ke;ij 2. jpuhl;irf;Fiy 3. khl;Lke;ij 4. rhtpf;nfhj;J 5. itf;Nfhw;NghH 6. fw;Ftpay; 7. Ntsq;fhL 8. ahidf;$l;lk; 9. gRepiu nghUSf;Nfw;w tpidkuG 1. NrhW cz; 2. gok; jpd; 3. Nfhyk; ,L 4. jP %l;L 5. ghy;gUF 6. ePH Fb 7. ghl;Lg;ghL 8. japH fil 9. glk; tiu 10. ftpij ,aw;W 11. tpsf;if Vw;W 12. $iu Nta;

nrb

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289. nghUj;Jf 1. kf;fs; NghH 2. tPuH fw;iw 3. tpwF $l;lk; 4. Rs;sp fl;L 5. itf;Nfhy; gil tpil 1. $l;lk; 2. gil 3. fl;L 4. fw;iw 5. NghH

vJ ehtw;go k; 294. kJ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ Njd ; 295. Fwpg;G tpNtfrpe;jhkzp vd;Dk; ,e;E}y; G yt H gyuhy; , aw; wg; gl; l ghf;fspd; njhFg;G. ,e;E}iyj; njhFj;jtH ahnudj; njupatpy;iy.

,ay; ehd;F nra;As; gFjp tpNtfrpe;jhkz p

290. jpaq;F vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ kaq;f p 291. rk;G vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ ehty ; 292. kjpak; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ epyT 293. rk;Gtpd; fdp vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ 92

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296. ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpw;F xg;Gikahff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ epyT 297. nghUj;Jf 1. tz;L - jhkiu 2. kq;ifapd; Kfk; ehtw;gok; 3. kyHf;fuk; - thd;epyT tpil: 1. ehtw;gok; 2. thd;epyT 3. jhkiu 298. Gfd;whs; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ $wpdhs;

303.

mryhk;gpif mk;ikahiu ,f;fhy xsitahH vd;W ahH ghuhl;LthH? jpU.tp.f 304. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH gy fhyk; ve;j Cupy; tho;e;jhH jpUg;ghjpupg; GypA+upy; (flY}H)

ghujj;jha ;
299. ghujj;jha; vd;w ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH 300. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH gpwe;j CH vJ jpz;btdj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s ,ul;liz 301. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vJ Mj;jp#b ntz;gh> jpyfH Guhzk Rthkpfs; rupjk;> fhe;jp Guhzk;> 302. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH xU MthH. rpwe;j Ngr;rhsH 93

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305. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ve;j Cupy; tho;e;jh H tlY}H 306. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ehD}w;W xd;gJ ghly;fisf ; nfhz;l _____ vd;Dk; nra;As; E}iy ,aw;wpdhH ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; rupjk 307. fhe;jpGuhzk; vj;jidg; ghly; fisf; nfhz;lJ? <uhapuj;J Kg;gj;J ehd;F 308. fhe;jpGuhzk; vd;Dk; E}y; ahiug; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ghlg;ngw;wJ? fhe;jpabf s; 309. nrhw;nghUs; 1. tha;ik cz;ik 2. fisAk; ePf;Fk; 3. tz;ik ts;sy; jd;ik 4. Jyq;Fjy; tpsq;Fjy; 5. Nra;ik njhiyT 310. jtk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ
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ngUk;Ng W 311. fUiz vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ ,uf;f k; 312. jha;ikad; gpwid ,jidg; gpupj;J vOJf. jha;ik + md;gpd; + jid

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghupy; jkpofg; ngz;fspd; gq;F

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313. NtYehr;rpahupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? nry;yKj;JNrJgjp> rf;fe;jp Kj;jhj;jhs; 314. NtYehr;rpahupd; je; i j ____ Mz;l kd;dH MtH. ,uhkehjGuk; 315. NtYehr;rpahH gpwe;j Mz;L vJ fp.gp. 1730 Mk; Mz;L 316. NtYehr;rpahH _____ thupirg; Nghd;Nw MAjg;gapw;rp Kjy; midj;ijAk; fw;Wj; NjHe;jhH Mz; 317. NtYehr;rpahupd; fztH ahH rptfq;if kd;dH Kj;JtLfehjH 318. M q ; f p N y a H ve;j Mz;by; rptfq;ifr; rPikapd; k P J gilnaLj;jhH 1772 Mk; Mz;L 319. Kj;JtLfehjH ahUld; NghH nra;J tPukuzkile;jhH Mq;fpNyaH 320. NtYehr;rpah H Mq;fpNyaiu vjpHg;gijf; Fwpj;J ahUld; fye;J NgrpdhH? ik#H kd;dH IjH myp 321. NtYehr;rpahUf;F cjt tpUk;gpa IjH myp vj;jid giltPuHfis mtUld; mDg;gpdhH? Iahapuk;
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322.

NtYehr;rpahH jd; fztiuf; nfhd;w Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W ve;j Mz;by; rptfq;ifia kPl;lhH 1780 Mk; Mz;L

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323. NtYehr;rpahH ____ rNfhjuH fSld; tPuHgilf;Fj; jiyik Naw;Wr; nrd;whH kUJ 324. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH 1890 Mk; Mz;L 325. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; gpwe;j CH vJ flY}upy; cs;s KJefupy; 326. ve;j Mz;by; fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jio ahik ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpa NghNj mQ;riyak;khs; jkJ nghJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhH 1921 Mk; Mz;L 327. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;nje;j Nghuhl;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;L gy Mz;L rpiwapy; thbdhH ePyd; rpiyia mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk;> cg;Gf;fha;r;Rk; Nghuhl;lk;> kwpay; N g h u h l ; lk ; > j d p a h s ; m w g ; Nghuhl;lk> nts;isaNd ; ntspNaW ,af;fk; Mfpa Ie;J Nghuhl;lk; 328. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;nje;j rpiwapy; milg;gl;L ,Ue;jhH f l Y } H >
94

330. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; kpfr;rpwe;j Mf tpsq;fpdhH Ngr;rhsH 331. FLk;gr; nrhj;JfisAk; FbapUe;j tPl;ilAk; tpw;W vjw;fhf nryT nra;jhH? tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; 332. ePyd; rpiyia mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lj; jpy; jk;Kila vj;jid taJ kfisAk; <LgLj;jpdhH? xd;gJ taJ 333. fhe;jpabfs; rpiwapy; ,Ug;gtHfisg; ghHf;f te;j NghJ xd;gNj tajhd mk;khfz;Z mQ;riy ak;khspd; kfs; vd;gijawpe;J> mr;rpWkpiaj; jd;Dl D f ; F Mrpukj;J mioj;Jr; nrd;W vd ;W n g a u p l ; L g ; g b f; f T k ; itj;jhHfs; thHjhtpy; cs;s yPyhtjp 334. mQ;riyak;khs; gHjh Ntlkzpe;J jpUr;rp> NtY}H> ngy;yhup 329. NtY}Hr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j NghJ fUTw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;j mtiu (flY}H

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mQ;riyak;khs;) ve;j muR ntspapy; mDg;gp tpl;L kfg;Ngw;wpw;Fg; gpd; kPz;Lk; 335. rpiwapy; milj;jJ? Mq;fpNya muR

ve;j tz;bapy; fhe;jpabfis Vw;wpr; nrd;whH Fjpiutz;b mQ;riyak;khspd; kfs; ngaH vd;d mk;khf;fz;Z 336. fhe;jpabfs; ahiuj; njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp vd;wioj;jhH? flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; 337. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH 1899 Mk; Mz;L rdtup8

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338.

339.

340.

341.

342.

343.

mk;G[j;jk;khs; 345. fhe;jpabfshy; tPl;bypUe;Nj ve;nje;j jj;njLf;fg;gl;l kfs; nkhopfisj; jpwk;gl vd;W ahH nry;ykhf gapd;whH? miof;fg;gl;lhH? jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> ,e;jp> mk;G[j;jk;khs; rkw;fpUjk;. 346. mk;G[j;jk;khs; epWtpa mk;G[j;jk;khs; ahUila njhz;L vspik ahd Njhw;wj;jpdhy; epWtdj;jpd; ngaH vd;d ftug;gl;L vspikahf rPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak; tho;e;jhH 347. 1964 Mk; Mz;L md;id f];J}upgha; mk;G[j;jk;khs; mk;G[j;jk;khs; ngw;w tpUJ ahJ vf;Fzq;fisj; Jwe;jhH? jhkiuj;jpU (gj;k=) gl;L> gfl;L> Mq;fpyNkhfk;. 348. mk;G[j;jk;khs; jk; mk;G[j;jk;khs; gy;NtW vOgjhz;L epidthf ve;j fl;Lg; ghLfs; kpFe;j mupa E}iy vOjpAs;shH FLk;gj;jpypUe;J jk;ik ehd; fz;l ghujk; tpLtpj;Jf; Jizg;ghlk nfh z; L vjw;fhfg; ghLgl;lhH? ; ehl;L tpLjiy kuj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs; KjypatHfNshL el;G f; nfhz;L ngz;zbikf;F 344. me;epaj;Jzpfs; tpw;Fk; vjpuhf mk;G[j;jk;khs; Fuy; filf;Fk; Kd;ghf kwpay; nfhLj;jhH it. K. Nghuhl;lk; epfo;j;jp ajhy; Nfhijehafp mk;khs;> mk;G[j;jk;khs vr;rpiwapy Uf;Fkzp yl;Rkpgjp milf;fg;gl;lhH? mk;G[j;jk;khs; ahUila NtY}Hr; ghliyg; ghb tpLjiy czHit rpiwapy; Cl;b Mq;fpNya muRf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;lhH? kfhftp ghujpahupd; ghly;
95

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349. XH Vf;fH gug;gstpy; tsHe;Js;s kuq;fs; gjpndl;Lg; NgHfSf;F XH Mz;bw;Fj; Njitahd capH fhw;iwf; fpilf;fr; nra;fpd;wd. njhifepiyj; njhlHfs; 350. nrh w; fs ; , u z; L K jy h fj ; njhlHe;J te;J nghUs; jUtJ

vdg;gLk;. njhlH 351. nrhw;fs; njhluhFk; NghJ ,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa Ntw;Wik tpid> ctik Kjypatw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W kiwe;J tUk;. ,q;qdk; cUGfs; kiwe;J tUk; njhlHfisj; vd;gH. njhifepiyj;njhlHfs;

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352. fay;> tpop ,t;tpU nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa Nghd;w vd;Dk; ctk cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,jid vdf;$WtH.

cs;stw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;W Mf tUk;. Ntw;Wik cUG

353.

354.

355.

356.

361. ,U nrhw;fSf;fpilNa Ntw;Wik ctikj; njhif cUG vd;fpNwhk;. kiwe;J tUtij njhifepiyj;njhlH Ntw;Wikj;njhif vj;ji 362. ghy; gUfpdhd; ,jpy; I d tifg;gLk;? vd;Dk; MW cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij njhifepiyj; njhlupd; tiffisf vdf; $WtH $Wf ,uz;lhk;Ntw;Wikj;njhif 1. 363. jiy tzq;fpdhd;. ,jpy; Ntw;Wikj;njhi My; f vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;s 2. tpidj;njhif jhy; 3. ,ij vd;gH. gz;Gj;njh if 4. ctikj;njhif %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 5. ck;ikj;njhif 364. NtYf;F kfd; ,jpy; F 6. md;nkhopj;njhif vd;Dk; fz;zid ,uhkd; cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij ghHj;jhd; vd;Dk; njhlupy; vd;gH. I vd;Dk; cUG ahH> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif ahiug; ghHj;jhd; vdg; ngaiu 365. Cu; ePq;fpdhd; ,jpy; NtWgLj;jpf; ,d; fhl;Lk; vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; cWg;Gf;F vd;Wg; ,ij vd;gH. ngaH. Ntw;Wik NtWgLj;jpf; ngaHg; nghUis 96

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Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhi f fhl;Lk; cUig vd;fpNwhk; . Ntw;Wik cUG 357. Ntw;Wikfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? vl;L 358. Kjy; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; ,y;iy cUG 359. vj;jid cUGfs; cs;sd 6> I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz;> 360. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG Kjy; Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG tiu

366. nrq;Fl;Ltd; rl;il ,jpy; mJ vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;s jhy; ,ij vd;gH. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 367. Fifg;Gyp ,jpy; fz; vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij vd;gH. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif

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368. f hy q ;f hl ; Lk ; nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp ,i le p i y A k ; nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk; 376. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fSf;Nfw;w nganur;rk; vdg;gLk; jkpo;r; tpidj;njhif . nrhw;fis mwpNthk; rk];fpUjk; - jkpo; 369. nrk;nkhop vd;Dk; njhlH mfq;fhuk; gz;Gj;njhif nrUf;F mjpH\;lk; 370. fay;tpop vd;gJ - ew;NgW ctikj;njhif mgpg;gpuhak; 371. ky;ypif vd;gJ rpwg;Gg; fUj;J mG+Htk; ngaH> G+ vd;gJ nghJg;ngaH GJik Muhjid ,uz;Lf;Fk; topghL Mde;jk; ,ilapy; Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;G kfpo;r;rp rgjk; cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; #Siu jpdrup ,J ehs;NjhWk; ijupak; vdg;gLk;. - JzpT G+i[ ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njh topghL if cUJ - jkpo; 372. xU ngaUf;F my;yJ xU gQ;rhaj;J - Ik;Nguhak; nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapYk; ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhy; kiwe;J te;J nghUs; gjpy; - tpil jUtjhy; mJ vdg;gl;l gNy - ed;W ck;ikj;njhif J. Ngl;b - NeHfhzy; 373. Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> igrh - fhR ctik ck;ik Mfpa mry; - Kjy; njhifepiyj; njhlHfSf;Fg; fr;Nrup Gwj;Nj my;yhj muq;fk; rpy nkhopfs; njhf;F epd;W Fkh];jh - vOj;jH nghUs; jUtJ MFk ifJ - jis md;nkhopj;njhif ; ,j;njhlupd; 374. gtstha; Ngrpdhs; 98

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njhif vd;d tpidj;njhif 375. MLnfhb> gha;Gyp> miyfly; Mfpa njhlHfs; MFk;. tpidj;njhif gapd;W te;j njhlHfs;

F\p - kfpo;r;rp NghHj;Jf;fprpak; jkpo; mykhup neLk;Ngio fpuhk;G ,ytq;fk; rhtp jpwTNfhy; rd;dy; gyfzp Nk];jpup - jiyikj; njhopy;fs; mugp - jkpo; jfty; - nra;jp

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tf;fpy; - tof;FiuQH ghf;fp - epYit kf;fH ,ilQ;ry; kh%y; - gioagb kpl;lha; jPq;fl;b kuhj;jp - jkpo; fhfpjk; - jhs; fpy;yhb - nfhbNahd; mghz;lk; - tPz;gopf;$w;W ml;ltiznghUl;Fwpg;Gg;gl;bay; Ngl;il - GwefH ghurPfk; - jkpo; [khf;fhsk; tpupg;G [kPd; epyGyk; khYkp ehthNahl;b g[hH filj;njU ikjhdk; - jpwe;jntspj;jply; Mq;fpyk; jkpo; iynrd;]; - cupkk; ,z;lHtpA+ - NeHfhzy; nf];l; `T]; tpUe;jfk; vyh];bf; nefpop Gdy; - tbFoyp gPNuh ,Og;giw ml;y]; - epyg;glj; njhFg;G capy; - ,WjpKwp fTd;rpy; - kd;wk;
10 0

uapy; - njhlH tz;b Ngdh J}ty; ug;gH - Nja;g;gk;

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,ay; Ie;J nra;As; fhtbr;rpe;J

377. fhtbr;rpe;J ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH mz;zhkiyah H 378. mz;zhkiyahH gpwe;j CH vJ jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;J r nrd;dpFsk; 379. mz;zhkiyahupd; ngw;NwhH ahH nrd;dtH XTmk;khs; 380. mz;zhkiyahH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit fhtbr;rpe;J> tPiu me;jhjp> Nfhkjp me;jhjp> tPiug;gps;isj;jkp o; 381. mz;zhkiyahupd; fhyk; vJ 1861-1890 382. Fwpg;G J} j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk; Nfhtp y; gl;bf;F mUfpYs;s tskhd CH fOFkiy . ,q;Ff; Nfh t p y; nfhz;Ls;s KUfdpd; rpwg;ig vspa ,dpa ,irg;ghly;fshy; Nghw;wpg;ghlg; ngw;wJ ,e;E}y;. 383. nrhw;nghUs; 10
1

1. fyhgk; Njhif 2. tpNtfd; Qhdp 3. Nfhy - mofpa 4. ,ire;j nghUj;jkhd 5. thtp ngha;if 6. khNj ngz;Nz

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394. Fwpg;G 384. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh- vd;w tpf;fpuk Nrhodpd; gpwg;G: ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH tpf;fpuk Nrhod; ,uz;lhk; xl;lf;$j;jH FNyhj; Jq;fd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; Mfpa 385. xl;lf;$j;jupd; rpwg;Gg;ngaH ahJ? %d;W kd;dHfspd; mitapYk; ftpr;rf;futHj;jp nry;thf;NfhL tpsq;fpatH MtH. 386. xl;lf;$j;jH ,aw;wpa 395. tpf;fpuk Nrhodpd; jha; ngaH E}y;fs; vd;d? vit? kJuhe;jfp %tUyh> jf;fahfg;guzp > FNyhj;Jq;fd; 396. kJuhe;jfp nfhz;l Nrho gps;isj;jkpo ;. Guj;ijj; 387. xl;lf;$j;jupd; fhyk; vJ jiyefuhff; gd;dpuz;lhk; nfhz;L Ml;rp E}w;whz; nra;jhH. L 388. cyh vd;gJ tiffSs fq;if ; xd;W 397. k yu p d ; g U t q ; f s ; vj ; ji d tUjy; njhz;Z}w;whW rpw;wpyf;fpa 391. kfspupd; gUtq;fs; v j ; j i d tifg;gLk;? 389. ahUila rpwg;Gfis vLj;Jf;$Wk; Nehf;fpy; VO ,t;tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq; 392. kfspupd; VOtifg; gUtq;fs; ahit? fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd? Ngij> ngJk;ig> ,i wt d; > kd;dd;> kf;fSs; kq;if> kl e;ij > mu pi t > rpwe;NjhH. njupit> Ngupsk; ngz;. 390. cyh vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; 393. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;f ahJ CHtyk; NrhoDf;F vj;jidahtJ
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tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh

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kfd; MthH? ehd;fhtJ kfd;

tifg;gLk;? VO 398. kyupd; VOtifg; gUtq;fs; ahit? 1. mUk;G 2. nkhl;L 3. Kif 4. kyH 5. myH 6. tP 7. nrk;ky; 399. FlFkiyia ClWj;J miy NkhJk; fhtpupiaj; je;jtH ahH? fNtud; 400. NkU kiyapd; cr;rpapy; Gypf; n f h b e h l ; b n gh d ; d p a h f p a fhtpupapd; ,UfiufisAk; caHj;jpf; fl;batH ahH? Nrhod; fupfhyd;

100

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401. ngha;ifahupd; fstop ehw;gJ ghlYf;Fg; guprhfr; Nrukhd; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwiar; rpiwtPL nra;j Nrhod; ahH? nrq;fzhd; 402. Nghupy; ngUikahf vz;zj;jf;f tpOg;Gz;fs; njhz;Z}w;whW k; ngw;wtd; ahH? Nrhod; tprahyad; 403. rptngUkhd; Mlyuruha;f; fhl;rp jUk; jpy;iyf;Fg; nghd;Nta;e;j Nrhod; ahH? Kjy; guhe;jfd; 404. gjpndl;Lr; rpw;W}HfisAk; ifg;gw;wp kiyehL ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? Kjy; ,uhruhrd; 405. tlf;Nf gilnaLj;Jf; fq;ifAk; fpof;fpy; flhuKk; n t d ; W iff;nfhz;L> NruH fg;gw;gil KOtijAk; mopj;j Nrhod; ahH? ,uhNre;jpud; 406. rhSf;fpaHfspd; jiyefuhd fy;ahzGuj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Kk;Kiw Nghupl;L ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? ,uhrhjpuhrd; 407. n f hg ; gj ; J g ;Nghupy; Mapuk; ahidfis ntd;w Nrhod; ahH?
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,uhNre;jpud; 408. nrhw;nghUs; 1. FtL - kiy 2. nghd;dp - fhtpup 3. NfhJ - Fw;wk; 4. mutk; - ghk;G

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nra;jp cUthFk; tuyhW

409. cyfpy; vq;Nfh xU %iyapy; eilngWk; rpwpa epfo;Tk; MfpwJ. nra;jp 410. vjd; tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s kpfg; ngupa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; tpisthf clDf;Fld; nra;jpfs; ntspaplg; gLfpd;wd? mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsHr;rp 411. Vd;! vd;d? vg;NghJ? vg;gb? vq;Nf? ahH? vDk; md;Gj; njhz;lH MW NgHfs; mwpar; nra;thH nra;jpapid vd;W ahH $wpAs;shH? mwpQH fpg;spq; 412. MWtpdhf;fSf;Fk; cupa tpilfSk; ve;jg; gf;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;? nra;jpapd; Kfg;Gg; gf;fk; 413. nra;jpia ,dq;fz;l gpd;dH n r a ; j p a h s H vj d ; g zp a p y ; <LgLfpwhHfs;? nra;jpiaj; jpul;Lk; gzp 414. nra;jpiag; ngWjy; vd;gJ vijg; Nghd;wJ? Jg;gwpjy; 415. MW tp d h f ; f S f ; F k ; cupa tpiliaf; fhz;gnjd;gJ vijg; Nghd;w

mupa gzp? flypy; %o;fp Kj;njLg;gJ

102

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416.

nra;jpahsUk; x Jf ; f g; gl ; l ,lq;fSf;Nfh > mYtyfq;fSf;Nfh ehs;NjhWk; nrd;W nra;jpfisj; jpul;Ltjw;Fg; ngaH vd;d? nra;jpf;fsk; 417. ve;nje;j nra;jpf;fsq;fSf; Fr; nra;jpahsHfs; ehs;NjhWk; nrd;W> cupatuplk; njhlHG nfhz;L nra;jpfisg; ngw;W tUtH? nra;jpfspd; %yq;fshf ,Uf;Fk; mikr;rfq;fs;> fhty; epiyaq;fs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;> ePjpkd;wq;fs;. 418. , y z ; l d ; ilk;]; ,jopd; nra;jpahsH Nghupd; NghJ Neubahfg; NghH eilngWk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W nra;jpfisj; jpul;bdhHfs ;. ,e;jpa rPdg;NghH 419. ,z;bad; vf;];gpu]; nra;jpahsH rpiwr;rhiyapd;
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xt;nthU jkf;nfd

421.

nra;jpahsHfs; vjidg; gbj;Jj; jhd; nra;jpahsH nra;jpiaj; jpul;Lfpd;whHfs;? murpd; mwpf;if > thzpff ; FOf;fspd; ntspaPLfs;> epjpaikr;rupd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fs; 422. nra;jpahsHfs; mwptpay; Ma;T KiwfisAk; mtw;iw vg;gbg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gijAk; mwpa cjTtJ vJ? Gs;spapay ; 423. nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jfis vjd; thapyhf elj;JthHfs;?

$nwLg;G Ma;T epiy gw;wp mwpa jhNd rpiwg;gl;Lr; nra;jpfisj; jpul;bj;je;J Gfo; ngw;whH. jpy;ypapYs; s 420. vjidf; fhz nra;jpahsUf;Fj; jdp ,lk; xJf;fpapUg;gH? tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs;> Gfo; ngw;w tprhuizfs;>

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rl;lkd;w 424. nra;jpfis vjd; %yk; e l t b f ; i f f s ; > khehLfs;> ngwyhk;? cs; @ Hr; nghJf;$l;lq;fs; nra;jpahsH ntspA+Hr; nra;jpahsH rpwg;Gr; nra;jpahsH MHtyHfs; muR mwpf;iffs; nra;jp epWtd;q;fs; 425. cynfq;Fk; elf;Fk; nra;jpfis clDf;Fld; vjd; thapyhfg; ngwyhk;? fk;gpapy;yhj; je;jp> njhiyNgrp> nry;Ngrp> njhiy mr;R njhiy efy;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp fzpdp. 426. nra;jpapd; gFjpfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? jiyg;Gr; nra;jp Kfg;Gr;nra;jp cly;gFjpr; nra;jp (%d;W)

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> vdg; 434. tpOe;j kuk; - tpOe;j vd;Dk; vr;rtpid gjpg;Gfs; gpupf;fg;gl;L kuk; vd;Dk; ngaHr; tpbaw;fhiyapy; nrhy;NyhL Kbtjhy; ,J midtUf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; nganur;rj;njhlH tifapy; nra;jpj;jhs;fs; ,jpy; mr;rbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kjy; 435. te;JNghdhd; te;J vd;Dk; gjpg;G> ,uz;lhk; vr;rtpid gjpg;G Nghdhd; vd;Dk; 428. Fwpg;G tpidKw;iwf; ,jopay; fiyr;nrhw;fs; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sjhy;> ,J 1. Bulletin - rpwg;Gr; nra;jp vd;gH. tpidnar;rj; njhlH ,jo; 436. tPl;ilf;fl;bdhd; 2. Deadline - Fwpj;jfhyk; ,j;njhlupy; 3. Editorial - jiyaq;fk; I vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG 4. Fake News - ngha;r;nra;jp ntspg;gilahf 5. Flash News - rpwg;Gr;nra;jp te;Js;sjhy; > ,ij vd;gH. 6. Falio No - ,jo; vz; 430. fgpyd; te;jhd; - ,jpy; 7. Green Proof - jpUj;jg;glhj mr;Rg;gb fgpyd; vd;Dk; 8. Layout nra;jpj;jhs; vOthiaj; tbtikg;G njhlHe;J t e;j hd ; vd;Dk; gadpiy njhfh epiyj; te;Js;sjhy;> ,J njhlH vd;gH. vOtha;j; njhlH. 429. xU njhlupy; ,Unrhw;fs; 431. fjputh! th. ,J njhluhFk;. mike;J tpspj;njhl ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; H nrhy;Nyh cUNgh kiwahJ 432. fz;Nld; rPijia nghUis czHj;Jkhdhy;> tpidKw;W Kjypy; te;J mJ ______ vdg;gLk;. ngaiuj; njhlHt njhfhepiyj;njhl H 427.
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Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj;njhlH 437. kw;nwhd;W - kw;W + xd;W kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;iy mLj;J xd;W vd;Dk; nrhy; njhlHe;J te;Js;sjhy;> ,J . ,ilr;nrhw;nwhlH. 438. khKdptH - ,j;njhlupy; kh vd;gJ cupr;nrhy;> ,ijj; njhlHe;J jhy; ,ij> vd;gH. tpidKw;Wj;njhl H

KdptH vd;Dk; nrhy; te;Js;s jhy;> ,J . cupr;nrhw;nwhlH. 439. tho;f tho;f tho;f - ,jpy; xNu nrhy; gyKiw mLf;fp te;Js;s jhy;> ,J . mLf;Fj;njhlH. 440. njhfhepiy njhlupd; tiffs; vj;jid? xd;gJ

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,ul;ilf;fpst p mLf;Fj;njhl H
ghk;G ghk;G ,jidg; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; jUk;. vdNt ,J MFk;. mLf;Fj;njhlH 442. fyfy ,jidg; gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ. vdNt ,J MFk;. ,ul;ilf;fpstp 443. cupa vOj;J tof;Fr; nrhw;fis mwpNthk; 1. Ngr;R tof;F vOj;J tof;F 1. NfhHj;J - Nfhj;J 2. Rtw;wpy; - Rtupy; 3. ehl;fs; - ehs;fs; 4. kdjpy; - kdj;jpy; 5. gjl;lk; - gjw;wk; 6. rpyT - nryT 7. mUfhikapy; - mUfpy; 2. gpio rup 1. XH khtl;lk; - xU khtl;lk; 2. xU mikr;rH - XH mikr;rH 3. mtuJ kfNdhL - mtUila kfNdhL 4. Nkw;f;nfhz;lhH Nkw;nfhz;lhH 5. me;j Rw;Wyh - me;jr; Rw;Wyh 6. fz;lij $wNt fz;lijf;; $wNt 441.

7. mtHjhd; - mtHjhk;

,ay; MW nra;As; gFjp jpUke;jpuk;

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444. clk;ghH mopapd; capuhH moptH vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? jpU%yH 445. j p U k e ; j p u k ; - v d ; w E } i y ,aw;wpatH ahH? jpU%yH 446. jpU%yupd; gpwe;j fhyk; vJ? Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp 447. irtj; jpUKiwfspy; vj;jidah tJ jpUKiw ,J? gj;jhtJ jpUKiw 448. jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L. jkpo; %thapuk; 449. jpUke;jpuk; vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ ? %thapuk;
103

450.

jpUke;jpug; ghly; %d;whk; je;jpuj;jpy vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ? vOE}w;W ,Ugj;J ehd;F 451. vd;gJ ,e;E}ypd; Gfo; ngw;w njhluhFk; . xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; 452. nrhw;nghUs; 1. jplk; cWjp 2. nka;Q;Qhdk; nka;awpT 3. cghak; toptif 453. Fwpg;G %yd; vd;Dk; ngaH> jpU vd;Dk; ngauil ngw;W> mj;Jld; mH vd;Dk; kupahijg; gd;ikAk; ngw;W jpU%yH vd Mapw;W.

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Njk;ghtzp
454. N j k ; g h t z p v d ; w g h l i y ,aw;wpatH ahH? tPukhKdpt H 455. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp 456. tPukhKdptupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d ? nfhz;ly; Nghng];fp vyprngj; 457. e i f n r a ; jd;ikapdk; ngoP ,j;jha ; ... vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghliy vOjpatH ahH? tPukhKdptH 458. tPukhKdptH gpwe;j CH vJ ,j;jhyp ehl;by; fh];jpf;fpsp Nahd; 459. tPukhKdptH mwpe;j nkhopfs; vit? ,j;jhypak;> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk; vgp Nu a k; > jkp o ; > n j Y q ; F > rkw;fpUjk; 460. tPukhKdptUf;Fj; jkpo;nkhopia fw;Wf; nfhLj;jtH ahH? kJiur; Rg;gpujPgf; ftpuhaH 461. tPukhKdptupd; rpwg;G ahJ?
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Kg;gjhk; tajpy; jkpofk; te;J j k p o ; gapd;W f h g ; g p a k ; gilj;jik 462. tPukhKdptH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vit? QhNdhgNjrk;> gukhHj;j FUfij rJufuhjp> jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;.

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463. tPukhKdptupd; fhyk; vJ? 1680-1747 464. Fwpg;G Njk;ghtzp = Njk;gh+mzp = thlhjkhiy@ Njd;+gh+mzp = Njd; Nghd;w ,dpa ghly;fshyhd khiy. ,e;E}y ,NaR ngUkhdpd; tsHg;Gj; je;ijahfpa #i ra g ; gi uj ; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}y; fpwpj;jtr; rkaj;jhupd; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; %d;W fhz;lq; fSk; Kg;gj;jhW glyq;fSk; cs;sd@ ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if %thapuj;J mWE}w;Wg; gjpide;J. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ,g;ghly; kftUs; glyj;jpy; cs;sJ. 465. nrhw;nghUs; 1. eif Gd;dif 2. Kif - nkhl;L 3. Nkdp cly;

cs;sJ ? jkpo;nkho p 467. jkpo;nkhop vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; ngUikAilaJ. Kj;jkp o; 468. jkpo; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? %d; W

ehlff;fiy
466. cyfpy ; NtW vk;nkhopf;Fk; ,y;yhj jdpr;rpwg;G ve;j nkhopf;F
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478. <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F 469. %d;W tifahd jkpiof; $Wf? Kw;gl;l njdf; fUjg;gLk; jkpo; E}y;fspy; VO ehlf ,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo;> ehlfj; E}y;fs; ehl;baj;jpw;Fk;> jkpo; ehlfj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fz 470. njhd;W njhl;Lg; k ; tFj;Js;sd? gbg;gbNa tsHr;rp KWty;> rae;jk;> mile;Js;s fiy vJ? nrapw;wpak;> kjpthzH ehlfk; ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;> 471. e h l f k ; v d; Dk ; tpsf;fj;jhH $j;J> n rh y ;i y g ; FzE}y;> gpupj;njOJf. $j;JE}y ehL + mfk; ;. 472. ehl;bd; fle;j fhyj;ijAk;> epfo; fhyj;ijAk;> 479. ahH nra;As; tbtpy; ,aw;wpa jk; ehlftpay; vDk; E}ypy; tUq;fhyj;ijAk;> jd; ehlfk; mjd; tpsf;fk;> mfj;Nj fhl;Ltjhy; tiffs;> vOjg;gl Ntz;ba vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ vd;gH. Kiwfs;> ebg;Gf;Fupa ehlfk; ,yf;fzk;> 473. fijia> epfo;r;rpia ebg;gtHfSf;Fupa czHit ebj;Jf; ,yf;fzk;> fhl;LtJk;> Nghd;wtw;iwf; $j;jhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH? gupjpkhw;fiyQH Mbf;fhl;LtJk; vd;W 480. Rt h k p t p G yh d e ; j H v Oj p a ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp ngaH. $j;Jf;fiy E}y; jw;Nw 474. jkpopd; nj h d;i k ah d fiy 476. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; tbtk; vJ? ,sq;Nfhtbfs;> ehlfk; 475. ehlf muq;fk; ,Ue;j nra;jp ve;j Fws; topahf mwpa Kbe;jJ? $j;jhl; litf;Fohj;
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vJ? kjq;f #shkzp 481. kiwkiyabfs; vOjpa ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp > vd;W ehl;bakhLk; khjtpia Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ehlfNkj;Jk;> ehlff;fzpif 477. ehl;bak;> ehlfk; ,z;bw;Fk; nghJthf ve;j nrhy;Ny tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ? $j;J

E}y; vJ? rhFe;jyk; 482. ehlfj;jkpo; vd;w jk; E}ypy; njhopy; Kiw ehlf muq;Ffisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis vOjpatH ahH? e hl f g ; NguhrpupaH gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhH. 483. Vohk; E}w;whz;by; kNfe;jputHk gy;ytd; _____ vd;w ehlf E}iy vOjpAs;shH? kj;j tpyhrk;

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484.

gjpndhd;whk; E}w;whz;by; ahUila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uhruhNrr;Rtu ehlfk; eilngw;wjhff; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ? ,uhruhr Nrhod; 485. eha f;f kd;dHfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpd. FwtQ;rp ehlfq;f s; 486. c o t H f s p d ; tho;f;ifia r; rpj;jupj;Js;sit vit? gs;S ehlftif 487. n e h z ; b ehlfq;fs; v e ; j E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpaJ gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L 488. CHfspy; vd;Dk; ehlftif Guhzf; fijfisNa ikakhff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gl;ld. njUf;$j;J 489. ve;j E}w;whz;by; mUzhryf; ftpuhaupd; ,uhk ehlfk;> Nfhghy fpUl;bd ghujpahupd; ee;jdhH rupj;jpuk; Mfpad fl;baq;fhud; ci uahly;fN sh L KOtJk ; ghly;fshf mike;jd gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L
106

492.

NguhrpupaH Re;judhH kNdhd; kzpak; vd;Dk; ftpij ehlff; f h g ; g p a j ; i j ve;j M z ; b y ; ntspapl;lhH? fp.gp. 1891 Mk; Mz;L 493. yhHl; ypl;ld; vOjpa Mq;fpyf; fijapd; ngaH vd;d? kiwtop 494. vd;w ehlfk; jkpo;ehl;by;

Kjd; Kjyhf elj;jg;gl;l Njrpa rKjha ehlfkhFk;? fjupd; ntw;wp 495. f j u p d ; n t w; wp ehlf j; ij j ; njhlHe; J ve;j ehlfq;fs ; elj;jg;gl;ld? 490. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; vjd; njhlHghd ehlfq;fs; rpwg;gplk; ngw;wd? rKjhar; rPHjpUj;jk; 491. lk;ghr;rhup tpyhrk; vd;w ehlfj;jpd; MrpupaH ahH? fhrp tpRtehjH

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496.

497.

498.

499.

500.

Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrgf;jp ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy ehlfj;Jiwf;Fg; ngUe;njhz; L Gupe;jtH ahH? rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; vj;jid ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shH? ehw;gJf;Fk; Nky; ehlf cyfpy; jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij vd;W ahiu mioj;jdH? gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhH jkpo; ehlf kWkyHr;rpj; je;ij vd; W e h l f cyfpy ; ahiu mioj;jdH? fe;jrhkp gk ;ky ; rk;ge;jdh H vj;jid ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shH? njhz;Z}Wf;Fk; Nky;

106

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501.

502.

503.

504.

505.

kJiuapy; ve;j Mz;by; 508. G+z;bapy; cs;s gs;spapy; Gyikf; flyhd jkpo; %jhl;b gapd;w khztp Ngrpdhs; ,j;njhlupy; gs;sp vd;Dk; xsitahH ehlfk; muq;NfwpaJ? ,lg;ngaH mg; gs;spapy; gapYk; khztpf;F 1942 Mk; Mz;L Mfp ehlfk; KOtJk; xsitahuhf te;Js;sjhy;> ,J MFk;. ,lthF ngaH ebf;Fk; tha;g;igg; ngw;Wr; rpwe;j 509. jprk;gH G+ - ,j;njhlupy; Kiwapy; ebj;jtH ahH? jprk;gH jp.f. rz;KfdhH vd;Dk; khjg;ngaH vd;W jp.f.rz;Kfdhiu mk;khjj;jpy; G+f;Fk; G+tpw;F Mfp te;Js;sjhy; mioj;jdH ,J MFk;. . xsit rz;KfdhH fhythF ngaH 510. rpid vd;why; cWg;G> jd;khd ,af;fk; ntw;wpiy el;lhd; tYtile;j ,j;njhlupy; fhyj;jpy; ahUila cs; s ntw;wpiy ehlfq;fs; vd;gJ rpidahfpa gFj;jwpTg; gug;Giu nra;jd? , i y i a f ; Fwpf;fhky; mwpQH mz;zh> fiyQH mjd; Kjy; fUzhepjp nghUshfpa nfhbf;F Mfp te;Js;sjhy;> ,J MFk;. MFngaH rpidahFngaH xd;wd ; ,aw;ngaH 511. nghq;fYf;F tPl;by; jd;idf; nts;is mbg;Nghk; ,j;njhlupy; Fwpf;fhky;> jd;NdhL nts;is njhlHGila vd;gJ epwg;gz;G. Mdhy; mJ NtnwhU nghUSf;F Mfp te;jhy; epwj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky; mJ vd;W ngaH. Rz;zhk;igf MFngaH
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Fwpj;J te;Js;sjh 506. k y ; y p i f #bdhs; vdr; nrhd;dhy; mq;F ky;ypif vd;gJ nf hbahf p a Kjw; nghUis f ; Fwpf;fhky; G+ vd;Dk; rpidiaf; Fwpj;;J> rpidf;F (cWg;Gf;F) Mfp tUtjhy; ,J vdg;gLk ; KjyhF ngaH.

y;> ,J MFk;. gz;ghFngaH 512. gz;ghF ngaUf;F kw;nwhU ngaH vd;d? FzthFnga H

513. nghq;fy; vd;gJ nghq;Fjyhfpa njhopw;ngaH. ,it njhopiyf; Fwpf;fhky; mj;njhopyhy; 507. KjyhF ngaUf;F kw;nwhU MFk;. ngaH vd;d? czitf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,it nghUshF ngaH MFk;. njhopyhFngaH

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514. MFngaH vj;jid tifg;gLk;? MW 515. MFngaupd; MW tiffis vOJf. 1. KjyhF ngaH 2. ,lthF ngaH 3. fhythFngaH 4. rpidahF ngaH 5. FzthF ngaH 6. njhopyhF ngaH

517. fPo;f;fhZk; njhlHfspy; mike; Js;s tOf;fis ePf;fp vOJf. 1. GytH te;jhHfs; - GytH te;jhH 2. kapy; $t Fapy; mftpaJ kapy; mft Fapy; $tpaJ 3. jhkiu glk; tiue;jhd; jhkiu glk; tiue;jhs;

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;r;r p
516. nrhw;nwhilfspy; mike;Js; s tOf;fis mwpNthk; murd; te;jJ (jpiztO) murd; te;jh d; fgpyd; Ngrpdhs;(ghy; tO) fgpyd; Ngrpdhd; Fapy;fs; $tpaJ (vz; tO) Fapy;fs; $tpd fkyh rpupj;jha; (,ltO) fkyh rpupj;jhs; tstd; New;W te;jpUf;fpwhs; (fhytO) tstd; New;W te;jhd;. Me;ij fj;jpaJ (kuGtO) Me;ij mywpaJ

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4. ahidfs; te;jJ ahidfs; te;j d 5. ngUkio nga;jikahy; kuq;fs; tPo;e;jJ - ngUkio nga;jikahy; kuq;fs; tPo;e;jd 6. taypy; Ml;Lf;fd;W Nka;fpwJ taypy; Ml;Lf;Fl;b Nka;fpwJ 7. gR Fl;b Nghl;lJ - gR fd;W Nghl;lJ 8. khl;il ,yhaj;jpy; fl;L khl;ilf; nfhl;lifapy; fl;L 9. ntw;wpiyj; Njhg;Gf;Fr nrd;W ntw;wpiy gwpj;J th ntw;wpiyj; Njhl;lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W ntw;wpiy gwpj;J th 10. ahid Koq;Fk; - ahid gpspWk; 518. nghUj;Jf 1. rpq;fk; fidj;jJ vz;tO 2. fz;zd; gbj;jhs; fhytO 3. ,d;W tUthd; - jpiz tO 4. fgpyd; NgrpaJ - kuG tO 5. gwitfs; gwe;jJ - ghy; tO tpilfs; : 1. kuG tO 2. ghy; tO 3.

fhytO 4. jpiz tO 5. vz;tO

,ay; VO nra;As; gFjp jpUf;Fws; gz;Gilik

519. nrhw;nghUs; 1. tof;F ed;ndwp 2. Md;w caHe;j -

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3. ead; - NeHik 4. ed;wp - cjtp 5. eifAs;Sk; tpisahl;lhfTk; 6. ghlwpthH - newpAilahH 7. kha;tJ - moptJ 8. muk; - thisf; $Hikahf;Fk; fUtp 9. ez;G - el;G 10. eak; ,y - jPq;F> ,dpikaw;w 11. fil - gOJ 12. efy;ty;yH - rpupj;J kfpo;gtH 13. khapU Qhyk; kpfg;ngupa cyfk; 14. jpupe;jw;W - jpuptJ Nghd;wJ

ts;syhH> ts;syhH 524. thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjy;yhk; thbNdd; grpapdhy; ... vdj; njhlq;Fk; jpUtUl;gh ghliy vOjpatH. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH

jpUtUl;gh
520. jpUtUl;gh - vd;w E}iy ,aw;wp atH ahH? ,uhkypq;f mbfshH 521. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; ngw;NwhH ahH? ,uhikah - rpd;dk;ik 522. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH gpwe;j CH vJ? rpjk;guj;Jf;F mUfpYs;s kUJ}H 523. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; vd;d? j p U t U l ; g p u f h r 109

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525. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? jpUtUl;gh> rPtfhUz;a xOf;fk;> kDKiw fz;l thrfk; Kjypad 526. tlY}upy; rkur Rj;j rd;khHf;f rq;fk;> rj;jpa Qhdrig> rj;jpa jUkr;rhiy Mfpatw;iw epWtpatH ahH? ,uhkypq;fH 527. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; fhyk; vJ? 1823 -1874 528. jpUtUl;gh gpupj;J vOJf. jpU + mUs; +gh 529. ,iwtd; jpUtUisg; ngWt jw;fhfg; ghba ghly; vd;Wk; ,iwtdpd; jpUtUshy; ghba g h l y ; vd;Wk; v g ; g h l i y f ; Fwpf;fpNwhk;? jpUtUl;gh 530. jpUtUl;ghtpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid? Iahapuj;J vz;Z}w;Wg; gjpndl;Lg; ghly; 531. nrhw;nghUs; 1. grpawhJ grpj;JaH ePq;fhJ 2. maHe;j fisg;Gw;w 3. ePba 110

jPuhj

jkpoH thdpay;
532. goe;jkpoHfs; ifahz;l mwptpay; EZf;fq;fis vjd; % y k ; mwpayhk;? njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq; fs;> jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;>

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fz;lwpe;jhH? N g h y e ; J kzpNkfiy> ehl;ilr ; rPtfrpe;jhkzp> rhHe;j fk;guhkhazk;> epf;Nfhy];fpuhg;]; jpUke;jpuk;> jpUthrfk; 539. epf;Nfhy];fpuhg;]; - vd;gtH 534. jkpoupd; mwptpay; cyfk; jl;il ,y;iy rpe;jidapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ cUz;ilahdJ vd;W ve;j vijg; Mz;by; fz;lwpe;jhH? gw;wpa mwpthFk;? gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;L thdpay; 535. cyfpy; Njhd;wpa gy;NtW mwptpay; fy;tpfspy; kpfj; njhd;ikahdJ> gioikahdJ vJ? thdpay; fy;tp 536. cyfk; Ik;G+jq;fshfpa epyk;> ePH> ntg;gk;> fhw;W> thdk; Mfpa Ie;Jk; cs;slf;fpaJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ? njhy;fhg;gpak; 537. Fwpg;G epyk; ePH jP tsp tpRk;NghL Ie;Jk; fye;j kaf;fk; Mjypd;.... (njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUs;. 635) kz;jpzpe;j epyDk; epyd; Ve;jpa tpRk;Gk; tpRk;G ijtU tspAk; tspj;jiy ,a jPAk; jP Kuzpa ePUk; vd;whq;F Ik;ngUk; G+jj;J ,aw;if Nghy;.... (Gwk;> 2) 538. cyfk; jl;il ,y;iy cUz;il ahdJ vd;W ahH 111

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540.

cyfk; cUz;ilahdJ vd;gij ahH 546. njhiyNehf;fpahy; fz;L gpbj;Jr; nrhd;d gpwFjhd; kf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH? gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j fypypNah 541. Nkiy ehl;bdH cyfk; cUz;il ahdJ vd;W fz;lwptjw;F Kd;Ng jpUts;StH fz;lwpe;J mjw;F FwSk; vOjpAs;shH me;jf; Fws; ahit? Rod;Wk; VHg;gpd;dJ cyfk; mjdhy; coe;Jk; coNt jiy - Fws;> 103 542. thdntspapy; kpfg;ngupa tPz;kPd; MFk;. QhapW 543. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs; _______ v d ; W Q h a p w ; i w g ; Nghw;wpAs;sJ. Q h a pW N g h w ; W j y ; Q h a p W Nghw;Wjy; 544. Qhapw;iwr; Rw;wpa ghijia vd;W goe;jkpoH $wpAs;shH. QhapW tl;lk; 545. nrQ;Qhapw;Wr; nryTk; mQ;Qhapw;Wg gupg;Gk; gupg;Gr; #o;e;j kz;byKk; ,it ve;j E}ypd; tupfs;? 112

Gwk;> 30 jhNd xsptplf;$ba Qhapw;iw vd;W gz;ilj; jkpoH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. ehs;k Pd;

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547. Qhapw;wplkpUe;J xspngw;W xsp tplf;$batw;iw vd;W

gz;ilj; jkpoH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. Nfhs;k Pd; 548. kh jH K f k ; Ngh y; xs pt p l ty;iyNay; fhjiy thop kjp. - Fws; 118 ,f;Fw s ; vf;fUj;ij ntspg; gLj;JfpwJ ? jpq;fs; jhNd xsptpRtjpy;iy vd;W thdpay; cz;ikiaj; jpUf;Fws; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. 545. jpq;fisg; ghk;G nfhz;lw;W (Fws; 1146) vd;Dk; Fws; njhlH vijg; gw;wpajhF k; jpq;fs; kiwg;G (re;jpufpufzk;) 546. nrt;tha;f; Nfhs; ve;epwj;ijf; nfhz;l J nre;epwk ; 547. nts;spf;Nfhspy;
111

550. Gjd;Nfhisg; Gjpjhff; fz;lwpe;j jhy; ,jw;F kw;nwhU ngaH cz;L. nts;spj;jh J , U g ; g i j m wp t p a y ; M a ; T Gyg;gLj;jp> nts;spapd; epwk; vd;W mwptpj;Js;sd. ntz;ik epwk; 548. QhapW cjaj;jpw;F Kd;Ng nts;sp vOe;J tpbaiy czHj;Jtjhy;

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mJ vd;d? mwptd; 551. tpah vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? ngupa> epiwe;j 552. thdpy; ngupa Nfhshf tyk; t U t i j N a _______ v d ; W miof;fpd;wdH. tpahod; 553. rdpf;Nfhisf; vd;wiof;fg;g L fpwhHfs;. fhupf;Nfhs; 554. fhupf;Nfhspy; vJ ,Ug;gjhf ,d;iwa mwptpay; Ma;T $WfpwJ ,jid vd;wdH. tpbnts;sp 549. Gjpjhff; fz;lwpe;j Nfhs; vd toq;fg;gl;lJ? Gjd;

fe;jfk; 555. J}kNfJit _______ vd;Wk; $WtH. thy;el;rj;jpuk; 556. tytd; Vth thdT+Hjp - ,J ve;j E}ypy; cs;s tupfs;? Gwk;> 27:8 557. thD}Hjp Xl;Lfpwtidj; jkpopy; vd miof;fpwhHfs;. tytd;

fyPypNah fypyp
558. fyPypNah ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH? 1564 M k; Mz; L gpg;utup15 jpq;fs; fpoik 559. fypypNahtpd; je;ij ngaH vd;d tpd;nrd;NrhfyPtp

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m/J mirahjJ epiyahdJ 560. fypypNah jk; ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; vd;Wk; $wpdhH. ,Ue;J vjd; kPJ kpFe;j jhykp vd;w thdpayhsH MHtk; 569. #upaidf; Rw;wpa Gtp cilatuha; tpsq;fpdhH? efHfpwJ vd;gJ ve;j ,aw;if mwptpay; thdpay; mwpQupd; nfhs;ifahFk;? 561. fbfhuj;jpd; ngz;Lyj;ij. thdpay; mwpQH NfhgHepfrpd; Criy (Cry;tpjp) mikj;J ve;j Mz;by; njhiy Neuj;ijf; fzf;fpLk; 570. Nehf;fpia mikj;J Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH? tpz;ntspia fypypNah fypyp Ma;T nra;jhH? 562. igrh efug; 1610 Mk; Mz;L gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; 571. vd;gJ gyNfhb fypypNahtpd; tpz;kPd; Kjw; fz;Lgpbg;G ahJ? mup];lhby; Cry; tpjp 568. vd;w thdpayhsUk; epyk; 563. fypypNah jk;Kila mz;lj;jpd; ,Ugj;ije;jhk; ikag;gFjp mfitapNyNa igrhefug; vd;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; 112 Mfg; gzpakHj;jg;gl;lhH fzpjg; NguhrpupaH 564. ve;j Mz;by; fypypNah fzpj tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH? 1592 Mk; Mz;L 565. ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fzpj tpupTiuahsuhff; fypypNah gzpahw;wpdhH? gJth gy;fiyf;fofk; 566. fypypNah vjw;F mstpia Kjd; Kjyhf cUthf;fpdhH? fhw;W> ntg;gk; 567. fypypNahtpw;F Kd;G thdpay; gw;wpa nfhs;iffis ntspapl;ltH ahH?

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fspd; njhFjp vd;W nka;g;gpj;jhH ghy; tPjp 572. epyhtpd; Nkw;gug;G vJ epiwe;Js;s jhf fypypNah njhiyNehf;fp %yk; fz;lwpe;J $wpdhH? fuLKulhdJ> kiyfSk gs;sj;jhf;FfSk; epiwe;Js;sJ 573. ve;j mwpQH mz;lj;jpd; ikak; G+kpad;W> #upaNd vd;Wk; #upaidg G+kpAk; gpw Nfhs;fSk; Rw;wp tUfpwJ vd;Wk; $wpatH? mwpQH NfhgHepfR 574. tpahod; Nfhis vj;jid rpW Nfhs;fs; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd? ehd;F 575. fypypNahit ve;j Mz;by; tPl;Lr; rpiw itj;jdH? 1616 Mk; Mz;L 576. fp.gp. 1632 ,y; cyfj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd ,U Kiwikfisg; gw;wpa ciuahly; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH ahH? fypypNah

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577. Gjpa mwptpaiyr; rhHe;j ,U ciuahly; vd;w E}iyf; fypypNah ve;j Mz;L vOjp ntspapl;lhH? fp.gp.1638 Mk; Mz;L 587. fypypNah E}y;fisf; nfhz;L ahH jk;Kila nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpdhH? Irf; epA+l;ld; 588. fypypNah ve;j Mz;L ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhH? fp.gp.1642 Mk; Mz;L> rdtup jpq;fs; fpoik

594. KUNfrd; nrbia el;lhd; ,j; njhlupy; KUNfrd; vd;gJ vOtha nrb vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy;. m/J I vd;Dk; cUig Vw;Wr; nrag;gLnghUis czHj;Jtjhy; ,J vdg;gLk; Mfpatw;Ws; gadpiyahff; Kbe;jhy; xd;iwg; nfhz;L

Ntw;Wik
589. KUfd; te;jhd; ,j;njhlupy; KUfd; vd;gJ vd;d? vOtha; 590. KUfidg; ghHj;jhd; ,j;njhlupy; KUfd; vd;gJ vd;d? nrag;gLnghUs; 591. KUfdhy; tiuag;gl;lJ ,j; njhlupy; KUfd; vd;gJ vd;d? vOthiar; nrag;gLnghUshfTk; fUj;jhthfTk; NtWgl;Ls;sJ 592. nga Hfs ; NtWgl; L te ;jh y ; vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik 593. vOtha; tpidKw;W> ngaHr;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy; 113

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,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik 595. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit My;> Md;> XL> xL 596. My;> Md;> cUGfs; _______ Mfpa ,UnghUs;fspYk; tUk;. fUtp> fUj;jh 597. fUtp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 598. fUtpapd; tiffis $Wf? Kjw;fUtp> Jizf;fUtp 599. fUj;jh vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 600. fUj;jhtpd; tiffisf; $Wf? mJ my;yJ vdg;gLk;. vOtha;Ntw;Wik> Ntw;Wik

,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh> VTjy; fUj;jh. 601. XH vOthapd; nraYld; gpwpnjhd;wdJ nraYk; cldpfo;tij vd;gH. cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs; 602. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ahJ? F 603. F- Tf;Fg; gjpyhf vit nrhy;YUG fshf tUk;? nghUl;L> epkpj;jk; 604. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit? ,y;> ,d; 605. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nrhy;YU Kjy; Gfs; ahit? ,Ue;J> epd;W> tpl> fhl;bYk;

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606. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit? mJ> MJ> m 607. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nrhy;YUGfs ahit? cila 608. Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa cUGfs; ahit? fz;> fhy;> Nky;> fPNo> ,lk;> ,y; 609. vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG vJ tpspNtw;Wik 610. glHf;ifg; ngaiu Kd;dpiyg; ngauhf;fp miof;f ve;j Ntw;Wik gad;gLfpwJ? tpspNtw;Wik 611. nghUj;Jf 1. fhl;il mopj;jhd; Mwhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;YUG 2. Gtpiag; Nghd;wtd; nghUl;L 3. $ypapd; nghUl;L Ntiy mopj;jy; 4. vd;Dila tPL - xj;jy; tpil 1. mopj;jy; 2. xj;jy; 3. nghUl;L 4. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;YUG 612. nghUj;Jf 1. Kjy; Ntw;Wik 115

fpisapd; fz; fhf;if 2. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik fy;tpapy; ngupatH fk;gH

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3. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik kuj;jhy; nra;jJ tpil 1. fy;tpapy; ngupatH fk;gH 2. kuj;jhy; nra;jJ 3. jpisapd; fz; fhf;if

nghUs; ahJ? fq;ifahW

,ay; vl;L nra;As;gFjp tpy;ypghujk;

613. thd; ngw;w ejpfko;jhs; tzq;fg; ngw;Nwd; vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? tpy;ypGj;J}uhH 614. tpy;ypghujk; ghliy vOjpatH ahH? tpy;ypGj;J}uhH 615. tpy;ypGj;J}uhupd; je;ij ngaH vd;d? tPuuhftH 616. tpy;ypGj;J}uhiu Mjupj;jtH ahH? tf;fghifia Mz;l tugjp Ml;nfhz;lhd; 617. tpy;ypghujk; vj;jid gUtj;ijf; nfhz;lJ? gj;Jg;gUtk; 618. tpy;ypghujk; vj;jid tpUj;jg; ghlyhy; MdJ ehyhapuj;J Ke;E}w;iwk;gJ 619. tpy;ypghuj;jpy; vl;lhk; gUtk; ve;jg; gUtj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? fd;dgUtk; 620. thd;ngw;w ejp - vd;gjd;
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621. ,Uepyk; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? ngupa cyfk; 622. Cd; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? jir 623. nrhw;nghUs; $Wf 1. fsgk; - re;jdk; 2. Joha; myq;fy; Jsrpkhiy 3. Gak; - Njhs; 4. ijte;J - njhl;Lj;jltp 5. gfop - mk;G 6. ehkk; - ngaH 624. tpy;ypGj;J}uhupd; fhyk; vJ? gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;L

jkpohrpupaH> kP.R. caHepiyg; gs;sp> fhiuf;Fb. 631. gwk;Gkiyapy; ele;j tpohtpy; ftpauR vd;Dk; gl;lk; ve;j mbfshuhy; toq;fg;ngw;wJ? Fd;wf;Fb mbfs;

ahH ftpQd;
625. ahH ftpQd; ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH? Kbaurd; 626. ftpQH Kbaurupd; ,aw;ngaH ahJ? JiuuhR 627. Kbaurupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? Rg;guhaY - rPjhnyl;Rkp 628. Kbaurupd; gpwe;j CH vJ? Njdp khtl;lj;jpYs;s ngupaFsk; 629. KbaurH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? G+q;nfhb> fhtpag;ghit> tPufhtpak Kbaurd; ftpijfs; Kjypad. 630. Kbaurupd; gzp vd;d
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632.

G+q;nfhb vd;Dk; fhtpaj;Jf;fhf ve;j M z ; b y ; j k p o f mu R KbaurUf;Fg; gupR toq;fpaJ? 1966 Mk; Mz;L 633. Kbaurupd; fhyk; vJ 1920-1998 634. rpwg;G Kbaurd;> ghujpjhrd; guk;giuj; jiyKiwf; ftpQUs; %j;jtH. je;ij ngupahH NguwpQH mz;zh MfpNahuplk; neUq;fpg; gofpatH MtH. 635. nrhw;nghUs; 1. ifk;khW gad; 2. khrw;w Fw;wkw;w 3. Njl;il jpul;ba nry;tk; 4. kPl;rp Nkd;ik 5. khs ePq;f

ahH? fhy;Lnt y; 638. jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH? gupjpkhw;fiyQ H 639. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? QhdKj;J gupG+uzk;

NjtNeag; ghthzH

636. kd;dpg;G vd;gJ cUJr; nrhy;@ nghWj;Jf; nfhs;f vd;gJ jkpo;r; nrhy; vd;W tpsf;fpatH ahH? NjtNeag;ghthzH 637. jkpopd; njhd;ikia cyfwpar; nra;jtH
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640. NjtNeag;ghthzH gpwe;j CH vJ? rq;fud;Nfhtpy; 641. N j t N e a g ; g h t h z H t h q ; f p a gl;lq;fs; vd;d? gz;bjH GytH> tpj;Jthd;> KJ fiyj;jkpo;> gp.X.vy;.> 642. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; fhyk; vd;d? 7.02.1902 - 15.01.1981 643. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; rpwg;Gfs ; vd;d? nre;jkpo;r; nry;tH> nre;jkpo; QhapW> jkpo;g; ngUq;fhtyH vd 174 rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; 644. Nfhtpy;fspy; jkpopy; topghL eilngWNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; gpwg;G ,wg;Gj; njhlHghd rlq;Ffs; ahTk; jkpopy; eilngwNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; ahH typAWj;jpdhH? NjtNeag;ghthzH 645. N j t N e a g ; g h t h z H vj ; ji d E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shH? ehw;gj;J %d;W 646. NjtNeag;ghthziu ve;j Mz;L nrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj;jpl
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649.

NjtNeag;ghthzupd; ngaupy; ve;j Cupy; mz;zhrhiyapy; E}yfk; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ? nrd;id 650. vt;T+upy; ghthzH Nfhl;lk; mtHjk; KO cUtr;rpiy> mtH ngaupy; E}yfk; Mfpait mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ? ,uhrghisaj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s Kwk;gpy; 651. kJiuapy; 05.01.1981 md;W eilngw;w cyfj;jkpo; khehl;by; ve;jj; jiyg;gpy; nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhH? khe;jd; Njhw;wKk; jkpoH kuGk;

GzHr;rp - ,ay;G> tpfhuk;

652. epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; NrUk; NghJ vt;tpj khw;wKk; Vw;gl tpy;iynad;why; mJ GzHr;rp MFk;. ,ay;Gg;GzHr;rp 653. nghd;+tisay;=nghd; tisay; - ,izAk; ,Unrhw;fspy; Kjy;

;l ,af;Feu

hfg; gzpakHj;jp dhHfs;?

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nrhy; epiynkhop 08.05.1974 647. kd;dpg;G ve;j nkhopr;nrhy;? cUJr;nrhy; 648. murpd; cjtpNahL vj;jid Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;shH? ,UE}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

vdg;gLk;. 654. epiynkhopapd; ,Wjp vOj;Jg; Gs;spahf (nka;ahf) ,Ue;jhy; mij vdf; $WtH nka;aPW 655. epiynkhopapd; ,Wjp vOj;J capH nka;ahf ,Ue;jhy; mit vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk;. capuPW

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656. tUnkhopapd; Kjy; vOj;J 667. ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;:capH nka;ahf ,Ug;gpd; mij 1. m , vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;Jfspd; vd miog;gH. gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk; nka;Kjy; (v.L) m + fdp = mf;fdp 657. tUnkhopapd ; Kjy ; , + Gj;jfk; = ,g;Gj;jfk; vOj; J capuhf ,Ug;gpd; mij 2. v vd;Dk; tpid vOj;jpd; vd miog;gH. gpd; capHKjy; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. 658. epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; (v.L) v+nghUs; = vg;nghUs; NrUk; NghJ khw;wq;fs; 3. me;j> , e ; j vd;Dk; Vw;gLkhdhy; Rl;Lj ; jpupGfspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. mjid vd;gH. (v.L) me;j+igad;=me;jg;igad; tpfhug;GzHr;r p ,e;j+gs;sp = ,e;jg;gs;sp jUf? 659. tpfhug;GzHr;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? kuk; + NtH = kuNtH (k;) %d;W 665. jpupjy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf? 660. tpfhug;GzHr;rpapd; %d;W gy; + nghb = gw;nghb (w;) tiffis vOJf. 666. GzHr;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk; 1. Njhd;wy; 2. nfLjy; 3. mit ahit? jpupjy; ,uz;L- 1.,ay;G 2.tpfhuk; 661. ,ay;Gg;GzHr;rpf;F (v.fh) nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp $Wf? thio+kuk; = thiokuk; 662. tpfhug;GzHr;rp (v.fh) jUf? thio + gok; = thiog;gok; 663. Njhd;wy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf? jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws; (f;) 664. nfLjy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh
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mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) mg;gb+Nfs;=mg;gbf;Nfhs; ,g;gb+nra; = ,g;gbr;nra; vg;gb+ gbj;jhd; = vg;gbg;gbj;jhd; 5. mt;tif> ,t;tif> vt;tif vDk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) mt;tifg;Ngr;R 6. ,dp> jdp> kw;W> kw;w> kw;iw vDk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk; (v.L) ,dpg;Ngrpdhd; 7. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik tpupapd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) glj;ijg; ghHj;jhd; mtDf;Ff; nfhL 8. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cle;njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) japHf;Flk;

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10.

11.

12.

13.

%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cle;njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) gl;Lr;Nriy ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikapy; m/wpizg; ngaHfspd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) $ypj;njhopy; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) tpopg;Gdy; Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) ePHg;ghk;G Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) Fbg;gpwe;jhH

rilag;g ts;sy; 671. rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ rpiy naOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk; ,e;E}y;fis ,aw;wpatH ahH? fk;gH

,ay; xd;gJ nra;As; gFjp fk;guhkhazk;

668. fk;guhkhazk; ghliy vOjpatH ahH? fk;gH 669. fk;gH ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhH? ehif khtl;lk; kapyhLJiwf;F mUfpYs;s NjuOe;J}H 670. fk;giu Mjupj;jtH ahH?
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672. fk;gupd; fhyk; vd;d? fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L vd;Wk; gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vd;Wk; $WtH 673. fk;gH tlnkhopapy; thy;kPfp vOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijj; jOtpa ve;E}iy ,aw;wpdhH? jkpopy; fhg;gpak; 674. fk;gH ,aw;wpa fhg;gpa E}Yf;F vdg; ngaupl;lhH. ,uhkhtjhuk ; 675. fij khe;jupd; tlnrhw; ngaHfisj jkpo;g;gLj;jpa ngUikf;Fup atH fk;gH. njhy;fhg;gpa newpg;gb 676. fk;guhkhazk; vj;jid fhz;lq; fisAilaJ? MW 677. MW fhz;lq;fisf; $Wf? 1.ghyfhz;lk;> 2. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> 3. Muzpa fhz;lk;> 4. fpl;fpe;jhfhz;lk;> 5.Re;jufhz;lk;>
122

6. Aj;jfhz;lk; 678. fk;guhkhazg; ghly; ve;j fhz;lj;J Mw;Wg;glyj;jpy; cs;sJ? ghyfhz;lk; 679. ve;j khepyj;jpy; ghAk; ruA ejpapd; tsk; fk;guhkhazj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s J? cj;jpugpuNjr khepyk; 680. jhJ- vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? kfue;j k;

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681. nrhw;nghUs; 1. NghJ - kyH 2. ngha;if - Fsk; 3. G+fk; - fKfk; (ghf;F kuk;)

ftpij

tpOJk; NtUk;
682. tp O Jk ; N t U k ; - , g ; g h l i y ,aw;wpatH ahH? ghujpjhrd; 683. ghujpjhrupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d? fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; 684. ghujpjhrupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? fdfrig - ,yf;Fkp 685. ghujpjhrd; gpwe;j CH vJ? GJr;Nrup 686. ghujpjhrd; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ 29.04.1891-21.04.1964 687. ghujpjhrupd; rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; vd;d? ghNte;jH> Gul;rpf;ftpQH 688. a h U l d ; n f h z ; l n e U q ;f p a njhlHgpdhy; ghujpjhrd; vdj; jd; ngaiu mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhH? ghujpahH 689. J}yk; Nghy; tsH fpisf;F tpOJfs; J}d;fs; vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? ghujpjhrd; 690. je;ij ngupahupd; gFj;jwpTr; rpe;jidfisg; ghujpjhrd; mtHfs; vt;tbtpy; je;jhH?
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691. ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? ghz;bad; gupR> FLk;g tpsf;F ,Uz;ltPL> mo fp d ; rpupg; G f z ; z f p Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;> FwpQ;rpj;jpl;Lj; jkpopaf;fk; 692. ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly; vd;Dk; E}ypy; tpOJk; NtUk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s J? mofpd; rpupg;G 693. jpwy; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ typik 694. kwtH - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ tPu H

698. XuwpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf? Gy; kuk; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; 699. n k a ; - f z ; - < u w p T n f h z ; l capupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf? ej;ij> rq;F

fhl;Lapupfs ;
695. Ik;G+jq;fisf; $Wf? epyk;> ePH> jP> fhw;W> thdk; 696. I k ; G + j q ; f s p y ; _____, _____ ,Utifahd nghUs;fs; cs;sd. capUs;s> capuw;w 697. nka;apdhy; mwpAk; capH vj;jid mwpTfisf; nfhz;lJ? XuwpT
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700. nka;> tha;> %f;F> %twpT nfhz;l capupdq;fisf; $Wf? vWk;G> fiuahd;> ml;il 701. IawpT vd;gJ ve;nje;j mwpTfisf nfhz;ljhFk;? nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp 702. IawpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf? tpyq;F> gwit 703. MwwpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf? kdpjH 704. MwwpT vd;gJ ve;nje;j mwpT fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;? nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp> kdk; 705. capupfspd; Mw;wYf;F mbg;gil ahf tpsq;Fgit vit? jhtuq;fs; 706. cyfpNyNa mjpf msT kio ngWk; ,lk; vJ? mrhkpy; kuq;fs; mlHe;Js;s rpuGQ;rp 707. mf;NlhgH Kjy; thuj;ij muR vt;thW nfhz;lhb tUfpwJ? tdtpyq;F thuk; 708 tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ?
120

1972 Mk; Mz;L 709. tdtpyq;Fg; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;l k; vijj; jLf;fpwJ? tdtpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLj y;

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710. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G ,lq;fs; cs;sd? gjpNdO 711. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid Njrpa tdtpyq;Fg; G+q;fhf;fs; cs;sd? mWgj;jhW 712. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid Gfyplq;fs; mike;Js;sd? Ke;E}w;W mWgj;njl;L 713. cyf tdtpyq;F ehs; vg;NghJ nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd? mf;NlhgH> 4-Mk; ehs

mjd; . kpFk; 718. gy

nka; naOj;Jfs;

- ,r;nrhy;ypy; (y;+m=y) vdg; gpupj;jhy;> ,jpy; m MFk;. capH <W

nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpaf k;
714. mUq;fhl;rpafk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ? nrd;id> vOk;G+upy; 715. nrd;id> vOk;G+H mUq;fhl;rpafk; ve;j Mz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ? fp.gp. 1851 Mk; Mz;L 716. mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; vj;ji d fhl;rpafq;fs; cs;sd gjpd;%d;W

GzHr;rp: capuP W clk;gLnka;> nka;aPW

717. capH <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; te;jhy;
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mJ + jhd; = mJjhd; m d ;W > , d ;W > vd;W v D k ; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd; kpfhJ (v.L) md;W clk;gLnka; nfhLj;Njd;. 720. epiynkhop <w;W capUk; 11. mj;jid> ,j;jid> tUnkhop Kjy; capUk; v j; ji d vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; ,izAk; NghJ t; my;yJ gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. a; ,ilapy; Njhd;wpdhy; (v.L) v j ; j i d + nghUs; = vj;jidnghU s; ,jw;F vd;W ngaH 12. gb vd;W KbAk; clk;gLnk tpidnar;rk; a; cfutPw;W tpidnar;rk; vjpHkiwg; 721. ghLk; ghly; - ,j;njhlupy; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; ghly; ty;ypdk; vd;gJ vd;d? kpfhJ. tUnkhop (v.L) tUk;gb $wpdhs; nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 723. gythz;L ,r;nrhy; gpupAk; Kiw 722. ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lk; 1. fij + nrhd;dhd; = gy + Mz;L fij nrhd;dhd; 724. gid + Xiy ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; Njhd;Wk;? 2. mofNdhL + nrd;whd; = a; mofNdhL nrd;whd; fy;tpNfs;tp 3. tPl;bapypUe;J + 7. gbj;j + ghlk; = gbj;j ghHj;jhd; = ghlk; tPl;bapypUe;J ghHj;jhd; 8. Nfhop + nfhf;fupj;jJ = 4. vdJ + Gj;jfk; = vdJ Nfhop nfhf;fupj;jJ Gj;jfk; 9. tho;f + nre;jkpo; = 5. RL + NrhW = RL NrhW tho;f nre;jkpo; 6. fy;tp + Nfs;tp = 719. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capHKd; frjg kpFk;. ve;j E}ypy; cs;s tupfs;? ed;D}y;> 165
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10. mJ> ,J> vJ> vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

725. , < I top at;Tk; Vid capHtop tt;Tk; VKd; ,t;tpUikAk; capHtupd; clk;gL nka;nad; whFk; ,g;ghly; ve;j E}ypy; te;Js;sJ ed;D}y ;

nka;aPw;Wg;GzH r;rp
726. E}y;+Mil ,jpy; E}y; vd;gJ epiynkhop Mil vd;gJ tUnkhop vdNt epiynkhopapd; <W nka;ahf ,Ue;jhy; mij vd miog;gH. nka;aP W

122

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727. cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng. ,t;tup ve;E}ypy; te;Js;sJ? ed;D}y; 204 728. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capHtupd; ,ul;Lk; ,e;j tup ve;E}ypy; te;Js;sJ. ed;D}y; 205

klk; 734. gps;isj;jkpo; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 735. ,Utifahd gps;isj;jkpi o vOJf 1. Mz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo; 2. ngz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo;

,ay;gj;J nra;As;gFjp Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpo; tUifg;gUtk;

729. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpio ,aw;wpatH ahH? FkuFUguH FkuFUguupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? r z ; K f rpfhkzpf; ftpuhaH rptfhk Re;jupak;ik FkuFUguH gpwe;j CH vJ? jpUitFz;lk; FkuFUguH ve;nje;j nkhopfspy; Gyik kpf;ftuha;j; jpfo;e;jhH? jkpo;> tlnkhop> ,e;J];jhdp jpUg;gze;jhspYk;> fhrpapYk FkuFUguH jk; ngauhy; vd;d epWtp cs;shH? 123

730.

731. 732.

733.

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743. 736. gps;isj;jkpopy; vj;jid gUtq;fs; cs;sd ? 744. gj;Jg;gUt k; 737. g j ; J g ; g U t q ; f s p y ; 745. vj;jid gUtq;fs; ,Ughw; gps;isj; jkpOf;Fk; nghJthdit MFk;? VO gUtq;fs; 738. VOtifahd gUtq;fisf; $Wf? fhg;G> nrq;fPiu> jhy; rg;ghzp Kj;jk; tUif> mk;Gyp 739. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy; Mz;ghYf;Fupa ,Wjp %d;W gUtq;fis vOJf? rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw> rpWNjH 740. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy; ngz;ghYf;Fupa ,Wjp %d;W gUtq;fis vOJf? mk;khid> foq;F (ePuhly;)> Cry; 741. Gs;spUf;F NtSupy; (itj;jPRtud; Nfhtpy;) vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfg; ngUkhdpd; ngaH vd;d? Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp 742. FkuFUguH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vit? fe;jH fypntz;gh> kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> kJiuf; fyk;gfk;> rfyfyhty;yp khiy> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;. 124

FkuFUguH vt;T+upy; ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH? fhrp FkuFUguupd; fhyk; vd;d? gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L Fwpg;G ekf;Fg; ghlg;gFjpahf cs;s ghly; tUifg; gUtj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J E}ypd; MwhtJ gUtkhFk;.

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Foe;ijapd; gjpd;%d;whk; jpq;fspy; epfo;tJ@ jsHeilapl;L tUk; Foe;ijapd; jpwg;Gfis vLj;Jf; $wp mUfpy; tUf tUf vd tha;Fspu kdq;Fspu miof;Fk ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljha; ,g;gUtk; mike;Js;sJ. 746. , i w t i d N a h e y ;y h i u N a h ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L mtiuf; Foe;ijahff; fUjpg; ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpa tif gps;isj;jkpo; 747. nrhw;nghUs; 1. kjp - mwpT 2. mKj fpuzk; - FspHr;rpahd xsp 3. cjak; - fjputd; 4. kJuk; - ,dpik 5. ewtk; - Njd; 6. fOtpa JfsH - Fw;wkw;wtH 7. ryjp - fly; 8. myF ,y; mstpy;yhj 9. Gtdk; - cyfk; 10. kjiy - Foe;ij 11. gUjpGup - fjputd; topgl;l ,lk; (itj;jPRtud; Nfhtpy;)

749. efy;ty;yH my;yhHf;F khapU Qhyk; gfYk;ghw; gl;ld; wpUs; ,J ve;E}ypd; tupfs;? Fws; 999

750. ek; clypy;

Vw;gL

tjw;Fk; ey;y eifr;Rit Jiz Gupfpd;wJ. FUjpXl;lk; $Ltjw;Fk;> %isapy Gj;JzHr;rp 751. ,t;Tyfpy; eiff;fj; njupahj tHfis vd;d ntd;W fUjg; gLthHfs;? miukdpjHfs; 752. mQ;riy muf;f! ghHtpl; le;ju kile;jh dd;Nw ntQ;rpd thyp> kPshd;> thYk; Ngha; tPo;e;jjd;Nw.... ,t;tupfs; ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd? fk;guhkhazk; 753. nraq;nfhz;lhH ,UnghUs;

eifr;Ri t
748. eifr;Rit Njhd;Wtjw;fh d fhuzk; vd;dntd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ?

,yf;fpaj;jpy;

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vs;sy;> ,dpik> klik

mwpahik>

jUkhW nrhw;fisg; ghl;by; mikj;Jg; ghLtjpy; ty;ytH MtH ftpfhsNkfk ; 754. ftp vd;gjw;F _____ vd;Dk; nghUs;. Fuq; F ehq;fs; ftpuhrHfs; v d ; W nrUf;Fld; $wpa GytHfspd; nrUf;if mlf;Fk; gb> ftp vd;gjw;Ff; Fuq;F vd;Dk; nghUs; Njhd;WkhW. thnyq;Nf? ePz;L v O e ; j ty;Yfpnuq;Nf ehY fhnyq;Nf

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ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf; ftpQH Njrpf Cd;tbj;j fz;nzq;Nf? tpehafdhH ghbAs;shH. rhyg; GtpuhaH Nghw;Wk; Mik tilf;fha; GytHfhs;! ePq;fs; ftpuhaH miuQhz; vd;wpUe;jf; fhy;. vDk; gzak; ghliy nraq;nfhz;lhH Nghspf; fhfg; Gj;jfk; ghbdhH. gzak; rPilf; fhfr; 755. ,f;fhyf; ftpQHfs; rpNyl;L gzak; KWf;Ff; jhq;fs; ifahSfpd;w fhf Nkhjpuk; gzak; fhg;gpf; vjidf;nfhz; fhff; fLf;fd; gzak; L eifr;Ritia mOFw $j;Jf; fhff; FilAk; mikj;Jf; fhl;LfpwhHfs;? gzak; fw;gidfspYk;> 758. Ks;S KidapNy %Z ctikfspYk; Fsk; ntl;bNdd; -vdj; 756. ftpQH ghujpjhrd; vjDila njhlq;Fk; Njhif ePz;L ,Ug;gij eifr;Rit czHT kpf;f eifr; Ritahf $wpdhH? ghly; vjpy; ,lk; kapy ; ngw;Ws;sJ? ftpQH ghujpjhrd; kapypd; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; fOj;J 759. eifr;RitAzHT ,y;yhjtUf;Fg; ePz;L ,Ug;gij gfYk; Njhd;Wk; eifr;Ritahf tpsf;FfpwhH. ,Usha; 757. ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf; ftpQH Njrpf mayhd; tPl;by; miwapy; elg;gij vl;bg; ghHf;fh jpUg;g jw;Nf ,aw;if ad;id ,g;ngz; fl;nfy;yh k; Fl;ilf; fOj;ijf; nfhLj;jhd;: fiwnahd; wpy;yhf; fyhg kapNy! cdf;Nfh epkHe;J epw;f ePs; fOj;J mspj;jhd;.
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ahg;G mzp
760. j k p o ; , y f ; f z k ; v j ; j i d tifg;gLk; Itifg;gLk; 761. Ie;J tifahd jkpo; tpehafdhupd; xU eifr; Ritf; fsQ;rpak; vd;gH. kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak; gbf;fr; nrd;wtd; vijnay;yhk; gzak; itf;fpwhd; vd;gij

,yf;fzj;ij vOJf? vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk ;> nghUs; ,yf;fzk;> ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk; 762. ahg;G vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? fl;Ljy; 763. vYk;G jir euk;G Kjypatw;why; cly; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ Nghyr; nra;ASf;F cupa cWg;Gfisr; nfhz;L ghliy cUthf;Ftij vd;fpNwhk;.

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764.

765.

766.

767.

ahg;G nra;As; cWg;Gfs; v j ; j i d tifg;gLk;? MW MW tifahd nra;As; cWg;Gfis vOJf? vOj;J> mir> rPH> jis> mb> njhil vOj;J mir rPH jis mb n j h i l , e ; j MWk; v j d ; cWg;Gfs; MFk;? ahg;G XnuOj;J jdpj;Njh ,ize;Njh

774.

xypj;jhy; mJ vdg;gLk; . mir 768. mir vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L 769. ,U tifahd mirapd; tiffis tpsf;Ff. Neuir> epiuair 770. mirfs; gy NrHe;J mike;jhy; mJ vdg;gLk; . rP H 771. rPHfs; xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;j miktJ vdg;gLk; . jis 772. ,uz;L my;yJ gy rPHfs; NrHe;J miktJ 129 m

gh-tpd; tiffs; v j ; j i d tifg;gLk;? ehd;F 775. ehd;F tifahd gh tiffisf; $Wf? ntz;gh> Mrpupag;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> fypg;gh 776. vjid NtWgLj;jp mwptjw;fhf ehy;tifg; ghf;fs; mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sd? Xireak; 777. M a p u j ; J K e ; E } w ; W K g ; g J jpUf;FwSk ; ntz;gh MFk;. Mdhy; ,uz;lbfs; k l; L k ; tUtjhy; , i j f ; _____ vd miog;gH. Fws; ntz;gh 778. Fws;ntz;ghtpw;F v.fh jUf? Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait 779. Fwpg;G fz; ,ikj;j yhybfs; fhrpdpapy; Njha;jyhy; tz ; z kyHkhiy thLjyhy; vz;zp eWe;jh kiu tpUk;Gk; ed;DjNy md;dhs; mwpe;jhs; esd; jd;id Mq;F. -,g;ghly; Neupir ntz;gh MFk; ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwh b

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vdg;gLk;.

mtyh nfhd;Nwh kpirah nfhd;Nwh ,uz;L njhlHe;J ghLtJ vt;top ey;ytH MltH mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd - ,g;ghly; fypg;gh MFk;. tisahL kyHr;Rid ePupdpil

773.

mbfs; Kjypadthfj; mLf;fpg; vdg;gLk;. gh

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tisahbif kq;ifa ud;d nkd tpisahLt NuhLtH $LtHgpd; tpisahLtH igq;fpsp NkTwNt! - ,g;ghly; tQ;rpg;gh MFk;.

9 Mk; tFg;G ,ay; - xd;W nra;As; tho;j;J

1) cyfk; ahitAk; jhKs thf;fYk; - vd;w tho;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? fk;gh; nrhw;nghUs;:1. csthf;fy; cz;lhf;Fjy;> (gilj;jy;)

mzpapyf;fzk ;
780. mzp vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? moF 781. GytHfs> nghUsoFk; 2) nrhy;yoFk Njhd;wf; ftpijfis ,aw;wpf; fw;Nghiu kdq;Fspur; nra;Ak; ,yf;fzj;ij vd;gH. mzpapyf;fzk; 782. mzpapyf;fzk; Fwpj;j jkpo; E}y;fs; ahJ? jz;bayq;fhuk; khwdyq;fhuk; 783. c t i k ctNkak; ,uz;Lk ; jd p j ;j d p a h f vL j; Jf ; f h l; b ,ilapy; ctk cUG kiwAkhW mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ mzp MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp 784. ctkhdk; NtW ctNkak; NtW vdj; Njhd;whj tifapy; ctkhdj; jpd;
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2. epiyngWj;jy; - fhj;jy; 3. ePf;fy; - mopj;jy; ,ay;Gfis ctNkaj;jpd; Nky; Vw;wpf; $WtJ _____ mzpahFk;. cUtf mzp 785. kjpKfk; - cUtfkhf khWk;NghJ vdtUk;. Kfkjp

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4. ePq;fyh ,iltplhJ 5. myfpyh - mstw;w 6. md;dth; mj;jifa ,iwth; 7. jiyth; ,iwth; 8. ruz; milf;fyk; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1 ahitAk; - ck; Kw;Wk;ik: Mf;fy;> ePf;fy;> 2. tpisahl;L njhopw; ngah;fs; 3. myfpyh tpisahl;L <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:cilah - cil + a; + Mh; cil - gFjp a; re;jp Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk; kapyhL Jiwf;F mUfpYs;s NjuOe;J}hpy; fk;gh; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; fk;guhkhazk;> Vu; vOgJ> rpiy vOgJ> ruRtjp

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me;jhjp> rlNfhgh; me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk; Mfpa E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,th; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhodpd; mitg;Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}h;r; rilag;g ts;syhy; Mjhpf;fg; ngw;whh;. ,th; ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp vdTk; fy;tpapy; nghpah; fk;gh; vdTk; Nghw;wg; gLfpwhh;. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vdf; $Wth; . 6) E}w;Fwpg;G: tlnkhopapy; thd;kPfp Kdpth; vOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijr; jOtpj; jkpopy; fk;gh; vOjpaNj fk;guhkhazk;. fk;gh;> ,e;E}Yf;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vd;Nw ngahpl;lhh;. ,J ghyfhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muzpafhz;lk;> fplfpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;jfhz;lk; vd MW fhz;lq;fis cilaJ.
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fk;guhkhazg; ghyfhz;lj;jpYs;s Kjw;ghly; tho;j;Jg; ghlyhf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 7) nghUj;Jf:1. csthf;fy; gilj;jy; 2. epiyngWj;jy; fhj;jy; 3. ePf;fy; mopj;jy; 4. jiyth; ,iwth; 8) epug;Gf:1. fy;tpapw; nghpah; vd miof;fg; ngWgth;. fk;g h;

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2. fk;guhkhazk; fhz;lq;fi s cilaJ. MW 3. fk;gh; gpwe;j Cu; ______ NjuOe;J}h;

,w j; j; j;

gFjp re;jp e; MdJ tpfhuk; ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy

jpUf;Fws ; nghiwAilik
9) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. mfo;thh; = mfo; + t; + Mh; mfo; - gFjp t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. kwj;jy; = kw + j;+ jy; kw - gFjp j; - re;jp jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp 3. itg;gh; = it + g; + g; + mh; it - gFjp g; - re;jp g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 4. xWj;jhh; = xW + j; + j; + Mh; xW - gFjp j; - re;jp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 5. ,we;jhh; = ,w + j;(e;) + j; + Mh;
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10) nrhw;nghUs; :1. mfo;thiu - Njhz;Lgtiu 2. ,fo;thh; ,opTgLj;JNthh; 3. jiy - rpwe;j gz;G 4. nghWj;jy; - nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; 5. ,wg;gpid - gpwh; nra;j Jd;gj;ij 6. ,d;ik - tWik 7. tpUe;J - tPl;Lf;Fg; Gjpatuha; te;jth; 8. xuhy; - jtph;j;jy; 9. klthh; - mwptpypfs; 10 epiw - rhy;G 11. xWj;jhiu jz;bj;jtiu 12. xd;whf - xU nghUl;lhf 13. nghjpe;J itg;gh; (kdj;Js;) itj;Jf; nfhs;th; 14. nghd;Wk; JizAk; cyfk; cs;stiu 15. jpwdy;y - nra;aj;jfhj 16. Nehnehe;J Jd;gj;jpw;F tUe;jp 17. kpFjpahd; kdr;nrUf;fhy; 18. kpf;fit - jPik 19. jFjpahd; - nghWikahy;
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20 Jwe;jhh; - gw;wpid tpl;lth; 21. ,we;jhh; - tuk;G fle;jth; 22. ,d;dh - jPa 23. Nehw;fpw;gth; - nghWg;gth; 24. Nehw;ghh; - Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;gth; 25. ,d;dhr; nrhy; - jPa nrhy; 11) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. cz;zhJ - tpidnar;rk; 2. nghWj;jy; - njhopw; ngah;

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3. mfo;thh;> ,fo;thh; tpidah yizAk; ngah; 4. kwj;jy;> nghWj;jy; njhopw; ngah;fs ; 5. ed;W Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 6. tpUe;J gz;ghF ngah; 7. xuhy;> nghiw njhopw;ngah;fs; 8. ePq;fhik - vjph;kiwj; njhopw; ngah; 9. Nghw;wp tpidnar;rk; 10. nghjpe;J tpidnar;rk; 11. xWj;jhh;> nghWj;jhh; tpidah yizAk; ngah;fs; 12. jw;gpwh; Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif 13. nra;apDk; - ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik 14. nehe;J tpidnar;rk; 15. mwd;> jpwd; - <w;Wg; Nghypfs; 16. nra;jhiu tpidahyizAk; ngah; 17. tply; my; <w;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw; W 18. ,we;jhh;> Jwe;jhh;>

Nehw;fpw;gth; tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; 19. ,d;dhr;nrhy; <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 12) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: jpUts;Sth;> jpUf;Fwspy; midj;J ehl;bdUk; ,dj;jpdUk; jkf;Nf chpanjdf; nfhz;lhLk; tifapy; nghJikf; f U j ; J f i s g ; gilj;jth;.

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ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;> nja;tg; Gyth;> ehd; Kfdhh;> khjhD gq;fp> nre;ehg; Nghjhh;> ngUehtyh; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fSk; ,tUf;F cz;L. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.K. 31 Mk; Mz;L vd mwpQh; $Wth;. 13) E}w; Fwpg;G:jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws;. jpU nry;tk;> rpwg;G> moF> Nkd;ik> nja;tj;jd;ik vdg; gy nghUs; nfhz;l xU nrhy;. Fws; - FWfpa mb cilaJ. VO rPh;fisf; n f h z ; l <ub ntz;ghf;fshy; MdJ jpUf;Fws;. ,e;E}y; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;> ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; vd Kg;ngUk; gphpTfshf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mwk; 38 mjpfhuq;fshfTk; > nghUs; 70 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;> ,d;gk; 25 mjpfhuq;fshfTk; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J> gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs;
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xd;W. ,e;E}iyg; Nghw;wpg; ghuhl;ba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G jpUts;St khiy. jpUf;FwSf;F me;ehspNyNa gjpd;kh; ciu vOjpAs;sdh;. mt;TiuAs;> ghpNkyofh; ciuNa rpwe;jJ vd;gh;. 14) tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpahh; fz; tpopj;jJk; Kjypy; gbj;j E}y; jpUf;Fws;

rpuk>; Kjd;ik

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15) jpUf;FwSf;F ciunra;j gjpd;kh;: 1. jUkh;> 2. jhkj;jh;> 3. ghpjp> 4. jpUkiyah;> 5. ghpg;ngUkhs;> 6. kzf;Flth;> 7. er;rh;> 8. ghpNkyofh;> 9. ky;yh;> 10. fhspq;fh;. 16) nghUe;Jf:1. mwk; - Kg;gj;njl;L 2. nghUs; - vOgJ 3. ,d;gk; - ,Ugj;ije;J 17) vJifr; nrhw;fis vLj;njOjp mbf; NfhbLf:1. kpFjpahd; kpf;fit nra;jhiuj; jhk;jk; jFjpahd; ntd;W tply;. vJif: kpFjp> jFjp 2. mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk;Nghyj; jk;ik ,fo;thh;g; nghWj;jy; jiy. vJif: mfo;> ,fo; 18) nghUs; NtWghL mwpf: 1. nghWj;jy; / nghUj;jy; nghWikaha; ,Uj;jy;> nghUe;jr; nra;jy; 2. ,wj;jy; / ,uj;jy; caph; tpLjy;> ahrpj;jy; 3. epiw / epiu rhy;G> thpir 4. tz;ik / td;ik ts;sy; jd;ik> typik 19) ,UnghUs; jUf:1. epiw > > 129

rhy;G> vil 2. jiy

rpuk>; Kjd;ik

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jpuhtpl nkhopfs; (ciueil)

20) jk; vz;zq;fisAk; fUj;Jfis Ak; gpwUf;F mwptpf;Fk; fUtpahf tpsq;FtJ vJ? nkhop 21) jdf;nfd jdpr;rpwg;Gk; gynkhop fs; Njhd;wp tsu mbg;gilahfTk; cs;s nkhop ve;j nkhop? %ynkhop 22) ,e;jpa nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs;:,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopfs;> nkhopapay; mwpQh; vj;jid nkhopf; FLk;gq;fSs; mlf;Fth;? mit ahit? ehd;F nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; 1. ,e;Njh - Mrpa nkhopfs; 2. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; 3. M];jpNuh Mrpa nkhopfs; 4. rPd - jpngj;jpa nkhopfs; 23) ek; ehl;by; vj;jid nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd? Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfSk; cs;sd ?
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m j d ; f p i s nkhopfSk;. 24) ,e;jpa ehl;il> _____ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;? nkhopfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiy
(Museum of Languages)

25) nkhopapay; Nguhrphpah; ahh;? r.mfj;jpaypq;f k; 26) jp u htp l nk h op fs ; vj;ji d

mfo;tha;f;F g;

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27)

28)

29)

30)

,d;W ,Ugj;J % d ; W f ; F k ; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs; vj;jid tifahfg; gphpg;gh;? njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> tl jpuhtpl nkhopfs; %tifahfg; gphpg;gh;. ,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; gd;dpuz;L nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws;> Ke;E}w;W ,Ugj;ije;J nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLtjhf ,e;jpa khdpltpay; fzf;nfLg;Gj; njhptpf;fpd;wJ. njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> FlF> JS> Njhlh> Nfhj;jh> nfhufh> ,Ush. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhah> $ap> $ tp > Nf h yh kp > gh;[p> fjgh > Nfhz;lh>ehaf;fp> ngq;Nfh> [jG. tljpuhtpl nkhopfs; F&f;> khy;Njh>gpuhFa;. jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk; Mfpa ehd;Fk; nkhopfs;. jpuhtplg; ngUnkhopfs; ccs;sd y f e h L f s p d ; gi oi kah d ? ehfhpfq;fs; vJ?
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,e;jpa ehfhpfk; 31) ,e;jpa ehfhpfk; vd;gJ gpwF epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ? nkhfQ;rjhNuh mug;gh

mfo;tha;f;F g;

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32)

33)

34)

35)

36)

_____ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu gue;J tphpe;jpUe;j ,e;jpa ehfhpfk; cyf ehfhpfq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; jh a h fT k ; t o pf hl ; b a hf T k ; tpsq;fpapUf;fpwJ. fp.K. 3000 Mz;Lfs; ,e;jpah KOtJk; gue;J tphpe;jpUe;j gok; ngUk; ehfhpfj;ij mwpQh; vt;thW fUJfpd;wdh;? jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; jpuhtplh; Ngrpa nkhop vd;d nkhopahFk;? jpuhtpl nkhopahFk; jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy; vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUtJ. jpuhtpl ehL jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyf; fhy;Lnty; vd;Dk; E}ypy;

Fwpg;gpl;L cs;shh;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; 37) jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy;i y cUthf;fpath; ahh;? Fkhhpygl;lh; 38) jpuhtpl nkhopia gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jth; ahh;? fhy;Lnty; 39) nkhopapay; mwpQh;> njhlf;ff; fhyj ;j py ;
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40) jpuhtpl vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny vd;Dk; nrhy;ypUe;J cUthdjhFk;. jkpo; 41) jkpo; > jpukps > jputpl > jpuhtpl cUthapw;W vd ve;j nkhopapay; mwpQh; $wpfpwhh;? <uh]; ghjphpahh;. 42) njhd;ikr; rpwg;Gk; jiyikr; rpwg;Gk; jkpio ,d;W vt;thW cah;e;J epw;fr; nra;Js;sJ? cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhop 43) jkpo; nkhopapYs;s kpfg; gioik ahd E}y; vJ? njhy;fhg;gpak;. 44) njhy;fhg;gpak; ve;j E}yhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ? ,yf;fz E}yhf 45) _____ tpOf;fhL mstpw;Fj; jpuhtpl nkhopf;$Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;s xNu jpuhtpl nkhop> j k p i o A k ; mj d; fpisnkhopfshd kiyahsk;> njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfisAk;

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jkpo;. vz;gJ tpOf;fhL 46) nrt;tpay; nkhopahf xsph;tJ vJ? ekJ jha;nkhopahk; jkpNo 47) epug;Gf: 1. nkhopfs; gy Njhd;wp tsu my;yJ vd;W toq;fpdh;. jkpspad; my;yJ jKypf;

mbg;gilahd nkhopia vd;gh;. %ynkhop 2. ,e;jpahit nkhopfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lth; mfj;jpaypq;fk; 3. xU %y nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wp tsUk; nkhopia fpisnkhop vd;gh;.

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vOj;J (,yf;fzk; )
48) nkhopiag; gpioapd;wpg; NgrTk; Nfl;fTk;> fw;fTk; vOjTk; Jiz nra;tJ vJ? ,yf;fz k; 49) ,yf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? jkpopyf;fzk;> vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk;> nghUspyf;fzk;> ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk; vd Itifg;gLk;. 50) vOj;Jfspd; tif:vOj;J KjnyOj;J> rhh;ngOj;J vd ,Utifg;gLk;. 51) KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d? m Kjy; xs tiu capu; vOj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk; . f; Kjy; d; tiu cs;s nka;naOj;Jfs; gj pndl ; Lk ; Mf p a Kg; g J vOj;JfSk; Kjy; vOj;JfshFk;. 52) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d? Kjy; vOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;J ,aq;Fk; vOj;Jfs;
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rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vdg;gLk ;. 53) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? caph;nka;> Ma;jk;> capusngil> xw;wsngil> Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wp a Y f u k ; > Ifhuf;FWf;fk;> xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> kfuf;FWf;fk;> Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vd g ; gj ;J tifg;gLk;.

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msngil
54) msngil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ x U nrhy;ypd; KjypYk; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; nel;nlOj;Jfs; jkf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;L xypf;Fk;. 55) msngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:1. capusngil> 2. xw;wsngil 56) capusngil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ me;j Xiria epiwT nra;a caph;neby; vOj;Jfs; V Ok; msngLf;Fk;. ,/J capusngil vdg;gLk;. 57) capusngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? %d;W tifg;gLk; mit 1. nra;Aspir msngil> 2. ,d;dpir msngil> 3. nrhy;ypir msngil. 58) nra;Aspir msngil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; ,iria 134

epiwf;ftUk; m s n g i l i a r ; nra;Aspir msngil vd;gh;.

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59) ,d;dpir msngil vd;why; vd;d? Xir Fiwahtpl;lhYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msngLj;jiy ,d;dpir msngil vd;gh;. 60) nrhy;ypir msngil vd;why; vd;d ? xU nrhy; kw;nwhU nrhy;yhfg; nghUs ; gl t Uk ; ms ngi l nrhy;ypir msngil vd;gh;. 61) xw;wsngil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwe;jhy; nka;naOj;JfSk; msngLf;Fk; . ,/J xw;wsngil vdg;gLk;. 62) Fwpg;G 1. nra;Aspir msngil ( ,irepiw msngil) nra;Aspd; Xiria

nka;naOj;Jfs; jtpug;gpw nka;naOj;Jfs; msngLf;Fk;. 63) vOj;Jtif khj;jpiu 1. caph;f;Fwpy;> caph;nka;f; Fwpy; - xd;W 2. capu;neby;>caph; nka; neby; - ,uz;L 3. nka;> Ma;jk; - miu 4. capusngil - %d;W 5. xw;wsngil - xd;W 64) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf: 1. cwh mh;f; FWNeha; ciug;gha;

- ,j;njhlhpy; nra;Aspir

te;Js;sJ .

epiwT nra;a <uir nfhz;l rPh;fshf kl;Lk; tUk;. (v.fh) coh mh;> glh mh;> ,d;dpir msngil - ,dpa ,irf;fhf %tir nfhz;l rPu;fshf kl;Lk; tUk;. (v.fh) nfLg;gJ}ck;> vLg;gJ}ck;.
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2. cLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck; ,y;yhh;f;F - ,f;Fwl;ghj; njhlhpy; msngil te;Js;sJ. 3. nrhy;ypir msngil ngah;r; nrhy; msngLj;J> tpidnar;rg; nghUspy; tUk;. , vd;Dk; vOj;jpy; KbT ngw;wpUf;Fk;. (v.fh) eir ,> epwP

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,d;dpir 3. nrhy;ypir msngiliaj; 4. r;> njhpT nra;f: l;> j;> g;> w;> vd;Dk; tudir, ,d;Dk; cs;Nsd;. MWk;> 65) nghUj;Jf: ,ilapdj;jpy ; h;> o; m. xw;wsngil muq;q;fk; vd;Dk; M. nra;Aspir msngil ,uz;Lk; Mf ,e;j cohmh; vl;L ,. ,d;dpir msngil cLg;gJ}ck; <. n r h y ; y p i r m s n g i l FbjoP, 66) epug;Gf 1. msngil vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F vd;gJ nghUs; msG khj;jpiu vil vLj;jy ,. xw;wsngil ty;ypdj;J f;>

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vOj;Jfspd; gpwg;G
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cuk;ngWk; td;ik - ed;D}y;> 75 Mtp - capnuOj;J ,ilik - ,ilapdk; kplW - fOj;J nkd;ik - nky;ypdk;

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73) ,uz;L cjLfs; nghUe;Jtjdhy; gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jfs;. g;> k;

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
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,ae;jpuk; 8. nlypNghd; - njhiyNgrp 76) jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf 1. Bend the tree while it is young Ie;jpy; tisahjJ> Ik;gjpy; tisAkh? 2. As is the mother, so is her daughter jhiag;Nghyg; gps;is> E}iyg; Nghy Nriy 3. A friend in need is a friend indeed caph;fhg;ghd; Njhod; 4. A man of courage never wants weapons ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;. 5. Blood is thicker than water jhd; Mlhtpl;lhYk; jd;jir MLk;.

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,ay;,uz; L nra;As; rpWgQ;r%yk;

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fz;tdg;Gf; f z ; N z h l ; l k ; > fhy;tdg;Gr; nry;yhik vd;w rpWgQ;r%yk; vd;w ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? fhhpahrhd; 78) nrhw;nghUs; 1. fz;Nzhl;lk; - ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy; 2. vz;tdg;G - Muha;r;rpf;F moF 3. tdg;G moF 4. fpsh;Nte;jd; GfOf;F chpa murd; 5. thl;lhd; tUj;jkhl;lhd; 79) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. fz;Nzhl;lk;> nry;yhik> ciuj;jy;> vd;wy; njhopw;ngah;fs; 2. Nfl;lhh;> thl;lhd; tpidah yizAk; ngah;fs; 80) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. Nfl;lhh; - Nfs; (l;) + l; + Mh; Nfs; - gFjp s; l; MdJ tpfhuk; l; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
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Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp mzp - nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp 81) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:fhhpahrhd;> kJiuj; jkpohrphpah; khf;fhadhhpd; khzth; vdr; rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; $WfpwJ. ,th;> rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;. ,tUk; fzpNkjhtpahUk; xU rhiy

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khdhf;fuhth;.ngUk;ghd;ik nghJ mwf;fUj;JfSk; rpWghd;ik rkz mwf;fUj;JfSk; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. 82) E}w; Fwpg;G :rpWgQ;r%yk; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,jd; Mrphpah; fhhpahrhd;. ,e;E}ypy;> flTs; tho;j;Jld; njhz;Z}w;NwO ntz; ghf;fs; cs;sd. fz;lq; fj;jphp> rpWtOJiz> rpWky;yp> ngUky;yp> neUQ;rp Mfpa Ie;J %ypifapd; Nth;fSk; cly; Nehiaj; jPh;g;gd. mJNghy> ,e;E}ypd; xt;nthU ghlypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;s Ie;J fUj;JfSk; kf;fs; kdNehiag; Nghf;Ftd. Mifahy; ,e;E}y; rpWgQ;r%yk; vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. epug;Gf: 1. gz;Zf;F moF _____ ed;nwd;wy; Nfl;Nlhh;. 2. gpwhplk; ,ue;J nry;yhik moF. fhYf; F

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5. Ee;ij Ek; je;ij 6. mltp fhL 7. jle;Njhs; typaNjhs; 8. kzpefh; mofpa efuk; 9. kUq;F gf;fk; 10. NfhyKW moF kpf;f 11. nrwpe;J mlh;e;J 12. fh fhL 13. FyT tpsq;Fk; 14. Qhyk; cyfk; 15. gz;zth; Njth; 16. muk;igah; Njt kfsph; 17. Qhdk; mwpT 18. Gd;ik ,ope;j jd;ik 19. tPW typik 20. rJuq;fr; Nrid ehy;tifg; gilfs; 21. kJunkhop ,dpa nkhop 22. Fryq;fs; Ngrp eyd; Nfl;ly; 85) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. khefh; chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; 2. rhh;e;jth; tpidahyizAk; ngah; 3. Ee;ij Ek; je;ij vd;gjd; k& c 4. mltp kiyahW ck;ikj; njhif 5. fle;J tpidnar;rk;
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6. jle;Njhs; chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; 7. ghyilAk; eWnea;Ak; NjDk; vz;Zk;ik 8. ePyKb> ed;nra;> Gd;nra; gz;Gj; njhiffs;

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9. gha;e;J> nrwpe;J tpidnar; rq;f s; 10. Qhynkyhk;> kf;fnsyhk; vy;yhk; vd;gjd; n jh F j;jy ; tpfhuk;. 11. fhj;jy; njhopw;ngah; 12. njhy;YyF gz;Gj; njhif 13. jhsKk; NksKk; vz;Zk;ik 14. gjkyh; cUtfk; 86) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. fle;J fl+ j;(e;)+ j; + c fl gFjp j; re;jp j; e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c tpidnar;r tpFjp 2. nry;thd; nry; + t; + Md; nry; gFjp t; vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Md; Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 87) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; jw;Nghija J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
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ghLnghUs;fspy; vz;zw;w ghly; ,aw;wpdhh;. Qhdujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij> juhR Kjypa ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; vOjpdhh;. ,th; 11 -0 9- 19 21 md;W es;spuT kiwe;jhh ;. 88) E}w;Fwpg;G:,g;ghlg;gFjp> ghujpahhpd; Kg;ngUk; gilg;GfSs; xd;whfpa ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vd;Dk; fhg;gpaj;jpd; #o;r;rpr; rUf;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. midtUk; mwpe;j ,jpfhrf; fijia vspa nrhw;fs;> vspa eil> vspa re;jk; Mfpatw;Wld; $ba ngz;Zhpikf fhg;gpakhfj; jkpopy; ghujp tbj;Jj; je;jNj ghQ;rhyprgjk;. tpahrhpd; ghujj;ijj jOtp vOjg; ngw;wJ. ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ,U ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J #o;r;rpr; rUf;fk;> #jhl;lr; rUf ; f k; > m b i kr ; rUf ; f k; > JfpYhpjy; rUf;fk;> rgjr; rUf;fk; vd Ie;J rUf;fq;fisAk;
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ehD}w;W g; ghly; fisAk; FWq;fhg;gpak;.

gd;dpuz;L nfhz;l

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2. gpb ngz; ahid RNjrkpj;jpud;> ,e;jpah Kjypa 3. mltp fhL ,jo;fspd; Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhh;. 4. kUq;F gf;fk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg; 5. tPW typik ghLg;gl;lhh;. 6. kJunkhop ,dpa nkhop 90) epug;Gf,f;fhyf; 1. ePL Japy; ePf;fg; ftpijfs ghbte;j epyh vdg; ghuhl;lg; ; (ciueil) ngw;wth; Mthh;. 92) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ______> Kk; ghujpahh; 2. JhpNahjdpd; je;ij tpiuthf tsh;e;jd. Mthh;. mwptpaYk;> ,yf;fpaKk; jpUjuhl;bud; 93) nra;As;> ciueil vd;Dk; ,U 91) nghUj;Jf 1. tdg;G moF tbtpYk; kyh;e;Js;sd. 89) rpwg;G: GJtif ghujpahh; ghl;lf;nfhU ,yf;fpaq;fs; Gytd;> ePLJapy; ePf;fg; 94) ciueilf;fhyk; vd;why; ghbte;j epyh> jw;fhy vd;d? ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Njrpaf;ftp> kfhftp ciueil t sj;ij f ; vd;nwy;yhk; Gfog;ngw;whh;. f Uj; jpw; nf hz ; L Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,f;fhyj;ij ciueilf; fhyk; vdyhk;.

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95)

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fj;jpy; ehL> nkhop> ,dk;> rKjhak;> fiy vd ve;j ve;jf; ftpQh; gytw;iwg; ghbdh;? ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ftpkzp Njrpfk; tpehafdhh;> ehkf;fy;> ,uhkypq;fdhh;. 96) ghujpapd; ftpijfs; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; vjw;F tpj;jhf mike;jdh;? mUk;gpa kWkyh;r;rpf;F 97) kd;dh;fis kl;LNk kfpo;tpj;J te;j ftpij kuig khw;wp> vspa kf;fis Nehf;fpf; ftpijf; f U t p i a j ; jpUg;gp mikj;j ngUik ahiur; rhUk;? ghujpahiur; rhUk; 98) ghujpjhrdpd; ftpijfs; ahit? jkpo;> jkpoh;> jkpOzh;T> rOjha kWkyh;r;rp> ngz; tpLjiy> jp u htp l , af ; f r ; rpe; j i d > nghJTilik 99) tpLjiy ,af;ff; ftpQh; ahh;? ehkf;fy; ftpQh; 100) Fwpg;G ftpijfspy; fhe;jpar; rpe;jidfs; kpsph;fpd;wd. ,th; jkpohpd;
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rpwg;igAk; jkpo;nkhopapd; ,dpik iaAk; Nrh;j;Jg; ghbdhh;? ehkf;fy; ftpQh; 101) tho;f;if rpwf;f xt;nthUtUk; xU njhopiyahtJ fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ ey;yJ vd typAWj;jpath; ahh;? ehkf;fy;yhh;

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Vw;wthW rpe;jid Gyth; Foe;ij> khw;wq;fSk ; r%f Kbaurd; KjypNahh; khw;wjpd; tpisNt ftpijfspy; gFj;jwpT Nehf;Fk; GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; ,yq;ff; fhzyhk;. 109) mnkhpf;ff; ftpQh; Kw;Nghf;Fr; thy;l;tpl;kdpd; rpe;jidAk rhaypy; trd ftpij ; jkpOzh;Tk; vOjpath; 103) ctikf;ftpQh; vd rpwg;Gg; ahh;? ngw;wth; ghujpahh; ahh;? Rujh 104) Rujh ghly;fspy; ,ilapy; fye;J tUtJ vJ? tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfSk;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fq;fSk;. 105) R u j h a h i u ctikfshy; ghuhl;bAs;shh;? kiwkiyabfshiu 106) g h u j p j h r i d j ; n j h l h ; e ; J ,aw;ifapd; moif vopYwg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltjpy; ahUila ftpijfs; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd? thzpjhrd; 107) k u G f ; f t p i j f s ; G i d e ; J jkpod;idf;F NkYk; tsKk; ngUikAk; ahh; Nrh;j;Js;sdh;? Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh;> gl;Lf; N f h l ;i l f ; fy;ah zR e;j uk; > ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;> jkpo;xsp 108) kdpjFy tsh;r;rpf;F 142 102)

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110) ghujpjhrdpd; ciueilfs; midj;Jk; nfhz;lit? ftpijeil 111) jkpopy; GjpanjhU tbtk; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jit? Nkiy ehl;L ,yf;fpaj ; njhlh;Gk;> rKjhar; #o;epiyAk; 112) Gjpa Mq;fpyf; ftpijfisg; gbj;j jkpouJ rpe;jidapy; ve;jf; ftpijfs; kyh;e;J kzk; gug;gpd? GJf;ftpijfs; 113) k zp f ; n f h b vd;Dk; ,jopy; GJf;ftpij vOjpath; ahh;? e.gpr;r%h;j;jp> GJikg;gpj;jd;> F.g. ,uhrNfhg h yhd;> f.eh.Rg;gpu kzpad;. 114) vOj;J vd;Dk; GJf;ftpijfisg; gilj;jth; ahh;? v];.itj;jP];tud;> jUK rptuhK> kzp> rp.R nry;yg;gh KjypNahh; Mth;. 115) Nfhitapy; thdk; ghbf; FOtpdh; ve;jf; ftpijiag; gutyhf;fg; ghLgl;ldh;? GJf;ftpi j
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116)

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nrag;gpufhrk;> gpugQ;rd;> ghyh> Nfh.uh[huhk; vd tsUk; ngUk; gl;baiyf; nfhz;lJ thdk;ghb ,af;fk;. ,th;fsJ tUiff;Fg; gpd;dh; GJf;ftpij> rKjhak; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Xh; ,yf;fpa tifahfr; rpwg;Gw;wJ. 118) epug;Gf:1. fhe;jpaf; ftpQh; vdg; Nghw;wg; gLgth; ehkf;fy; ftpQh; 2. GJf;ftpij tsh;r;rpapy; gq;F Nghw;wj;jf;fJ. ty;ypf;fz;zd;

fz;zjhr d; 121) tho;f;ifAk; tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa rpe;jidfSNk ______ Fhpa nghUs;fshk;. ftpijf;Fhp a

fz;zjhrd; ftpapd;gk; (Jizg;ghlk; )

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122)

coth; ngUkf;fspd; ,y;yj;Nj vOfpd;w gy;NtW xirfs; > xj;J xypf;fpd;wd? ,iaGj; njhilAk;> ,ireaKk; 123) f z; zjh r d ; gilg;GfSk;> rpwg;GfSk; . Kj;ijah v d ;w , a w ; n g ah ; nfhz;l fz;zjhrd;> rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpYs;s rpW $ly;gl;b vd;Dk; rpw;W}hpy; 24.06.1927 vd;W gpwe;jhh;. ngw;Nwhh; rhj;jg;gd; tprhyhl;rp Mth;. fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs; gy njhFjpfshf ntsp te;Js;sd. mth;jk; jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; E}y; tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd. 124) Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp> khq;fdp> fy;yf;Fb khfhtpak;> ,NaR fhtpak; Kjypad mth; gilj;j neLq; ftpij E}y;fs;. ,uhrjz;lid vd;gJ> fk;gh; mk;gpfhgjp tuyhw;iw mbg;gil ahff; nfhz;L> mth;gilj;j ,dpaehlfk;. Mapuk; jPT
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mq;faw; fz;zp> Ntyq;Fbj; jpUtpoh Kjypa gy Gjpdq; fisAk; fz;zjhrd; gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mth; vOjpa ,UgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Gjpdq;fspy; Nrukhd; fhjyp rpwe;j tuyhw;Wg; GjpdkhFk;. mjw;Fr; rhfpj;jp a mfhjkpapd; ghpR fpilj ;Js;sJ . fz;zjhrd ; njd;wy;> Ky;iy> fz;zjhrd;

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jkpo;kyh; Kjypa ,jo;fs; njhlq;fp> mtw;Wf;F Mrphpauhf ,Ue;J rpwe;j ,jo;g;gzp Mw;wpAs;shh;. ftpijapYk; ciueilapYk; nrhw; nghoptpYk; jpiug;glj; JiwapYk; jkf;nfd xU Gjpa topapid tFj;Jf; nfhz;L jiy epkph;e;J epd;wth; fz;zjhrd;. mth; jk; ftpijfshy; vd;nwd;Wk; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;. ehd; epue;jpukhdtd; moptjpy;iy. ve;j epiyapYk; vdf;F kuzkpy;iy. - fz;zjhrd

vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ehd;F tifg;gLk; mit 1. vz;zy; msit> 2. vLj;jy; msit> 3. Kfj;jy; msit> 4. ePl;ly; msit.

MFg;ngah; (,yf;fzk; )
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129) vz;zy; msit MFngah;f;F (v.fh) jUf xd;W ngw;why; xspkak; 130) vLj;jy; msit MFngah;f;F (v.fh) jUf? Ie;J fpNyh vd;d tpiy? 131) Kfj;jy; msit MFngah;f;F (v.fh) jUf? ehd;F ypl;lh; Njit 132) e P l ; l y ; msit MFngah;f;F (v.fh) jUf?

%d;W kPl;lh; nfhL vz;zysit MFngah; 133) nrhy;yhF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? 2. japiu ,wf;F. ,j;njhlh; ts;Sth; nrhy; tho;f;iff;F MFngah; MFk;. ,dpJ. ,j;njhlhpy; ts;Sth; jhdpahF ngah; nrhy; vd;gJ> nrhy;iyf; 3. jhdk; jhdpf;F Fwpf;fhJ (nghUSf;F) nghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp te;jjhy ;. Mfp tUtJ MFngah;. 134) jhdpahFngah; vd;why; vd;d? ,lthF ngah; ghiy ,wf;F ghypd; ngah; 140) nghUj;Jf:ghiyf; Fwpf;fhky; ghj;jpuj;ijf; (jhdp) mJ rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; Fwpf;fpwJ. Xh; ,lj;jpy; ,lj;jpw;Fg; ngauhfp cs;s xU nghUspd; ngah;
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137) fUj;jhthF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? jp Uts ;Stiu g ; g bj ;J g ;g h h ; ,j;njhlhpy; jpUts;Sth; vd;gJ mtuhy; ,aw;wg; ngw;w E}Yf;F Mfpte;jjhy; f U j ; j h t h F ngauhapw;W. 138) ctikahF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? xUtiug; ghh;j;J > ehjh; tUfpwhh; vdy; . 139) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:1. ehYkpuz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp ,j;njhlh; MFk;.

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tUtJ. 135) fUtpahF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? aho; Nfl;L kfpo;e;jhs;. ,j; njhlhpy; aho; vd;Dk; fUtp ,irf;F Mfp te;jjhy;. 136) fhhpathF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? ehd; rikay; fw;Nwd;. ,q;Fr; rikay; vd;Dk; fhhpaj;jpd; ngah; mjd; fhuzj;jpw;Fg; (fUtpf;F) ngauhfp t U t J fhhpat hF ngah;.

1. Kfj;jy; msit MFngah; ,uz;L ypl;lh; jh. 2. ctikahF ngah; - fhis tUfpwhd; 3. nrhy;yhF ngah; nghpNahh; nrhy; Nfs; 4. vLj;jy; msit MFngah; - gj;Jf; fpuhk; nfhL

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
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3. ahid Nfhgk; nfhz;L 4. ePjp jtwhj kd;dd; (gpspW) tpil: gpspwpw;W 5. New;Wg; nga;j kio 4. Njrpq;Fuhrh ghuhrhhpf; 144) tpidKw;iwg; nganur;rkhf Fjpiuia khw;Wf (v.fh) New;W kjpaofd; (mlf;F) te;jhd;. New;W te;j tpil : kjpaofd;. mlf;fpdhH 5. ,e;jpa mzp New;iwa 1. vopyd; tiue;jhd; fhy; ge;Jg; Nghl;bapy; 2. mg;gh rpdk; nfhz;lhh; ntw;wp (ngW) tpil: 3. vopy; ghk;igf; fz;lhs; ngw;wJ 142) milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; cs;s nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlUf;Nfw;g khw;Wf:4. Fjpiu tpiuthf XbaJ 1. mth; (tpiuT) te;Jk; 5. Fuq;Ffs; jhtpf; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f Fjpj;jd ,aytpy;iy. tpilfs;: (ePq;fs; Kaw;rp 2. khzth;fSf;Fg; nra;aTk;) ghprspf;FkhW ,ay; %d;W ______ ( j i y t h ; ) nra;As; - GwehD}W Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;. 3. Foe;ijfs; (ngw;Nwhh; 148) njz;fly; tshfk; nghJik ) ,d;wp khpahij jUjy; Ntz;Lk;. 4. vupa 4. mLg;G ed;whf (vhp) tpwF 5. vspikiaf; fha;e;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 143) nganur;rj;ij tpidKw;whf 5. v jpY k ; ______ (vspik) khw;wp vOJf: filg;gpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (v.fh) tdg;G kpf;f Nrhiy. tpilfs;: Nrhiy tdg;G kpf;fJ. 1. tpiue;J 1. Js;sp Xba Gs;spkhd; 2. jiytiuf; 2. kpfTk; ,dpj;j gok; 3. ngw;NwhUf;F 3. kuq;fs; epiwe;j fhL
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vd;w GwehD}W ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh; ef;fPudhh;. 149) nrhw;nghUs; :1. epow;wpa - epoy; nra;j 2. eLehs;ahkk; - es;spuT 3. JQ;rhd; - Japyhd; 4. kh - tpyq;F 5. fy;yh - fy;tpawptpy;yhj 6. ehop - msTg;ngah; 7. <jy; - nfhLj;jy; 8. Ja;g;Ngk; - Efh;Nthk; 9. jg;Ge - ,of;f 150) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G :1. ntz;Fil - gz;Gj;njhif 2. fy;yh xUtw;Fk; <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;

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jpUKUfhw;W g; giliaAk; 3. ehop MFngah; neLey; thiliaAk; 4. <jy; - njhopw; ,aw;wpath;. ,g;ghlypy; ngah; ,th;> 5. Ja;g;Ngk; cyfpay; cz;ikiaf; $wpAs;shh;. jd;ikg; gd;ik 153) E}w;Fwpg;G:tpidKw;W GwehD}W Gwk; + ehd;F + 151) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; E}W Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W 1. JQ;rhd; - JQ;R+ (M)+ ghly; fisf; nfhz;ljdhy; Md; JQ;R gFjp GwehD}W vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. M vjph;kiw ,ilepiy M Gwk; vd;gJ kiwe;j J Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. <jy; - < + jy; < - gFjp jy; njhopw;ngah; tpFjp 3. Ja;g;Ngk; - Ja; + g; + g; + Vk;> Ja; gFjp g; - re;jp g; vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Vk; jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp 152) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh; ef;fPudhh;. ,th; ,iwadhh; vOjpa fstpaYf;F ciu fz;lth;@ gj;Jg;ghl;Ls; 144

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xUthpd; tPuk;> nfhil> fy;tp Kjypa rpwg;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,/J vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,e;E}ypYs;s ghly;fs; gy; NtW Gy t h; f s h y ; g h l g ; ngw;wit. ,g;ghly;fs; thapyhfg; gz;ilj; jkpo; kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;G> tPuk;> nfhil> fy;tp Kjypatw;iw mwpayhk;. ,e;E}ypd; r p y ghly;fis [ p . A . N g h g ; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.

; 157) gphpj;jwpjy; :1. MusT = mUik + msT 2. fUq;Nfhy; = fUik + Nfhy; 3. ngUe;Njd; = ngUik + Njd;

FWe;njhif (NjtFyj;jhh;)
154) epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W vd;w FWe;njhif ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;? NjtFyj;jhh;. 155) nrhw;nghUs;:1. ePH fly; 2. fUq;Nfhy; - fUik epwKila nfhk;G 3. cah;e;jd;W cah;e;jJ 4. mstpd;W - mstpidAilaJ 156) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. epyj;jpDk;> thdpDk;> ePhpDk; - cah;Tr; rpwg;Gk;ikfs; 2. fUq;Nfhy;> ngUe;Njd; gz;Gj; njhiffs 145

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158) E}w;Fwpg;G :FWik + njhif = FWe;njhif. Fiwe;j mbasthy; ghlg; ngw;w ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng FWe;njhif. ,e;E}y;> vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,jpy;> flTs; tho;j;Jld; ehD}w;nwhU ghly;fs; cs;sd. mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa ghly;fisg; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j Gyth; fs; ghbAs;shh;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; Fiwe;j msthf ehd;fbfisAk; mjpf msthf vl;L mbfisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;E}iyj; njhFj;jth; g+hpf;Nfh. ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh; ,e;E}Yf;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbAs;shh;. ,g;ghlyh rphpah; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; fpilf;f tpy;iy. ,e;E}y; thapyhfg; gz;ilj; jkpohpd; ,y;tho;f;if> xOf;fk;> kfsph; khz;G> mwTzh;T Kjypatw;iw mwpayhk; 159) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:1. vl;Lj;njhif E}y; FWe;njhi f
144

jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;

161) jkpo;g;Gyth;fs; ,iwtDf;Fk ; jkpOf;Fk; cs;s gpizg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jNt Guhzk;

2. FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 40 1 3. FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd; mbtiu 4-8 160) Ie;jpiz 1. FwpQ;rp> 2. Ky;iy> 3. kUjk;> 4. nea;jy; 5. ghiy.

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Kjypa Guhzq;fis ,aw;wpajhff; nfhs;syhk;. jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; 162) Gyth; jk; Gyikj; jpwj;ij mwpa , i w t i d N t z ; b r ; ______ ngw;wdh;. rq;fg; gyifiag; 163) tq;fpa Nrfu ghz;badpd; kfd; ______ kJiuapy; murhl;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;wdh; ahh;? tq;fpa #lhkzpghz;bad; 164) #lhkzpghz;baDf;Fr; vd;Dk; ngah; toq;fyhapw;W. rz;gfg; ghz;bad; 165) nrhw;nghUs;:1. itia ehltd; - ghz;bad; 2. ca;a - gpiof;f 3. ,ue;J nrg;gpdhd; - gzpe;J Ntz;bdhd; 4. njd;dtd;Fynja;tk; nrhf;fehjd;(m) Re;jughz;bad; 5. ,d;dy; - Jd;gk; 6. ey;fpdhh; - mspj;jhh; 7. ,iwQ;rp - gzpe;J 8. msf;fpy; Nfs;tpahh; mstw;w Nfs;tpawptpdh;. 9. rpuk; Jsf;fp - jiyarj;J

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10. kPdtd; - kPd;nfhbia cila ghz;bad; 11. tpGjh; - Gyth; 12. J}q;fpa - njhq;fpa 13. nghw;fpop - nghd; Kbg;G 14) ek;gp - jUkp 15. Gwk;G - ntspapy; 16. igAs; - tUj;jk; 17. gdtd; - me;jzd; 18. fz;lk; - fOj;J 19. tOT ghly; - Fw;wKs;s ghly; 20. Mh;mit - (Gyth;fs;) epiwe;j mit 21. fpsj;jpNdd; - nrhd;Ndd; 22. rPuzp - Gfo;tha;e;j 23. Ntzp - nrQ;ril 24. Xuhd; - czuhd; 25. mw;Fw;w - (my;F + cw;w ) ,Uisnahj;j 26. ehw;wk; - eWkzk; 27.Foy; - $e;jy; 28. my;F - ,uT 29. Vj;Jk; - tzq;Fk; 30. Qhdg;g+q;Nfhij cikak;ik 31. f w ; i w t h h ; r i l a h d ; rptngUkhd; 32. ck;guhh; gjp - Njth; jiytd; (,e;jpud;) 33. Ejy; tpop - new;wpf;fz; 34 . n g h w ; g q ; f a j ; j l k ; nghw;whgpkiuf Fsk; 35. ehtyd; - Gyth;

36. fue;jhd; - kiwe;jhd;.

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166) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. ciuj;J> ,ue;J tpidnar;rq;fs; 2. nrhy;yp> ,iwQ;rp tpidnar;rq;fs; 3. tpsf;fp> rpwe;J tpidnar;rq;fs; 4. kfpo;e;j - njhopw;ngah; 5. J}q;fpa> Ma;e;j nganur;rq;fs; 6. Neh;e;J - tpidnar;rk; 7. nfhz;L> itj;J tpidnar;rq;fs; 8. Nehf;fp - tpidnar;rk; 9. fpsj;jpNdd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W 10. Njuhf;fPud; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 11. Gidkyh; - tpidj;njhif 12. gw;Wthd;> mQ;rhd; - tpid ahyizAk; ngah;fs; 13. Fw;wk; - njhopw;ngah; 14. Nja;e;j> gha;e;j> Ma;e;j> fha;e;j - nganur;rq;fs; 15. tpOe;J - tpidnar;rk; 16. nre;jP> ntk;ik gz;Gj; njhiffs; 167) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. ,ue;J = ,u + j;(e;)+ j; + c ,u - gFjp j; re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;j fhy 147

,ilepiy c tpidnar;r tpFjp 2. ey;fpdhh; - ey;F + ,d; + Mh; ey;F - gFjp ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy

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Mh; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp 3. tpsf;fp - tpsf;F + , tpsf;F - gFjp , - tpidnar;r tpFjp 4. J}q;fpdhd; - J}q;F + ,d; + Md; J}q;F - gFjp ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 5. gw;Wthd; - gw;W + t; + Md; gw;W - gFjp t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 6. Njuhd; - Njh; + M + Md; Njh; - gFjp M - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy (kiwe;jJ) Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 7. Nja;e;j - Nja; + j;(e;) + j; + m Nja; gFjp j; re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m - nganur;r tpFjp 168) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; ehif

khtl;lj; jpYs;s jpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz; ak;) vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;jhh;. jkpopYk; tlnkhopapYk; Gyik ngw;wth;. ,thpd; je;ijahh; kPdhl;rp Re;ju Njrpfh; Mthh;. guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; Jwtpahfpr; rpthyaq;fs; NjhW k; nrd;W

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,iwtid topgl;L te;jhh;. mt;thW kJiu efhpid mile;J kPdhl;rp mk;kidAk; NrhkRe;juf; flTisAk; tzq;fpath;. me;efupNyNa rpyfhyk; jq;fpapUe;jhh;. me;efuj;jhh; mtiuf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljw;F ,zq;f jpUtpisahlw Guhzj;ij ,aw; wpdhh;. me;E}iyr; rptngUkhd; jpUf;Nfhtpypd; vjpNu c s ;s mWfhy; gPlj;jpy; ,Ue;J tlnkhop> njd; nkhopg;Gyth; ahtUk; Nghw;w muq;Nfw;wpdhh;. ,th; jpUtpisahlw; Nghw;wpf;fyp ntz;gh> kJiug;gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp Kjypa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. 169) E}w;Fwpg;G:jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;> kJiuf; fhz;lk; (gjpndl;Lg; glyk;)> $lw;fhz;lk; (Kg;gJ glyk;)> jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; ( gjpdhW glyk;) vd;Dk; Kg;ngUk; gFjp fisAk; glyk; vd;Dk; mWgj;J ehd;F cl;gphpTfisAk; cilaJ. ,j p y ; %thapuj;J Ke;E}w;W mWgj;J %d;W tpUj;jg; ghf;fs; cs;sd. kJiuapy; ,iwtd; epfo;j;jpa m W g j; J ehd;F jpUtpisahly;fis149

,g;glyq;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,e;E}y;> ,iwtdpd; jpUtpisah ly;fis tpsf;fp vOe;j E}y;fSs; tphpthdJk; rpwg;ghdJk; MFk;. njhileak; gj;jpr;Rit kpf;f ,e;E}Yf;F e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ciunaOjpAs;shh;.

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170) epug;Gf:1.j pUtpisahl w ; Guhzj;i j ,aw;wpath; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; 2. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy; fhz;lq;fs; cs;sd. 1. kJiuf; fhz;lk;> 2. $ly; fhz;lk;> 3. jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; 3. ,iwtdplk; ghliyg; ngw;Wr; nrd;wth; jUkp 4. nghw;fpop ngwr;nrd;w jUkpiaj; jLj;jth; ef;fPudh; 5. cly; KOtJk; fz;fis Ailath; rptngUkhd; 171) nghUj;Jf :1. kJiuf;fhz;lk; gjpndl;Lg; glyk; 2. $ly;fhz;lk; - Kg;gJ glyk; 3. jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; gjpdhW glyk;

tha;e;jJ. njhd;ik 173) goq;fhye; njhl;Nl jkpoh; ve;j thzpfj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jdh;. cs;ehl;L> may;ehl;L

flw;gazk; (ciueil)
172) jkpo; ehl;L thzpf tuyhW kpfTk;
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174) cs;ehl;L thzpfj;ij tpl ve;j ehl;L thzpfk; tUtha; kpFjpahf cs;sJ? may;ehl;L thzpfj;jpNyNa 175) vd;Dk; xsit nkhopAk;> vd;Dk; fzpad; g+q;Fd;wd; nkhopAk;> jkpoh;fspd; cyfshtpa rpe;jidf;Fk; gd;dhl;Lj; njhlh; Gf;Fk; rhd;Wfshk;. jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL> ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph; 176) goq;fhyj;jpy; jkpoh; gpwehL fSf;Ff; flw;gazk; Nkw; nfhz;l nra;jp tof;fk; vdj; njhy; fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ke;ePh; tof;fk; 177) goe;jkpoh; vijj; jk; flikahff; fUjpdh;? nghUsPl;Lj iy 178) njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws; s ve;j gphpT tpsf;FfpwJ. nghUs;tapw; gphpT 179) gphpT vj;jid tifg;gLk; ? mit ahit? fhypy; (jiutopg;gphpjy;) gphpT> fyj;jpy; ( ePh;topg;gphpjy;) gphpT
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VyKk; ,ytq;fKk; 190) flypy; nry;Yk; ngupa fg;gy; ,Q;rpAk; kpsFk; ve;j vdg;gLk ehLfspy; ey;y tpiyf;F ;. tpw;fg;gl;ld. ehtha; Nkw;fhrpa 191) Fwpg;G:ehLfs; Gfhh; efuj;jpy; 183) jkpo;ehl;by;> gpwehl;lhs; epWj;jg;gl;l ehtha;fs;> cs;sj;ijf; ftUk; gy miyfshy; miyg; Gz;L kpFjpahff; fpilj;jd? mit fl;Lj;jwpapy; fl;lg;gl;l ahit? ahid mirtJ Nghy; Kj;Jk; gtsKk; MuKk; mire;jd. mtw;wpd; mfpYk; ntz;JfpYk; rq;Fk; cr;rpapy; nfhbfs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fd. mire;J Mbd vdg; 184) goe;jkpoh;> fpNuf;fiuAk; gl;bdg;ghiy cNuhkhdp $Wfpd;wJ . aiuAk; vd 192) jkpofj;jpy; eilngw;W mioj;jdh;? atdh; te;j thzpfj;jpd; gadhfg; gy Jiw 185) xt;nthU nghpa fg;gYk; Kfq;fs; flw;fiug; vg;gb gl;bdq; Njhd;Wk;. fshfr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpd. mtw;Ws; kjpy; #o;e;j Nfhl;il Nghy > Mfpait Fwpg;gplj; 186) goq;fhyj;jpNyNa jkpofj;jpy jf;fd. ; gytifahd fl;lg;gl;l fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdk;> Krpwp> d. nfhw;if fg;gy;fs; 193) Krpwp ahUila JiwKfk;? 187) Nfhilapd; Njhw;wkhdJ> 188) fliyf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; eLf; fl y p y ; n r y ; Y k ; ahit? f g ; g Y f ; F ctikahfg; Mop> Mh;fyp> Ke;ePh;> $wg;gl;L cs;sJ. thuzk;> GWehD}w;wpy ngstk;> guit> ; Gzhp. 182)

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189)

kuf;fyj;Jf;Fk; Nrukd;dh;f;Fhpa jkpo;nkhopapy; gy ngah;fs; J. cs;sd mit? 194) vd;Dk; nghpa fg;gy;> fyk;> fl;Lkuk;> Mw;wpy; atdh;fspd; ehtha;> glF> ghprpy;> Giz> kuf;fyq;fs;> Mw;Wj; Njhzp> njg;gk;> jpkpy;> Jiwfs; fyq;fpg; NghFk;gb mk;gp> tq;fk;> te;J epd;wd. Rs;s p 195) mf;fyq;fSf;F chpa atdh;fs; nghd;idr; Rke;J te;J> mjw;F <lhf kpsif Vw;wpr; nrd;whh;fs;. vd;w ,r;nra;jpia ______ njhptpf;fpwJ. mfehD}W 196) ghz;ba ehl;bd; tsk; ngUf;fpaJ ve;jj; JiwKfk;. nfhw;i f kpjit> g/wp> Xlk; vd;gd. 148

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197) ntdpR ehl;lwpQh; ahh;? khh;f;NfhNghNyh 198) tpise;J Kjph;e;j tpOKj;J vd;W Kj;jpid rpwg;ghff; $wpaJ ahh;? kJiuf; fhQ;rp 199) fly; fle;j jkpo; 1. jkpo; - fpNuf;fk; 2. mhprp - xiu]h 3. fUt+h; - fNuhuh 4. fhtphp - fgphpy; 5. Fkhp - nfhkhhp 6. Nrhgl;bdk; - Nrhgl;dh 7. njhz;b - jpz;b]; 8. kJiu - kNjhuh 9. Krpwp - Krphpy; 200) flw;fiuia mLj;J ,Uf;Fk; csh;fs; fyq;fiu tpsf;fk; 201) goe;jkpofj;jpd; t h z p f g ; nghUs;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; vq;Ff; fhzg;Lfpd;wd. gl;bdg; ghiyapYk; kJiuf;fhQ;rpapYk; Vw;wkjpahd nghUs;fSs; fPo; fhz;git? ,uj;jpdk;> Kj;J> ituk;> kpsF> fUq;fhyp> fUkUJ> Njf;F> re;jdk;> ntz; Jfpy;> mhprp> Vyf;fha;> ,ytq;fg;gl;il> ,Q;rp.
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204) ______vd;Dk; ghujpapd; fdT ,d;W edthfp cs;sJ? Nkiyf;fly; KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;. 205) nghUj;Jf:ehL JiwKfk; 1. NruehL Krpwp 2. NrhoehL fhtphpg;g+k; gl;bdk; 3. ghz;baehL nfhw;if 206) kuGj;njhlh;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpfspy; mikf;f:1. ifte;jfiy : 2. mj;jp g+j;jhw;Nghy : 3. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp : 207) ,UnghUs; vOJf: 1. jpiu > > 2. > > fypq;fk; 202) jkpofj;jpy; vd;d ,wf;Fkjp Mapd. rPdj;Jg; gl;Lk; rUf;fiuAk;. 203) v e ; j g ; gy;fiyf;fofj;jp d ; thapyhfg; gl;lk;> gl;laf;fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;ngw;W tUfpd;wd? fly;rhh; gy;fiyf;fofk;

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3. fiy > > 4. ftp > > 208) jpizAk; - epyKk; 1. FwpQ;rp - kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j ,lKk; 2. kUjk; - taYk; tay;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 3. nea;jy; - flYk; fly;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 4. ghiy - kzYk; kzy;rhh;e;j ,lKk;

nfyd; nfy;yh ; (Jizg;ghlk; )

209) mnkhpf;fhtpd; Gfo;ngw;w vOj;jhsuhfTk; murpay; <LghL nfhz;ltuhfTk; tpsq;fpath; ahh;? nfyd; nfy;yh;

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210) ,e;j cyfj;jpy; mikjp 218) ______ epjp vd xd;wi dj ; kyu Ntz;Lk; vdf; Nfl;Ngd; njhlq;fp> mjpy; Nrh;e;j - vd;wth; ahh;? njhifahd nfyd; &gha; x d ; w i u f ; Nfhbia 211) gj;njhd;gJ khjf; mg;gs;spfSf;F toq;fpdhh;. Foe;ijahf nfyd; nfy;yh; epjp ,Ue;j NghJ nfyd; 219) ghh;itaw;NwhUf;nfd ve;j nfy;yUf;F Vw;gl;l nfhba E}yfk; xd;wid Neha; vJ? fz;fs; ghuh> cUthf;fp> fhJfs; Nfsh> c y f k ; KOtjpYk; ,Ue;J tha;NgrhJ. E}y;fs; te;J Ftpa Vw;ghL 212) nfyd; nfy;yUf;F MW nra;jhh;. tajhd Njrpa E}yfk;. N g h J ah Uil a cj tpa hy ; 220) tho;f;ifapy; ,og;G ngh;fpd;]; gs;spapy; vd;gNj Nrh;e;jhh;? ,y;iy@ xd;W Nghdhy; mnyf;rhz;lh; ,d;ndhd;W tUk;. me;j fpufhk;ngy; ek;gpf;ifapUe;jhy; tho;f;if 213) nfydpd; Mrphpah; ahh;? ntWik MfhJ vdf; md;dpry;ypthd; $wpath; ahh;? nfyd; 214) gh];ldpy; cs;s fhJ 221) ePq;fs; fz;ghh;it mw;wtuhfTk; NfshNjhUf;fhd fhJ NfshjtuhfTk; ,Ue;Jk; gs;spapYk; $l > epa+ahh;f;fpy; cs;s gs;sp vg;gb cq;fshy; rhjpf;f Kbe;jJ apYk; Kiwg;gb gapd;whh;. vd nfydplk; Nfl;lJ ahh;? fy;Y}hp EioTj; N j h ; t p y ; N`hu];khd; iul;`{khrd; ntw;wp 215) nfyd;> ve;j Kiwapy; vOjTk; ngw;W> gbf;fTk; fw;whh;? ,sq;fiyg;gl;l tFg;gpy; Nrh;e;jJ gpnua;yp gl;lKk; ngw;whh;? 216) Mrphpia md;dp mspj;j Nfk;gphpl;[; nul;fpsp/g; gaw;rpapd; gadhf> ve;jf;
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217)

fz;zpoe;NjhUf;Fk;> tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp fhJNfsh Njhh;f;Fk; my;Yk; 222) Mrphpah; md;dp ve;j Mz;L gfYk; mauhJ cioj;jth; ,we;jhh;? ahh;? 1930 Mk; Mz;L nfyd; 223) md;dp ,we;j gpwF nfyd; ahH cjtpAld; tho;e;jhh;? ghyp jhk;rd; 224) nfyd; ve;j efhpd; Gfo; ngw;w ngz;kzpahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;? th\pq;ld; 225) nfyd; nfy;yh; xU ehs; flTspd; mUshy; vj;jid ehs; kl;;LNk jkf;Fg; ghh;it fpl;bajhff; fdT fz;lhh;? %d;W ehs; kl;Lk;

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226) K j y ; ehs; nfyd; nfy;yh; ghh;j;jJ ahh;? Mrphpah; 227) ,uz;lhtJ ehs; nfyd; nfy;yh; Njhd;Wtjidf; fz;lhh;. fjputd ; 228) nfyd; ahUila Gfo; ngw;w fiyQh;fspd; Xtpaq;fisAk; fiyg; nghUs;fisAk; fz;L kfpo;e;jth; ahH? ypadhh; Nlh lhtpd;rp 229) nfyd; ahUila ehlfj;ijg; ghh;j;jhh ;. nrfg;gphpaUila 230) %d;whtJ ehs; ghh;j;jhit? efhpd; fpof;Fg; gf;fj;jpYs;s Mw;Wg;ghyj;ij cw;W Nehf;fpdhh;. epa+ahh;f;fpy; cs;s fk;gPukhd ,ul;ilf; NfhGuf; fl;llj;ijf; fz;L fspj;jhh;. kf;fspd; Kfj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; kfpo;r;rp> Jd;gj;ijg; ghh;j;J
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Ghpe;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. 231) Fwpg;G:1880 #d; 27 ,y; mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s myghkh khfhzj;jpy; J];Fk;gp ahtpy; gpwe;J> rhjidahsuhfj; jpfo;e;j nfyd;> 1968 Mk; Mz;L #d; Kjy; ehs; ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhh;. mtuJ cly; th\pq;ldpy; md;dp > ghyp MfpNahu J cly;fSf;F mUNf ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

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232) cyfpd; vl;lhtJ mjprak; vdg; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wth; ahh;? nfyd; nfy;yh; 233) ghh;itaw;NwhUf;fhd vOj;J Kiwia cUthf;fpath; ahh;? gpnua;yp

ngah;r;nrhy; (,yf;fzk; ) njhopw;ngah ;

234) ngah;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fs;> njhopw; ngah;fisf; $Wf? khjtp> Nfhtyd; ngah;r;nrhw;fs; fz;L> kfpo;e;jhd; - tpidr;nrhw;fs; Mly; - vd;gJ njhopw;ngah; 235) Mly; gphpj;njOJf: ML + my; 236) njhopw;ngaiuf; Fwpf;f tUk; tpFjpfs;: jy;>my;> mk;> I> if> it> F> G> c> jp> rp> tp> cs;> fhL> ghL> muT> Mid> ik> J vd;gd. 237) ngWjy; = ngW + jy; Ml;lk; = ML + mk; gwit = gw + it Nghf;F = Ngh + F Njhw;wuT = Njhw;W +
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muT gha;j;J = gha; + J Nfhly; = NfhL + my; tho;f;if = tho; + if Gspg;G = Gsp + G tuT = tu + c Nfhl;ghL = Nfhs; + ghL Nfshid = Nfs; + Mid

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238) njhopw;ngah; tiffs; ahit? njhopw;ngah; ,Utifg;gLk; 1). Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; 2). Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; 239) Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; vd;why; vd;d ? njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfNs ,y;yhky;> gFjp kl;Lk; te;J> njhopiy czh;j;JtJ K j d p i y j ; njhopw; ngah;. 240) Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; vd;why; vd;d? njhopw;ngahpd; Kjdpiyahfpa gFjp jphpe;J tUtJ Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw; ngauhFk;. 241) tpidahyizAk; ngah; vd;why; vd;d ? tpidKw;W> tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpid nra;jtiuf; F w p g ; g J t p i d a h y i z A k ; ngah;. 242) njhopw;ngah;f;Fk;> tpidahyiz Ak; ngah;f;Fk; cs;s
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NtWghLfs;
njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah njhopYf;Fg; njhopy; nra;gtUf;Fg; ngauha; ngauha; tUk;. tUk;. glHf;if %tplq;fspYk; tUk;. ,lj;jpy; tUk;. fhyq;fhl;lhJ. Kf;fhyj;ijAk;

243) gz;Gg; ngah; vjd; fhl;Lk;. mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;? gz;ig czh;j;Jk; ngah; gz;Gg; ngah;. mWtifg; ngah;fSs;

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xd;whd gz;Gg; ngah; epwk;> Rit> msT> tbtk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;. 1. nrk;ik> ntz;ik> fUik epwg; gz;G 2. tl;lk;> rJuk;> $k;G> nrt;tfk; tbtg;gz;G 3. xd;W> miu> fpNyhkPl;lh; msTg; gz;G 4. fhuk;> Gspg;G> ,dpg;G Ritg; gz;G 244) gz;Gg; ngah; tpFjpfs; ik> I> rp> G> c> F> wp> W> mk;> eh;> gk;> J> kd;> ,y; vd;gd gz;Gg; ngah; tpFjpfs;. 245) Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fs; ? Ntw;Wik cUGfs; I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; vd;gd. ,tw;iwf; Fwpj;J Kd; tFg;gpy; njspthfg; gbj;jpUg;gPh;fs;. mit jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpa %tplg; ngah;fis Vw;W tUk;NghJ vt;thW jphpAk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;. 246) jd;ikg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik
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cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ? ahd; + I = vd;id ahd; + My; = vd;dhy; ahd; + F = vdf;F> ahd; ahd; +,d; = vd;dpd; ahd; + mJ = vdJ ahd; + fz; = vd;fz; vdj; jpupAk;

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247) Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik 3. gz;Gg;ngah; - ed;wp cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ 4. tpidahyizAk; ngah; mfo;thh; eP + I = epd;id> cd;id eP + My; = epd;dhy;> 251) epug;Gf:cd;dhy; 1. gFjp kl;Lk; njhopiyf; eP + F = epdf;F> cdf;F> Fwpg;gJ eP eP + ,d; = epd;dpd;> cd;dpd; eP + mJ = epdJ> cdJ Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; eP + fz; = epd;fz;> 2. tuT vd;Dk; cd;fz; njhopw;ngahpd; vdj; tpFjp vJTkpy;iy. jpupAk; 248) glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; 3. tl;lk; ngah; Ntw;Wik cUG vd;gJ Vw;Fk;NghJ MFk;. tbtg;gz;G jhd; + I = jd;id jhd; + My; = 4. eP vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; jd;dhy; jhd; + F = jdf;F> cUNgw;Fk; NghJ vdj; jhd; jhd; + ,d; = jphpAk;. jd;dpd; jhd; + mJ = cd; jdJ nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp jhd; + fz; = jd;fz; vdj; 252) Ie;jpizfs; ahit? jpupAk; 249) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:1. njhopw; ngahpd; gFjp jphpe;J FwpQ;rpj;jpiz> tUk; ngah; Ky;iyj;jpiz Kjdpiy jphpe;j > njhopw;ngah; kUjj;jpiz> nea;jy; jpiz> 2. fhl;rp vd;Dk; ghiyj;jpiz. njhopw;ngah; 1. Kf;fdp khq;fdp> vdg; gphpAk;. gyhf;fdp> fhz; + rp thiof;fdp ;Gg;ngah; 3. khl;rp vd;gJ g z

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MFk;.

2. ehw; gil Njh;g ;gil> ahid g;gil > Fjpi ug;g il> fhy hl;g il. 3. Ie;jpyf;fzk; vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypf;fzk;> nghUspyf;fzk;> ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk;. 4. mWRit - ,dpg;Gr;Rit> frg;Gr; Rit> fhh;g;Gr;Rit> Jth;g;Gr;Rit> ctHg;Gr; Rit> Gspg;Gr; Rit
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4. te;jhd; vd;Dk; tpidKw;W _____ vd tpidahyizAk; ngauha; tUk;. te;jtd; 250) nghUj;Jf:1. njhopw;ngah; - #L 2. Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; tUjy;

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253) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf: 1. In a fiddler s house all are dancers fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftp ghLk; 2. No man can flay a stone fy;ypNy ehh; chpf;f KbAkh? 3. Difficulties give way to diligence fiug;ghh; fiuj;jhy; fy;Yk; fiuAk;. 4. Command your man and do it your self ntz;nzia itj;Jf;nfhz;L nea;f;F miythNdd; 5. Charity is a double blessing jUkk; jiy fhf;Fk;

xg;ghth; 8. xw;fk; jsh;r;rp 9. Cw;W - Cd;W Nfhy; 10. Cw;Wf;Nfhy; Cd;WNfhy; 11. mw;Nw Nghd;wNj 12. vidj;jhDk; - vt;tsT rpwpNj

,ay; ehd;F nra;As; jpUf;Fws;

254) nrhw;nghUs; 1. nrtpr;nry;tk; - Nfs;tpr; nry;tk; 2. jiy Kjd;ik 3. Ngho;J - nghOJ 4. <ag;gLk; mspf;fg;gLk; 5. mtp czT Njth;fSf;F Nts;tpapd;nghOJ nfhLf;fg;gLk; czT. 6. Md;Nwhh; - fy;tp> Nfs;tp> gz;G> Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;Njhh;. 7. xg;gh; -

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1. tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,opTr; 13. midj;jhDk; - Nfl;l rpwg;Gk;ik mstpw;F 2. mtpAzT - ,U nganuhl;Lg; 14. Md;w - epiwe;j gz;Gj;njhif 15. gpioj;Jzh;e;Jk; 3. Nfl;f - tpaq;Nfhs; jtwhf czh;e;jpUe;jhYk; tpidKw;W 16. Ngijik - mwpahikapd; 4. ,Of;fy;> xOf;fk; ghw;gl;l jPa nrhw;fs;. njhopw; 17. ,ioj;Jzh;e;J ngah;fs; El;gkhf 5. Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;W Muha;e;J Nfhy; 18. <z;ba - Ma;e;jwpe;j vd;gjd; typj;jy; tpfhuk; 19. jifaNt - jd;ikaNj 6. Md;w ngUik - nganur;rk; 20. Njhl;fg;glhj 7. Nfshj; jifaNt Jisf;fg;glhJ. <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; 21. Ezq;fpa - El;gkhfpa nganur;rk; 22. tzq;fpa - gzpthd 8. mtpapDk; thopDk; 23. thapduhjy; - nkhopapid vz;Zk;ik cilath; 256) gphpj;jwpjy; 24. thAzh;tpd; khf;fs;czTr; Rit kl;Lk; 1. nrtpf;FzT = nrtpf;F + mwpe;Njhh;. czT 25. mtpapDk; - ,we;jhYk; 255) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:154 MapDk;

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2. RitAzuh = Rit + czuh 3. thAzh;T = tha; + czh;T 257)gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. Nfl;f - Nfs; (l;) + f Nfs; gFjp s; l; MdJ tpfhuk; f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. czh;e;J czh; + j;(e;) + j; + c czh; gFjp j; re;jp j; e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c tpidnar;r tpFjp 258) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:1. nrtpf;FzthtJ Nfs;t p 2. xOf;fKilahh; tha;r;nrhy; Cw;Wf;Nfh y; 259) cilikfs; gj;J jpUf;Fwspy; gj;J mjpfhug;
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ngah; fs; cilik vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; mike;Js;sd. 1. md;Gilik 2. mlf;fKilik 3. xOf;fKilik 4. nghiwAilik 5. mUSilik 6. mwpTilik 7. Cf;fKilik 8. Ms;tpidAilik 9. gz;Gilik 10. ehZilik

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260) FwSk; VO vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngaUk ; jpUf;FwSf;Fk ; VO vd;Dk; vz;zpw;Fk; nghpJk; njhlh;Gs;sJ. jpUf;Fws; VO rPh;fshy; mike;j ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. VO vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; vl;Lf; Fwl;ghf;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjpfhuq;fs;> 133. ,jd; $l;Lj; njhif VO. nkhj;j Fwl;ghf;fs; 1330. ,jd; $l;Lj; njhifAk; VO.

(fpsp) xd;widf; fhz;Nghh; vy;yhk; GfOkhW mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;LfpNwd;. 263) f e; jUt k; > f e ; Jf k; > Nf h z k; > nfhf;F> Nfhil> Fe;jk;> ghlyk;> rbyk;> fps;is vd;gd vij Fwpf;Fk; gy ngah;fs;. Fjpiu

rPl;Lf; ftp
261) Vlhapuq; Nfhb vOjhJ vd; rPl;Lf;ftpg; ghliy ghbath; ahh;? me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth;. 262) ghl;birf;fhj fe;jUtk; (,ir)> vwpaKbahj fe;Jfk; (ge;J)> $h;ik kOq;fhj Nfhzk; (thl; gil)> gwf;fhj nfhf;F> mdy; tPrhj Nfhil (Ntdpw;fhyk;)> nfhba gilf;fyk; Nghd;W gpbahj Fe;jk; (#yk;)> mzpahj ghlyk; (ghjphpg; g+)> g+thj kh (khkuk;)> kyh;khiy mzpahj rbyk; (ril)> nrhy;ypaijj jpUg;gpr; nrhy;yhj fps;is
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264) nrhw;nghUs;:1. fe;Jfk; ge;J 2. Nfhzk; thl;gil 3. Fe;jk; #yk; 4. Nfhil Ntdpw;fhyk; 5. ghlyk; - ghjphpg; g+ 6. kh khkuk; 7. rbyk; ril 8. fps;is fpsp 265) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. gbj;j tpufd;> jPHj;j nropad; nganur;rq;fs; 2. ghlhj> gwthj> #lhj - vjph; kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; 3. vjphpyhf; ftp - <Wnfl;l vjph; kiwg; nganur;rk; 4. tply; njhopw;ngah; 266) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:tPuuhfth; fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;Jg; g+J}hpy; gpwe;J> nghd; tpise;j fsj;J}hpy; tho;e;jth;. ,thpd; je;ijahh; tLfehjh;.
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tPuuhfth; gpwtpapNyNa fz;nzhsp ,oe;jth;. vdpDk; Nfs;tpawptpd; thapyhff; fy;tp gapd;whh;. ,th;> VLfs; vOjhky; jk; kdj;jpNyNa vOjpg; gbj;Njd; vdj; jhNk $Wtjp

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ghprpyhfg; ngw;W Ch; jpUk;gpdhh;. ,jdhy;> ,th;jk; Gfo; fly; fle;Jk; gutpw;W. ,tuJ ghly;fs; jdpg;ghly; jpul;by; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk;> jpUf; fOf;Fd;w khiy> Nra+h; KUfd; gps;isj; jkpo;> jpUth&h; cyh> re;jpu thzd; Nfhit Mfpa E}y;fis ,th; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. 267) E}w; Fwpg;G:,g;ghly;> jdpg; ghly; jpul;L vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpofj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; th o ; e ; j Gyth; g yh ; ghba ypUe;J> mth; fw;gjw;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;l K a w;r pi a vz; z p tpaf;fj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ts;sy;fs kPJk; rpw;wurh;fs; kPJk; gy jdpg;ghly;fisg; ghbg; ghpRfs; ngw;whh;. ,yq;if nrd;W guuhr Nrfu kd;didg; ghb xU ahid> nghw;ge;jk;> Xh;Ch; Mfpatw;iwg;

ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng ,e;E}y;. ,jpy; E}w;Wg;gj;Jg; Gyth;fs; ghba Mapuj;J E}w;Wg; gjpd; %d;W g hl y ;f s ; nj hFf;fg ; gl;Ls;sd. tPuuhfth; ,aw;wpa Kg;gj;njhd;gJ ghly;fs; ,jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. tPuuhfth;> Nryj;J Nte;jd; nropa jiuaDf;F Fjpiu Ntz;b vOjp mDg;gpa ghly; ,J. 268) epug;Gf:1. tPuuhfth; vOjpa E}y;fSs; xd;W Guhzk;.

jpUf;fOf;Fd;w g; 2. Xiyr;rPl;by; nra;As; tbtpy; vOjg;gLk; fbjtif MFk;. rPl;Lf;ftp 3. rPl;Lf;ftpf;F _____> _____> vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L. Xiyj;J}f;F> Xiyg;ghRuk;

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269) nghUj;Jf:1. fe;Jfk; ge;J 2. Fe;jk; #yk; 3. ghlyk; - ghjphpg;g+ 4. rbyk; ril

273) Mde;juq;fh;

ve;j Ch;> Mz;L>

Mde;juq;fh; ehl;Fwpg; G (ciueil)

270) ehl;Fwpg;ghdJ> epfo;Tfis ekf;Fj; njspthf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tuyhw;W Mtzkhfj; jpfo;tJ vJ? Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;G 271) ehl;Fwpg;G vjw;F gjpT nra;tjw;fhfg gad;gly; Ntz;Lk;? Fwpj;j ehspy; epfo;e;j r%f khw;wq;fs;> murpay; epfo;Tfs;> ,aw;ifapy; Vw;gl;l Nghplh;fs;> cyfpd; rPhpa epfo;Tfs;. 272) Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;G Xh; > _____> MtzkhfTk; kjpf;fg; ngWfpwJ. ,yf; fpak hf Tk; > tuyhw;W MtzkhfTk;
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xU mf;fhy

ehs; gpwe;jhh;? Mde;juq;fh;> nrd;idg; gpuk;g+hpy; (nguk;g+h;) 1709 Mk; Mz;L khh;r;Rj; jpq;fs; 30 Mk; ehs; gpwe;jhh;. 274) Mde;juq;fh; ve;j tajpy; jhia ,oe;jhh ;. jk; %d;W tajpy; 275) ahhplk; Mde;juq;fh; fy;tp gapd;whh;? vk;ghh; vd;ghhplk; fy;tp gapd;whh;.

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276) Mde;juq;fh; je;ij> ikj;Jdhpd; ngah;? jpUNtq;flk;> iedpag;ghpd; 277) Mde;juq;fh; muRg; gzpapy; cjtp ahsuhfr; Nrh;e;J> ehsiltpy; gjtp cah;T ngw;whh;. jpthdhfg; 278) Mde;juq;fh; fy;tp fw;w gpd;dh; vd;d elj;jp te;jhh;? ghf;Ff; fplq;;F 279) Ja;g;nsf;R vd;Dk; MSehpd; nkhop ngah;g;ghsh; (Jghrp) ,we;j jdhy; gd;nkhopawpT ngw;w ahiu mg;gzpf;F epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;? Mde;juq;fh; 280) Mde;juq;fh; Jghrpahfg; gzpahw;wpa fhyj;jpy; ve;j Mz;L ehl;Fwpg;G vOjpAs;shh;? 1736 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1761 Mk; Mz; L tiu Vwj;jho ,Ugj;ije;J Mz;Lfs;. 281) ehl;Fwpg;Gf;F Mde;juq;fh; vd;d ngahpl;lhh;? jpdg;gb nra;jpf; Fwpg;G> nrh];jypfpjk; 282) Mde;juq;fh; ehl;Fwpg;gpd; ngUk; g F j p ve;j n r a ; j p f i s N a tpthpf;fpd;wd. thzpfr; nra;jp 283) J i w K f efuq;fspy; thOk; kf;fspd; tUtha;f;F mbg;gil
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aha; miktJ mq;F tUk; Nghf;Ftuj;Nj. fg;gy;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;J

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284) 1. nrh];j - njspe;j my;yJ chpikAila vd;gJ nghUs; 2. ypfpjk; - fbjk; my;yJ Mtzk; 3. tsT - tPL 4. Jghrp - ,Unkhopg; GyikAila th; (nkhop ngah;g;ghsh;) 285) Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;ghdJ > mf;fhyj;jpy; vLj;Jiu f; fpd;wJ.

291) Mde;juq;fiu ,e;jpahtpd; vdTk;> vdTk;> mwpQh; Nghw;Wfpd;wdh; ? ngg;gpR> ehl;Fwpg;G Nte;jh; 292) il]; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; nrhy;Yf;F ehs; vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpypUe;Nj ilhpak; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; nrhy;

cUthdJ. ,r;nrhy;Yf;F ehl; Fwpg;G vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpypUe;Nj ilhp vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy; Ngr;Rj;jkpo;> nrhw;fs;> nrhw; cUthdJ. nwhlh;fs; kw;Wk; 293) Mde;juq;fh; Fwpj;J ,yf;fzf; ntspte;Js;s $Wfis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,yf;fpaq;fs;:286) gpnuQ;Rf; fhuh;fSf;Fk; Mde;juq;ff; Nfhit ,e;jpa jpahfuhr kd;dh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Njrpfh; ghykhf Mde;juq;fd; jdpg;ghly;fs; ,Ue;jth; ahh;? fs;td; Mde;juq;fh; nehz;br; rpe;J 287) Krgh; rq;> Mde;juq;fUf;F Mde;juq;fd; 1749 gps;isj;jkpo; Mk; Mz;L %thapuk; - mhpkjp Fjpiufis njd;dfd; toq;fp mtUf;F vd;D Mde;juq;fh; Gjpdq;fs; k; gl;lj;ijAk; Mde;juq;f tp[ark;G toq;fpdhh;? rPdpthrf; kd;RNgjhh; ftp (tlnkhop) 288) nrq;fw;gl;Lf; Nfhl;ilf;Fj; OOikf;Fk; jsgjp fTk; epakdk; ngw;whh;? ahfTk; mk;khtl;lk; [hfPh;jhuuhfTk;
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289)

_____ gz pahw ;WN thh; Mde;juq; uhl;re;jK f];J}hpuq; jko; kf;fspd; jiytuhf ff;ftp mwptpf;fg; gLth;? (njYq;F) Jghrp 290) Mde;juq;fUf;Fj ; ,yf;fz jdpg;gl k; ;l chpikfs; ahh; Ml;rpapy; nrhy; (gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk;) ,Uf;Fk; NghJ 294) nrhy; vd;why; vd;d? toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd? Ja;g;Ns Xh; vOj;J> jdpj;NjDk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;NjDk; xU nghUis czh;j;Jkhdhy;> mJ> nrhy; vdg;gLk;. 295) nrhy; vd;gjd; NtW ngah;fs; ahit? gjk;> nkhop> fpstp

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296) gjk; gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk; vd ,U tifg;gLk ;. 297) gfhg;gjk; vd;why; vd;d? gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhj nrhy; gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;. 298) gfhg;gjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk; mitngah;> tpid> ,il> chp. 299) gFg;gjj;jpd; gphpTfs; gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy. 300) gFgjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ngah;g;gFgjk;> tpidg;gFgjk; vd ,U tifg;gLk;. 301) ngah;g;gFgjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vDk; Mwd; mbahfj; Njhd;WtJ. 302) tpidg;gFgjk; vd;gJ vd;d? gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy Kjyp adthfg; gFf;fg;gLk; tpidKw;W> tpidg;gFgjk;
163

vdg;gLk;.

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305) tpFjp gFgjj;jpy ; ,Wjpapy; epd;W tpFjp vdg;gLk; ,J jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk;. 306) ,ilepiy gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtJ ,liepiy vdg;gLk;. 1. epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs; 2. ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs; 3. vjph;fhy ,ilepiyfs; 4. vjph;kiw ,ilepiyfs; 307) re;jp 303) gFgj cWg;Gfs; vj;jid cs;sd? gFgj cWg;Gfs; MW cWg;Gfs; mitgFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> re;jp> rhhpia> tpfhuk;. 304) gFjp -

gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; te;J re;jpf;f itg;gJ re;jp . 308) rhhpia ngah;r;nrhy;iyAk; > tpidr; nrhy;iyAk; rhh;e;J t U t J rhhpia vdg;gLk;. 309) tpfhuk; -gFjp> ,ilepiy> tpFjp Nghd;wit NrUk; NghJ ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; khWghL tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;. 310) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:1. MFk; . tpil vd;gJ ngah;g;gFgjk;

2. ,ilr;nrhw;fs; MFk; . tpil: 3. kJiuahd;

gjk;

gFgjj;jpy; Kj y py ; e p d ; W nghUs; jUk; Kjdpiyiag; gFj p

ngah;g;gFgjk ; MFk; . tpil:

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4. gFgjj;jpy; Fiwe;jsT ,Uf;f Ntz;ba cWg;Gfs; tpil: 5. Vty; tpidahf miktJ MFk;. tpil: 6. ,y; vd;dk; vjph;kiw ,il epiy mike;Js;s tpidr;nrhy; tpil: 7. n ra ;jh d ; ,r;nrhy;ypy; mike;Js;s ,ilepiy tpil: 311) nghUj;Jf:m) 1) nghUl;ngah;g; gFgjk; -- nrd;idahd; 2) ,lg;ngah;g; gFgjk; -%f;fd; 3) fhyg;ngah;g; gFgjk; -nghd;dd; 4. rpidg;ngah;g;gFgjk; -rpj;jpiuahd; tpil: M) nrhy; -- ,ilepiy 1. tUthd; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy (j;) 2. fhzhd; - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy (fpW) 3. ghh;j;jhd; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy (t;) 4. elf;fpwhd; - vjph;kiw

,ilepiy (M) tpil:

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
312) nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy; ngah;> tpid> ,il> chpr;nrhw; fisf; fz;lwpe;J tifg;gLj;jy;

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Ntz;Lk;. khh;fop> ele;jhd;> ck;> rhy> ghbdhd;> kapyk;> cW> vd;W> fb> nfhy;> mk;k. ngah;r;nrhw;fs; - khh;fop> kapyk; tpidr;nrhw;fs; ele;jhd;> ghbdhd; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; - ck;> vd;W> nfhy;> mk;k chpr;nrhw;fs; - rhy> cW> fb 313) tifg;gLj;Jf:jhkiu> fhy;> jt> vOjpdhd;> Mdhy;> ntd;whd;> kw;Wk; rhy ngah;r;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; ,ilr; nrhy; chpr;nrhy; ngaHnrhy;:- jhkiu> fhy; tpidr; nrhy;:- vOjpdhd;> ntd;whd; ,ilr;nrhy;:- Mdhy;> kw;Wk; cupr; nrhy;:- jt> rhy 314) xUnghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fSf;F (v.fh) moF - nghypT> vopy;> tdg;G ,uf;fk; - mUs;> ghpT> fUiz fpsp - jj;ij> Rfk;> fps;is kiy - ntw;G> rpyk;G> nghUg;G fjputd; - #hpad;> gfytd;> QhapW. 315) fPo;f;fhZk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fis vOJf:tay; -- ----------->----------->----------fly; -Mop> MHfsp> Ke;ePH neUg;G -jP> fdy; 316) jkpo;r;nrhy; 1. rk];jhdk; - muR
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2. Kf;fpa];jh; Kjd;ikahdth; 3. rpdpkhjpNal;lh; jpiuauq;fk;

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4. fhh; - kfpOe;J 5. VNuhg;gpNsd; - thD}h;jp 6. ,yhfh - Jiw 7. mg;ghapz;l; - gzp mkh;j;jy; 8. gpujhdk; - Kjd;ik 9. tpQ;Qhdk; - mwptpay; 10. g]; - NgUe;J 11. ,uapy; - njhlh;tz;b 12. f[hdh - fUt+yk; 13. cj;jpNahf];jh; mYtyh; 14. bghh;l;nkz;ly; ];Nlhh; gynghUs; mq;fhb 317) ,u\;a ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w vOj;jhsh; ahh;? ypNah lhy;];lha; 318) ,izahd jkpo;g;gonkhopi a mwpf: 1. one flower makes no garland jdpkuk; Njhg;ghfhJ 2. little wealth little care kbapy; fdkpy;iynad;wh y; topapy; gakpy;iy 3. Look before you leap Mok; mwpahky; fhiy tplhNj 4. Some thing is better than nothing Miyapy;yh CUf;F ,Yg;igg; g+ rh;f;fiu 5. Though he endeavours all he can Gypiag; ghh;j;Jg; g+id 162

#LNghl;Lf; nfhz;lhw; Nghy;

,ay; Ie;J - nra;As; Kj;njhs;shapu k;

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319) nrhw;nghUs; 1. ca;k;kpd; - gpioj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs; 2. ky;yy; - tsik 3. ts; - neUf;fk; 4. tpRk;G - thdk; 5. GwT - Gwh 6. epiw - vil 7. <h;j;J - mWj;J 8. Jiy - Jyhf;Nfhy; (juhR) 9. epiw - xOf;fk; 10. td;fz; - tPuj;jd;ik 11. Nkdp - cly; 12. kUg;G - je;jk; 13. Crp - vOj;jhzp 14. kwk; - tPuk; 15. fdy; - neUg;G 16. jpUj;jf;f - nry;tk; epiyj;j 17. itafk; - cyfk; 18. nkha;apiy neUq;fpaike;j ,iy 19. khwd; - ghz;ba kd;dd; 20. fspW - Mz; ahid 320) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. ky;yy; neLkjpy; chpr;nrhw; nwhlh; 2. neLkjpy; - gz;Gj; njhif 3. thq;Ftpy; - tpidj; njhif 4. cah;Jiy - tpidj; njhif 5. Fiwahtd; fz; <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 6. ,iyNty; - ctikj; njhif

7. kUg;g+rp> khh;Nghiy cUtfq;fs; 8. khwd; fspW - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

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321) gphpj;jwpjy;:1. je;Ja;k;kpd; - je;J + ca;k;kpd; 2. tpy;nyOjp - tpy; + vOjp 3. g+l;Lkpd; - g+l;L + kpd; 4. kUg;g+rp - kUg;G + Crp 5. khh;Nghiy - khh;G + xir 6. vknjd;W - vkJ + vd;W 7. nkha;apiy - nkha; + ,iy 322) mzp:jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp cUtf mzp 323) E}w; Fwpg;G: %Nte;jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;W njhs;shapuk; ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; Kj;njhs;shapuk;. MapDk; ,e;E}y; KOikahff; fpilf;f tpy;iy. Gwj;jpul;L vd;Dk; E}y; thapyhf E}w;nwl;L ntz;ghf; fSk;> gioa ciu E}y;fspy; Nkw;Nfhs;fshf ,Ugj;jpuz;L ntz;ghf;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. %Nte;jh;fspd; Ml;rpr;rpwg;G> gilr; rpwg;G> Nghh;j;jpwd; nfhil Kjypa n r a ; j p f i s ,g;ghly;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. rpwe;j
162

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3. khh;Nghiyapy; vOJk; vOj; jhzp je;jk; 325) nghUj;Jf:1. tpRk;G - thdk; 2. Jiy - Jyhf;Nfhy; 3. kUg;G - je;jk; 4. fdy; - neUg;G 5. fspW - ahid

fypq;fj;Jg;guz p raq;nfhz;lhh;
326) nrhw;nghUs; 1. jPapd;tha; - neUg;gpy; 2. rpe;ij - vz;zk; 3. $u - kpf 4. et;tp - khd; 2. Nrho kd;dd; fhf;f> jd; jiria mspj;jhd;. Gwh tpidf ;

5. Kfpy; - Nkfk; 6. kjp - epyT 7. cF - nrhhpe;j(nghope;j) 8. Gdy; - ePh; 327) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1) nte;J> cyh;e;J> vdh> $u> - tpidnar;rq;fs; 2. $u - tpidnar;rq;fs; 3. nre;eha; - gz;Gj; njhif 4. fUKfpYk;> ntz;kjpAk; vz;Zk;ik 5. fUKfpy;> ntz;kjp gz;Gj; njhiffs; 6. flf;f Xb> ,isj;J tpid nar;rq;fs; 7. tpah;j;j tpah;td;Nwh nganur;rk;

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328) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :1. cyh;e;J - cyh; + j;(e;) + j; + c cyh; - gFjp j; - re;jp j; e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c tpidnar;rtpFjp 329) gphpj;jwpjy; :1. thapdPh; - thapd; + ePh; 2. nte;Jyh;e;J - nte;J + cyh;e;J 3. fhbjid - fhL + ,jid 4. fUKfpy; - fUik + Kfpy; 5. ntz;kjp - ntz;ik + kjp 330) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:fypq;fj;Jg; guzpia ,aw;wpath; raq;nfhz;lhh;. ,th;> jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpYs;s jPgq;Fb vd;Dk; Chpdh;. Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhodpd; muritg; Gytuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;. guzpf;Nfhh; raq; nfhz;lhh; vdg; gygl;lilr; nrhf;f ehjg; Gyth; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,irahapuk;> cyhkly; Mfpa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
164

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1. Njhd;wpa Kjy; E}y; jf;fahfg;guzp> fypq;fj;Jg; guzp. fypq;f 2. kd;dd; mde;j gd;kd; Nkhftijg;guzp> kPJ Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fr; 3. Nrhod; Nghh;njhLj;J rPdj;Jg;guzp> ntw;wp ngw;whd;. 4. mt;ntw;wpiag; ghuhl;b tq;fj;Jg;guzp> vOe;j 5. ,e;E}y; Njhy;tpAw;w fypq;f ghrtijg;guzp> ehl;bd; ngauhy; 6. mike;Js;sJ. jpuhtplj;Jg;guzp. ,e;E}y; Ie;E}w;Wj; 333) chpa tpiliaj; njhz;Z}w;nwhd;gJ Njh;e;njOJf:jhopirfs; cs;sd. 1. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; guzp r a q ; nfhz;lhhpd; rkfhyg; ,yf;fpak; Gytuhd xl;lf; $j;jh; fypq;fj;Jg;gu ,e;E}iyj; njd;jkpo;j; zp nja;tg;guzp vdg; 2. fypq;fj;Jg; guzpia Gfo;e;Js;shh;. ,aw;wpath 332) guzp ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhyk; fp.gp gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L. 331) E}w; Fwpg;G:raq;nfhz;lhh; Mapuf;fzf;fhd 3. et;tp - ,r;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahidfisg; Nghhpy; nfhd;w tPuidg; Gfo;e;J ghLk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; guzp vd;gJ ngah;. ,J njhz;Z}w;whW tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. guzp ,yf;fpaq;fSs; jkpopy; khd; 4. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; tifg;gLk;. 96

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334) nghUj;Jf:1. rpe;ij - vz;zk; 2. et;tp - khd; 3. Kfpy; - Nkfk; 4. Gdy; - ePH 5. cUFjy; - nrhhpjy;

jPtpy;

tho;gth;fSs; ngUk; ghd;ik kf;fs; jkpoh;? Hpa+dpad; jPtpy;

cyfshtpa jkpoh; (ciueil)

335) cyfpy; If;fpa r i g a p d ; cWg;Ghpik ngw;w vj;jid ehLfs; kw;Wk; Ml;rpg;Gyq;fSk; cs;sd? E}w;Wj; njhz;Z}w;W ,uz;L ehLfSk; ehw;gj;J %d;W Ml;rpg; G y q; f Sk ; Mf ,U E} w; W Kg;gj;ije;J ehLfs;. 336) Vwj;jho E}w;iwk;gj;J ehd;F ehLfspy; ,dk; gutpAs;sJ. jkpopdk; 337) j k p o h ; f s ; may;ehLfSf; F nry;tjw;fhd fhuzk;? thzpfk;> Ntiytha;g;G 338) jpiuflNyhbAk; jputpak; NjL vd;wth; ahh;? xsitahh; 339) rhJtd; thzpfk; nra;Ak; nghUl;Lf fly; fle;J nrd;w Fwpg;G vjpy; cs;sJ. kzpNkfiy 340) gug;gstpy; rpwpajhd ve;j
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mr;R> xyp> xsp fhuh;fshy; fhiuf;fhy;> 347) jkpoh;> ehl;il tpl;Lr; nrd;w NghJk; -------------gFjpfspypUe;J vd;Dk; cah; xg;ge;jf; $ypfshf ahiu Nehf;NfhL tho;e;J Fbakh;j; jg;gl;lhh;fs;? tUfpd;wdh;? ahJk; CNu jkpoh; ahtUk; Nfsph; 342) gpuhd;R ehl;bd; xU gFjpahff; fUjg;gLk; 348) jkpoh; ve;j ehLfs; gytw;wpy; cs;shl;rpj; Njh;jy;fspy; mj;jPtpy; ntw;wp thOk; j k p o h ; f s ; v e ; j n k h o p a p y ; NgRfpwhh;fs;? gpnuQ;R nkhopapy; 343) ,yq;ifapy; thOk; jkpoUs; vj;jid tpOf;fhl;bdh; njhlf;fg; gs;sp Kjy; gy;fiyf; fofk; tiu jkpopNyNa fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdH? njhz;Z}w;iwe;J tpOf;fhL 344) ve;j ehLfspy; jkpo; xU ghlkhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ ? rpq;fg;g+h;> nkhhprpaR> kNyrpah> gp[pj; jPTfs;> njd; mnkhpf;fh> fdlh> gphpl;ld;. 345) ,yq;if> rpq;fg;g+h;> kNyrpah Mfpa ehLfspy; nkhopahfj; jkpo; jpfo;fpwJ? Ml;rp nkhopahfj; 346) > > > Clfq;fis cynfq;Fk; jkpoh; e l j ; j p tUfpd;wd. 165 341) gpnuQ;Rf; GJr;Nrhp>

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ngw;W Ml;rpg; nghWg;GfisAk; tfpj;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,yq;if> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;g+h;. 349) ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhky;> rpq;fg;g+h;> nkhhprpaR Mfpa ehLfspy; ahf jkpoh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. FbauRj; jiyth;uhf 350) cynfq;Fk; thOk; jkpoh;fs; jq;fsJ gz;ghl;L milahsq; fis kwthky; ,Ug;gJ vJ? jkpod; vd ; N w h , d K z ; L > jdpNa mtw;nfhU FzKz;L. 351) jpU tpohf;fspy; vLg;gJ k; _____ ,Og;gJk; ,d;Wk; eilngWfpwJ. fhtb> Njh;

354)

jpU.fypahzRe;judhh; cly; eyf; Fiwtpdhy; ,ilepd;W _____ Mz;L ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; mNj gs;spapy; Nrh;e;jhh;. ehd;F Mz;L 355) ahhplk; jkpo; gapd;W jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhf cah;e;jhh;? fjpiu Ntyh; 356) jpU. fypahzRe;judhh; vij fw;gjpy; Nguhh;tq; nfhz;lhh;? ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fis

357) vq;Fk; jkpo;> vjpYk; jkpo; vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;l ngUe;jifah;. jkpo;j;njd; wy; 353) gpwg;Gk;> fy;tpAk; jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; Ch; - nrd;idf;F mUNfAs;s Js;sk; ngw;Nwhh; - tpUj;jhrydhh; rpd;dk;ik gpwe;j ehs; 26.08.1883 gs;sp -- nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;il apYs;s nt];yp gs;spapy; gbj;jhh;.

jpU.tp.fypahzRe;jdhhpd ; jkpo;g;gzp (Jizg;ghlk;)

352) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; jkJ jq;F jilaw;w Nkilg; Ngr;rhYk; ,ay;ghd nkhopeilahYk; jkpiog; gl;bnjhl;bfs; vy;yhk; gug;gpj;
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vd;gjid KO %r;rhff; nfhz;L tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fythky; J}a jkpopNyNa NgrTk; vOjTk; Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpath; ahh;? jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; 358) jpU.tp. fypahz Re;judhh; jkpio tsh;f;f vij ntWf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;? gpwnkhopia 359) f h e ; j p a b f s ; j kp of k ; te;j Nghnjy;yhk; mtuJ Nkilg; Ngr;rpid nkhop ngah;j;jth; ahh;? jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; 360) _____ e i l vd;Nw xU jdp eilia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; ,tH N g R t J N gh yN t vOJtJ> vOJtJ NghyNt NgRtJ vd;Dk; Kaw;rpapy; ,th; ntw;wp fz;lth; ahh;? jpU.tp.f.eil

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361)

jpU.tp.f.> nty;YQ;nrhy; ,d;ik awpe;J czh;r;rpr; nrhw;fisf; Nfhj;Jf; NgRtjpy; ty;yth;. Nfl;lhh;g; gpzpf;Fk; jifatha;f; NfshUk; tpUk;Gk; tz;zk; 362) jpU.tp.f tha;j;j nkhopeil kiy vdj; jkpOyfpy; Xq;fp cah;e; Js;sJ vdf; $wpath; ahh;? nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; 363) ciueil E}y;fs; (Fwpg;G) KUfd; my;yJ moF> irtj; jpwT> irtj;jpd; rkurk;> flTl; fhl;rpAk; jhAkhdtUk;> ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; jpUTs;sk;> jkpo; ehLk; ek;kho;thUk;> ehad;khh; tuyhW jkpo; E}y;fspy; ngsj;jk;> fhjyh? Kbah? rPHjpUj;jkh? vd; fld; gzpnra;J fplg;gNj> ,e;jpahTk; tpLjiyAk;> jkpo;r; Nrhiy> cs;nshsp vd;gd ,th; ,aw;wpa ,d;d gpw ciueil E}y;fs;. 364) nra;As; E}y;fs;:KUfd; mUs;Ntl;ly;> jpUkhy; mUs;Ntl;ly;> fpwpj;Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly;>
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mUfd; mUNf> chpik Nt l; ly ; > nghJi k Ntl;ly; > nghUSk; mUSk; my;yJ khh;f;rpaKk; fhe;jpaKk; Mfpad ,tuJ nra;As; E}y;fs;. 365) ve;j ,jo;fspd; thapyhfj ; njhopyhsh; Kd;Ndw;wk; ngwg; ghLgl;lth;? Njr gf;jd;> etrf;jp

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366) jpU.tp.f. vOgJ tajhfp fly; jsh;e;J gLf;ifapy; ,Ue;j NghJk; tsh;r;rpAk; tho;Tk ; my;yJ gLf;ifg; gpjw;wy; vd;Dk; E}iy ahUila cjtpAld; ntspapl;lhh;? K.tujuhrdhhpd; 367) jpU.tp.ftpd; kidtpapd; ngah; vd;d? fkyhk;gpif mk;ikahiu 368) jpU.tp.f ve;j Mz;L jkpo; %r;Rf;F tpilj;je;jhh; ? 1953 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; jpq;fs; gjpNdohk; ehs; jkJ vOgj;Njhuk; tajpy; ,we;jhh;.

tohepiy> 3. ,l tohepiy> 4. fhy tohepiy> 5. tpdh tohepiy> 6. tpil tohepiy. 371) tOepiy vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wpg; NgRtJk; vOJtJk; tO vdg;gLk;. 372) tO vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? tO VO tifg;gLk;

tohepiy> tO> tOtikjp (,yf;fzk; )

369) tohepiy vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wkpy;yhJ NgRtJk; vOJtJk; tohepiy vdg;gLk;. 370) tohepiy vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? tohepiy MW tifg;gLk; mit: 1. jpiz tohepiy> 2. ghy;
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mit: 1. jpiz tO> 2. ghy; tO> 3. ,l tO> 4. fhy tO> 5. tpdh tO> 6. tpil tO> 7. kuG tO. 373) tohepiy MW tiffspd; (v.fh) 1. jpiz tohepiy nry;tpghbdhs;> khLte;j J 2. ghy; tohepiy fz;zd;te;jhd;> eha;Xba J 3. ,l tohepiy ehd; te;Njd;> eP tUtha; 4. fhy tohepiy - ehis tUNtd;> New;Wg; gbj;Njd; 5. tpdh tohepiy - jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? 6. tpil tohepiy jkpo; ehl;bd; jiyefuk; vJ? vd;w tpdhTf;Fr; nrd;id vd tpilaspj;jy; 374) tOepiy VO tiffspd; (v.fh) jUf? 1. jpiz tO - vd; khkh te;jJ 2. ghy; tO -- fz;zfp te;jhd; 3. ,l tO -ehq;fs;
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te;jhh;fs; 4. fhy tO - fhpfhyd; ehis te;jhd; 5. tpdh tO Kl;ilapl;lJ Nrtyh ngl;ilah? 6. tpil tO - ehis gs;sp jpwf;fg;gLkh? 7. kuG tO eha; fj;Jk; 375) tOtikjp vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wKilaJ vdpDk;> ,yf;fz Mrphpah;fshy; Fw; wkd ;W v d; W V w; Wf ;

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xg;Gikg;gLj;JtJ. n f hs ;s g ; g L t J tOtikj p 380) cUtfk; vd;why; vd;d? MFk;. ftpQh;> jhk; fUjpa 376) tOtikjpapd; nghUisAk; xg;Gikg; rhd;W:- jpiz nghUisAk; (ctik iaAk;) tOtikjp fhy nttNtW vdf; $whky;> tOtikjp ,uz;Lk; xd;nwdf; $WtJ 377) tO - gpio> jtW> Fw;wk; cUtfk; toh epiy gpioapd;ik> . jtwpapd;ik tOtikjp - gpio Mdhy; gpioahff; nfhs;shik. 378) gpioiaj; jpUj;jp vOJf:1. jk;gp New;W te;jhs; -jk;gp New;W te;jhd; 2. vUJ tz;bia ,Oj;jd vUJ tz;bia ,Oj;jJ. 3. khzth; Njh;T vOjpdhd; -- khzth; Njh;T vOjpdh;. 4. mtd; khztd; my;y mtd; khztd; my;yd;. 5. cilfs; fpope;J tpl;lJ - cilfs; fpope;J tpl;ld. 6. vq;f@hpy; xU Gyth; tho;e;jdh; - vq;f@hpy; Gyth; xUth; tho;e;jhh;. 379) ctik vd;why; vd;d? ctik vd;gJ> xU nghUis my;yJ epfo;it k w ; n w h U nghUNshL my;yJ epfo;NthL 169

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381) ctik cUtf khw;wk;:- ctik cUtfk; jhkiu Kfk; Kfj;jhkiu Njd;nkhop nkhopj;Njd; gtstha; tha;g;gtsk; Kj;Jg;gy; gy;Kj;J 382) mbr;nrhy;ypypUe;J nrhw;fi s cUthf;Fjy; 1. th mbr;nrhy; 2. te;jhd; tpidKw;W 3. te;j nganur;rk; 4. te;J tpidnar;rk; 5. tUjy; njhopw;ngah; 6. gb mbr;nrhy; 7. gbj;jhd; tpidKw;W 8. gbj;j nganur;rk; 9. gbj;J tpidnar;rk; 10. gbj;jy; njhopw;ngah;

vOJk; NghJk; gpioapd;wpg; NgrTk; vOjTk; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;rpy; my;yJ vOj;jpy; gpioapUg;gpd; nghUs; kaf;fk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt> nrhw; fspYk; njhlh;fspYk; gpiotuhky fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 384) tOcr; nrhw;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fis mg;gbNa vOj;jpy; nfhz;L tUtJ jtW. mt;thW vOJtjid tOcr; nrhw;fs; vdf; $Wth;. mtw;Wf; Fhpa vOj;J tof;Fr; nrhw;fis vOJtNj Kiw.

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
383) gpio ePf;fp vOJjy;:xUth ; NgRk; NghJ

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385) tOcr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;Jf:- gpio jpUj;jk; 1. mlkio 2. mhpthkiz 3. mtuf;fha; 4. jtf;fis 5. rpyT 6. jhthuk; 7. RLjz;zp 8. vz;iz 9. xl;liw 10. fTW 11. gr;rjz;zp 12. eQ;ir 386) jkpo;r; nrhy; mwpNthk;:gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; - jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; 1. mq;fj;jpdh; 2. mh;j;jk; 3. myq;fhuk; 4. Muk;gk; 5. tpQ;Qhdk; 6. jPgk; 7. Fk;ghgpN\fk; 8. rhtp 9. rhpj;jpuk; 10. rgjk; 11. rhjk; 12. ngsj;jphp 387) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf: 1. One doth the act, another hath the blow 1. gop Xhplk; ghtk; Xhplk;. 2. Every fox must at last pay his skin to the
flayer

2. gy ehs; jpUld;> xUehs; mfg;gLthd;.

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3. Money makes many things 3. gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;. 4. The day has eyes, the night has ears 4. gfypy; gf;fk; ghh;j;Jg; NgR> ,utpy; mJTk; NgrhNj 5. What comes from the cradle goes to the
grave

5. njhl;by; gof;fk; kl;Lk;.

RLfhL

,ay; MW nra;As; ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;

khtl;lj;jpYs;s Nj&hpy; gpwe;jth;. ,thpd; ngw;Nwhh; rptjhZ Mjpyl;Rkp mk;ikahh;. ,th; ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fisj; jkpopy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;Js;shh;. mg;ghly;fspd; njhFg;G ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs; vd;gJ ckh;fa;ahk; gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ghurPff; ftpQh;. ,tuJ KOg;ngah; fpahJjPd; mGy;ghj; ckh;fa;ahk; vd;gJ. ,th; fzpjk;>

388) nrhw;nghUs; :1. gfh;tJ nrhy;tJ 2. njsptPNu njspAq;fs; 3. Jt;th Efuhj 4. mfd;W tpyfp 5. Mop fly; 389) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. Nehf;fp tpidnar;rk; 2. Jt ; t h t pl k ; <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 390) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:f tpkzp Njrpf tpehafdhh; fd;dpahFkhp

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thdtpay; Mfpatw;wpy; Gyik kpf;fth;. ,thpd; ftpijfs; kf;fs; milAk; ,d;g Jd;gq;fisAk;> ,iwtdJ gilg;igAk; ghL nghUshff; nfhz;lit. ,th; ,aw;wpa gpw E}y;fs;:- kyUk; khiyAk;> kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> Foe;ijr; nry;tk;> Mrpa N[hjp Kjypad ,tuJ fhyk; 1876 Kjy; 1954 Mk; Mz;L tiu. 391) E}w; Fwpg;G:,e;E}y; ,k;ik kWik gw;wp &ghaj vd;Dk; ngahpy; ckh;fa;ahk; vOjpa nra;As;fspd; nkhop ngah;g;G. ,jidNa ftpkzp nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. ,jpy; E}w;Wg; gjpide;J ghly;fs; cs;sd. tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;ij ,g;ghly;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. 392) epug;Gf:1. md;G nra;apd; mayhUk; mz;b neUq;Fk; cwtpduhk; 2. Jd;g Nehia ePf;fpL Nky; mKjhFk;. Jt;thtplK k; 3. Vioahfp vspathpd;

Ntz;Lklh. Vspadhf

kzpNkfiy rPj;jiyr;rhj;j dhh;

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393) k z p N k f i y v d ; w g h l i y ,aw;wpath; ahh;? rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;. 394) NfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j kfs; ahh;? kzpNkfiy 395) a h Uil a cjtp a h y; > mK j Rugpiag; ngw;Wg; Gfhh; efiu kzpNkfiy milfpwhs;. jPtjpyifapd; 396) nrhw;nghUs;:1. Mak; - Njhopah; $l;lk; 2. Mrdk; - ,Uf;if 3. ehj;njhiy tpy;iy nrhy; Nrhh;tpd;ik 4. ahf;if - clk;G 5. gpzpNeha; - ePq;fh Neha; 6. Ngijik - mwpahik 7. nra;if - ,Utpid 8. czh;T - mwptpay; rpe;jid 9. mU - cUtkw;wJ 10. cU - tbtk; 11. thapy; - Ik;nghwpfs; 12. CW - Gyd;fspd; ,ay;G 13. Efh;T - ,d;g Jd;g Efh;r;rp 14. Ntl;if - tpUg;gk; 15. gtk; - gad; Nehf;fpa nray; 16. Njhw;wk; - gpwg;G 17. ngUk;NgW - tPLNgW 18. NfhL - nfhk;G 19. myfpy - mstw;w 20. njhf;f tpyq;F - tpyq;Fj; njhFjp 21. fsT - jpUl;L

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22. fhkj;jP - fhknkDk; nfhba tpUg;gk; 23. ciyah clk;G - jsuhj cly; 24. Fwis - Gwk; NgRjy; 25. nt/fy; - tpUk;Gjy; 26. ntFsy; rpdj;jy; 27. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp khaj;Njhw;wk; 28. jhdk; - nfhil 29. GiujPh; - Fw;wk; jPh;e;j 30. Nfz;kpd; NfSq;fs; 31. Kj;Njh; eif - Kj;Jr; rphpg;G 32. ca;k;kpd; Nghw;W q;fs; ew;fjpailAq;fs ; 33. ciwjy; jq;Fjy; 34. $w;W - vkd; 35. khrpy; - Fw;wkw;w 36. njhOJ - tzq;fp 37. Gf;F - GFe;J 38. ,lh; ,d;dy; 39. rPyk; xOf;fk; 397) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. NjtpAk; MaKk; vz;Zk;ik 2. mUe;jth;> et;tpid gz;Gj; njhiffs; 3. tho;f tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

4. nra;jtk;> tPo;fjph; tpidj; njhifs ; 5. ngUk;NgW gz;Gj; njhif 6. Mo;euF - tpidj; njhif 7. njspjy; njhopw;ngah;fs; 8. gy;Yaph;> ey;tpid> jPtpid> Nghpd;gk; gz;Gj; njhiffs; 9. Ma;njhb ey;yha; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif.

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10. fhkj;jP - cUtfk; 11. fLQ;nrhy; - gz;Gj; njhif 12. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 13. gad;njhpGyth; -- tpidj; njhif 14. miurd; - ,ilg;Nghyp 15. ey;ywk; - gz;Gj; njhif 398) gphpj;jwpjy;:1. vOe;njjph; - vOe;J + vjph; 2. mwpTz;lhf - mwpT + cz;lhf 3. ehf;njhiytpy;iy - eh + njhiyT + ,y;iy 4. gpzp NehAw;Nwhh; - gpzp + Neha; + cw;Nwhh; 5. ,ay;gPuhW - ,ay;G + ,uz;L + MW 6. ed;nkhop - ed;ik + nkhop 7. vdf;fplh; - vdf;F + ,lh; 8.njhONjj;jp - njhOJ + Vj;jp 9. cz;nld;W - cz;L + vd;W 10. ey;ywk; -- ed;ik + mwk; 399) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:1. gpwe;jhh; -- gpw + j;(e;) + j; + Mh; gpw - gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfuhk;
171

j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2. mwpFth; - mwp + F + t; + mh; mwp - gFjp F - rhhpia t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

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4. mh;

Njhd;Wth; - Njhd;W+ t; + mh; Njhd;W - gFjp t; - vjph; fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp glh;Fth; - glh; + F + t; + glh; - gFjp F - rhhpia t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W cz;Fth; - cz; + F + t; +

dhy;> ,th; kJiuf; $ythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; vd;W toq;fg; ngw;whh;. ,sq;NfhtbfSk; ,tUk; rkfhyj;jtuhth;. ,th; filr;rq;fg; Gyth;fSs; xUth;. jz;lkpo; Mrhd;> rhj;jd; ed;D}w; Gytd;

5. mh;

cz; - gFjp F - rhhpia t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W 400) Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; rpyg;gjpfhuk; kzpNkfiy rPtf rpe;jhkzp tisahgjp Fz;lyNfrp 401) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:$ythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; ,aw;wpaJ kzpNkfiy. rhj;jd; vd;gJ ,tuJ ,aw;ngah;. ,th;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spiar; rhh;e;j rPj;jiy vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;J kJiuapy; tho;e;jth;. $ythzpfk; ($yk; - jhdpak;) nra;jth;. ,f;fhuzq;fsp172

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vd;W ,sq;Nfhtbfs; rhj;jdiug; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. 402) E}w; Fwpg;G:kzpNkfiy> Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq; fSs; xd;W. rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzp NkfiyAk; ntt;NtW E}y;fshap Dk; xNu fijj; njhlh;Gilad. vdNt ,it ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs; vd toq;fg;ngWk;. kzpNkfiyapd; JwT tho;f;ifiaf; $Wtjhy;> ,e;E}Yf;F kzpNkfiyj; JwT vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L. ,e;E}y; nrhw; RitAk; nghUl; RitAk;> ,aw;if tUzidfSk; epiwe;jJ. ngsj;j kjr; rhh;Gil aJ@ Kg;gJ fijfisf; nfhz;lJ. Kg;gJ fhijfSs;> ghlg;gFjpahd MGj;jpud; ehL mile;j fhij ,Ugj;J ehd;fhtJ fhij. 403) epug;Gf:1. mUe;jth;f; fike;j Mrdk;." - ,t;tbapy; mUe;jth; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; mwtzbfs; 2. nrhy;ypy; Vw;gLk; Fw;wq;fs;
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nrhy; 3. kdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; Fw;wq;fs; Nguth> fLQ;rpdk;> njsptpyh mwpT 4. kWgpwg;G czh;e;jtshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLgts; kzpNkfiy

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404) nghUj;Jf: m) Mak; - tpUg;gk; M) ntFsy; - Fw;wk; ePq;fpa ,) GiujPh; - Gwq; $wy; <) Fwis - rpdj;jy; c) Ntl;if - Njhopah; $l;lk; tpil:

kUe;Jz;Zk; Njit Vw;glhJ vd;gJ ahUila thf;F. ts;Sth; 411) ePhpd;wikahJ cyF vdf; $wpath;. ts;Sth;

czNt kUe;J(ciueil )
405) kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ vJ? czT 406) jkpoh; kUj;Jtj;jpy; czT vd;gJ midj;J Neha;fisAk; jPh;f;ff; $ba vt;tif kUe;jhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ? rQ;rPtp 407) grpapd; nfhLikiag; grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp vd;wJ fhg;gpak;. kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak; 408) c z ; b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu vdf; $wpaJ ahh;? GwehD}Wk;> kzpNkfiyAk; 409) jpUf;Fwspy; kUe;J vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; czNt kUe;jhFk; jd;ikiaj; njspthf vLj;Jiuj; jth; ahh;? jpUts;Sth; 410) Kd; cz;lJ nrhpj;jJ fz;L cz;ghh;f;F174

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412) kPJ}z; tpUk;Ngy; vd;wth; xsitahh; 413) cliyf; fhj;jypd; Njitia typAWj;jpath; ahh;? jpU%yUk; 414) mWRitapd; gad;fs ; 1. ,dpg;G - tsk;> 2. Jth;g;G - Mw;wy; 3. ifg;G - nkd;ik 4. fhh;g;G - czh;T 5. cth;g;G - njspT 6. Gspg;G - ,dpik 415) epug;Gf:1. grpg;gpzpf;F czNt kUe;J 2. Neha;f;F Kjy; fhuzk; cg;G

419)

fhpryhq;fz;zpf;F NtW ngah;fs;? f h p r h i y > ifahe;jfiu> gpUq;fuhrk;> Njfuhrk; 420) J s r p n r b v e ; j N e h i a Fzkhf;Fk;? khh;Gr;rsp> ePh;f;Nfhit> jiytyp

Neha; ePf;Fk; %ypiffs; (Jizg;ghlk;)

416) fPo;f;fha; ney;yp vd;W vg;gb Fwpg;gpLth; fPohney;yp> fPo;tha;ney;yp 417) J}Jtisapd; NtW ngah;fs;? rpq;fty;yp> J}Jis 418) Qhdg;gr;rpiy vd ts;syhh; Nghw;Wk; ,t;tpiy vij Nkk;gLj;Jk; Fuy; tsj;ij
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421) fPoh ney;ypr; nrb ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk; ? kQ;rl; fhkhiy 422) J}Jtis ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? Rthrfhrk; mfYk; 423) Fg;igNkdp ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? gLf;ifg; Gz;> rpuq;F ePq;Fk; 424) KU q;if fPi u ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk; ? Khpe;j vYk;G tpiutpy; $Lk;> f z ;gh h;i t xOq;FgLj;Jk; > cliy tYthf;Fk;> $e;jiy tsur; nra;Ak; 425) fhpryhq;fz;zp ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk; ? eiuiag; Nghf;Fk;> kQ;rs; fhkhiy 426) kzpj;jf;fhspf;fPiu ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk; ? tha;g;Gz;> Flw;Gz;iz f ; Fzkhf;Fk;. 427) ty;yhiuf; fPiu ve;j Nehia
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Fzkhf;Fk; ? epidthw;wy; ngUFk;

nghUs;Nfhs; (,yf;fzk; )
428) nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? xU nra;Aspy; cs;s rPh;fisNah mbfisNah nghUs; czh;Tf;F V w; w tifapy; m i kj ; J f ; nfhs;Sk; Kiwiag; nghUs; Nfhs; vdg;gLk;.

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429) nghUs;Nfhs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? vl;L tifg;gLk; 1. Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; 2. nkhop khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; 3. epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; 4. tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; 5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; 6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs; 7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; 8. mbkwp khw;Wg; nghUs;nfhs; 430) Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d ? ,ilawhJ nry;Yk; Mw;W ePiug; Nghyg; ghlypd; nrhw;fs; Kd;gpd; khwhJ NeNu nrd;W nghUs; nfhs;tJ Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;NfhshFk;. 431) nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d ? XubAs; cs;s nrhw;fis>
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mit jUk; nghUSf;F Vw;g khw;wpf; $Wjy; nkhop khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd toq;fg;gLk;. 432) epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d ? nra;Aspy; ,Uf;fpd;w nrhw;fis K i w khwhky; thpirahf mikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. 433) tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d ? tp y ; y p d ; , U Ki d fis A k ; ,izj;Jf; fl;Ljy; Nghyr;

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nra;Aspd; Kjypy; mike;Js;s nrhy;Yk; ,Wjpapy; mike;Js;s nrhy;Yk; nghUs;glg; nghUj;JtJ tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;. 434) tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhspd; NtWngah;? G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs; 435) jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? CQ;rypd; eLepd;w fapW Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nrd;W tUtJ Nghyr; nra;Aspd; eLtpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; nrhy;> nra;Aspd; KjypYk; ,WjpapY k; mike;jpUf;Fk;. nrhw;fSld; nghUe;jpg; nghUisj; jUtJ. 436) miskwp ghg;Gg; nghUs; Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? nr a;As pd ; , W j p a p yp U e ; J n r hw;fi s vLj;J Kjy py ; itj;Jf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ. 437) nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspd; gy mbfspYk; $wg; gl;Ls;s nrhw;fisg; nghUSf;F Vw;gf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;.
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438) m bkwpkhw; Wg ; n g h U s ; Nf h s ; vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspd; vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahky; tUtJ.

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439) fPo;f;fhZk; ghliy epiwT nra;f:1. ghl;Lf;F moF nghUs ; 2.gfYf;F moF ntspr;r k; 3. tPjpf;F moF J}a;i k 4. ePjpf;F moF Neh;i k 5. tPl;Lf;F moF tpUe; J 6. fhl;Lf;F moF kuq;f s; 440) jkpo; gonkhopia mwpf:1. The wise and the fool have their follows ,dk; ,dj;NjhL NrUk; 2. He who has an art has every where a part fw;Nwhh;f;Fr; nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G 3. Being on the sea. Sail being on the land.
settled

nfLk;

,ay; VO nra;As; jpUf;Fws ;

441) nrhw;nghUs;:1. fld; flik 2. rhd;Nwhh; Fzq;fs; epiwe;jt h; 3. ehz; ehzk;

ey;y

fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w Nfhyk; nfhs; 4. No rains no grains khhpay;yJ fhhpak; ,y;iy 5. Bad words find bad acceptance EzYk; jd; thahw;
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4. xg;GuT cjTjy; 5. fz;Nzhl;lk; caph;fsplj;J ,uf;f k; 6. tha;ik cz;ik 7. rhy;G rhd;whz;ik 8. Mw;Wthh; nray; nra;gth; 9. Mw;wy; typik 10. khw;whh; gifth; 11. Jiyay;yhh; Mw;wypd; Fiwe;jth; 12. fl;lis ciufy; 13. ,d;dh jPq;F 14. ,dpa ed;ik 15. nra;ahf;fhy; nra;ahtplj;J 16. ,d;ik tWik 17. ,sptd;W ,opthdjd;W 18. jpz;ik typik 19. Cop cyfk; 20. Mop fly; 21. ,Uepyk; - nghpa epyk; 22. nghiw - Rik
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442) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. vd;g gyh;ghy; tpidkw;W 2. Nkw;nfhs;gth; tpidahyiz Ak; ngah; 3. cs;sJ}ck; ,d;dpiras ngil 4. md;W Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 5. fz;Nzhl;lk; njhopw;ngah; 6. nfhy;yh eyj;jJ> nrhy;yh eyj;jJ - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;. 7. gzpjy; njhopw;ngah;

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8. Mw;Wthh;> khw;whh; tpidahy izAk; ngah; 9. ,d;ik> jpz;ik - gz;Gg; ngah;fs; 10. rhd;wth; tpidahyizAk; ngah; 11. ,Uepyk; chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; 12. kd;> X - mirr;nrhw;fs; 443) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c mwp - gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c tpidnar;r tpFjp 2. Mw;Wthh; - Mw;W + t; + Mh; Mw;W - gFjp t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 3. gzpjy; - gzp + jy; gzp - gFjp jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp 444) gphpj;jwpjy; m) xUtw;F - xUtd; + F M) ,sptd;W - ,spT + md;W ,) rhy;ngd;Dk; - rhy;G + vd;Dk 445) epug;Gf:1) ew;Fzq;fshy; rpwe;jpUj;jy; ngUikahFk;. rhd;Nwhhpd;

2) jtk; vd;gJ gpw caph;fisf; nfhy;yhikNa 3) Njhy;tpia xg;Gf; nfhs;tNj rhd;whz;ikia mse;jwpAk ;

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4. khw;whh; nghUs;

vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;

gifth ; 5. jPq;fpioj;jth;f;Fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk ;. ed;ikN a 446) nghUj;Jf m) ,d;ik tWik M) jpz;ik typik ,) Mop fly; <) Nehd;ik jtk;

,d;gk; - Rujh
447) goe;jkpo; fw;wy; ,d;gk; --,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? Rujh 448) nrhw;nghUs; jUf:ciufy ;

1. ,ir gl GfOld; 2. fath; fPo;f;FzKilNahh; 449) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:1. fsph;f;if ctikj;njhif 2. goe;jkpo;> rpw;wpdk;> ngUq;Fzk; gz;Gj; njhiffs; 3. toq;fp tpidnar;rk; 4. fw;wy;> ngWjy;> tho;jy; njhopw;ngah;fs; 450) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G ctikf;ftpQh; Rujhtpd; ,aw;ngah; ,uhrNfhghyd;. ,th; jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpYs;s gioaD}hpy; 23.11.1921 md;W gpwe;jhh;. ngw;Nwhh; jpUNtq;flk; nrz;gfk; Mth;.

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ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; kPJ ngUe;jiyth; nfhz;l gw;Wf; fhuzkhfj; fhkuhrh jk; ngaiur; ; (ciueil) Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd; vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. mjd; 453) jd;dykw;w jiyth;@ fh;k tPuh;@ fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;j RUf;fNk Rujh Mapw;W. Kjy;th; ahh;? fhkuhrh; Njd;kio> JiwKfk;> RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk; Rujhtpd; 454) fhkuhrh; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;? ftpijfs; K j y h d ftpij tpUJ efhpy; cs;s Fkhurhkp> E}y;fis rptfhkp ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Njd;kio 455) fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L> ve;j vd;Dk; ftpij E}y;> jkpof ehs; murpd; jkpo; tsh;r;rpj; Jiw gpwe;jhh;? toq;Fk; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd 1903 Mk; Mz;L #iyj; ghpirg; ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpof jpq;fs; ,aypir ehlf kd;wj;jpd; gjpide;jhk; ehsd;W fiy khkzpg; gl;lj;ijAk;> jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; 456) j p z ; i z g ; gs ; sp a p y; j k p o ; vOj;Jfisf; fw;W> tpUijAk; ,th; ngw;Ws;shh;. Xh; Mz;L 451) E}w; Fwpg;G:jkpo; ghlk; fw;wth; ahh;? Njd;kio E}ypy; ,aw;ifnaopy; fhkuhrh; 457) fhkuhrh; jdJ VOtajpy; Rtnuhl;b Kjyhf Muha;r;rp <whfg; apy; vd;W gjpdhW vOjg;gl;bUg; gFjpfshff; ftpijfs; 2. fw;wth; Kd; jhk; fw;w ,lk; ,d;gk ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;Ws;> ;. Njd;Jspfs; vd;Dk; gFjpapy; fy;tpiaf; ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. $wy; 452) epug;Gf: 3. ntw;wpia tho;tpy; 1. Foe;ijapd; Nrh;f;Fk; jsph;f;ifgl;l cz;gJ ,d;gk;. $opid
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gijidf; fz;lhh;. te;Nj khjuk; 458) fhkuhrh;> gs;sp nry;y ,ayhj NghJk; ehs;NjhWk; -----------gbj;Jk; murpay; $l;lq;fspy; jiyth;fspd nrhw; nghopTfisf; ,d;gk;. tpidgy Ghpjy; 4. NruhJ tho;jy; ,d;gk;. rpw;wpdf; fatNuhL

Nfl;Lk;> jk;Kila murpay; mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. nra;jpj; jhs;fs; 459) nka;fz;lhd; Gj;jfr;rhiy vd;w E}y; epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W > _____ > _____ > M f p N a h h p d ; tho;f;if tuyhWfisg; gbj;Jj; jpwikahfg; NgrTk; thjk; nra;aTk njhlq;fpdhh;. ,nydpd;> fhpghy;b> neg;Nghypah;

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460)

fhkuhrh; ,sikapy; ve;j 1945 Mk; Mz;L gpufhrk;> 1947 fhq;fpurpy; Nrh;e;jhh;? Mk; Mz;L Xke;J}h; Njrpa ,af;fkhd fhq;fpurpy; ,uhkrhkp k w ; W k ; 1949 461) fhkuhrh; ve;j M k ; M z ; L Fkhurhkp Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;F 467) N e U t p d ; kiwTf;Fg; nfhz;L rpiw nrd;whh;? g p d ; yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jpapd; irkd ; FO vjph;g;G> kiwTf;Fg; gpd; ahiu cg;Gr; Kjd;ikaikr;ruhf rj;jpahfpufk;> Mf;Ftj w; F fhkuhrh; nts;isaNd ngUk; gq;fhw;wpdhh;. ntspNaW. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp 462) fhkuhriuf; fl;rpapd; nrayhsuhf epakpj;jth; ahh;? jiyth; rj;jpa%h;j;jp 463) fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhfj; Nje;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;? 1937 464) ve;j Mz;L jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiytuhff; fhkuhrh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;? 1939 Mk; Mz;L 465) fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiy t h; gjtpapy; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; fhkuhrh; ,Ue;jhh;? gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs; 466) ve;j Mz;L ahUf;F Kjyikr;ruhfg gjtpNaw;gjw;Ff; fhkuhrh; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh; ? 179

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468) fhkuhrh; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? jiyth;fis cUthf;Fgth; 469) 1954 ,y; ,uh[h[p Kjyikr;rh; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpaJk; ahh; mg;gjtpf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;? fhkuhrh; 470) fhkuhrh; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth;ahf ahh; ,Ue;J cWJizahfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;? Mh;. ntq;fl;uhkd; njhopyikr; r u h f T k ; > rp.Rg;gpukzpak; fy;tpaikr;ruhfTk; 471) fhkuhrh; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j f h y j ; j p y ; ve;j Ie;jhz;Lj ; jpl;lq;fs; epiw Ntw;wg;gl;ld? ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; 472) nghpa njhopw; Ngl;ilfs; vq;F mikf;fg;gl;ld. fpz;b> mk;gj;J}h;> ,uhzpg; Ngl;il. 473) fhkuhrh; fhyj;jpy; ------------,af;fk; Nt&d;wpaJ? $l;LwT ,af;fk; 474) fhkuhrh; Ml;rpapy; ve;j njhopw; rhiyfs; njhlq;fg; ngw;wd? nea;Ntyp> epyf;fhpr; 180

Ruq;fj; njhopw;rhiy> ,e;J];jhd; Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy> fpz;b mWit rpfpr;irf; fUtpj; njhopw;rhiy> rUf;fiu Miy> Nrhlh cg;Gj; njhopw;rhiy> rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy> nguk;g+h;j; njhlh; tz;bg; ngl;bj; njhopw; rhiy> Nkl;^h;f; fhfpjj; njhopw; rhiy.

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475) fhkuhrh; fhyj;jpy; ve;j fy;tp eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fl;lhaf; fy;tp 476) gs;sp Ntiy ehs;fis vt;tsthf fhkuhrh; cah;j;jpdhh;? E}w;nwz;gjpypUe;J,UE}whf 477) njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; kjpa czTj; jpl;lk; ahuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ? fhkuhrh; 478) fhkuhrh; vj;jid khehLfs; $l;lj;ij $l;b te;jhh;? <uhz;Lfspy; E}w;W Kg;gj;J %d;W khehLfs; 479) ahuhy; cah;epiyg; gs;sp ,ytrf; fy;tp nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ? fhkuhrh; 480) kUj;Jtk; fy;Y}hp Kjyhd njhopw; fy ;Y } hp fs py ; g a p Yk ; V io fldspf; khzth;fSf;F f Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. tl;bapy;yhf; fldspf;f 481) jQ;rht+h;g; gz;izahs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;ijj; jpUj;jpr; rhFgb nra;Ak; njhopyhspf;F vt;tsT tpOf;fhL gq;F fpilf;f toptif nra;jhh;. mWgJ tpOf;fhL
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484) GtNdRth; efhpy; ve;j Mz;L fhq;fpuR khehl;by; fhkuhrh; mfpy ,e;jpaf; fhq;fpuRj; jiytuhfg; gjtpNaw;whh;? 1963 Mk; Mz;L 485) ,e;jpag; gpujkh; NeU ve;j Mz;L fhykhdhh;? 1964 486) rh];jphp vjph;ghuhj Kiwapy; 1966 Mk; Mz;L vq;F caphpoe;jhh;? jh];fz;by; 487) fhkuhrh;> NeUtpd; kfs; ,e;jpuh fhe;jpf;F ve;j gjtp nghUj;jkhdJ? gpujkh; gjtp 488) fhkuhrUf;F eLtzuR _____ tpUJ mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. ghuj uj;dh (,e;jpakhkzp) tpUJ 489) ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; fhkuhrh;f;F rpiyia epWtpaJ? MSau ntz;fyr;rpiyia 490) jkpof muR> fhkuhrhpd; fy;tpg; gzpiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tifapy; kJiug; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;F vd;d ngah; #l;baJ? kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk; 491) fhkuhrh; tho;e;j nrd;id ,y;yk; ,y;ykhf

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Mf;fg;gl;lJ? epidT 482) epy cr;rtuk;G Vf;fh; vdf; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ ? Kg;gJ Vf;fh; 483) ve;j Mz;L rPdg;gilnaLg;Gf;Fg; gpd;> fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; nry;thf;Fr rhpaj; njhlq;fpaJ. 1962 Mk; Mz;L

,y;ykhf 492) fhkuhrh; muq;fk; vq;F epWtg;gl;lJ? Njdhk; Ngl;ilapy; 493) fhkuhrh; gpwe;j ehshd gjpide;jhk; ehis Mz;LNjhWk; mwptpj;Js;sJ fy;tp tsh;r;rpehs;

#iy

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494) fhe;jpabfs; kPJ mstw;w md;G nfhz;l fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L fhe;jpabfspd; gpwe;j ehshd mf;Nlhgh; ,uz;lhk;ehs; ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhh;? 1975 Mk; Mz;L

,yf;fzk; Gzh;r;rp

495) Gzh;r;rp vd;why; vd;d? epiy nkhopapd; <Wk; tUnkhop apd; KjYk; NrUtJ Gzh;r;rp MFk;. 496) tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit: Njhd;wy;> jphpjy;> nfLjy 497) Njhd;wy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUf jkpo; + ghlk; = jkpo;g;ghlk; 498) jphpjy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUf? fy; + rpiy = fw;rpiy 499) nfLjy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUf? kuk; + Nth; = kuNth; 500) Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;why;
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vd;d ? F> R> L> J> G> W Mfpa MWk; nebyLj;Jk; ,uz;L Kjypa gy vOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;Jk; tUk; NghJ> jd; khj;jpiuastpy; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jidf; Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;gh;. 501) Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;why; vd;d ? epiy nkhopapd; <W (filrp) Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J> tUnkhop

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apd; Kjy; vOj;J> a fukhf ,Ue;J GzUk; NghJ> cfuk; , f u k h f j ; jphpAk; ,jidf; Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;gh;. 502) Nrh;j;J vOJf: 1. fhL + Nfhop = fhl;Lf;Nfhop 2. MW + ghyk; = Mw;Wg;ghyk; 3. fpzW + j t i s= fpzw;Wj;jtis 4. ehF + fbJ = ehFfbJ 5. v/J + rpwpJ = v/FrpwpJ 6. tuF + jPJ = tuFjPJ 7. Fuq;F + nghpJ = Fuq;FnghpJ 8. njs;F + rpwpJ = njs;FrpwpJ 9. njs;F + fhy; = njs;Ffhy; 10. v/F + rpWik = v/FrpWik 11. ehF + jiy = ehFjiy 12. kUe;J + ig = kUj;Jg;ig 13. ,Uk;G + Mzp = ,Ug;ghzp 14. fUk;G + tpy; = fUg;Gtpy; 15. nrk;G + Flk; = nrg;Gf;Flk;. 503) epug;Gf: 1) thio + kuk; = thiokuk; vd;gJ ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp 2) kuk; +Nth; = kuNth;. ,J nfLjy; tpfhuk; 3) fd;W + M vd;gJ vdg;GzUk; . tpil:

504) nghUj;Jf:1. ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp fw;Nfhl;il 2. Njhd;wy; tpfhuk; - kuNty; 3. nfLjy; tpfhuk; thiog;gok;

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4. jphpjy; tisay; tpil:

tpfhuk;

nghd;

nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
505) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs; m> ,> c vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;Jfis mLj;Jk; v vd;Dk; tpdhit mLj;Jk; tUk;. ty;ypdq;fshfpa f> r> j> g> kpFk;. (v.fh) , + nrb = ,r;nrb. 506) me;j> ,e;j> ve;j> mq;F> ,q;F> vq;F> mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;w Rl;L> tpdhr; nrhw;fis mLj;J ty;ypdk; kpFk;. v.fh me;j + Nfhtpy; = me;jf;Nfhtp y; 507) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wi k tphpapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) E}iy + gb = E}iyg;gb 508) ehd;fhk; Nt w; Wi k t phpapy ; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) gzpf;F + nrd;whd; = gzpf;Fr;nrd;w hd; 509) ,uz;L> %d;W > ehd;F> Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
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cld; njhf;f njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) kuk; + ngl;b = kug;ngl;b 510) gz;Gj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. ( v . f h ) g r ; i r + f p s p = gr;irf;fpsp 511) ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifapy ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) ky;ypif +g+ = ky;ypifg;g+

gaDk;

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512) ctikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk; (v.fh) kyh; + fz; = kyh;f;fz; 513) XnuOj;J xU nkhopapd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk; (v.fh) g+ + $il = g+f;$il. 514) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) Xlh+ Fjpiu = Xlhf;Fjpiu 515) td;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) gj;J + ghl;L = gj;Jg;ghl;L 516) l> w xw;W ,ul;bf;Fk; caph;> neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuq;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk; (v.fh) ehL + gw;W = ehl;Lg;gw;W 517) Kw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk; (v.fh) jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws; 518) rhy> jt Kjypa chpr;nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. (v.fh) rhy + N gr pdhd ; = rhyg;Ngrpdhd ;

519) Ma;> vd> ,dp> Mf Kjypa ,ilr; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk; . (v.fh) ,dp + fhz;Nghk; = ,dpf;fhz;Ngh k;. 520) ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;: mJ> ,J> mit> ,it vDk; Rl;Lr; nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; vJ> vit vDk; tpdhr;nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) mJ + gwe;jJ = mJ gwe;jJ .

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521) M> V> X vDk; tpdh vOj;Jfspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) mtdh + nrd;w hd; = mtdh nrd;whd; 522) vOtha;j; njhlhpy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) kyh; + g+j;jJ = kyh;g+j;jJ 523) mj;jid> ,j;jid> v j; ji d v d; Dk ; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gp d ; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) mj;jid + glq;fs;= mj;jid glq;fs; 524) tpidj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) CW + fha; = CWfha; 525) ck;ikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) fgpyguzh;> ,uTgfy; 526) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) fly; + fle;jhh; = fly;fle;jhh;. 527) %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfspd; gpd; (xL> XL) ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) g+nthL + Nrh;e;j = g+nthLNrh;e;j 528) vl;L> gj;J jtpug;gpw
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vz;fSf;Fg; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) xd;W nfhL xd;WnfhL ,uz;L + Ngh; = ,uz;LNgh; 529) tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wf;Fg; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) tho;f + jkpo; = tho;fjkpo;

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530) ,ul;ilf;fpstp> mLf;Fj; njhlh;fspy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) ry + ry = ryry 531) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; jtpug; gpwnganur;rq;fsod; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) rpwpa + ngz; = rpwpangz; 532) nghUj;Jf: f + R = fR m + c = f$ U + $ = cc c0 + c = fq fm + f0 = f0 533) jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf:1. Take away the full. The boiling will cease vhptijg; gpLq;fpdhy; nfhjpg;gJ mlq;Fk; 2. Practice makes perfect rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gof;fk;> nre;jkpOk; ehg;gof;f k; 3. The law - maker should not be a law breaker

,ay;vl;L nra;As; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghl y;

534) nrhw;nghUs;: 1) tphpfly; gue;jfly; -

Ntypia gapiu Nka;e;jhw; Nghy 4. Misfortune never comes single gl;l fhypNy gLk;> nfl;l FbNa nfLk; 5. Look no gift horse in the mouth jhdk; nfhLj;j khl;ilg; gy;iyg; gpbj;Jg; ghh;f;fyhkh? 184

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2) fhAk; utpr;Rlh; Rl;nlhpf;Fk; #hpaf;fjp h; 3. Nahfk; topghL 535) ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; tpsf;fk;. goq;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; vr;rk; vdf; fUjg;gLk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; Vl;by; vOjhf; ftpijfs; MFk;. ,it toptopahfg; ghlg;gl;LtUk; tha;nkhop , y f ; f p a q ; f N s . gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> fijg; ghly;fs;> njhopw;ghly;fs; Kjypad ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;Js; mlq;Fk;. njk; khq;Fg;ghly;> fisnaLg;Gg; ghly;> fjpuWg;Gg; ghly;> kPdth; ghly;> Kjypad njhopw; ghly;fs;. vspa nrhw;fSk; eilKiw tho;f;ifi a x l ; b a Mo;e;j fUj;JfSk; mlq;fpait ,g;ghly; fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ fisg;G Vw;glhky; ,Uf;fg; ghlg;gLtd. ehl;Lg;Gwtp ay; Jiwapy; gy;NtW Ma;Tfs; eilngw;w tz;zk; cs;sd. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> gbf;fhjth; fSk;
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XusT fy;tpawpT ngw;wth; fSk; ghLtdth f cs;sd. , g ;g hl y ; f s ; nrtp topahfg; guTtd. ,tw;iw ,aw;wpath; ,d;dhnudf; $wtpayhJ. 536) epug;Gf 1. kPdth;fSf;F ,utpy; tpsf;fhf tpsq;FtJ tpbnts;s p

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2. kPd;tiy kPdthpd; gbf;Fk; E}y; 3. kPdth; fz;zhbahfg; gad;gLj;JtJ KOepyNt 4. kPdthpd; thOk; tPL fl;L kuk;

ngz;ik nt. ,uhkypq;fdhh ;

537) md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; -vd;w ngz;ik ghliy ghbath; ahh;? nt.,uhkypq;fdhh ; 538) nrhw;nghUs; 1. cWjp - CcWjp 2. rfpg;Gj;jd;ik nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sj y; 3. nrh&gk; tbtk; 4. juzp cyfk; 5. jhuk; kidahs; 6. Nrit njhz;L 7. mayhh; cwty;yhNjhh; 539) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 183

1. md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; -vz;Zk;ik 2. ,d;gnrh&gk; -cUtfk; 540) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G ftpQh; nt.,uhkypq;fdhh;> ehkf;fy; khtl;lj;jpYs;s NkhfD}hpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th;jk; ngw;Nwhh; ntq;fl;uhkd; -mk;kzp mk;khs; M t h ; . ftpijg; Nghl;bfs; gytw;wpy; gq;Nfw;Wg; ghpRfs; ngw;whh;. jkpof murpd; Kjy;

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muritf; ftpQuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;. ,tUf;F eLtzuR gj;kg+\z; tpUJ toq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. ,th;> jkpof kf;fshy; fhe;jpaf; ftpQh; vdg; n g U i kAl d ; to q ; fg ; ngw;whh;. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp 1888 Kjy; 1972 tiuahFk;. 541) E}w;Fwpg;G ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ghly;fs; vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; nja;tj; jp Ukyh ; > j k po;j ; Nj d; k y h; > fhe;jpkyh;> Njrpa kyh;> rOjha kyh;> nghpNahh; Gfo; kyh;> jpUehs; kyh;> rpWfhg;gpa kyh;> ,irkyh;> mwpTiu kyh;> gy;Rit kyh; Mfpa jiyg;Gfspy; ftpijfs; mike;Js;sd. ,g;ghly;> rOjha kyh; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 542) ehkf;fy;yhhpd; gilg;Gfs; ,ir ehty;fs; 3 fl;Liufs; - 12 jd;tuyhW - 3 Gjpdq;fs; - 5 ,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;Tfs; - 7 ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs; - 10 rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; - 5 nkhopngah;g;Gfs; - 4
184

jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik (ciueil)

543) Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;FKiwf; nfhLikf;F vjpuhf chpikf; Fuy; vOg;gpg; Nghuhbathpd; ngz;zpd; ngah;?

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jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik 544) jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik ngw;Nwhhpd; ngah;> Ch;? GJr;Nrhpapy; tho;e;j KDrhkp vd;w nerthsp jpy;iyahb vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;j kq;fsk;. 545) KDrhkp nerTj; njhopy; ghjpg; ghy; tWikapy; thb NtiyNjb vq;F FbNawpdh;? njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; 546) tPu kq;if ts;spak;ik ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhh;? 1898 Mk; Mz;L 547) ts;spak;ik ve;j ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;? njd;dhg; gphpf;fhtpy; 548) jhahh; jp;y;iyahbapy; gpwe;jhy; ts;spak;ik ngah; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik 549) ve;j Mz;L njd;dhg; gphpf;f ehl;bd; jpUkzg; gjpTr; rl;lg; gbAk;> fpwpj;J kjr; rl;lg;gbAk; j p U k z q ; f s ; nr y ; y h J v d cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;ig ntspapl;lJ? 1913 Mk; Mz;L 550) fhe;jpabfs; ve;j Nghuhl;lj;jpidf; jiyik Vw;W top elj;jpdhh;? mwg; Nghuhl;lk; 185

551) mwg;Nghh; Nghuhl;lk; ve;j Mz;L> ve;j ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ? 1913 Mk; Mz;L jprk;gh;j; jpq;fs; 23 Mk; ehs; thy;f;];u];l; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.

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552) rpiwr; #oyhy; cly; eyk; Fd;wpa ts;spak;ik ve;j Mz;L kuzk; mile;jhh;? 1914 gpg;uthp ,Ugj;jpuz;lhk; ehsd;W jkJ gjpdhwhk; mfitapy;. 553) ek;gpf;ifjhd; mtuJ MAjk; vd;W jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik Fwpj;J ve;j ,jopy; fhe;jpabfs; vOjpas;shh;? ,e;jpad; xg;gPdpad; 554) njd;dhg;gphpf;f tuyhw;wpy; ts;sp ak;ikapd; ngah; vd;Wk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;W fhe;jpabfs; vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. njd;dhg;gphpf;fr; rj;jpahf;fpuf k; 555) fhe;jpabfs;> jkpoh; kPJk; jkpo; nkhopapd; kPJk; kpFe;j <LghL nfhz;ljw;F ahh; fhuzk; vd;W $wyhk; ? ts;spak;i k 556) ts ;s pak;ik apd ; epiditg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; ------------------ jkpo; ehL muR mtuJ rpi yi a epWtpAs;sJ.
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jpy;iyahbap y; 557) Nfh - Mg; - nlf;]; vd;wiof;fg; gLk; jkpo;ehL nerthsh; $l;LwTr; rq;fk; nrd;idapYs;s jdJ mWE}whtJ tpw;gid ikaj;jpw; Fj; _____ vdg;ngah; #l;bg; ngUikg;gLj;jp cs;sJ? jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik khspif

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,uhzp kq;fk;kh s; (Jizg;ghlk;)

558) fhg;ghl;rpahsuhf Ml;rp Ghpe;jth; ahh;? ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; 559) kJiu Mz;L te;j nrhf;fehj ehaf;fhpd; kidtp ahh;? ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; 560) n rh f;fehj ehaf;fh;> ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; ,th;fSf;F gpwe;j kfd; ahh;? fpUl;bd Kj;J tPug;gd; 561) Kj;J tPug;gd; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;J ve;j Nehahy; cyf tho;it ePj;jhh;? Vohz;Lf;fhyk;> mk;ikNeha; 562) ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kUkfspd; ngah;? rpd;d Kj;jk;khs; 563) ve;j nghWg;G ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kdj;ijf; fy;yhf;fpapUe;jd? murpay; gl;lwpTk;> Ml;rpg; nghWg;Gk; 564) , u h z p kq;fk;khs; n g a u d ; tprauq;fr; nrhf;f ehjd; ngaus tpy; ve;j Mz;L mhpaizapy; Vw;wg;gl;lhd;.
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1688 Mk; Mz;L 565) jpUtpjhq;$hpd; kd;dh; ahh;? ,utpth;kh 566) ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; fhyj;jpy; ik#h; kd;dd; ahh;? rpf;fNjtuhad;

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567) xt;nthU tUk; jhk; rpwe;jjhff; fUJk; rkaj;ijf; iff; nfhz;L thotpLt N j jUkk; vd;w nfhs;ifNa gpd;gw;wpath; ahh;? kq;fk;khs; 568) kq;fk;khs; kJiuapy; ------------fl;bdhh;? nghpanjhU md;dr;rj;jpuj;ijf; 569) fd;dpahFkhpf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk ; ,ilNa mike;j neLQ;rhiy> vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? kq;fk;khs; rhiy 570) kq;fk;khs; fl;bait vit? kj;jpar; re;ij> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> cah; epiyg;gs;spf; fl;llk;> ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiythpd; gioa mYtyfk;. 571) kq;fk;khspd; ngah; kq;fhj GfNohL tpsq;Fk;

572) nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? n r a; A sp d ; c W g ; G f s ; MW tifg;gLk;. mit: vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb> njhil. 573) vOj;J vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; Fwpy;> neby;> nka;> M a ; j k ; v d; D k ; v Oj ; J f s ; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.

ahg;G - nra;As; cWg;Gfs; (,yf;fzk;) (vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis)

186

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574) mir vd;why; vd;d? vOj;J jdpahfNth> gy Nrh;e;Njh X i r g ; g l mire;J (gphpe;J) epw;gJ mir vdg;gLk;. 575) mir vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? mir ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mit 1 Neuir> 2. epiuair 576) Neuir vd;why; vd;d? Fwpy; jdpj;Jk; Fwpy; xw;wLj;Jk;> neby; jdpj;Jk; neby; xw;wLj;Jk; tUtJ Neuir vdg;gLk;. 577) epiwair vd;why; vd;d? Fwpy; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wk;> Fwpy; neby; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J xw;Wk; tUtJ epiuair. 578) rPh; vd;why; vd;d? mirfs; jdpj;Jk; ,ize;Jk; $b mbf;F cWg;ghf miktJ rPh; vdg;gLk;. m/J Xuirr;rPh;> <uirr;rPh;> %tirr;rPh;> ehyirr;rPh; vd ehy; tifg;gLk;. 579) Xuirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? ntz;g htpd ; <w;wpy; Neuir> epiuairAs; VNjDk; xd;W jdpj;J epd;W rPuha; mikAk;. mtw;iw Xuirr;rPh; vd;gh;. 580) Xiur;rPh; ehy;tifg;
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tha;g;ghL? ehs; (Neh;)> kyh; (epiu)> fhR (Neh;G)> gpwg;G (epiuG). 581) <uirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L mirfs; Nrh;e;J xU rPh; MtJ <uirr;rPh;. Nehpy; KbtJ ,uz;Lk;> epiuapy; Kbt J ,uz;Lkhf <uirr;rPh; ehd;F Mfk;.

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582) rPh; tha;g;ghL 1. Neh; Neh; -Njkh 2. epiu Neh; -Gspkh 3. epiuepiu -fUtpsk; 4. Neh; epiu -$tpsk; khr;rPh; - 2 (Njkh > Gspkh> v d k h t p y ; Kbtjdhy; khr;rPh;) tpsr;rPh; - 2 (fUtpsk;> $tpsk; vd tpsj;jpy; Kbtjdhy; tpsr;rPh;) 583) %tirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? %d;W mirfs; Nrh;e;J xUrPh; MtJ %tirr;rPh;. Neuirapy; KbtJ ehd;Fk; epiu mirapy; KbtJ ehd;Fkhf %tir;rPh; vl;L MFk;. 584) fha;r;rPh; ehd;F: 1. Neh; Neh; Neh; -Njkhq;fha; 2. epiu Neh; Neh; -Gspkhq;fha; 3. epiu epiu Neh; -fUtpsq;fha; 4. Neh; epiu Neh; -- $tp ntz;ghtpw;F chpad Mjypd; ntz;gh chpr;rPh; vdTk; $Wth;.
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585) fdpr;rPh; ehd;F: 1. Neh; Neh; epiu --Njkhq;fdp 2. epiu Neh; epiu -Gspkhq;fdp 3. epiu epiu epiu fUtpsq;fdp 4. Neh; epiu epiu -$tpsq;fdp (,it tQ;rpg;ghtpw;F cupajhy; tQ;rpAspr;rPH vdTk; $WtH) 586) ehyirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? %ti rr;r Ph ; vl;Lld; Neuir> epiuairfisj; jdpj;jdpahfr;

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Nrh;j;jhy; ehyirr;rPh; gjpdhW fpilf;Fk; ,jidg; nghJr;rPh; vdf; $Wth;. 587) jis vd;why; vd;d? epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk; tUk; rPhpd; KjyirAk; xd;wpAk; xd;whkYk; tUtJ jis vdg;gLk;. 588) jis vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? VO tifg;gLk ;. mit: 1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 2. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis 5. fypj;jis 6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis 7. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis 589) Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis vd;why ; vd;d? v.fh jUf? khKd; Neh; tUtJ Nenuhd;wh rphpaj;jis. v.fh Neh; -- Neh; Nrh;e;J tUtjhy; Nenuhd;whrphpaj;ji s 590) epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis

vd;why vd;d? jUf? tpsk;Kd; epiu tUtJ epiu nahd;whrphpaj;jis. v.fh epiu - epiu Nrh;e;J tUtjhy; epiunahd;whrphpaj;ji s. 591) ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis vd;why; vd;d? k h K d ; e p iu A k; > tpsKd; NeUktUtJ ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis. ; v.fh

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592) ntz;rPh; ntz;lis vd;why; 599) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia vd;d? fha;Kd; Neh; mwpf tUtJ ntz;rPh; 1.The servant of the king is also a king ntz;lis. vy;yhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;ddh; v.fh. Neh; Neh; Neh; -2. Frest and fraud have foul ends Njkhq;fha; #Jk; thJk; Ntjid nra;Ak; 593) ntz;ghtpw;F chpa jisfs; 3. The place where you find your food is 1. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk; your paradise 2. ntz;rPh; NrhW fz;l ,lk; nrhh;f;fk;. ntz;lisAk; 4. No advice like fathers 594) fypj;jis vd;why; vd;d? je;ij nrhy; kpf;f ke;jpuk; fha;Kd; epiu tUtJ ,y;iy. fypj;jis 5. When the head is there, the tail should 595) xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis vd;why; not wag vd;d? fdpKd; epiu jiyapUf;f thy; Mlyhkh? tUtJ xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis. ,ay; xd;gJ -596) xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis nra;As; vd;why; tQ;rfkha neQ;rNkhL vd;d? nkhopjy; fdpKd; Neh; tUtJ xd;whj 600) khakhd tho;it tQ;rpj;jis vdg;gLk;. ek;gpj; 567) chpatpilj; Njh;e;njOJf tQ;rkha neQ;rNkhL nkhopjy; 1. nka;Ak;> Ma;jKk; ahg;gpy; vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. tpil vd;w ghliy vOjpath; ahh;? 2. fha;r;rPh; tifg;gLk kJuftp gh];fujh]; ;. ehd;F 5. ntz;ghtpy; cah;T 3. Mrphpag;ghtpw;F chpa vd;Dk; rPh;fs; <w;W r;rPhpy; tUk; MFk;. Xui rapd ; tpil tha;g;ghL 4. fha;Kd; Neh;thpd; MFk;. tpil tpil
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597)

flndd;g vy;yhk ; rhd;whz;ik gth;f;F

e y ; y i t 601) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. kdf;Fuq;F -fldwpe;J cUtfk; Nkw;nfhs; 2. ehL efh; -- ck;ikj; njhif 3. nrk;nghd; -- gz;Gj; njhif 4. khLk; MLk; -vz;Zk;ik 602) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: gh];fujh]; kJiu e f h p y ; gpwe;jth;. ,th; ,dpa ,iraikg; ghy; Gjpa gy ,irAUf;fis mikj;jth;. ,irg;GyikAld; ehlfg;GyikAk; ngw;wth;. ehlf Nkilfspy; tpL jiyg;ghly;fis

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,irj;jth;. ,thpd; ,irg;ghly; fisf; Nfl;l fhe;jpabfs;> ,tiug; nghpJk; ghuhl;bdhh;. ,tiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tifapy; kJiuapy; ,th; tho;e;j gFjpf;F kJuftp gh];fujh]; efh; vdg; ngahpg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp 1892 Kjy; 1952 tiuahFk;. ghlg;gFjpapYs;s ghly; kJiftp gh];fuj h]; fPh;j;jidfspd ; ,uz;lhk; ghfj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s J. xg;gilg;G: jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy; jUkpf;F nghw;fpop mspj;j glyf; fijiag; nghk;kyhl;lkhf tbtikj;J tFg;gpy; elj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

khpad;idf; F 604) ,NaR ngUkhd; je;ijapd; ngah;? Nrhrg;G k; 605) Foe;ij ,NaRit> VNuhJ kd;ddpd; nfhLikapypUe; J fhg;ghw;w je;ij Nrhrg;Gk; jha; khpad;idAk ; ve;j ehl;bw;F nrd;wdh;? vfpg; J

,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vr;.V fpUl;bddhh ;

603) ,iw kfdhfpa ,NaR ngUkhd; ngj;jyNfkpy; ahUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;?
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606) ,NaRtpd; Njhs;fspd; rpYitap idr; Rkj;jpj; Jd;GWj;jpf; ve;j kiyf;Ff; nfhz;L Nrh;j;jdh;? fy;thhp kiyf;Ff; 607) nrhw;nghUs;: 1. <z;L -- ,t;tplk; 2. Gfy;tJ -- nrhy;tJ 3. fhz;lF -- fhzj;jf;f 4. ,Ug;ghzp -- ,Uk;G Mzp 5. flhtpdhh; -- mbj;jhh; 6. fPz;L -- Njhz;b 7. nrw;wk; -- rpdk; 8. FUR -- rpYit 9. nrhw;w -- nrhd;d 10. Jsf;fk; -- tpsf;fk; 11. RUjpKjy; -- kiw Kjy;tuhfpa ,NaR ehjh; 12. rijg;Gz;L -rpijf;fg;gl;L 13. gd;dhpa -- nrhy;Yjw;fhpa 14. gyghL -- gyJd;gk; 15. ,Uk;nghiw -- ngUk; nghWik 16. tpj;jfd; -- Mz;ltd; 17. njhOk;gh; -- mbahh; 18. ,ir ngWjy; -- Gfo; ngWjy; 19. JQ;rpdth; -- cwq;fpath; 20. fPz;L -- gpse;J 21. ,Ug;G Kis -- Mzpapd; Edp 22. tijg;Gz;L -Jd;gkile;J 23. khz;LgLk; NghJ -- ,wf;Fk; epiyapy; 24. ,ul;rfh; -- fhg;gth; 25. kd;whLk; -- kpf Ntz;Ljy; 26. Mfbak; -- Vsdk;
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608) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. nrq;if> Nrtb> ntt;tpUg;G - gz;Gj; njhiffs; 2. ,Ug;G -- typj;jy; tpfhuk; 3. fdptha; -- ctikj; njhif 4. td;kwNthh; -- gz;Gj; njhif 609) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1) jPz;bdhh; -- jPz;L + ,d; + Mh ; jPz;L gFjp ,d; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2) flhtpdhh; -- flhT + ,d; + Mh flhT - gFjp ,d; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 610) gphpj;jwpjy;: m) kw;wpuz;L -- kw;W + ,uz;L M) FUNrw;wp -- FUR + Vw;wp ,) jd;dhpa -- jd; + mhpa <) jtpg;nga;jp -- jtpg;G + va;jp c) ,j;jifa -- , + jifa C) kdeyk; -- kdk; + eyk;
194

v) gq;fpl;lhh; -- gq;F + ,l;lhh; V) vOj;jpl;lhh; -vOj;J + ,l;lhh; I) vd;whfbakhd vd;W + Mfbak; + Md 611) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpf E}yhrphpah; vr;.V fpUl;bddhh;. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs; s fiuapUg;G vd;Dk; Chpy;> 1827 Vg;uy; ,Ugj;J %d;whk; ehs; gpwe;jhh;. ,tUila je;ij rq;fu ehuhazh; ngUk;

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Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. md;idahh; ngah; nja;t ehafp mk;khs;. ,th;fs; nul;bahgl;bapy; tho;e;j th;fs;. gpwF> fiuapUg;G nrd;W tho;e;j fpUl;bddhh;> Kg;gjhtJ mfitapy; jk; ngaiu vr;.V f p U l ; b d d h h ; vd i t j ; J f ; nfhz;lhh;. fpUl;bddhh; je;ijaplk; jkpopyf;fp aq;fisAk; khzpf;f thrfj;Njthp lk; ,yf;fzq; fisAk;> gpytzr; Nrhjplhplk; tlnkhopiaAk; fw;whh;. rhah;Guk; gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,ul;rzpa rka eph;zak;> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rzpaf; Fws; vd;Dk; E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhh;. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh; vdg; Gfo;g; ngw;w ngUq; ftpQh; 1900 gpg;uthp %d;whk; ehs; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;. 612) E}w;Fwpg;G: ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;gjd; nghUs; (caph;> jd;idf; fhf;f Ntz;b) ,iwtid Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; gazk; vd;gJ. Md;k <Nlw;wj;ij tpUk;Ggth; vd;gJk; 195

nghUe;Jk ;. [hd; gd;ad; vd;Dk; Gfo; ngw;w Mq;fpy E}yhrphpah; ,aw;wpa gpy;fphpk;]; GNuhfpu]; vd;Dk; E}iyj; jOtp> n`d;wp My;gh;l;L fpUl;bddhh; top E}yhfj; jkpopy; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;Dk; ngahpy; ,aw;wpdhh;.

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613) epug;Gf: 1. fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh; vdg; Gfog; ngWgth; Vr;.v fpUl;bddhh; 2. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; E}iyj;jOtp ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. gpy;fphpk;]; GNuhfpu];

khepyq;f spy; kfu rq;fuhe;jp vdTk; [g;ghd;> [hth Kjypa ehLfspy; mWtilj; jpUtpoh vdTk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

nghq;fy; jpUtpoh (ciueil)

614) jkpoh; jpUehs; vJ? nghq;fy; tpoh> i j j ; j p q ; f s ; ehs; tpoh> jkpopdj;jpd; jdp tpoh> gz;ghl;Lg; ngUtpoh. 615) tsikapd; milahsNk ! mWtilf; fhyk; 616) tPLk;> ehLk; J}a;ikg;gLfpw> Rw;Wg;gwr; #oiyg; Nghw;Wfpd;w ,dpa jpUehs; vJ? Nghfpj; jpUehs; 617) coTf;F cWJizahd khLfis ed;wpAzh;NthL kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wpLk; jpUehs; vJ? khl;Lg; nghq;fy; 618) Mapukhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Xhplj;jpy; epiyj;J coTj; njhopy; nra;J> gz;gl;l ehfhpf tho;it Nkw; nfhz;lth;fs; ahh;? jkpoh;fs; 619) Me;jpuh> fUehlfh Mfpa
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jkpofk; kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;if> kNyrpah> nkhhPrpaJ> rpq;fg;g+h;> ,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w f l y ; fle;j ehLfspYk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

(,yf;fzk; ) ahg;G - nra;As; cWg;Gfs; (mb> njhif)

620) mb vd;why; vd;d? rPh;fs; gy mLj;J elg;gJ mb vdg;gLk;. 621) mb vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? mb Ie;J tifg;glk;. mit 1. Fwsb> 2. rpe;j mb> 3. mstb> 4. nebyb> 5. fopnebyb. 622) Fwsb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; ,Ur;rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ Fwsb vdg;gLk;. v.fh.. Kf;jp Ntz;LNky; 623) rpe;jb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; %r;rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ rpe;jb vdg;gLk;. v.fh gOjp yhJ gapw;wpdh;. 624) mstb vd;why; vd;d? 197

mbNjhW k; ehd;F rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ mstb my;yJ Neub vdg;gLk;. v.fh tha;nkhop jg;gplh tifapy; Mw;Wtd;. 625) nebyb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; Ie;J rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUtJ nebyb vdg;gLk;.

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mbNjhWk; Kjy; v.fh ePLk; Filiaj; vOj;J xd;wptuj; jhpj;j gpuhdpe;j ePs; epyj;jpy; njhLg;gJ mbNkhidj; 626) fopnebyb vd;why; vd;d? njhil vdg;gLk;. mbNjhWk; MW my;yJ 630) vJifj; njhil vd;why; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gy vd;d? m b N j h W k ; rPh;fisg; ngw;W KjnyOj;J tUtijf; fopnebyb msnthj;J (Xirapy;) epw;f> vdf; , u z; l h k ; vOj;J $Wth; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ . mbnaJifj; njhil 627) njhil vd;why; vd;d? vdg;gLk;. kyh;fisj; 631) Kuz; njhil vd;why; vd;d? njhLg;gJ NghyNt mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPh; rPh;fspYk; Kuz;glj; mbfspYk; Nkhid njhLg;gJ mbKuz; njhil Kjypad mikaj; njhLg;gJ njhil vdg;gLk;. 628) njhil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? njhif vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit 1. Nkhidj; njhil> 2. vJifj; njhil> 3. Kuz; njhil> 4. ,iaGj; njhil> 5 . m s n g il j n j h i l > 6 . ,ul;ilj; njhil> 7. me;jhjpj; njhil> 8. nre; njhil. 629) Nkhidj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy; vdg;gLk; . 192

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632) ,iaGj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mb,iaGj; njhil vdg;gLk;. 633) msngilj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; Kjy; rPh; msngLj;J tUtJ mbasngilj; njhil vdg;gLk;.

KjnyOj;J xd;wp tUtJ $ioNkhid vdg;gLk;. 638) Nkw;fJtha;Nkhid (1>3>4) vd;why; vd;d ? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Nkw;fJ tha;Nkhid.

Nkhid:
634) ,izNkhid vd;why; vd;d? ,izNkhid (1>2) ehyb nfhz;l rPUs; KjypU rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wp tuj;njhLg;gJ ,izNkhid vdg;gLk;. 635) nghopg;G Nkhid (1>3) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjw;rPhpYk;> %d;whk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J xj;J tUtJ nghopg;G Nkhid vdg;gLk;. 636) x&cNkhid (1>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjw; rPhpYk;> ehd;fhk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ> xUcNkhid vdg;gLk;. 637) $ioNkhid (1>2>3) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> vdg;gLk; %d;whk rPh;fspy; . 193

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639) fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid vd;why; vd;d? (1>2>4) XubAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid vdg;gLk;. 640) Kw;WNkhid (1>2>3>4) vd;why; vd;d ? Xh; mbapd; ehd;F rPh;fspYk; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Kw;WNkhid vdg;gLk;.

vJifj; njhil:
641) ,iz vJif vd;why; vd;d? (1>2) KjypU rPh;fspd; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f (Xirastpy;) , u z; l h k ; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ ,iz vJif vdg;gLk;. 642) nghopg;G (1>3) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjw; rPhpYk;> %d;whk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ nghopg;G vJif vdg;gLk; . 194

645) Nkw;fJtha; vJif (1>3>4) vd;why; vd;d ? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj njhLg;gJ Nkw;fJtha; vJif vdg;gLk;. 646) fPo;f;fJtha; vJif (1>2>4) vd;why; vd;d ? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ fPo;f;fJtha; vJif vdg;gLk;. 647) Kw;nwJif (1>2>3>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; cs;s ehw;rPh;fspYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> , u z; l h k ; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Kw;nwJif vdg;glk;. 648) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;;njOJf: 1. njhil tifg;gLk;. vl;L vdg;

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gLk;. 643) x&c vJif (1>4) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy; rPhpYk; ehyhk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ x&c vJif vdg;gLk;. 644) $io vJif (1>2>3) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;whk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; n j h L g ; g J $i o vJif

2. Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; Nkhid xj;J tUtJ. Nkw;fJtha; 3. mstbf;F vd;Dk; NtW ngaUz;L. Neub 4. ,iznaJif vd;gJ > rPh;fspy; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ. 1>2

vdg;gLk; .

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649) nghUj;Jf: m) $io --- 1>2>3 rPh;fspy; tUk; M) Nkw;fJtha; -- 1>3>4 rPh;fspy; tUk; ,) fPo;f;fJtha; -- 1>2>4 rPh;fspy; tUk ; <) Kw;W -- 1>2>3>4 rPh;fspy; tUk; 650) jkpo;g; gonkhop:1) Anger is sworn enemy Nfhgk; Fyj;ijf; nfLf;Fk;. 2) Break my head and bring a plaster gps;isiaf ; fps;sp tpl;Lj; njhl;biyAk; Ml;LtJ. 3) There is danger in mens smiles njhOj ifAs;Sk; gil xLq;Fk;. 4) Like hand and glove efKk; rijAk; Nghy 5) Wealth is best known by want epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njhpAk;.

h; 652) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ,aw;ngah; Jiu> khzpf;fk;. ,tuJ Ch; Nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk;. ,thpd; ngw;Nwhh; Jiu rhkp> FQ;rk;khs; Mth;. 10.03.1933 md;W gpwe;j ,th;> 11.06.1995 Mk; ehs; kiwe;jhh;.

,ay; gj;J nra;As; Xa;Tk; gaDk;

651) Xa;thf ,Uf;ifapy; jk;gp eP X t p a k ; tiue;J goF! -,g;ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? ngUQ;rpj;jpudh

194

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fdpr;rhW> Iia> nfha;ahf;fdp> ghtpaf; n f h j ; J > g s ; s p g ; gwitfs;> E}whrphpak; Kjypa gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. njd; nkhop> jkpo;r; rpl;L> jkpo; epyk; Mfpa ,jo;fs; %yk; cyfj; jkpohpilNa jkpOzh;it ,e;E}y; FQ;RfSf;F > gwitfSf;F > kzpnkhop khiy vd;Dk; %d;W gphpTfshf mike;Js;sJ. 653) epug;Gf: 1. ,irahy; kiwe;J NghFk;. Jd;gk; 2. cyf epfo;Tfis mwpe;jhy; Nkk;gLk;. mwpTj;jpwd; 3. Vl;Lf;fy;tpawpTld; ______ fy;tpawpT? fiyaTk;> njhopw;fy;tp> mwptpaw; rpe;jid 4. gs;spg;gwitfs; E}y; gphpTfshf mike;Js;sJ. %d;W

kPuh vd; D k ; ngah; kP. ,uhNre;jpud; vd;gjd; RUf;fk;.

vjph;fhyk; ahUf;F -- kPuh

654) cjph;fhyk; ,dpNkNy vd;w vjph;fhyk; ahUf;F vd;w ghliy ghbath; ahh;? kPuh 655) nrhw;nghUs;: Njl;il -- nry;tk; 656) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: 195

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,th; 1938 Mk; Mz;L rptfq;ifapy; gpwe;jhh;. jhk; gbj;j rptfq;iff; fy;Y}hpapy; NguhrphpauhfTk;> Kjy;tuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,uhNre;jpud; ftpijfs;> %d;Wk; MWk;> NfhilAk; tre;jKk;> Crpfs;> fdTfs; fw;gidfs; fhfpjq;fs;> Ff;$ Mfpa ftpij E}y;fisAk; th ,e;jg;gf;fk; kPuh fl;Liufs; Mfpa fl;Liu E}y;fisAk; gilj;Js;shh;. jkpo; tsh;r;rpf; fofg; ghpR> ghNte;jh; tpUJ> rpw;gp ,yf;fpa tpUJ> jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh; Nguit tpUJ Kjypatw;iw toq;fpj; jkpOyfk; ,tiur; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. 657) E}w;Fwpg;G: ,g;ghly; ,uhNre;jpud; ftpijfs; vd;Dk; njhFg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,g;ghly;fisj; njhFj;jth; Nre;jp cilaehjGuk; rPdpthrd; . ,e;E}y;> rpWJsp ngUnts;sk; vd;Dk; ngUe;jiyg;gp Ds; mOjj;Jspfs;>

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ey;y vjph;fhyk; 2. mwr;rhiy -----------tpijg;ghUf;Nf fpl;Lk;. c a p h ;fs p d ; ,d;dy; ePf;Fk; mUshsh;f;Ff;

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664) kdpjNd ikak;. J s p fs ; > fz;zPh;j ; Jspfs;> caph;f; gd;dPh;j;Jspfs;> Nfhsj;jpd; kioj;Jspfs;> FUjpj;Jspfs; 665) caph;f;Nfhsk; vd;Dk; rpWjiyg;G fspd; jd;dfj;Njgy fPo; ehw;gj;ije;J ftpijfs; ,aw;iff; cs;sd. ,f;ftpij> fhl;rpfis kioj;Jspfs; vd;Dk; fPo;f;fhz;Nghk;? jiyg;gpy; ,lk; gue;j thd;ntspAk;> cah;e;j ngw;Ws;sJ. kiyKfLk;> kiytPo; 658) epug;Gf: mUtpAk;> tw;whky; tsk; 1. Vh; gpbj;J ciog;gtUf;Ff; gug;Gk; MWk;> ftpd;kpF fpilg;gJ ------NrhiyAk;> fdpjUk; kuq;fs;> caphpdq;fSk; mjd; epiyfsd;fs; MFk;.

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666) caph;fspd; tho;f;if ,aw;ifr; #o;epiyfshfpa > nfhz;L eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. fhw;W> ePh; 667) kw;Wk;

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caph;tspg; glyk; (XNrhd;) caph;fs; nropf;f ,aw;if m s p j ; j p U f ; F k ; g h J f h g ; G muzhFk;. 676) fjputdplkpUe;J ntsptUk; Gw Cjhff; fjph;fs; epyg;gug;igj; jhf;fhj tifapy; ve;j glyk; jLf;fpwJ? caph;tspg; glyk; (XNrhd;) 677) Fsph;gjdg; ngl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg; gLk; -------,t;Taph; tspg;glyj;ijr; rpijg;gjpy; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. FNshNuh/ GSNuh fhh;gd; 678) jpz;k> ePh;k> thAg;nghUs; fopTf shy; vJ rPh;NfL milfpd;wJ? epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W 679) epyk; khRiltjw;fhd fhuzk;? Fg;igfs;> tptrhaf; fopTfs;> njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfs;. 680) fhw;W khRiltjw;fhd fhuzk;? Nghf;Ftuj;J Ch;jpfs;> njhopw;rhiy fspypUe;J ntsptUk; er;Rg;Gif> mZkpd; epiyaq;fs; ntspNaw; Wk; fjphpaf;f khR Kjypa tw;wpdhy; fhw;W ngUksT khR milfpd;wJ.
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681) kuq;fisj; 687) Ntw;Wikazp vd;why; vd;d? njhlh;e;J mopj;J tUtjdhy; epfo;fpd;wd nra;Aspy; . ,UnghUs;fSf; F 685) ,y;nghUS ctikazp epyr;rhpT> kz; mhpg;G> vd;why; kioapd;ik vd;d 682) kiotsk; ngUf ? tsh;j;j y cyfpy; ,y;yhj Ntz;Lk ngh Ui s xd;wpw;F ;. ctikahf;fpf; $WtJ kuk ,y;nghUs; ctik mzp ; vdg;gLk;. ,yf;fzk; 686) gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp vd;why; mzp vd;d? 683) mzp vd;why; vd;d? Gytd;> jhd; fUjpa jk; fw;gid Mw;wyhYk; nghUis Neubahfr; nkhopg; GyikahYk; nrhy;yhky;> mjNdhL n j h l h ; G n r h y ; y p Y k ; ng hU sp Yk ; c i l a d t w ; i w r ; nrhy;yp moF Nrh;j;Jg ; ghly;fs; tpsq;fitg;gJ gpwpJ ,aw;Wth; ,j;jifa nkhopjy; mzp MFk;. nra;Al;fspy; fhzg;gLk; moNf. 684) VfNjr cUtf mzp vd;why; vd;d ? ftpQh; jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gynghUs;fis cUtfg;gLj;jpf; $W k;NghJ xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jp> mjNdhL njhlh;G ila kw;nwhd;iw cUtfg;gLj; jhky; tpLtJ.
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,ilNa cs;s xg;Gikiaf; $wpa gpd;dh; mtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf fhl;LtJ Ntw;Wik mzpahFk;. 688) epuy;epiw mzp vd;why; vd;d? nrhy;iyAk;> n g h U i s A k ; thpirahf (epuyhf) epWj;jp> NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy; epiw mzpahFk;.

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gj;jhk; tFg;G ,ay; - 1 nra;As; - tho;j;J

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6. "rjfk;;" vd;d? E}W ghly;fs; 7. nghUj;Jf nrhy; nghUs; 1. tpiu 2. foy; 3. jJk;gp 4. nka; tpil:(1 2

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",izapy;iy Kg;ghYf;F ,e;epyj;Nj" vdg; ghbatH ahH? ghujpjhrd ; 10. cupa nrhy;iyj; NjHe;njOJf:- m) ,Wtiu fhzpd; _____ (fpof;fhk;/fpsf;fhk;jiy) tpil: fpof;fhk; M) kdtypikAilNahH vd;Dk; n gh Us; j Uk ; nrhy; _____ (cuNthH/cwNthH) tpil: cwNthH

ciueil caHjdpr; nrk;nkho p

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fiyQH nrk;nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shH. 14. gjpdhW nrt;tpay; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ nrk;nkhop vd;gH mit ahit? 1. njhd;ik 2.Kd;ik 3.Ez;ik 4. jpz;ik 5.vz;ik 6.xz;ik 7. ,dpik 8.jdpik 9.,sik 10.tsik 11.jha;ik 12.J}a;ik 13.Kk;ik 14.nrk;ik 15.,ad;ik 16.tpad;ik 15. 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Nkw;gl;l tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikAila nkhopfs rpyNt ,tw;Ws; tof;fpoe;J Nghd nkhop ahit? jkpo;> rPdk;> rk];fpUjk;> ,yj;jPd;. <g;U> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPDk;> <g;UTk; tof;fpoe;J Nghapd. 16. "vd;WKs njd;jkpo;" vd;wtH ahH? fk;gH 17. ve;j nkhopfSf;F jkpo;nkhop jha;nkhopahfj; jpfo;fpwJ? fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> JStk; 18. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nkhj;j mbfs; vj;jid? 26>350 19. fk py;Rtyg py; " ve;j ehl;L nkhopapay; NguwpQuhthH? nrf; ehl;L 20. khf;RKy;yh;" vd;Dk; nkhop E}ywpQNuh jkpNo kpfTk;

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Jizg;ghlk; ,ay;1 gupjpkhw;fiyQH

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34. gupjpkhw;fiyQH ,aw;wpa ew;wkpo; ehlfq;fs; ahit? &ghtjp> fyhtjp 35. "rpj;jpuf;ftp" vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpatH ahH? gupjpkhw;fiyQH 36. FkuFUguupd; ePjpnewp tpsf;fj;jpd; vj;jid ghly;fSf;F ciunaOjp ciuahrpupauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhH? 51 ghly;fs; 37. K.rp.g+Hzypq;fk; njhlq;fp itj;j vd;Dk; ,jiog; gupjpkhw; fiyQH elj;jpdhH. QhdNghjpdp 38. 33mfitapy; ,aw;if va;jpdhH? gupjpkhw;fiyQH(2.11.1903)

3.Ie;J

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39. 1. 2. 3. 4.

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,ay;-2 nra;As ; rpyg;gjpfhuk;

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jkpo;ehL" vdg; ghujpahH Gfo;e;jhH.

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42. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; ,ay;-2 vd;gi ciueil nghpahupd; t vit?vit? ngz;tpLjiyr 1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; ; 2. kzpNkfiy rpe;jidf 3. rPtfrpe;jhkzp s; 4. tisahgjp 47. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:5. Fz;lyNfrp 1. jkpoHfsplk; ,d;W gutpAs;s 43. rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij vt;tifapy xd;W cz;L. ; ngUNeha; mike;Js;sJ? 2. ngupahH r%f vjpHj;jtH@ ,irehlfkhf %lf;fUj;Jfis 44. rpyg;gjpfhuk; czHj;Jk; %d;W Kuz;fis> Kl;lWj;jth; cz;ikfs; ahit? ,ay;-2 1. murpay; ,yf;fzk; gpioj; Njh Hf; F nrhy; mwq;$w;whFk;> 2.ciurhy; gj;jpdpia 1. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; caHe;NjhH Vj;JtH jUtJ 3. Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk jdpnkhop 45. ghz;ba kd;ddpd; JiwKfk; 2. njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; nfhw;if 3. tpidKw;W > vd ,Utifg;gLk;. jkpo;tsHr;rp njhpepiy tpidKw;W> Fwpg;G ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd; tpidKw;W 46. ghNte;jH ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaHRg;Guj;jpd 4. XH vr;r tpid nfhz;L k; fdfrig gpwg;G : 1891 Vg;uy; 29 GJitapy; gilg;Gfs; :FLk;gtpsf;F> gpwe;jhH. ,Uz;l tPL> jkpopaf;fk;> jha;: ,yf;Fkp ghz;bad; gupR> mofpd; rpupg;G je;ij : 203

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Kbe;jhy;> mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. ngaiuf;

njhifr;nrhw;fi s tpupj;njOJf
48. ,Utpid - 1. ey;tpid 2. jPtpid 49. Kj;jkpo; 1.,ay; 2.,ir 3.ehlfk;

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50. %Nte;jH 1. Nrud; 3.ghz;bad; 51. ehdpyk; 1.FwpQ;rp 3.kUjk; 52. Ie;jpiz 1. FwpQ;rp 3. kUjk; 5. ghiy

xl; lf; $j; j 2.Nrhod; H> GfNoe;jp. 56. "ahkwpe;j GytupNy fk;gidg;Nghy;" vd;W ghujpahH Gfo;e;J ghbAs;shH

2.Ky;iy 4.nea;jy; 2. Ky;iy 4. nea;jy;

,ay;-3 - nra;As; fk;guhkhazk; mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; Ffg;glyk;

53. MrpupaH Fwpg;G fk;gH gpwg;G - NjuOe;J}H (ehif khtl;lk;) je;ij - Mjpj;jd; fhyk; - ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jtH. Mjupj;jt H jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}Hr; rilag;g ts;sy; fk;guJ fhyk; - fp.gp.12 E}w;whz;L 54. fk;gH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;? fk;guhkhazk;> rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ> rpiynaOgJ> ruRtjp> me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk;. 55. rkfhyj;Jg; GytHfs;:raq;nfhz;lhH>
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tlnkhopapy; fk;guhkhazj;ij thy;kPfp KdptH vOjpdhH. fk;gH jhk; ,aw;wpa E}Yf;F ,uhkht jhuk; vdg; ngaupl;lhH. 58. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; cs;s 6 fhz;lq;fs; 1. ghyfhz;lk; 2. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; 3. Muz;a fhz;lk; 4. fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk; 5. Re;ju fhz;lk; 6. Aj;j fhz;lk; 59. "jkpOf;Ff; fjp" vd;w rpwg;Gk; fk;guhkhazj;jpw;F cz;L. 60. Ffg;glyj;ij fq;ifg;glyk; vdTk; $Wth;. nghUj;Jf:1. ,lH - epyT 2. ehtha; - Jd;gk; 3. ,iw - glF 4. ,e;J - jiytd; tpil: 1.Jd;gk; 2.glF 3.jiytd; 4.epyT

57.

gps;isahfg; gpwe;jhH. ,aw;ngaH- gPkhuht; uhk;[p

ciueil mz;zy; mk;Ngj;f H

61. mk;Ngj;fH kuhl;ba nfhq;fz; khtl;lj;jpy; jNghyp vd;Dk; mk;gthNl gpwe;jhH. gpwe;j ehs; -14.4.1891 je;ij - ,uhk;[p rf;ghy; jha; gPkhgha; ,tHfSf;F 14MtJ 203

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vj;jid NgH nfhz;l FO 62. fy;tpg;gazk;:mikf;fg;gl;lJ? gs;sp- 1908 ,y; vy;gpd;];ld; vOt gs;spapy; caHepiyg;gbg;G 1912 H ,y; gk;gha; vy;gpd;];ld; ,e;jpah KOikahd fy;Y}upapy; ,sq; 66. FbauR ehlhfj; jd;id fiyg;gl;lk; ngw;whH. mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;l ehs;? 1915 ,y; mnkupf;fhtpy; 1950 - 1 - 26 nfhyk;gpah ehs; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; KJfiyg; gl;lk;. 204 1916 ,y; ,yz;ld; nghUshjhuj;jpy; KidtH gl;lk; ngw;whH. kPz;Lk; ,yz;ld; n rd; W mwptpay; KJfiyg; gl;lKk; ghup];lH gl;lKk; ngw;whH. 63. mk;Ngj;fH Kjypy; elj;jg; ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs;! 1 9 24 Mk ; M z; L Nfushtpy; itf;fj;jpy; elj;jpa xLf;fg;gl;NlhH MyaEioT Kaw;rpAk;>1927 Mk; Mz;L khHr;R jpq;fs; ,Ugjhk; ehs; mk;Ngj;fH kuhl;baj;jpy; kfhj;Jf; Fs j;jp y ; elj;jpa jz;zPH vLf;Fk; Nghuhl;lKk; kdpj cupikf;fhf Kjypy; elj;jg; ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; vdyhk;. 64. tl;lNkir khehL ve;j Mz;L eilngw;wJ ? 1930 65. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr;rl;lk; tFf;f

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kf;fs; ,yf;fzk; fy;tpf;fofj;ijj ; nghJ Njhw;Wtpj;jtH ahH? ve;j Mz;L? 74. mk;Ngj;fH 1946 vOj;jpyf;fzk;>nrhy;ypyf; 68. Fwpg;G:fzk; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; rpj;jhHj;jh caHfy;tp $wg;glhj nghJthd nra;jpfs; epiyaj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gLt jhy; ,J nghJ ,d;iwa mwpT vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ t sHr; r pf ; F Ntz;ba midj;J ghlq;fSk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 69. ",e;jpahtpd; Njrpag; gq;FtPjk;" - vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH? mk;Ngj;fH 70. mk;Ngj;fH GfOlk;G va;jpa ehs;? 1956 Mk; Mz;L jprk;gH jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehs; 71. ,e;jpa muR ghuj uj;dh (,e;jpa khkzp) vd;Dk; caupa tpUij mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fUf;F ve;j Mz;L toq;fp ngUikg;gLj;jpaJ? 1990 67.

Jizg;ghlk; md;whl tho;tpy; rl;lk;

72. murpay; rhrdj;jpd; 19(1) MtJ gpuptpd;gb Fbkf;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk KOikahd Ngr;Rupik> vOj;Jupik cz;L. 73. jfty; mwpTk; cupikr;rl;lk; ruj; vd;d? 2005 gpupT 6

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"xUnkhop xopjd; 80. gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; ,dq;nfhsw; Fupj;Nj" vd;w nrhw;fis vOJf:E}l;gh ,lk; ngw;w E}y;? 1. N\j;jpuq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W tpf;fpuq;fis ed;D}y; (359) topgLf. 76. ,stofd; te;jhd; ,J Gz;zpaj;jye;NjhWk; njhlH nrd;W flTs; rpiyfis m) Fwpg;G M) ntspg;gil topgLf. ,) vJTkpy;iy 2. ,k;khu;f;fj;jpy; ahj;jpiu tpil: M nry;Yq;fs; 77. "khL" vd;Dk; nrhy; ,t;topNa Gz;zpag; gazk; MFk;. m) caHjpizg; nry;Yq;fs;. nghJg;ngaH 3. ,e;j \Hl; kpfTk; M) m/wpizg; nghJg;ngaH fh];l;ypahdJ. ,) tpuTg;ngaH ,e;j Nkyhil kpFe;j tpiy tpil: M kjpg;Gs;sJ. 78. khL fd;iw <d;wJ 4. ehis elf;f tpUf;Fk; ,j;njhlupy; Nkl;rpy; ,e;jpah fz;bg;ghf tpd; nra;Ak; ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; khL vd;gJ Fwpf;Fk ,e;j pa h c Wj pa ha ; n tw; w p ; m) gR M) fhis 3. NrhW cz;lhd; ,) fd;W 79. ,sikg; ngaHfisg; tpil: m ngUj;Jf 78. nghUj;Jf:1. ML - fd;W 1. ntspg;gilr; nrhw;fs; 2. khd; - gps;is NrhW 3. fPup - Fl;b cz;lhd; 4. rpq;fk; - FQ;R 2. Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; -fy;>kz; 5. Nfhop - Fuis 3.,dq;Fwpj;jy; - khL ghy; fwe;jJ tpil: 1. Fl;b 2. fd;W 3. gps;is tpil. 1. fy;>kz; 4. FUis> 5. FQ;R 2. khL ghy; fwe;jJ
205

75.

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ngWk;. 5. ehd; ,e;jf; fhNy[pd; Xy;l; ];Llz;l; ehd; ,e;jf; fy;Y}hpapd; Nkdhs; khztd;.

,ay; - 4 nra;As; - ew;wpiz

81. kpisfpohd; ey;Ntl;ldhH vOjpa ghly; ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; cs;sJ. kpis vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;jt uhjyhy;> kpisfpohd; ey;Ntl;ldhH vd;Dk; ngaH ngw;whH. 82. "ey;" vd;W milnkhop nfhLj;Jg; Nghw;wg;gLtJk; ew;wpizNa! 83. ew;wpizapd; njhFg;gpj;jt H gd;dhL je;j khwd; tOjp

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784. ew;wpizg; ghly;fs; ehD}W ghbNdhH 27 5 85. ew;wpiz xd;gjbr; rpw;nwy;iyAk; Ngnuy;iyAk; nfhz;l E}y;. gd;dpuz;L mbg; 86. "mup" vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; new;fjph;

GwehD}Wf; fz;zfdhH
87. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhodpd; mitf;fsg; GytHfSs; xUtuhf jpfo;e;jtH? fz;zfdhH 88. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W GwehD}W

ciueil Ngr;Rf;fiy
89. Ez;zpa E}y; fw;wtHf;Nf mike;j fiy m) Xtpaf;fiy M) ,irf;fiy gy mupa

,) Ngr;Rf;fiy tpil: ,

91. nghUj;Jf:1. mwptpdh - tUthah? vdpy; "thNud;" vd;gJ 2. Vty;tpil - cz;lhah? vdpy;> "tapW typf;Fk;" vd;gJ 3. kiwtpil ,jidr; nra;thah? vdpy; "ePNa nra;" vd;gJ 4.cWtJ $wy; ",jd; nghUs; ahJ?" vd MrpupaH khztuplk; Nfl;gJ tpilfs; : 1. , j d ; nghUs; ahJ? vd MrpupaH khztuplk; Nfl;gJ 2. ,jidr; nra;thah? vdpy;> ePNa nra; vd;gJ 3. tUthah? vdpy;> thNud; vd;g J 4. cz;lhah? vdpy;> tapW typf;Fk; vd;gJ 92. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:m) xU nghUs; Fwpj;JtUk; nrhw;fisNa vd;gH. 90. Nkilg;Ngr;rpy; kf;fis

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<Hj;jtH m) NguwpQH mz;zh M) K.tujuhrdhH ,) jpU.tp.f tpil: m

,yf;fz k; tpdh-tpil tiffs ; xUnghUl; gd;nkhop

xUnghUl; gd;nkhop M) xU nghUl; gd;nkhopf;Fr; rhd;W Xq;fp cah;e;j ,) ',J nra;th' vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F "tapW typf;Fk;" vdf; $WtJ tpil cWtJ $wy; <) Mlj;njupAkh vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;Fg ghlj; njupAk; vdf; $WtJ tpil ,dnkhop

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c) ed;D}y; fpilf;Fkh vdf; filf;fhuhplk; Nfl;gJ tpdh nfhsy; 93. tpdh vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit? MWtifg;gLk ;. mwptpdh> mwpahtpdh> Iatpdh> nfhsy; tpdh> nfhil tpdh> Vty; tpdh 94. tpil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit? vl;L tifg;gLk; Rl;L tpil> kiwtpil> NeH tpil> Vty; tpil> tpdh vjpHtpdhjy; tpil> cw;wJiuj;jy; tpil> cWtJ $wy; tpil> ,dnkhop tpil

jiyik mikr;ruhfj; jpfo;e;jtH ngw;w gl;lk; - cj;jk Nrhog; gy;ytH vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;wtH rpwg;G ngaH nja;tr; Nrf;fpohH vd;Wk; njhz;lHrPH guTthH fhyk; fp.gp.12 E}w;whz;L

,ay; -5 nra;As; ngupaGuhzk; mg;g+jpabfs; Guhzk;

95. MrpupaH Fwpg;G ngupaGuhzj;ij mUspatH Nrf;fpohH gpwg;G Fd;wj;J}upy; gpwe;jtH (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;) ,aw;ngaH mUz;nkhopj;NjtH gzp - meghar; Nrhodplk;
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96. E}w;Fwpg;G jdpabahH - 63 njhifabahH - 9 nkhj;jk; rptdbahH = 72 97. ngupaGuhzj;jpw;F Nrf;fpohH ,l;l ngaH "jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzk;" 98. "cynfyhk;" vd;W mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;fg; ghlg;ngw;w njdTk; $WgtH? jpy;iy eluhrg; ngUkhd; 99. "gj;jpr; Ritedp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba ftp tyt" vd;W Gfo;e;J iuj;jtH ahH? kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhH 100. "cyfk;> capH> flTs;" Mfpa %d;iwAk; xUq;Nf fhl;Lk; fhtpae; jhd; ngupaGuhzk; vd;wtH ahH? jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhH 101. jk; tPl;bYs;s midj;Jg; nghUs; fSf;Fk; jpUehTf;furH vdg; ngaH #l;batH mg;g+jpabfshH 102. nghUj;Jf:1. Nkjp - m) rptd; 2. re;jk; M) vUik 3. Nfhjpy; - ,) moF 4. mq;fzH - <) Fw;wkpy;yhj gR tpil: 1-M> 2-,> 3-<> 4-m
210

ciueil
jpiug;glf;fiy cUthd fij 103. xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; Kiwia ve;j M z ; L v l ; t H L i k g p u p l ; R fz;Lgpbj;jhH? 1830

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104. glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jtH? <];l;kd; 105. gpuhd;rp]; nrd;fpd;R vd;w mnkupf;fH 1894 ,y; upr;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,af;fg;glj;ijg; gyUk; ghHf;Fk; tifapy; tbtikj;jhH. 106. jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;RUs; vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ. nry;Yyha;L

110. je;ij - NfhghyNkdd; jha; - rj;aghkh ,UtUf;Fk; 5 kfdhf gpwe;jhH. 111. Gul;rp ebfH>kf;fs; jpyfk; vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;lhH. 112. m w p Q H m z ; z h m t H f s ; vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpuid ,jaf;fdp

vd;W Nghw;wpdhH. 113. 1963 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id khepyr; rl;l kd;w Nkyit cWg;gpduhdhH. 107. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:2. vbrd; -M) glr;RUs; 1. ebg;ghw;wy; 3. vl;tHL ikgpupl;R kpf;ftiuAk; ebg;igf; ,)fUj;Jg;glk; fw;Wj; jUgtiuAk; vd 4. thy;l; b];dp <),af;fg;glk; miog;gH. tpil: 1-M> 2-m> 3-<> 4-, ,af;Fe h; Jizg;ghlk 2. glg;gpbg;Gf; fUtpia ; nghUj;JtJk; ghujuj;dh cz;L. efh;j;Jk; vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpu tz;bapy; d; 3. ,aq;FUg; glq;fs; 109. ghujuj;dh ghHg;gjw;F vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpu d; ,Uf;Fk;. ,yf;ifapYs;s fz;bapy; Ntbf;ifah 1917 a; Mk; Mz;L rdtupj; 108. nghUj;Jf:jpq;fs; 1. <];l;kd; -m) xUtH kl;Lk; gjpNdohk; ehs; ghHf;Fk; gpwe;jhH. glf;fUt p 208

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114.

1967 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nghJj; NjHjypd; NghJ guq;fpkiyj; njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;whH. 115. 1 9 7 2 Mk; Mz; L jhkp Ue ;j ,af;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpg; Gjpa fl;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdhH. 116. 1977 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w jkpofr; rl;lkd;wj; NjHjypy; ngU ntw;wp ngw;W Kjy;tuhfg; gjtp Vw;whH. 117. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; mtuJ gzpfisg; ghuhl;b> lhf;lH gl;lk; toq;fpaJ. 118. kj;jpa muR mtHjk; gzpiag; ghuhl;b caupa tpUjhd ghujuj;dh (,e;jpakhkzp)tpUJ toq;fpaJ . ,t;tpUJ mtUila kiwTf;Fg; gpd; 1988 Mk; Mz;L toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,yf;fz k; ctk cUGfs;

ctk cUG - njhlH 1. Nghy - fpspNghyg; Ngrpdhs; 2. Giua - Nta;Giu Njhs; 3. xg;g - jhnahg;gg; NgRk; kfs; 4. cwo - KoT cwo; jlf;if

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5. md;d - kyud;d Nrtb "Nghy Giua xg;g cwo khd fLg;g ,iag Va;g;g Neu epfu md;d ,d;d vd;gTk; gpwTk; ctkj; JUNg." ed;D}y; 367 ctik cUtfk; mKjnkhop nkhopaKJ faw;fz; fz;fay; Njd;jkpo; jkpo;j;Njd; g+tpuy; tpuy;g+ kjpKfk; Kfkjp kyub mbkyH Kj;Jg;gy; gy;Kj;J tpw;GUtk; GUttpy; kyHg;ghjk; ghjkyH

"nrtpia mWg;gjw;F tpy;yp Gj;J}uZk; jiyia ntl;Ltjw;F xl;lf;$j;jDk; ,Ue;jikahy; jkpNo eP fpisj;Jr; nropj;J tsh;e;jha;

,ay; MW nra;As;: jkpo; tpL

J}J

E}w;Fwpg;G:1. Nghypg;GytHfisj ; jiyapy; Fl;Lgth; mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;. 2. ehy;tifg; ghf;fSk; taYf;F mike;Js;sd. tug;Gfsha ;

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,ay; - 6 ciueil - njhd;ikj; jkpofk;

119) "kdpj ehfhpfj; njhl;by;" vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ ? ,nyKhpah 120) ve;j gaph; tiffis jkpoh;fs; tpw;whh;fs; ? ney;> fk;G> Nrhsk;> Nfo;tuF> jpid> rhik> tuF Kjypa jhdpa tiffisAk;> cSe;J> fliy> mtiu> Jtiu> jl;il> gr;ir> nfhs;S> vs;S Kjypa gaW tiffisAk; jkpoh;fs; tpw;whh;fs;. 121) fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng fpNuf;fk;> cNuhkGhp> vfpg;J Mfpa ehLfSf;F vg;nghUs;fis mDg;gg;gl;ld? m h p r p A k ; > kapy;NjhifAk; > re;jdKk;. 122) fp.K.gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by; murd; rhykDf;F ahidj; je;jKk;> k a p y ; N j h i f A k ; > thridg; nghUs;fSk; jkpofj;jpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;ld. 123) kJiuj ; j k po;r;rq;fj;ij Na Fwpf;Fk; GwehD}W>211

gupghlypy; ,lk; ngw;w nrhw;fs; ahit? jkpo;nfO $ly;> jkpo; Ntyp 124) "$lypy; Ma;e;j xz;jPe; jkpopd;" - vd;w tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? kzpthrfk ;

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125) ghzd;> ghbdp> $j;jd;> tpwyp vd;W ,aypir ehlff; fiyQh;fs; ,Ue;jikiaAk; mwpa KbfpwJ. 126) "gz;nzhL jkpnohg;gha;" vd;w tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y;? Njthuk ; 127) "cOJz;L tho;thNu tho;thh;" - vd;w tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y;? jpUf;Fws; 128) "fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff; flNd" vd;Dk; gupghly; 129) jdf;Ftikapy;yh xU -------------- jkpo; ,dk;. jdp,dk ;

%d;whk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j fl;ll ,bghLfs; fz;lwpag; gl;ld. 132) KJkf;fs; jhopfs; vd;why; vd;d? gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,we;Njhiu mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUs; fSld; xU jhopapypl;Lg; Gijf;Fk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;tifj; jhopfisNa KJkf;fs; jhopfs vd;fpNwhk;.

Jizg;ghlk;:jw;fhyj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;

130) n j h y ; y p a i y Mq;fpyj;jp y ; "Mh;f;fpahy[p" vdf; Fwpg;gpLth;. 131) ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh; 1963 Mk; Mz;L g+k;Gfhh; mUfpy; cs;s fPohh;ntsp vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l fly; mfoha;tpd; NghJ fp.K.
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,yf;fzk; Gzh;r;r p
133) ,Unrhw;fs; NrUk;NghJ Njhd;wy;> nfLjy;> jphpjy; Mfpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLkhapd; mtw;iw tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp vd;gh;. (v.L) 1. thio + gok; - thiog;gok - Njhd;wy; 2. kuk; + Nth; - kuNth; - nfLjy; 3. nghd; + Flk; - nghw;Flk; - jphpjy; 134) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:1. tlf;F vd;Dk; jpirg;ngaNuhL gpw jpirfs; te;J NrUk; NghJ m) epiynkhop <W ePq;Fk; M) epiynkhop <Wk; nka;Ak; ePq;Fk; ,) tUnkhop Kjy; nfLk; tpil: M 2. Nkw;F + ehL vd;gJ vdr; NrUk;. m) Nkw;F ehL M) NkehL ,) NkdhL tpil: , 3. fUik + Fop vd;gJ vDk; tpjpfspd; gb GzUk;. m) MjpePly;> ,dkpfy;. M) jd;ndhw;wpul;ly;> ,ilAfuk ,) Mjy; 210

,) <WNghjy;> ,dkpfy; tpil: , 135) nghUj;Jf:1. mb mfuk; I mjk; - m) ntw;wpiy 2. MjpePly; -- M) fUk;gyif

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3. ,dkpfy; -- ,) igq;$o; 4. jd;ndhw;wpul;ly; - <) %J}h; tpil: 1-,> 2-<> 3-M> 4- m

Njthuk; jpUehTf;furh;
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,ay; VO nra;As; jpUf;Fws; nghpahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly ;

136) ,y;yhiu ----------- vs;Sth;. vy;yhU k; 137) mwdPDk; ,d;gKk; <Dk; jPjpd;wp te;j nghUs;. jpwdwpe; J 138) jpw dw pe; J Njh;e; J nfhs ; s Ntz;bath; 1. md;Gs;s ngw;Nwhh;. 2. Mh;tKs;s ez;gh;. 3. %j;j mwpTilahh; tpil: 3 139) mhpatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mhpJ Ngzpj; jkuhf; nfhsy; 1. rpwpath; 2. nghpahh; 3. cwtpdh; tpil: 2 140) Kjypyhh;f;F -------------,y;iy. 1. Cjpak; 2. el;G 3. Gif tpil: 1
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irt mbahu;fis ehad;khu;fs; vd;W toq;Fth;. ,th;fs; mWgj;J %th;. irt rkaf; Futh; ehy;tUs; xUth; jpUehTf;furh;. ,th;jk; ghly;fs; Njthuk; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,th; jhz;lfk; ghLtjpy; ty;yth; Mjyhy;> ,th; jhz;lf Nte;jh; vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;L jpUth%u; flY}h; khtl;lk; gz;ZUl;bia mLj;Js;sJ. 142) E}w;Fwpg;G:Njthuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyj; Nj + thuk; vdg; gphpj;Jj; nja;tj; jd;ikia cila , i r g ; ghly;fs; vd;Wk; Nj + Muk; vdg; gpupj;Jj; nja;tj;jpw;Fr; #l;bg; ngw;w ghkhiy vd;Wk; $Wth;. irtj; jpUKiwfs; gd;dpuz;lDs; Kjy; VOk; %tu; Njthuk;> jpUehTf;furh; ghb mUspa ghly;fs; ehd;F> Ie;J> Mwhk; jpUKiwfs; ekf;Fg; ghlkhf mike;Js;s ghly; jpUehTf;furh; mUspa Mwhe;jpU Kiwapy; cs;sJ. 143) "ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk;" vd;Dk; g h l y ; _____

"mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy" vdg; ghlj; J}z;baJ. 1. ghujpjhrid 2. Rujhit 3. ghujpahiu tpil: 3

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ciueil jkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidf s;

144) "mwpT mw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp" jpUts;Sth; 145) cyfk; cUz;il v d; g ij g ; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpwNf Nkiy ehl;bdh; cWjp nra;jdh;. 146) cyfk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r;nrhy; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ. cyT 147) cyT vd;gJ Rw;Wjy; vd;w nghUisj; jUk;. 148) Qhyk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy; "Qhy;" vd;Dk; nrhy;ybahfj; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gh;. "Qhy;" vd;gjw;Fj; njhq;Fjy; vd;gJ nghUs;. 149) "twpJ epiy,a fhaKk;" ,t;tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? Gwk;(30) 150) "tytd; Vth thD}h;jp" Gwk;(27) 151) "jPk;gpop ve;jpuk; ge;jy; tUe;j" vd;w thp ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? gjpw;Wg;gj;J 152) "me;jf; NfzpAk; ve;jpuf; fpzWk;" - ngUq;fij 153) "cWkplj; Jjth cth;epyk;" GwehD}w;W thpfs; 154) "gathf; fsuidau;
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fy;yhjth;" - jpUf;Fws; 155) "Xh; mZtpidr; rj$wpl;l NfhzpDk - csd;" - ahu; $wpaJ? fk;gh; 156) "clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth;" - jpU%yh;

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157) kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; jpUf;Fws ; 158) "Gy;yhfpg; g+lha;" - jpUthrfk; thp

,yf;fzk;: nghUs; ,yf;fzk; mfg;nghUs;

159) md;gpd; Ie;jpiz vit? FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy 160) Kjw;nghUs; vd;git mfnthOf;fk; epfo;jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk; epyKk; nghOJk; MFk;. 161) Itif epyq;fs; 1. FwpQ;rp - kiyAk;> kiyrhh;e;j ,lKk; 2. Ky;iy - fhLk; fhLrhh;e;j ,lKk; 3. kUjk; - taYk; tay;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 4. nea;jy; - flYk; fly;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 5. ghiy - kzYk; kzy;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 162) nghOJfs; 2 tifg;gLk;:1. ngUk;nghOJ 2. rpWnghOJ 1) ngUk;nghOJ:m) fhh;fhyk; Mtzp> Gul;lhrp M) Fsph;fhyk; Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif ,) Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khu;fop>
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169) jpUkhy; _____ epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk;. Ky;iy 170) kzKoh> ney;yupfpiz Mfpa ,uz;Lk; _____ jpizf;Fhpa giwfs;. kUjj; 171) nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa njhopy;fs; (vw;ghL - vy; + ghL> vy; - QhapW MFk;. kzpKjy; - ghL - kiwAk; Neuk;) tiu MFk;. 163) jpizAk; nghOJk;:2 kzp kqj{! ! ohVl!ohiPK!! sqXohiPK! 168) kUjk;> nea;jy; Mfpa GxqRsq! Gtqigizl?!!!! bill! ,uz;lDf;Fk; Le<heqg<gizl<! !!! ngUk;nghOJfSk; Lzjz! givgizl!! lijz!! tUk;. lVkl! NXohVlohiPKgt! jugjx! MW ,) vw;ghL - gpw;gfy; 2 kzpKjy; 6 kzptiu <) khiy - khiy 6 kzpKjy; ,uT 10 kzptiu c) ahkk; - ,uT 10 kzpKjy; ,uT 2 kzptiu C) itfiw - ,uT 2 kzpKjy; fhiy 6 kzptiu
ofbkz! NXohVlohiPKgt! wxhiM hijz! -tOueqz<?! LKOueqz<?!hqeheq!! f{hgz!

164) mfk;> Gwk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,yf;fzk; MFk;. nghUs; 165) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> Kjypa Ie;Jk; vdg;gLk;. mfd; Ie;jpiz 166) nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa epyg;gFjp gFjpahFk;. flYk; fly;rhh;e;j 167) ahkk; vd;gJ ,uT 10
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kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;Gtpistpj;j y; 172) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:m) n g h U s p y f ; f z k ; _____ tifg;gLk;. 1.,uz;L 2.%d;W 3.Ie;J tpil:1 M) mfj;jpizfs; tifg;gLk;. 1.%d;W 2.Ie;J 3.VO tpil:3 ,) khh;fop> ij Mfpa ,uz;Lk; fhyj;jpw;Fhpad. 1.Kd;gdp 2.gpd;gdp 3.,sNtdpy tpil:1 <) ghiy epyj;jpw;Fhpa gwitfs; 1.fpsp> kapy; 2.ehiu> md;dk; 3.Gwh> gUe;J tpil:3 173) nghUj;Jf:1.FwpQ;rp - m) Kay;> khd; 2.Ky;iy - M) Gyp> fub 3.kUjk; - ,) Kjiy> Rwh 4.nea;jy; - <) vUik> ePh;eha; tpilfs;:- 1-M 2-m 3-< 4-,

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,ay; vl;L nra;As; rPwhg;Guhzk; tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk; Gyp trdpj;j glyk;

174) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:ngah; ckWg;Gyth; ,th; vl;laGuk; fbif ckWg;Gyth; Kj;Jg; M) ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj; j Gythpd; khzth;. ts;sy; mg;Jy;fhjph; kiuf;fhah; rPjf;fhjp vd;w ts;sy; rPjf; fhjpapd; Ntz;LNfhspd; 181) chpa nrhy;iyj; Njh;e;njOJf:tz;zNk ckWg;Gyth; rPwhg;Guhzk; vOjj; njhlq;fpdhh;. E} y ; Kw ;Wk ; m) rPwhg;Guhzk; fhz;lq Kd;dNk rPjf;fhjp ; fis cilaJ. kiwe;jhh;. mtUf;Fg;gpd;> 1. %d;W 2. Ie;J 3. mGy;fhrpk; vd;w ts;sy; VO cjtpahy; rPwhg;Guhzk; tpil:1 epiwTw;wJ. ckWg;Gyth; ts;sy; rPwhg;Guhzk; ngUkf;fis E}ypd; gytplq;fspy; epidT$h;e;J 176) rPwh - vd;gjd; nghUs; Nghw;Wfpwhh;.,th; v z ; g J ahJ? tho;f ghf;fshy; M f p a KJnkhop ;if khiy vd;Dk; E}iyAk 177) Guhzk; - vd;gjd; nghUs; gilj;jspj;Js;shh;. ,th; ahJ? fhyk; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L. tuyhW 175) ,iwtdpd; jpUj;J}jh; egpfs; 178) rPwhg;Guhzk; ehafj;jpd; rPhpatuyhw;wpid vj;jid tpUj;jg; vLj;jpak;Gk; ,dpa E}y; vJ?
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179) rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; Kg;ngUk; gphpT fis vKJf? tpyhjj;Jf;fhz;lk;> EGt;tj;Jf; fhz;lk;> `p[;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; 180) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:m) rPwhg;Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpath;

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ghf;fshy; MdJ? Iahapuj;J ,Ugj;NjO

'Nfoy; vd;gjd; nghUs;

1.vUik 2.Gyp 3.gd;wp tpil:3 182) ahh;> ahhplk; $wpa njhlh; ,J:- m) ntd;wp thsuNr ,J> Gypiag;gw;wpf; $wpatd; Kfk;kJ egpaplk; $wpajhFk;. M) NtnwhU fhl;bdpw; GFf ,J> Kfk;kJ egp> Gypaplk; $wpajhFk;. 183) rPh;Nkhidia vOJf:kd;w Yd;wpa Kfk;kjpd; kyub tzq;fp rPh;Nkhid. kd;wy; kyub

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184) mb vJifia vOJf:ePz;l thy;epyk; Gilj;jplf; fple;Jly; epkph;e;J $z;l fhy;kbj; jpUtpop fdy;fs; nfhg;gspg;g mb vJif ePz;l $z;l 185) nghUj;Jf:1. fhd; - m) fub 2. cOit M) rpq;fk; 3. klq;fy; - ,) Gyp 4. vz;F - <) fhL tpil:- 1-< 2-, 3-M 4-m

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kpff; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk;> kw;w c y f ehLfs; ,jid Vw;fhtpbDk; ,e;jpah mjid Vw;W elj;jp> Vida ehLfSf;F xU topfhl;bahfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhh;. fhe;jpabfspd; mwtopg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F kf;fs; MjuT ngUfpaJ: fjh; ,af;fk;> kJtpyf;F> jPz;lhik xopg;G Mfpa ,af;fq;fs; gutpd. fhe;jpabfs; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j NghJ Vio coth;fs; tWikahy; miuahil cLj;jpaijf; fz;lhh;. jhKk; md;W Kjy; Nkyhil mzptjid epWj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. miuahil Ald; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ele;j tl;l Nkir khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;sr; nrd;w NghJ> mg;Nghija ,q;fpyhe;J Kjd;ikaikr;rh; rh;r;rpy;> 'miu epUthzg;gf;fphp' vd;W Vsdk; nra;jNghJk;> fhe;jp abfspd; Kfj;jpy; Gd;dif jto;e;jJ. 190) njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,e;jpah;f;F vjpuhd ve;j epwr; rl;lq;fisf; fhe;jpabfs; nfhSj;jpajhy; > rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;?
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fWg; G 191) ve;j Mz;by; fhe;jpabfis Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lh h;? 1948 Mk; Mz;L> rdthp 30> jpq;f s; 192) ,isQh;fspd; flik:ehl;by; ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; ehl;Lg;gw;W> nja;tg;gw;W> nkhopg;

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gw;W tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. 193) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: m) fhe;jpabfs; vd;D k; ehlf E}iyg; gbj;jhh;. rputz gpJh;gj;jp M) jpUf;Fwis nkhop ngah;j;j cUrpa mwpQh; jhy;Rjha; 194) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) fhe;jpabfs; ehlfj;ijg ghh;j;J cz;ikNa Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjp g+z;lhh;. 1.rputzgpJ}h;gj;jp 2.mhpr;re;jpud; 3.gf;jg;gpufyhj d; tpil:2 M) giftdplKk; md;Gfhl;L vdf; $wpa E}y; 1.gftj;fPij 2.ed;D}y; 3.iggps; tpil:3 ,) mwnewpahfg; Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;bait 1.Mlk;guk;> tPz;nryT 2.vspik> rpf;fdk; 3.md;G> mUs; tpil:2
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tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; vit tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. 196) x U i k gd;i kg ; gpiofi s 195) tpdhj;njhlh;fs; mikf;f:m) fhe;jpabfs;> 'gyNfhb kf;fspd; gl;bdpiag; Nghf;Fk; tho;thjhuk; fjh; vd;W fUjpdhh;. 'gyNfhb kf;fspd; gl;bdpiag; N ghf;Fk; tho;t hjhuk; vd vijf; fhe;jpabfs; fUjpdhh;. M) ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; ehl;Lg; gw;Wk;> nkhopg;gw;Wk;> nja;tg;gw;Wk;

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ePf;fp vKJf:m) Xh; ,sk;ngz; E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. ,sk;ngz; xUj;jp E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;. M) kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;e;jjhfTk J}a;ikahdjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; Nghjh. kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;thdjhfTk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk;> ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. 197) nghUj;Jf:1. rj;jpa Nrhjid - m) jpUts;Sth; 2. gftj; fPij - M) fpwpj;Jt rkaE}y; 3. jpUf;Fws; - ,) fhe;jpabfs; 4. iggps; -<) ,e;J rkaE}y; tpilfs;: 1-, 2-< 3-m 4M

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200) Gwj;jpizfs; ntl;rpapd; tiffs; vj;jid ? gd;dpuz; L 201) gd;dpuz;L tifahd Gwj;jpizfs; ntl;rp vOJf:1. ntl;rpj;jpiz 2. fue;ijj; jpiz 3. tQ;rpj; jpiz 4. fhQ;rpj; jpiz 5. nehr;rpj; jpiz 6. copiQj; jpiz 7. Jk;igj; jpiz 8. thifj; jpiz 9. ghlhz; jpiz 10. nghJtpay; jpiz 11. iff;fpisj; jpiz 12. ngUe;jpiz 202) ntl;rpj;jpiz:gifehl;bd; kPJ Nghh; njhlq;F Kd;> me;ehl;bYs;s MepiufSf;Fj; jPq;F Neuf; $lhJ vdf; fUJk; kd;dd;> jd; tPuh;fis mDg;gp

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gifNte;jh ; ,UtUk; 205) fhQ;rpj;jpiz:ntw;wp xd;iwNa jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L> j k ; te;j khw;wurNdhL fhQ;rpg; tPuh;fSld; NghhpLtJ g+itr; #b vjph;j;Jg; Nghhply; Jk;igj;jpiz. ,t;tPuh;fs; fhQ;rpj;jpiz. Jk;igg; g+itr; #bg; 206) nehr;rpj;jpiz:NghhpLth;. gifaurdhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l jk; 209) thifj;jpiz:ntw;wpngw;w kd;dd; kjpiyf; fhj;jy; Ntz;b> thifg;g+r; cs;spUe;Nj> ntspNa #b kfpo;tJ> ,Uf;Fk; gifaurNdhL thifj;jpiz. nehr;rpg; g+itr; 210) ghlhz;jpiz:#bg; Nghhpl;L> mk;kjpiyf; ghLjw;Fj; jFjpAila Xh; fhg;gJ Mz; kfdpd; fy;tp> tPuk;> nehr;rpj;jpiz nry;tk;> Gfo;> fUiz . Kjypatw;iwg; Nghw;wpg; 207) copiQj;jpiz:ghLtJ> ghlhz;jpiz. copiQg; g+itr; #ba jd; tPuh; fSld; khw;wurd; 211) nghJtpay; jpiz:ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz;tiu Nfhl;ilf;Fs; GFe;J cs;s kjpiyr; Rw;wp tisj;jy; Gwj;jpizfspd; copiQj;jpiz. nghJthdtw;iwAk;> 208) Jk;igj;jpiz:tQ;rpj;jpi 217 z.

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mtw;Ws; $wg;glhjdtw;iwA k; $WtJ> nghJtpay; jpiz. 212) iff;fpisj; jpiz:iff;fpis vd;gJ xUjiyf; fhkk;. ,/J Mz;ghy; $w;W> ngz;ghy; $w;W vd ,Utifg;gLk;. 213) ngUe;jpiz:ngUe;jpiz vd;gJ nghUe;jhf; fhkk; ,JTk; Mz;ghw; $w;W> ngz;ghw; $w;W vd ,Utifg;gLk;. 214) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLOJf:1. Gwj;jpizfs; ------------tiffs; vj;jid? m) Ie;J M) VO ,) gd;dpuz;L tpil:, 2. epiufth;jy; vd;gJ ------------m) fue;ij M) ntl;rp ,) copiQ tpil:M 3. kz;zhir fUjpg; NghUf;Fr; nry;tJ ------------m) tQ;rpj;jpiz M) fhQ;rpj;jpiz ,)thifj;jpiz tpil:m 4. ghlhz;jpiz vd;gJ ----------$WtJ. m) Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhWfs; M) Nghhpd; jd;ikfs; ,) ngz; kfspd;
218

xOfyhWfs; tpil:m 5. xUjiyf; fhkk; vd;gJ ------------- m) md;gpd; Ie;jpiz M) iff;fpis ,)ngUe;jpiz tpil:M 6. jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;j khw;wurNdhL vjph;j;Jg; NghhpLtJ ----------- MFk;. m) nehr;rp M) Jk;ig ,) fhQ;rp tpil:m

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,ay; xd;gJ nra;As; gFjp fypj;njhif

215) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:ey;ye;Jtdhh; rq;f fhyj;jth;. ,tiug; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; VJk; fpilf;fg; ngwtpy;iy. ,th;> nea;jy; fypapy; Kg;gj;J %d;W ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. fypj; njhifiaj; njhFj;jtUk; ,tNu vd;gh;. 216) E}w;Fwpg;G:vl;Lj; njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;. vl;Lj; njhifAs; xd;whd fypj;njhif fypg;ghf;fshy; mike;jJ. ,J ehlfg; ghq;fpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,irNahL ghLtjw;Nfw;wJ. fypj;njhifapy; flTs; tho;j;ijAk; Nrh;e;J E}w;iwk;gJ ghly;fs; cs;sd. fypj;njhif FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;Dk; Ik;ngUk; gphpTfis cilaJ. f yp g; gh J s ; s y ; Xi r i a f ; nfhz;lJ. ekf;Fg; ghlkhf mike;Js;s gFjp> new;jw; fypahFk;. ,jid ,aw;wpath; ey;ye;Jtdhh;. ,g;ghly;fisg;
219

gbf;Fk;nghOJ> fUj;jhoKk; Xirapd;gKk; ek; cs;sj;jpidf; nf hs ;i s nfhs;Sk;. vdNt ,jidj; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh; 'fw;wwpe; jhh; Vj;Jk; fyp vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wth; .

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chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) fypj;njhif ------------- E}y;fspy; xd;W. 1.gj;Jg;ghl;L 2.vl;Lj;njhif 3.gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F tpil:2 M) nea;jy; fypiag; ghbath; -------1.Xuk;Nghfpahh; 2.fgpyh; 3.ey;ye;Jtdh h; tpil:3 ,) 'Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy; vd;gJ ----------vdg;gLk;. 1.nghiw 2.Kiw 3.epiw tpil:1 218) nghUj;Jf:1. gz;G - m) $wpaJ kwh mik 2. md;G - M) Ngijahh; nrhy; Nehd;wy; 3. mwpT - ,) jd;fpis nrwh mik 4. nrwpT <) ghlwpe;J xOfy; tpilfs;: 1-< 2-, 3-M 4m

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ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; ee;jpkd;dd; tPuk;

219) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:220

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ghlg;ngw;w fyk;gfk; Mjypd;> ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}ypd; fhyk; fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L fyk;gf E}y;fspy; ,JNt Kjy; E}y; vd;gh;. fyk;gfk; vd;gJ> njhz;Z}w;whW tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. gytifg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wpg; gytifg; ghly;fisf; fye;J ,aw;wg;ngWk; E}y; fyk;gfk; v dg ;gL k ;. fyk; + g f k ; = fyk;gfk;. fyk; gd;dpuz;L: gfk; MW. gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhy; (GatFg;G> mk;khid> fhh;> Cry;> ,uq;fy;> kwk;> jio> jtk;> rpj;J> ghz;> iff;fpis> J}J> tz;L> Fwk;> fhyk;> khjq;fp> fpsp> rk;gpujk;) fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; ngah; te;jJ vdTk; $Wth;. 221) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:1) f y k ; g f k ; - - - - - - - - - - - t i f r ; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. m) njhz;Z}w;whW M) gjpndl;L ,) gj;J tpil:m 2) giz vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;

--------------m) muR M) %q;fpy; tpil:,

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221

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ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag ; gpuge;jk ;

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224) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:m) jhh; Nte;jd; Nfhy; Nehf;fp thOk; ------------- Nghd;wpUe;NjNd Fb M) ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; ------------- FyNrfuh; ghbajhFk;. jpUtha;nkhop 225) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) ngUkhs; jpUnkhopfspy; ------------ghRuq;fs; cs;sd. 1.,UE}w;iwe;J 2.E}w;iwe;J 3.E}W tpil:2 M) FyNrfuho;thh; ghly; ------------ njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ. 1.jpUtpaw;gh 2.Kjyhapuk; 3. nghpa jpUnkhop tpil:3

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ciueil jpUtUl; gpufhr ts;syhh;

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230) ,uhkypq;fh; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhh;? 05.10.1823 231) ,uhkypq;fh; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;? ,uhikah> rpd;dk;ik 232) ,uhkypq;fh; ngw;NwhUf;F vj;jdhtJ kfd;? Ie;jhtJ kfd; 233) Mya me;jzh; ,uhkypq;fiu vt;thW ghuhl;bdhh;? ,iwaUs; ngw;w jpUf;Foe;ij 234) ,uhkypq;fh; j e ; i j vg;NghJ kiwe;jhh;? ,uhkypq;fh; gpwe;j MwhtJ jpq;fspy; 235) ,uhkypq;fUf;F Ie;J tajpy; fy;tp fw;g;gpj;j Mrphpah; ahh;? rghgjpaplk; 236) xd;gJ tajpNyNa ,uhkypq;fh; vjpy; jpwd; ngw;wpUe;jhh;? ghly; GidAk; jpwd; 237) jpfk;gu rhkpahh; ,uhkypq;fh; nrd;wNghJ vt;thW $wpdhh;? ',Njh Xh; cj;jk kdpjh; Nghfpwhh;' 238) jUkkpF nrd;idapYs;s fe;j Nfhl;lj;J ,iwtid tzq;fp kd KUfg;ghb kfpo;e;jth; ahh;? ,uhkypq;fh; 239) ,uhkypq;fh; ghlypd; njhFg;Ng? nja;t kzpkhiy 240) ,uhkypq;fh; -------------vd;Dk; E}iyAk; jpUnthw;wpa+h;r; rptngUkhd; kPJ>

-------------- vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ghbdhh;. tbTil khzpf;fkhiy> vOj;jwpAk; ngUkhd; khiy

221

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241)

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vt;thW epiwe;jit? mUl;fUiz

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251)

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8. ,johrphpah; 9. ,iwad;gh; 10. Qhdhrphpah; 11. mUshrphpah;

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258) ts;syhh; gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs;: 1. rpd;ka jPgpif 2. xoptpnyhLf;fk; 3. njhz;l kz;ly rjfk; 259) ,aw;wpa ciueil E}y;fs;: 1. kDKiw fz;l thrfk; 2. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk; jpUtUl;gh (MW jpUKiwfs;)

cs;s> kf;fpkh efhpy; 264) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j Mz;L> ehs; gpwe;jhh;? 1845 Mk; Mz;L Nk jpq;fs; ,Ugjhk ehs;.

mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh ;; (Jizg;ghlk;)

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223

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265)

mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; je;ij ngah;. fe;jrhkp 266) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ngw;Nwhh; ,l;l ngah; vd;d? fhj;jtuhad; 267) gs;spf;Fr; nrd;W fy;tp fw;Fk; NghJ mth; gpQ;R neQ;rpy; eQ;rha; ve;j nfhLik ,wq;fpaJ? jPz;lhikf; nfhLik 268) tP.mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; vd;gthplk; ahh; fy;tp fw;wdh;? fhj;jtuhad; 269) fhj;jtuhad; vij gapd;whh;? rpj;j kUj;Jtk; 270) fhj;jtuhad; gilj;j ftpijiag; gpw;fhyj;jpy;> jhk; njhlq;fpa ve;j ,jopy; ntspapl;lhh;. xU igrhj; jkpod; 271) fhj;jtuhad; ,aw;ngaiu tpLj;J ahUila ngaiu #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;? Mrphpah; mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; 272) f h j ;j t u h a d ; ePyfphp kiyg; gFjpapy; thOk; Njhlh; ,dg; gphptpy; ve;j jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;? fyg;G jpUkzk; 273) vj;jid Mz;Lfs; mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh;
224

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Gjd; NjhW k; ehd;F Gj;jkjf; fUj;Jfis gf ;f q; fSld; ntspte;jJ. vLj;Jiuj;jth ahh;? 19.06.1907 mNahj;jpjhr h; 282) kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpapd;gb> 276) mNahj;jpjhrh; gpwe;j kfd; ----vs; nrbapd; tpijapypUe;J ---- ngah; #l;b kfpo;e;jhh;? nea; fz;L gpbj;j jpUehNs gl;lhgpuhkd;> khjtuhk;> jPghtsp vd;W GjpaNjhh; rhdfpuhkd;> tpsf;fk; je;jth; ahh;? ,uhrhuhk mNahj;jpjhrh; gz;bjh; ; 277) mNahj;jpjhrhpAla kfSf;F vd;d ngah; #l;b kfpo;e;jhh;. mk;gpfhNjtp vd;Wk;> khahNjtp 278) rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; ifNjh;e;jjhy;> mNahj;jp jhriu vt;thW miof;fg; ngw;whh;? kUj;Jth; vd;Dk; gz;bjh; vd;Wk; 279) jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;f mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;l #oypy; ve;j rig Vw;gLj;jpdhh;? gpuk;k Qhdrig 280) nrd;idapy; Kf;fpakhd Ie;J ,lq;fspy; My;fhl; (1832 1907) ------------vdj; jypj;JfSf;F ,ytrg; gs;spfis epWtpdhh;? gQ;rkh; gs;spfs; 281) xU igrhj;jkpod; vd;w ,jo; ve;j Mz;L Kjy; nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;ilapy; ,Ue;J225 275)

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283)

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224

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289) gh vj;jid tifg;gLk; mit ahit? gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit: ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;g h

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290) ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;? 1. <w; wb Kr;rPuha ; Vid a mbfs; ehw;rPuha; tUk;. 2. ,uz;lb Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mbtiu tUk;. 291) ntz;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ntz;gh MW tifg;gLk;. Fws; ntz;gh> Nehpir ntz;gh> ,d;dpir ntz;gh> g/nwhil ntz;gh> Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh> ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh vd;gd 292) xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj; jhDk; tUtJ (Fws; - ,uz;lb) Fws; ntz;gh 293) Kjy; ,uz;lb> xU tpfw;gkhAk;> filrp ,uz;lb xU tpfw;gkhAk;> ehd;fbfSk; xU tpfw;gkhAk; tUtJ vJ? Nehpir ntz;gh 294) ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W Ie;jb Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mbtiu ngw;W tUtJ? g/nwhil ntz;gh 295) xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj; jhDk; %d;wbfsha; tUtJ? Nehpirr; rpe;jpay;

ntz;gh 296) ntz;ghtpd; %d;wb nfhz;ljha;j; jdpr; nrhy;ypd;wp xU tpfw;gj; jhDk; gy tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ? ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh 297) Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffs;? mit ahit? Mrphpag;gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

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Nehpir Mrphpag;gh> ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh> epiy kz;by Mrphp ag;gh> mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh 298) <w;wayb %r;rPuhAk; gpw mbfs; ehw;rPuhAk; tUtJ? Nehpir Mrphpag;gh 299) KjybAk; filrpabAk; ehw;rPh; mbfshfTk;> ,ilapy; cs;s mbfs; ,UrPh; (Fwsb) mbfshAk; Kr;rPh; (rPe;jb) mbfshAk; tUtJ? ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh 300) vy;yh mbfSk; ehw;rPh; mbfsha; tUtJ. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh 301) vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wp khw;wpg; gbj;jhYk; XirAk; nghUSk; khwhJ tUtJ? mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh 302) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:1) ntz;ghtpd; xir ------------MFk;. nrg;gNyhi r 2) Mrphpag;ghtpd; NtW ngah; ----------226

MFk;. mftw;g h 3) Mrphpag;ghtpd; Xir ------------ MFk;. mftNyhir 303) t.vz; rPh; tha;g;ghL ,y;/yh/iu mir

Neh;Neh;Ne h; Njkhq;fha; vy;/yh/Uk; Neh;Neh;Ne h; Njkhq;fha;

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3 4 5

6 7

vs;/Sth; Neh;epiu nry;/tiu Neh;epiu vy;/yh/UQ; Neh;Neh;Neh; Njkhq;fha; nra;/th; Neh;Neh; rpwg;/G epiuNeh; gpwg;G

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305) tpid kuG:mk;G va;jhh; jz;zPh; Fbj;jhd; Mil nea;jhh; ghy; gUfpdhs; ckp fUf;fpdhs; g+g; gwpj;jhs; Xtpak; Gide;jhd; kuk; ntl;bdhd; $il Kile;jhh; khj;jpiu tpOq;fpdhd; Rth; vOg;gpdhd; KWf;Fj; jpd;whd; nra;As; ,aw;wpdhd; NrhW cz;lhd; 306) vz; gpwnkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrh y; 1. mq;fj;jpdh; - cWg;gpdh; 2. mjpfhhp mYtyh; 3. mjpgh; jiyth; 4. me;epah; mayhh; 5. mgpN\fk; ePuhl;L 6. mg+h;tk; GJik 7. myq;fhuk; xg;gid 8. mDkjp ,irT 9. Mgj;J ,lh; 10. Muhjid topghL 11. MrPh;thjk; - tho;j;J 12. ,yQ;rk; ifa+l;L
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

,yhgk; cj;juT cj;jpNahfk;cgNahfk; fpuhkk; -

tUtha; Miz gzp gad; rpw;W}h;

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18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Fkhud; kfd; rhtp jpwTNfhy; e\;lk; ,og;G eh\;lh rpw;Wz;b ghf;fp epYit f[hdh fUt+yk; tpQ;Qhdk; - mwptpay; [dq;fs; kf;fs; epGzh; ty;Yeh; M];gply; kUj;Jtkid 28. B ];lhy; NjePh;f;fil 29. g]; ];lhz;l;NgUe;J epiyak; 30. Ngh];l; MgP];mQ;ryfk; 307) Fwpg;G:rpyp ehl;by; xU Ruq;fk;. mJ g+kpf;fbapy; <uhapuk; mb Mok; cilaJ. jhkpuKk; jq;fKk; vLg;gjw;fhf ntl;lg;gl;l Ruq;fk;. 308) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopfis mwpf:1. Manners Make the
Man

FbNa nfLk;. 4. Do well what you have to do nra;td jpUe;jr;nra;. 5. Every tide has its ebb Vw;wk; cz;lhdhy; ,wf;fk; cz;L.

xOf;fk; cah;T jUk; 2. All is well that ends

well

ey;y njhlf;fk; ey;y Kbitj; jUk;. 3. Misfortunes never come

single.

gl;lfhypNy

gLk;>

nfl;l
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,ay; gj;J nra;As; epw;f Neukpy;iy

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tho;ehs; KOtJk; jkpopd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw; fhd gilg;Gfis toq;fp vOr;rpa+l;bdhh;. ,th; tho;e;j fhyk; 06.09.1930 04.10.1998 313) E}w;Fwpg;G:ghlg;gFjpapy; te;Js;s ftpij> 'g+j;jJ khDlk; vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ. rhiyahpd;

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gilg;Gfshd 'Gul;rp Kof;fk; 'ciutPr;R Mfpa E}y;fs; jkpof murpd; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd ghpRfs; ngw;Ws;sd.

320) N k d p i yf ;f y; t p a p y ; Njh;r;r p ngw;wth;fspd; gapw;rp? , ile p iya h rp h p ah ; g a p w; rp > nrtpypah; gapw;rp> $l;LwTg; gapw;rp %yk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfisg; ngwyhk; .

ciueil gy;Jiw Ntiytha;g;Gf s;

314) 'tpidNa Mlth;f;Faph; vd;gJ? FWe;njhi f 315) 'Ke;ePh; tof;fk; kf^c Nthby;iy vd;gJ? njhy;fhg;gpa k; 316) ngz;fs; ----------- nry;yf; $lhnjdTk; $wp te;jdh;. fly; fle;J 317) ehs;NjhWk; ----------cUthfpd;wd. GJg;GJj; Jiwfs; 318) gzptha;g;Gf;F chpa fy;tpj; jFjpfis gythfg; gFf;fyhk; fPo;fhz;Nghk;. njhopw;fy;tp> njhopy; El;gf;fy;tp> fiy mwptpay; fy;tp> rpWnjhopy; fy;tp 319) njhopw;fy;tpj; Jiwfs; ahit? kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay;> Ntshz;ik> rl;lk;
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321) jkpo; topapy; gapYk; khzth; fSf;F muRg; gzpfspy; vt;tsT tpOf;fhL xJf;fpj; jkpof muR Miz ntspapl;Ls;sJ? ,UgJ tpOf;fhL 322) gl;lk; ngw;wth;fs; ve;j Jiwfs; elj;Jk; Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfspy; fye;J nfhz;L ntw;wp ngw;Wg; gy;NtW Ntiy tha;g;Gfisg; ngwyhk;? jkpo;ehL muRj; Njh;thizak;> eLtzuRj; Njh;thizak;> tq;fpj;Jiw> MAs; fhg;gPl;Lj; Jiw> njhlh; tz;bj;Jiw. 323) muRg;gzpf;fhff; fhj;jpuhky; mtuth; ------------njhopy; njhlq;fpg; g y U k ; Ntiy tha;g;igg; ngUf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ra njhopy; 324) Ranjhopy; njhlq;Ftjw;F vd;d cjtpfs; muR mspf;fpwJ? t o p f h l ; L j y ; > gapw;rpfs; > flDjtpfs; 325) ,uhZtk;> fhty;Jiwapy; Nru Kjypy; ----------Njh;T eilngWk;? clw;$W
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326)

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327) ve;j gzpfSf;Fk; clw;$W jFjp Ailath;fs; kl;LNk Nru ,aYk;? Xl;Leh;> elj;Jeh; 328) 'tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; %yjdk;' vd;Dk; ghlypd; Mrphpah; ------------- jhuhghujp 329) ngUk;ghyhd gzpfSf;F mbg;gilj; jFjp vJ? gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;G

njhlq;fpdh;? vOjTk;> mr;rplTk; 334) gz;ilaf;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpawpT ngw;Nwhhpd; vz;zpf;if vt;tsthf ,Ue;jJ? FiwthfNt

Jizg;ghlk; - E}yfk;
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335)

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' 341) ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; 'ypg;uh' vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;Fg; vd;d ngah;? Gj;jfk; 342) m) xU kdpjd; Mz;Lf;F 2000 gf;fq;fshtJ gbj;jhy; jhd; md;whl cyf elg;Gfis mwpe;j kdpjdhff; (Informative
Man)

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fUjg;gLthd; vd 'And]; Nfh $wpAs;sJ. M) fphP]; efu muRfNs Kjd; Kjyhf kf;fSf;fhd E}y; epiyaq;fis mikj;jd. ,) ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s E}yfq; fspy; fy;fj;jh Njrpa E}yfk; Kjd;ik ahdJ. ,jpy;> gj;J ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs; cs;sd . 343) E}yfkpy;yh CUf;F -----------vd;Dk; GJ nkhopAk; cz;ikia tpsk;GfpwJ vd;gjid mwpQh; Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;? mwpT gho; 344) ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd;
229

Kiwahfj; jkpof muR jhd; ve;j Mz;L nrd;idg; nghJ E}yfr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ ? 1948 345) gs;sp vd;gJ vij nfhz;L mwpit tpijf;Fk; fsk;. ghlE}y;fisf; 346) ----------- mwpit tsh;j;Jr; nrOikg; gLj;Jk; kw;nwhU fskhFk;? E}yfNk 347) gs;spapy; khzth;fs; Xhplk;> E}yfk; Ntwplk; vd;w epiyia khw;w> ek; gs;spf; fy;tpj;Jiw ve;j tFg;giw E}yfj; jpl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ? 'Gj;jfg; g+q;nfhj;J

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348) NtW rpy E}y;fs;

E}yfg; cs;sd? ,izaj;js E}yfk;> FWtl;Lfs;> kpd;dZ xsptl;L> Ez; RUs; 349) E}yfj;jpy; cs;s E}y;fisf; --------------> ------------ghJfhj;jy; ekJ flikahFk; . fpopahkYk;> rpijTwhkYk; 350)

tbtq;fspYk; cUkhw;wk; ngw;W gad;ghl;by;

jQ;ir. (1820) 2. murpdh; fPo;j;jpirr; Rtb E}yfk; nrd;id . 3. fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;> nrd;id (1869) 4. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fof E}yfk; (1907) 5. mz;zhki y gy;fiyf;fo f E}yfk;. rpjk;guk;(1929) 6. lhf;lh; c.Nt.rh. E}yfk;> nrd;id (1947)

m) ghgpNyhdpahtpy; cs;s epg;g+h; vd;w Chpy; fp.K.2000 Mz;bw;F Ke;ija Rkhh; 2500 fspkz; gyiffspy; vOjg;gl;bUe;j E}y;fspd; njhFg;G fz;nlLf;fg; gl;lJ. M) E}yfg; gad;ghl;bw;fhd tpjpfis cUthf;fpj ; je;j rPh;fhop rP.,uh.muq;fehjd; ,e;jpa E}yfj; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg; gLfpwhh;. 351) jkpofj;jpYs;s kpfg; goikahd E}yfq;fs ;. ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfk;>
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ki wki y mbfshh; E}yfk;> nrd;id (1958) 8. kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk; (1966) 9. cyfj; jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtd E}yfk;> nrd;id (1970) 10. jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk; (1981)

,ul;Lw nkhopjy; 358) ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzpia vt;thW toq;Fth;? rpNyil

,yf;fzk; mzp
352) mzp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F vd;d nghUs;? moF 353) xU ghliyr; nrhy;yhYk; nghUshYk; moF ngwr; nra;tJ vJ? mzp 354) ,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd; kPJ> ftpQh; jk; Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf; $WtJ. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp 355) jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpia gphpj;njOJf: jd; + Fwpg;G + Vw;wk; + mzp 356) Gfo;tJNghyg; gopg;gJk;> gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;tJk; ---------- mzp vdg;gLk;. tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp 357) xU nrhy; ,U nghUs;gl mike;J tUtJ

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359) rpNyil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? rpNyil ,Utifg;gL k; nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil gphpnkhopr;rpNyil 360) xU nra;Aspy; xU nrhy; gphpT glhky; epd;W> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nghUis jUtJ. nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil 361) xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk;> mJNt gphpe;J epd;W NtnwhU nghUisAk; jUkhW mikj;Jg;ghLtJ. gphpnkhopr;rpNyil 362) nghUs;:m) nra; - tay;> tPL M) gyif - gy tiffs; ,) jhs; - Kaw;rp <) Ja;a - jq;f> mofhd 363) gp d ; t U epi yaz p vj;ji d tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? gpd;tUepiyazp %tifg;gLk;. mit:1) nrhy; gpd;tUepiyazp 2) nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp 3) nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp 364) nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;jnrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J ntt;NtW nghUisj; jUtJ.
232

nrhy;gpd;tUepiy mzp 365) nra;Aspy; xNu nghUs; jUk; gy nrhw;fs; tUtJ. nghUs; gpd;tUepiymzp

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366) Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtJ. nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp 367) ctikiaf; $wpg; nghUisg; ngw itg;gJ ----------- MFk;. gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp 368) B.A.,- Bachelor of Arts ,sq;fiy M.A.,- Master of Arts - KJfiy B.SC., - Bachelor of science -,sk; mwptpay; M.SC., - Master of science - KJ mwptpay; B.COM., - Bachelor of commerce- ,sk; tzpftpay; M.COM., - Master of commerce -KJ tzpftpay;
B.Lit., Bachelor of literature -

M.Tech - Master of Technology -

KJ njhopy;
Philosophy -

El;gtpay;
M.Phil., Master of

Ma;tpay; epiwQh;
C.A.,Chartered Accountant -

fzf;fhah;

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,sk;

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I.P.S. Indian police service -

,e;jpaf; fhty;gzp
I.F.S., Indian forest service -,e;jpa

tdg;gzp
I.R.S., - Indian Revenue service -

,e;jpa
-,sk;

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B.E.,Bachelor of Enginering

nghwpapay; M.E.,- Master of Enginering -KJ nghwpapay; B.Tech - Bachelor of Techology ,sk; njhopy; El;gtpay; 233

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nkhopahf;fk ;
369) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopfis vOJf:1. small rudders guide great ships rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;. 2. you must walk before run rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gL 3. Distance lends enchantment to the view ,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir 4. Measure is a treasure msTf;F kPwpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R 5. Make hay while the sun shines fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;

nghUisg; ngWtjw;F kpfTk; Kaw;rpAilatHfsha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W fy;tpNa m o p a h nry;tk; v d ; g j i d kiwkiy mbfshh; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;. nts;sj;jhy; mopahJ nte; joyhy; NtfhJ Nte;j uhYq; nfhs;sj;jhd; KbahJ nfhLj;jhYk;

11 Mk; tFg;G (jkpo;;) ciueilg; gFjp

1. fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk; kiwkiyabfs; tpsf;fk;:nts;sj;jhy; mopahjjha; nte;jo yhy; Ntfhjjha; murHfshYq; ifg;gw;wg;glhjjha;f; nfhLf;f nfhLf;f Fiwahjjha;f; fs;tH fSf;F mQ;r Ntz;LtJ ,y;yhj jha; ekJ mwptpDs;Ns ,Uj;jyhw; fy;tpg;
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2. nja;tr; rpjk;guj; Njth cd; rpj;je; jpUk;gp tpl;lhw; ngha; itj;j nrhg;gdkhk; kd;dH tho;Tk; GtpA nkq;Nf nka; itj;j nry;tnkq;Nf kz;l yPfHjk; Nkil naq;Nf if itj;j ehlf rhiy naq;Nf apJ fz; kaf;Nf ,e;jg; ghliy mUspr; nra;jtH gl;bdj;Jg; gps;isahh; 3) f y ; t p a p d ; r p w g ; i g v L j ; J ciuj;jtHfs;? xsitg; gpuhl;bahh;> jpUts;StH 4) 'Nfby; tpOr; nry;tq; fy;tp nahUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait' vd;W $wpatH ahh;? jpUts;StH 5) kd;dDk; khrwf; fw;ndhDQ; rPH Jhf;fpd; kd;ddpw; fw;Nwhd; rpwg;Gilad; kd;dDf;Fj; jd;Nwr ky;yhw; rpwg;gpy;iy fw;NwhHf;Fr; nrd;wtpl nky;yhQ; rpwg;G" vd;W ghbatH ahh;? xsitg; gpuhl;bahh; 6) 'tpyf;nfhL kf;fs;midaH ,yq;F Ehy; fw;whNuh Nlid atH f z ; Z i l a nud;gH fw;Nwhh; Kfj;jpuz;L
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2. tPur;Rit:e.K.Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh;
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14) nrtpahy; Efug;gLgit vit? Fz> myq;fhuq;fshfpa nrhw; Ritfs; 15) nghUl; Rit vj;jid tifg;gLk;? xd;gJ tifg;gLk; 16) vJ mg;nghONj mfd;W tpLk;? ehthw; Ritj;J cz;lit 17) vg;nghOJ epiyngw;W ,d;gk; gag;gJ vJ? nrtpahw; Ritj;jJ 18) xd;gJ tifahd nghUl;Ritia $W: eif> mtyk;> ,opg;G> tpag;G> mr;rk;> tPuk;> ntFsp> ctif> rkdpiy vd;gd 19) tpopahYk;> RitahYk; Efug; gLitfs; vit? nghUl; Ritfs; 20) xd;gJ RitAs; rkdpiyahtJ vJ? rhe;jk ; 21) rhe;jk; vd;gJ ahJ? Ik;nghwpAk; mlq;fg; ngw;Wg; gpwH itapDk;> tho;j;jpDk; thshw; NghopYk;> jhspy; tzq;fpDk;> kde;jhpahJ mtw;iwr; rkkhff; nfhz;L epw;Fk; epiyikNa rhe;jk;
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24) ve;j nrhy;yhy; tPuk; 30) cyfj;J NtW Fwpf;fg; vk;nkhopapYk; gLfpwJ? fhzg;glhjJ vJ? ahtnuhLk; xg;g epy;yhJ nghUspyf;fzk; Nkk;gl;L epw;wypd; 31) nghUspyf;fzk; vj;jid ngUkpjk; vd;Dk; gphpTfis cilaJ? nrhy;yhy; tPuk; ,U gphpTfis cilaJ. Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1. mfg; nghUs;> 2. Gwg; 25) ngUkpjk; gpwf;Fk; ehd;F nghUs; nray;fs; 32) mt;tpU tif ,yf;fpa ahit? ,yf;fzq; fshYk; fy;tp> jWfz;> ,ir> czHj;jg;gLtd ahit? mwk;> nfhil nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk; 26) nfhil tPuj;ijAk;> gil cWjpg; nghUs;fSf;F tPuj;ij VJthfpa fhjnyhOf;fk;> Ak; vLj;J fhl;Lk; tPunthOf;f ghl;L k; nky;y te;njd; ey;yb nghUe;jp <nad ,uf;Ft uhapd;> rPUil KuRnfO jhaj;J muNrh jQ;rk; ,d;Dap uhapDk; nfhLf;Fntd;. vd;W eyq;fps;sp vd;w Nrho kd;dd; giftUld; N g h h ; njhlq;F Kd; $Wjy;. 27) ghhpapd; MUapH ez;gH ahh;? fgpyH 28) gwk;ehL vj;jid CHfis cilaJ? Ke;EhW CHfis cilaJ 29) Ke;EhW CHfisAk; ahh; ngw;wdh;? ghprpyH 234 ngw;Wtpl;ldH

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nry;Yk; mbatdhf Ffd; 39) fhsj;jp Ntld; ahh;? Nfhyj;ijj; jpUj;jp fz;zg;g d; mikj;Js;shh;. 40) fq;if Ntld; ahh;? Njth epd;foy; Nrtpf;f Ffd te;jndd; ; ehtha; Ntl;Ltd; 41) Njthuj;jpYk;> ehabNad; jpUthrfj;jpYk; ahUila 48) Ffd; vLj;J nrd;w nghUs;? ngUik Ngrg;gLfpwJ? NjDk;> kPDk; fz;zg;gd; 49) ,iwtdplk; gad; fUjh 42) irt rkaj;ij epiy gf;jp g+z;ltHfs;? epWj;jpa ehy;tUf;Fk; Ffd; kw;Wk; Ke;jpatd; ahh;? fz;zg;gd; fz;zg;gd; 43) fhsj;jp ehjid tzq;fpatH? jpUQhd rk;ge;jH 44) ve;j Ntlid fUthff; nfhz;L fq;if Ntldhfpa Ffid fk;gH tbj;Js;shh;? fhsj;jp Ntlid 45) Nfhriy ehl;L ,sturd; ahh;? ,uhkd ; 46) tlnkhop fhtpaj;jpy; ,uhkid fhz Ffd; tUtJ vt;thW $wg;gl;Ls;s J? XH murd; kw;Nwhh; murid fhz tUfpd;w jd;ikapy; 47) fk;gH Ffid vt;thW mikj;jpUf; fpwhh;? 236 Mz;ltidf; fhzr;

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73) Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; fhjy; tho;it fhl;LtJ? Gfhh; fhz;lk; 74) fztid ,oe;j fz;zfpNa mtyr; Ritapd; Moj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ? kJiuf; fhz;lk; 75) fz;zfpf;fhf vLj;j fy;ypid tlmurH jiy kPJ Vw;wp te;j nrq;Fl;LtdJ tPuj;ij ghLtJ? tQ;rp fhz;lk; 76) u - w- xyp NtWghL mhp - jpUkhy;> rpq;fk;> fha;fis mhp mwp - mwpe;J nfhs; myhp - myhpg;g+ mywp - mOJ ,uj;jy; - gpr;irnaLj;jy; ,wj;jy; rhjy; cuT typik cwT Rw;wk; ciu nrhy; ciw - jiyaiz ciw vhp - jP vwp - tPR fhp - ahid fwp - fha;fwp> kpsF Fuq;F - thduk; Fwq;F - njhil $iu - tPl;Lf; $iu $iw - Jzp rPhpa rpwe;j rPwpa
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5. Xa;T - NguwpQH mz;zh

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85) Nuhk; ehl;ltH Xa;T Neuj;ij vt;thW nrytpl;ldH? kw;Nghh;> thl;Nghh;> kpUfq;fSld; Nghhpl;L mitfis nty;tJ Mfpatw;iw Xa;thf fUjpdh; 86) fpNuf;fHfs; Xa;T Neuj;ij vt;thW nrytpl;ldH ? fhg;gpak; vd;w juk; ngw;w Gjpa ehlfq;fis fhz;gJ 87) ];ngapd; ehl;lthpd; Xa;T Neuk;? Kul;Lf; fhisAld; NghhpLtJ 88) goe;jkpoH jkJ Xa;T Neuj;ij vt;thW nrytpl;ldH? VWjOTjy;> kw;Nghh; 89) ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;lthpd; Xa;T Neuk; vt;thW nrytplg;gl;lJ? Nfhopr; rz;il> fubr; rz;il 90) vOr;rp juj;jf;f nghOJ Nghf;fhff vij nfhz;Ls;sJ mnkhpf;fh? Fj;Jr; r z ; i l f ; f h f ngUk; gzk; nrytplg;gl;L tUfpwJ 91) mz;zh xU rPhpa rpe;jidahsH vd;gjid ve;j f l ; L i u njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ?
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93) kdpj tho;f;ifi a gf;Ftg; gLj;JtJ vjdpd; Nehf;fk;? rkaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; 94) rka epajp kw;Wk; ePjp vJ? xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; 95) ghrg; gopKjy; gwpg;ghh; Nghy vd;W $wpatH? Nrf;fpohh; 96) Jd;g Neha;f;F kUe;jhf miktJ? md;G 97) md;G tpijia tpijg; Ngdhf vd;Wk; kf;fs; vd;dplk; md;G n r Y j ; J t j w ; F Kd; ehd; mth;fsplk; md;G fhl;LNtd; vd;W nrhd;dtH ahh;? mh;r; /gpuhd;]p]; vd;w nghpahh; 98) KfkJ rhNfgpd; mUs; thf;F vJ? gpwH md;G ghuhl;lhkYk; gpwH md;Gf;F ghj;jpukhfhkYk ; ,Ug;gtdplk; ew;Fzq;fs; ,uh" 99) Gdpj FH - Mdpd; cgNjrk; ahJ? khe;jH Fyk; xd;Nw vd;gJk; mtHfs; midtUk; xU Fykhf thof; flikgl;bUf;fpd;wd H vd;gNj Gdpj FH - Mdpd; cgNjrk; 100) rPd Njrj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Qhdp

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kzk; - eWkzk; kdk; - cs;sk; kiz - cl;fhUk; gyif kid - tPL khd; - Gs;spkhd; Ke;ehs; - %d;W ehs; Kd;dhs; - Ke;ija ehs; NjePH - Njapiy ePh; NjdPH - Njd; Nghy ,dpa ePH jpiz - xOf;fk;> epyk; jpid - jhdpatif fid - Fjpiu fidf;fpwJ fiz - mk;G 111) kuk; - kwk; kdpjHf;F chpaJ kwk; (tPuk;) md;Nwy; mtH kuk;! 112) Cd; - Cz; Cz; - caphpfspd; czT Cd; - caphpfspd; cly; gFjp 113) fy; - kiyapy; ,Ug;gJ fy; fs; - gidapy; ,Ug;gJ fs; 114) guit - gue;J ,Ug;gjhy; fliyg; guit vd;wdH. gwit - gwe;J tUtjhy; Gs; ,dj;ijg; gwit vd;wdH 115) ,uj;jy; - ,wj;jy; gz;ila GyNthh; ,uj;jypDk; ,wj;jy; (capH tpLjy;) ed;nwd tho;e;jdH. 116) ghp - gwp mf;fhyf; fs;tHfs; ghp

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7.fy;ntl;Lfs; jp.ig.rjhrptg; gz;lhuj;jhh;

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nfhz;L
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135) ahh; Kjypy; fUq;fw; Nfhapy;fs; mikj;jdH? gy;yt murHfs; 136) nka;f;fPHj;jp mikj;J Ml;rpahz;L tUk; Kiw ahuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg; gl;lJ? Kjy; ,uhruhr Nrhodhy; fp.gp.893 Mk; Mz;L 137) nka;f;fPHj;jpfNsh L mike;j f y ; n t l; L f s ; vy;yhk; v e ;j Muha;r;rpf;F rpwe;j Mjuq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd? tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf;F 138) fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; kq;fy thh;j;ij? ];t];jp =

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8. jkpof kfspH m.fhkhl;rp Fkhurhkp

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142) JwTf;Fk; njhz;Lf;Fk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsq;FtJ ahh;? kzpNkfiy 143) cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj; NjhNu vd;W czTf; nfhil Ghpe;jtH? kzpNkfiy 144) je;ij nfhLj;jDg;gpa nfhOQ; Nrhw;iwAk; nfhs;s tpUk;ghJ> jw;nfhz;lhd; tsj;jpw;Nfw;g> ehSf;F xU Ntis czNt cz;Zk; epiyia ve;jg; ghly; fhl;LfpwJ? ew;wpiz 10 145) ehLtpl;L ehL nrd;W eak;glj; JhJiuj;jtH xsitahh; 146) tPl;bYk; khiyapy; ky;ypif kyh;e;jJk; tpsf;fpidNa ney;Yk; kyUe;Jhtp topg;gl;ldH ngz;fs; vd;gjid ve;j Ehy; $WfpwJ? neLey;thil 147) rq;f fhyj;jpy; Fbirf; ifj; njhopy;fs; vdg; nghpJk; Ngrg;gLk; E h y ; Ehw ;G > X i y N t i y Kjypad eilngw;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlHfs; ahJ? gUj;jpg; ngz;bh;> ,Uk; gdq;Fil vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhlHfs;
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12 Mk; tFg;G ciueilg;gFjp:1. caHjdpr; nrk;nkhop ghpjpkhw; fiyQH

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6) ehlfj; jkpOf;F rpwg;G tpsf;fk; je;jJ vJ? ,irj;jkp o; 14) 7) ehlfj; jkpOf;F ,d;wpaikahJ vJ? ,irj; jkpo; 8) ehlfj; jkpo; ahUf;fhf tFf;fg; gl;lJ ? ifapy; EhnyLj;Jg; gbj;jw; Fhpa mtfhrkpy;yhj Ntiyf; fhuHfSf;Fk; gbf;fj; njhpahj th;fSf;Fk; ey;ywpT Gfl;Lk; Nehf;NfhL GFj;jg;gl;lJ. 9) cyfj;jpd; ,ay;gpid cs;sij As;sthNw Gide;J fhl;LtJ vJ? ehlfj; jkpo; 10) rh];jpuf; fy;tpAilahh;f;Fg; -----,d;wpaikahN j ghi\awpTk ; 11) jkpopd; topnkhopfs; vJ? njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> J S 12) cz;zhl;L nkhopfs; ahit? njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> J S 13) jdpnkhop vd;gJ ahJ? 245

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15) jpirr; nrhw;fs; rhh;e;j nkhopfs; 1. Fy;yh - ghh;]p 2. hpf;\h - [g;ghdp 3. g[hh; - ghh;]p 4. mykhhp - Nghh;r;RfPrpak; 5. vf;fr;rf;fk; - njYq;F 6. egh; - mugp 7. Ngdh - Nghh;RfPrpak; 8. ,dhk; - cUJ 9. &gha; - ,e;J];jhdp 10. [h];jp - cUJ 11. Jl;L - lr;R 12. gPNuh - gpnuQ;R 13. fLjhrp - Nghh;r;RfPrpak; 16) kuGr; nrhw;fis mwpf: gyhg;gpQ;R - gyh%R thiog;gpQ;R thiof;fr;ry; KUq;ifgpQ;R KUq;ifr;ruL mtiug;gpQ;R - mtiug; nghl;L khk;gpQ;R khtL ,se;Njq;fha; - tOf;if Kw;wpa Njq;fha; - new;W

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2. rkurk; - jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh ;

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20) rkurf; Nfhapiy tlYhhpy; mikj;jtH? ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; 21) mUl; ngUQ; Nrhjpia mUspr; nra;jtH? ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; 22) vJ cs;stiu rkurk; Qhdk; ngw KbahJ? Ntw;Wik czHT cs;stiu 23) epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:1. fhy; Gs;sp (>) 2. miug; Gs;sp (;) 3. Kf;fhy; Gs;sp (:) 4. Kw;Wg; Gs;sp (.) 5. Kg;Gs;sp () 6. Nfs;tpf; Fwp (?) 7. czr;rp Fwp (!) 8. ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp ( ) 9. xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp ( ) 10. jdp Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp () 11. Nkw;gb Fwp () 12. gpiw milg;G ( ) 13. rJu milg;G [ ] 14. ,izg;Gf; NfhL (-) 15. rha; NfhL (/) 16. mbf;NfhL (-) 17. cLf;Fwp (*)

itg;gJ vJ? trdk;

3.ftpij NguhrphpaH v];.itahGhpg; gps;is

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26) rpwe;j nrhw;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; itg;gJ vJ? ftpij 27) f t p i j i a g ; gw;wp Nthh;l;]; nthh;j;jpd; fUj;J? Mw;wy; epuk;gpa nrhw;fs; jhkhfg; nghq;fp toptJ ftpij 28) fPl;]; vd;w ftpQH ftpijia gw;wp $WtJ? fhy;tha; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; nga;j xspkioNa ftpij vd;wdH 29) [hd; u];fpd; ftpijia gw;wp $WtJ? rPhpa czh;r;rpf;Fhpa fhuzq; f i s g ; ghtdh rf;jpahy; Fwpg;gLtJ ftpijahFk; 30) Ehjd Mq;fpy Ngufuhjp ftpijia gw;wp vd;d $WfpwJ? nra;As; newpapy; ,aw;wg;gLtNj ftpij vd;W $WfpwJ 31) ftpijapd; KjyhtJ ,ay;G vJ? KjyhtJ ,ay;G nr a ; As ; tbtpy; mike;jpUj;jy;

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4. kf;fs; tho;f;if
34) mf;fhy kf;fspd; ey;ypay;G fshfTk; rpwe;j nfhs;iffshTk; tpsq;fpatd ahit? , d p i k a h f NgRjy;> eLT epiyikahf ,Uj;jy;> ,ad;w tiug; gpwHf;F cjTjy;> gpwH nra;j cj t p i a vf;fhuzq; nfhz;Lk; vd;Wk; kwthjpUj;jy; 35) mf;fhy kf;fspd; njhopy; tiffs;? coT> thzpfk;> nerT 36) mf;fhy kf;fspd; xw;Wikapy; jPh;khd nfhs;if vJ? ahJk; CNu ahtUq; NfspH" 37) jk;NkhL gofpatHfs; jkf;F eQ;R C l ; b D k ; mjid kwhty; cz;g hh; ? mij ve;j Ehy; tpsf;FfpwJ? ew;wpiz K e ; i j ,Ue;J e l ; N l h h ; nfhLg;gpd; eQ;Rk; cz;gH edpeh fhpRH" 38) capH Neak; vd;gJ ,y;yhj tiu vd;W nrhy;tjw;F topapy;iy? ehfhpfH 39) fw;wtHfs; ve;j Ntw;WikAq; fUjhky; 249 kjpf;fg;gl;L

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41)

ve;j Ehypd; %yk; mf;fhy kf;fs; gpwH nghUis tpUk;GtJ ,y;iy vd;gij czuyhk;? FWe;njhi f 42) cyfk; ehlhfthtJ ,Uf;fl;Lk;: fhlhfthtJ ,Uf;fl;Lk; vq;Nf ey;ytHfspUf;fpd;whh;fNsh mq;Nf mJTk; ey;yjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w fUj;J ,Uf;Fk; ghly; vJ? GwehDhW ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwh m t y h nfhd;Nwh k p i r a h nfhd;Nwh vt;top ey;yt uhlyH mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd 43) xw;iwg; gpiwf;NfhL tUk; ,lq;fs;:1. nkhop ngaHg;G: njhiyf;fhl;rp (Television) vd;gJ ,e;ehspy; Clfq;fspy; (Media) Kjd;ik ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ 2. nghUs; $wy;: epiynkhop (mjhtJ Kjypy; epw;fpd;w nkhop) 3. nrhy;tU tpUj;jy;:kyub (jhkiu) kyH Nghd;w ghjk;
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44) ,ul;ilg; gpiwf;NfhL tUk; ,lq;fs; :1. gythpfSf;Fg; nghJthd nra;jp fz;zdJ fU epwk; fz;zdJ moF Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; jw;fpoik 2. fhy,lf; Fwpg;G: ,lk;: jQ;rht+H ehs;: 10.02.2004 gfu milg;G tUkplk; thpf;F kpQ;rpa gFjp

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x Ui k Al d ; epdJ jpUkyub epidf;fpd;w cj;jkH jk; cwT Ntz;Lk; NgR vd;gJ Vty; tpidKw;W NgRf vd;gJ tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W. Mq;fpyj;jpy; mUs; $He;J> jaT nra;J NgRf vd;Dk; nghUspy; tUk; Please speak vd;W nrhy;tijg; NgRf vd;W $wpdhw; NghJk; mNj nghUisj; jUk; Please speak - NgRf Please bring - nfhzh;f Please type jl;lr;R nra;f 45) jkpopirapy; ,Ue;j ehd;F ,ir Kiwfs; ahit? Maghiy> tl;lghiy> jphpNfhz ghiy> rJu ghiy 46) Vl;L Rtbfspy; --------nra;jpfs; nghjpe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? rpj;j kUj;Jtk;

'M 49) kf;fs; ehfhpfj;Jf;F chpa ehd;F epiyfs; ahit? FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> efuk; 50) ve;j epiyAilatUf;Nf 'M njhlHG ,Ue;jpUf;f $Lk;? FwpQ;rp epiy

5.MTe; jkpoUk;
47) nkhop QhapW vd;W miof;fg; gl;ltH ahh;? NjtNeag; ghthzH 48) jkpo; ehl;by; jiy rpwg;ghf Nghw;wg;gl;lJ vJ?
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51) 'M thdJ Kjd; Kjypy; ahh; epyj;jpw;Nf chpa tpyq;F? FwpQ;rp 52) Ml;ilAk; khl;ilAk; ngUthhp aha; tsHj;J mtw;wpd; CidAk; ghiyAk; cz;L tho;e;jtHfs; Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ,Ue;j MaHfs; 53) MaHfs; vij rpwg;ghf tsHe;jdH? khl;il rpwg;ghf tsHe;jdH 54) jw;fhyj;jpy; 'M vd;Dk; ngaH ve;j ghiy Fwpj;jJ? ngz; ghiy Fwpj;jJ 55) ---- vd;gJ tpyq;Fg; nghJ ngah;> Fjpiug; ngaH kh 56) --- vd;Dk; ngaNu M vd;W jphpe;jpUf;fyh k; kh 57) khL vt;thW Kf;fhukpLk; ---------khmm 58) Ky;iy epyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ? coT 59) coT ve;j epyj;jpy; rpwg;gile;jJ? kUj epyj;jpy; 60) gfL ele;j $o;" vd;W
247

$WtJ vJ? ehybahh; 61) khl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk; nghUs;fs; ahit? CDk; ghYk;> Njhy;> nfhk;G> curid (Nuhrid)> thy;kapH> rhzk;

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nf h L k; G w kUjd;> nfhLk;Gw 62) t P l ; i l j ; Jg; G u T n r a; a T k ; kUjp mLg;nghpf;fTk; 68) khLNghYioj;jy; vd;Dk; gapUf;FukplTk; nrhy; -------- cjTfpwJ. tof;F vjdhy; vOe;jJ? rhzk ; fhis k f ; f l ; f h f kpf 63) rpwe;j czTk; kUe;Jk; vJ? cioj;jypdhy; japUk; NkhUk; 69) fhis tpliy vd;Dk; ntz;nzAk; ngaHfs; ahUf;F nea;Ak; ghypUe;J ctikahF ngauhf vLf;fg;gLtd toq;fp te;jd? 64) Kd;idj; jkpoH vij kwtHf;Fk;> FWk;gurHf;Fk; nry;tkhf fUjp te;jdH? toq;fp te;jd khl;bdj;ijr; nry;tkhf fUjp te;jdH 65) ghy; Kjy; nea;aPwhfTs;s Ie;Jk; ----------vdg;gLk;. IaKjk; (gQ;rhkpUjk;) 66) jpiz tOTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf:'vd; mk;ik te;jhs; mtSf;Fg; Gy;ypL vd; mg;gd; te;jhd; mtDf;Fj; jz;zPH fhl;L 67) MTf;Fk; M Ntw;Wf;Fk; kf;fs; ,l;l ngaHfs; ahit? rhj;jd; rhj;jp> nfhw;wd; nfhw;wp> K l t d ; Klj; jp >248

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70) ,isQhpd; typikia mwptjw;F --------msitahff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. VW jOty; 71) Mokhd Mw;iw vijg; gw;wp fle;jdH? Mtpd; thiyAk;> M NtWtpd; thiyAk ; 72) MNtW vd;gJ ------- Fwpf;Fk;. fhisia 73) tho;f me;jzH thdth; Mdpdk; vd;wth; ------------jpUQhdrk;ge;jH 74) M tpw;F --------- vd;Wk; ngah;. Nfh 75) vd; jh vd;Dk; tpid ,e;jpapy; ---------vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Njt ; 76) jh - vd;Dk; tpid ,yj;jPdpy; --------vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Njh 77) Nfhtd; vd;gJ ahiu Fwpf;Fk;? murid Fwpf;Fk; 78) fpwpj;jthpd; rka MrphpaH Mq;fp yj;jpy; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? Nka;g;gH vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh; 79) Nfhtd; -- rptd;

(Mad; Mepiuia f h g ; g J Nghy; flTs; kf;fis fhj;J tUjy;) 80) Mkh vd;Dk; jkpo; nrhy; ---------- Fwpf;Fk;. fhl;Lg; gRit 81) Nfh vd;Dk; Fiwr; nrhy; ahiu Fwpf;Fk; ? muridAk;> je;ijiaAk;

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82)

"epd;Nfh thpD kpq;Nf" vd;D kplj;jpy; 'Nfh' vd;gJ ahiu Fwpf;Fk;? je;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk; 83) kpsF ePiur; (rhw;w KJ) rhj;jKJ vd;gJ ahUila kuG? itztH kuG 84) jPkpjpay; jpUtpohtpy; jPf;Fopiag; ------jPkpjpaiy ----vd;Wk; nrhy;Yjy; kuG G+f;Fopnad;Wk;> g+kpjpay; 85) j p U k z k ; K j y p a k q ; f y epfo;r;rpfSf;F fPw;W Ntatjid nfhl;lif vd;gJ ------------- kuG nrl;b ehl;L Fwpf;Fk ;

86) Mrphpaiu IaH vd;Nw miog;gJ -------- kuG NtYhh; Mk;g+H tl;lj;jhh; 87) mkpo;jj;ij cg;Gr;rhW vd;W $WtJ -------------- kuG rPuq; Nfhtpy; 88) fk; tpOr; nry;tq; Nfby; fy;tp nahUtw; F khly;y kw;iw ait" vd;Dk; Fws; $Wk; fUj;J gz;ilAyfk; KOikAk; khNl> kf;fs; nry;tkhape;jJ mjdhy; nry;tk; khnldg;gl;lJ 89) czit tpistpg;gJk; jhDk; cztspg;gJk; vJ? khL

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6. ePjp Ehy;fspy; ,yf;fpa eak;

90) ePjpfisf; $w vOe;jit? ePjpEhy;fs; 91) ,t;thW elf;f vd; Ntz;Lk; W tpjpj;Jk;> ,t;thW elf;ff; $lhJ vd;W tpyf;fpAk; nry;tJ ------vd;w Ehy;fspd; ,ay;G. ePjp Ehy;fspd; ,ay;G 92) tho;f;ifiar; rPHgLj;j mike;j Ehy; ------ePjp Ehy;fs; 93) jkpopy; mwEhy;fspy; Kjd;ik ahdJ? jpUf;Fw s; 94) ,ilf;fhldhh; Fwisg; gw;wp $wpa fUj;J ahJ? fLifj; Jisj;J Vo;fliyg; Gfl;bf; FWfj;jwpj;j Fws;" 95) rpwe;j eaq;fisj; jd;ghy; mlf;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gJ vJ? jpUf;Fw s; 96) jpUts;StH jhd; fz;l
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nghpa fdtpd; topahf kf;fSf;F FWfpa mbfspy; ve;j Fwis mUsr; nra;jhh;. ',ue;Jk; caph;tho;jy; Ntz;bw; gue; J nfLf cyfpaw;wp ahd; 97) ,uj;jy; nfhbaJ vd;w ePjpia fhl;l tpUk;Gk; Ehy;? jpUf;Fw s;

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98) fPo;kf;fis -------- Mfpa giwf;F xg;ghfr; nrhd;dhh; jk;gl;lk; 99) fathplk; ,ufrpak; $wf; $lhJ vd;w ePjpia tpsf;Fk; Fws;? miwgiw ad;dH fath;jhq; Nfl;l kiwgpwh;f;F caj;Jiuf;f yhd; 100) ,uz;lbapy; ePjpia $Wk; Ehy;? jpUf;Fws; 101) ehd;F mbapy; ePjpia $Wk; Ehy; -------ehybahh; 102) nry;tk; epiyNgWilajd;W mope;J NghFe; jd;ikaJ vd;w fUj;ij tpsf;Fk; ghl;L ------ehybg; ghl;L 103) tapw;iw tsHg;gjw;fhf ------Ngrp jphpa Ntz;lhk; ,r;rfk; 104) tapw;iw tsHg;gjw;fhf ,r;rfk; Ngrp jphpa Ntz;lhk; vd;gij tpsf;Fk; ghly; vJ? Nghw;wpNa Nghw;wpNa nad;W GJr;nry;tk; Njhw;wpahh; fz;nzyhk; njhz;Nl Nghy; - Mw;wy; gapw;wpg; gapw;wpg; gyTiug;g njy;yhk; tapw;Wg; ngUkhd; nghUl;L 105) yso NtWghL 249

miy - fly; miy miye;J jphpjy; mio - $g;gpL mis - japH> gpir

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106) ,iy - kuk;> nrb nfhbfspd; ,iy ,io - nra;> Ehy; ,io ,is - nkype;J Nghjy; 107) ciy - rikf;f ciy itj;jy;> ciyf;fsk; cio - ghLgLjy;> ciog;G cis - gplhpkaph;> NrW 108) xyp - xir xop - mopj;JtpL> njhiyj;J tpL xsp - ntspr;rk;> gJq;fpnfhs; 109) fiy - tpj;ij> fiye;JNghjy; fio - %q;fpy; fis - taypy; fisnaLj;jy; Kfj;jpd; xsp 110) fpyp - mr;rk;> gyk; fpop - Jz;lhf; fpopj;jy;> NfhL fpopj;jy; fpsp - xU gwit 111) jiy - Kjd;ik> rpuR jio - Gy;> ,iy jis - fl;Ljy; 112) jhyp - fztd; kidtpf;Ff; fl;Lk; rpd;dk; jhop - Flk; thafd;w ghz;lk; jhsp - xU tifg; ghid> Fok;G jhspj;jy; 113) tiy - kPd; gpbtiy tio - xUtif kuk;> RuGd;id kuk; tis - nghe;J> tisay;>
250

tisT 114) t h y; - tpyq;fpd; thy;gFjp ntz;ik tho; - capH tho;> gpioj;jpU ths; - ntl;Lk; fUtp> xsp nghUe;jpa

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115) thiy - ,sk; ngz; thio kutif this kPd;tif

7. kdpjH tho;f lhf;lH K.tujuhrdd;

116) rpWtd; vijg; Nghw;Wfpd;whd; gyifAk;> gy;g;gj;ijAk; 117) goq;fhyj;jpy; ele;j NjHjy; Kiw ahJ? ifia caHj;Jtjd; %yk;> Fl Xiy %yk; NjHjy; eilngw;wJ 118) ahh; tho;tjw;fhfNt kf;fs; fUtpahf gad;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ? fl;rpfs; 119) fl;rpfis fhg;ghw;w gad;gLtJ NkilfSk;> gj;jphpf;iffSk ; 120) kf;fs; goq;fhyj;jpy; ------- > ------- fz;L kaq;fpdhh;fs; gilfisAk;> gilfUtpfisAk; 121) ,d;iwa kf;fs; ----- > ------Nfl;L kaq;fpwhh;fs; gj;jphpf;iffisAk; > Nkilg; Ngr;RfisAk; 122) vj;njspT Vw;gLk; fhyk; te;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ? vg;nghUs; ahh; ahh; tha;Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
251

nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT vd;w fhyk; te;J 123) fpuhk kf;fs; vij ek;gp thoj; njhlq;Fthh;fs;? $l;LwitAk; > ciog;igAk ; ek;gp thoj; njhlq;Fthh;fs;

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124) kdpj

tho;tpy; cz;ikahd mbg;gilahf cs;sit? ciog;G kw;nwhd;W $l;LwT 125) $l;LwTf;F ,ilAWfhf ,Ug;git nty;y ----Ntz;Lk;? mwg;gil Ntz;Lk; 126) ciog;Gf;Fg; gQ;rk; te;jhy; mjnty;y ----- Ntz;Lk; cOepyk; 127) Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj rKjhak; miktjw;F vJ top Ruz;LNthUk;> Ruz;lg;gLNthUk; ,y;yhj rhjp rkak; fl;rp ,tNa Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj rKjhak; cUthtjw;F topahFk; 128) mytYff; fiyr; nrhy; mtw;wpd jkpohf;fk;: 1. nuf;fhh;l; Mtzk; 2. nrful;lhp nrayH 3. NkNd[H - NkyhsH 4. igy; Nfhg;G 5. GNuhNehl; xg;Gr;rPl;L 6. ghy;fdp - Kfg;G khlk;
252

7. gh];Nghh;l; flTr;rPl;L 8. bird; tbtikg;G 9. tprh - EioT ,irT 10. nlypNfl; NguhsH 11. ];ng\y; g]; - jdpg; NgUe;J 12. GuNghry; fUj;JU 13. Ml;Nlhfpuhg; tho; njhg;gk; 14. tprpl;bq; fhh;L fhz;Gr;rPl;L 15. gphPg; Nf]; - FWk; ngl;b 16. yk;rk; jpul;rpj; njhif 17.nkapd; NuhL - Kjd;ikr; rhiy

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18. GNuhl;Nlhfhy; kuGj;jfT 19.nrf; - fhNrhiy 20. urPJ gw;Wr;rPl;L 21. rhk;gpad; - thif #b

8. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fiyr; nry;tq;f s;

Mafiyfs; mWgj;J ehd;F" vd;w KJ nkhopf; Nfw;g gy tifahd fiyfis ghq;Fw mikj;jtH? jkpoh;fs ; 130) kpf kpf g; goq;fhyk; Kj Ny jkpofj;jpy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;W tpsq;Fk; fiyfs; ahit? fl;llf;fiy> rp w;gf; fiy> Xtpaf; fiy 131) g+k;Gfhhpy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;? Gj;j tpfhuk; kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; Kfj;J thuf; fl;llKk; fz;L gpbf;fg; gl;ld 132) fp.gp.11-12 Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; NrHe;j f l; ll g ; gFjpfs; ve;j mfo; tha;tpy; 253 129)

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld? nfhw;ifapy; ele;j mfo;tha;tpy; 133) jkpo; ehL muR njhy; nghUs; Ma;Tj; Jiwapy; fz;L gpbf;fg; gl;lJ vJ. Kj y hk ; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; vLgpj;J tho;e;j muz;id gFjp fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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134)

j kp o ; e h l; b y ; fhzg;ngWk; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fSs; kpfTk; goikahdJ? ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;ij NrHe;j gps;isahh; gl;b vd;Dk; Chpd; Filtiuf; Nfhapy; (,J ghz;baHfsJ gilg;ghFk;) 135) ve;j Ehw;whz;NlhL Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;Fk; gzp epd;W tpl;lJ? fp.gp;.9 Mk; Ehw;whz;L 136) Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fis mikj;j tHfs; ahh;? gy;ytHfs;> ghz;baHfs;> mjpaH> Kj;jiuah; 137) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfisr; nrJf;fp Nfhapyhf;Fk; Kiw ahUila fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ? gy;ytH> ghz;baH 138) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfis nrJf;fp nfhapyhf;Fk; K i w ve;j Ehw;whz;NlhL epd;W tpl;lJ? fp.gp.8 Mk; Ehw;whz;L 139) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfisr; nrJf;fp Nfhapyhf;Fk; Kiwf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf mike;j Nfhapy;? khky;yGuj;jpy;
254

cs;s Ie;J ujq;fSk;> fOFkiyapy; cs;s ntl;Lthd; NfhapYk; 140) fw;fis xd;NwhL xd;whf mLf;fp mikf;Fk; Nfhapw; gzp ahUila fhyj;jpYk; ,e;ehspYk; njhlHe;J epytp tUfpwJ? gy;ytH> ghz;baH

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141) gy;ytH fhyj;J rpwe;jitfshf fUjg;gl;lJ vJ? khky;yGuj;J flw;fiuf; Nfhapy;> fhQ;rpGuj;J ifyhaehjH Nfhapy; 142) ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; rpwe;jJ? jpUg;gj;Jhh; jpUj; jspehjH 143) NrhoH fhyj;J rpwe;jitfs;? ehh;j;jhkiy tprahya NrhoPr; Ruk;> jQ;ir ,uhruhNrr;Ruk;> vd;Dk; jQ;irg; ngUTilahh; Nfhapy; fq;if nfhz;l Nrho Guj;Jf; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoPr; Ruk;> jhuhRuk;> IuhtNjRtuH Nfhapy;> jphpGtdk; jphpGtd tpNur;Ruk; 144) Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuk; mikj;jy; ahUila fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ? gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; 145) Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuk; mikj;jy; cd;djepiy mile;j fhyk;? tpraefu kd;dHfs; fhyj;jpy; 146) gy;ytH fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfs; vij nrJf;Ftjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh;? ahidapd; cUtj;ij 147) rpw;g ,ay; ty;YeHfs; ahiu ghuhl;bg; NgRtH?
255

gy;yt H fhyj;J rpw;gpfis ghuhl;bg; NgRtH 148) gy;ytH fhyj;J rpw;gpfs; vjw;fhf ghuhl;lg; ngw;wdH? NfhapiyN a xU rpw;gkhf tbj;njLj;jjhy;

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149) a h U i l a fhyj;jpy; kdpjj; jd;ikf;Fk; clw; $WfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;ld? tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyq;fspy; 150) tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyq;fspy; ahUila fyhr;rhuj; jhf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ? Kfk;kjpa H 151) -------Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj jkpo; ehl;by; nrg;Gg;gbkf; fiy kpf cd;dj epiyapy; tsHr;rp mile;Js;sJ Rkhh; 2800 152) nrg;Gg;gbkf; fiyf;F rhd;W ahJ? Mjpr;r ey;Yhhpy; (jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;) fpilj;Js;s nja;tr; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp 153) gy;ytH fhy nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl; L? $uk;> eluhrH> nfhLKb> jphpGuhe;jfH> jphpGuRe;jhp 154) nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspd; nghw; fhyk; vd;gJ ahUila fhyk;?
256

NrhoH fhyk; 155) nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; nra;jspg; gijj; jhk; ,k;kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;j jd; flik vd;W vz;zpatHfs;? nrk;gpad; khNjtp 156) NrhoH fhyj;J nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs; vt;thW nra;ag;gl;ld? Mfk Ehy;fspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;W mjw;Nfw;gr ; nra; a ngw;wit

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157)

gbkf; fiy fhyj;jpy; rpwg;gpoe;J fhzg; gLfpwJ? tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyj;jpy; 158) Xtpaj;ij ntWe; njhopyhff; fUjhJ xU -----rhjdkhfNt fUjpdH. Nahf 159) ve;j Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jp ypUe;J Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w? V w f ; Fi w a fp.gp 7 M k; Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe; J 160) Xtpaf; fiyf;F mUk; gzpaw;wpa kd;dHfs;? gy;yt kd;dHfs; kw;Wk; Nrho kd;dHfs ; 161) gy;yt kd;dHfspy; ahh; rpwe;j Xtpadhf tpsq;fpdh;? kNfe;jputHkd; 162) Xtpa fiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; tpsq;Fk; Nfhapy;fs;? khkz;^Hf; Fiffspd; ntsp kz;lgj;jpYk;> fhQ;rpGuk; ifyhrehjH Nfhapy;> gdkiy Nfhapy;> jQ;irg; ngUTilahh; Nfhapy; 163) ve;j Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk;

nrg;Gg; ahUila

Xtpak; kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ? gdkiyapy; cs;s kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; vopyhh;e;j Mly; kfspd; Xtpak; 164) kur;rpw;gf;fiy ve;j Ehw;whz;b ypUe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ? fp.gp.16 Mk; Ehw;whz;L

257

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165)

je;jr; rpw;gf; fiy ahUila fhyj;jpy; jhd; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ? ehaf;f kd;dHfs; 166) ,tHfSila fhyj;jpy; je;jj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;fs; ahit? flTs H c U t q ; f S k ; > m ur murpaH cUtq;fSk; n gl; b > g y ; y t Hf ; Fj ; jz ; L Nghd;w nghUs;fSk; je;jj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;bUfpd;wd 167) ve;j Chpy; ehaf;f kd;dH mtuJ gl;lj;jurp MfpNahuJ cUtq;fs;> ehd;fb cauj;jpy; je;jj;jpy; fk;gPukhf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd? jpUtuq;fj;jpy; 168) rpwpa mstpy; cs;s je;j rpw;gq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd? mofH Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd 169) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSf;Fhpa tpjp 1. <Wnfl;l vjpH kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;W kpFk;. 2. me;j> ,e;j vd;Dk; Rl;Lj;jphpG mLj;Jk; ve;j vd;Dk; tpdhj;jphpG mLj;Jk; xw;W kpFk;. (v.fh) me;jr;rpiy> ve;jf;fhyk; 3.nra;ntd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd;
258

xw;W kpFk ; (v.fh) Xlf; fz;lhh; 4.td; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfu <w;Wr; nra;njd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;W kpFk; (v.fh) Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhd; ,fu <w;Wr; nra;njd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd;Dk; kpFk;

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(v.fh) vOjpg;ghh; 170) z> e> d NtWghL mwpf:muz; - kjpy;> ghJfhg;G Nfhl;il mud;> rptd; 171) mz;zk; - Nky;tha; md;dk; - xU gwit 172) Mzp - $hpa ,Uk;Gj; Jz;L Mdp - xU khjk; 173) Miz - fl;lis Mid - ahid 174) cz;Z - rhg;gpL cd;D - epidj;Jg;ghh; 175) Cz; - czT Cd; ,iwr;rp 176) vz;z - epidf;f> vz;zpg;ghh;f;f vd;d - Nfs;tp 177) fiz - mk;G fid - fidj;jy; 178) fzk; - Neuk; fdk; - gS> Rik 179) fhz; - ghh; fhd; - fhL 180) jzp - mlq;F jdp - jdpj;jpUj;jy; 181) Jzp - rPiy Jdp - Jd;gk;> Nfhgk;> mr;rk; 182) jpiz - epyk;> xOf;fk; jpiz - jhdpa tif 183) ehz; - fapW> ehzk; ehd; - jd;idf; Fwpg;gJ> jd;ik ,lg;ngaH 184) jpz;ik typik jpd;ik jPik 185) tz;ik - tsk;> toq;Fjy; td;ik - typik
259

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186) flTs; ngaHfs; tlnkhopapy; 1.mq;faw; fz;zp - kPdhl;rp 2.mwk; tsHj;jhs; jHkrk;tHj;jpdp 3. vhprpdf;nfhw;wit nusj;jpuJHf;if 4. Iahwg;gH - gQ;rejpRtuH 5. nrk;nghd; gs;spahh; nrhh;zGhPr;RuH 6. ePs; neLq;fz;zp tprhyhl;rp 7. ahopYk; ed; nkhopahs; tPzhkJu gh\pzp 8. Njd;nkhopg;ghit - kJu trdp 9. gokiyehjH - tpUj;jfphPr;RuH nkhoptsq; fhl;Lk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;:187) njhy;fhg;gpak;:- 3 mjpfhuk;> 27 ,ay;fs;> 1610 Ehw;ghf;fs; 188) t s ; S t k ; : - 3 g h y ; f s ; > 1 3 3 mjpfhuq;fs;> 1330 Fwl;ghf;fs; 189) rpyg;gjpfhuk;:- 3 fhz;lk;> 30 fhijfs;> 5001 thpfs; 190) kzpNkfiy:- 30 fhijfs;> 4755 thpfs; 191) rPtfrpe;jhkzp:- 13 ,yk;gfq;fs;> 3145 ghly;fs; 192) nghpaGuhzk;:- 2 fhz;lk;> 13 rUf;fq;fs;> 4286 ghly;fs; 193) fk;guhkhazk;:- 6 fhz;lq;fs;> 118 glyq;fs;> 10589 ghly;fs; 194) ey;yhgps;is ghujk;:- 18 gUtq;fs;> 11000 ghly;fs;
254

195) fe;j Guhzk;:- MW fhz;lq;fs;> 135 glyk;> 10345 ghly;fs; 196) jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;:%d;W fhz;lk;> 3363 ghly;fs; 197) Njk;ghtzp:- 3 fhz ;l k; > 36 glyq;fs; 3615 ghly;fs; 198) rPwhg;Guhzk;:- 3 fhz;lq;fs;> 92 glyq;fs;> 5027 ghly;fs; 199) ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;:- 5 gUtq;fs;> 47 glyq;fs;> 3776 ghly;fs;

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200) ,uhtz fhtpak;:- 5 fhz;lk;> 57 glyq;fs;> 3100 tpUj;jq;fs; 201) VR fhtpak;:- Ie;J ghfk;> 149 mjpfhuk;> 810 tpUj;jq;fSk;> 2346 mftybfSk; nfhz;lJ 202) ve;j nkhopapYk; fhzf;fpilf;fhj msT gf;jp ghRuq;fs; epuk;gpa nkhop? jkpo; 203) irtKk; itztKk; topgLk; ke;jpuk; 1. gd;dpUjpU Kiw 2. ehyhapu jpt;tpag;gpuge;jk; 204) Fwpg;ghf vOjg;gLk; nrhw;fSf;F tphpthd nrhy; j.eh.kp.th - jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpak; j.eh.F.t.th -jkpo; ehL FbePH tbfhy; thhpak; m/kp nrse;juty;ypj; jhahh; - mUs;kpF nrse;juty;yp jhahh; m.ep.F.vz; mQ;ry; (gpd;NfhL) epiyaf; FwpaPl;L vz; njh.Ng.vz; - njhiy Ngrp vz; M.fh.f - Mas; fhg;gPl;L fofk; ,.M.g - ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp v];.v];.V - (rHtrpf;\h mgpahd;) midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; ,.v];.V njhopyhsH <l;LWjp fofk; lal; - khtl;l MrphpaH gapw;rp epWtdk; bgp.,.gp - khtl;lj; njhlf;ff; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; ng.M.f - ngw;Nwhh; MrphpaH fofk;

bl;b < MHl;b MrphpaH fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ,af;fk; (DTERT)

254

6 To 12 தமிழ் வினா விடைகள் 264 Pages
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