TAKEOFF2 Manual, by Sean Lynn, Senior, Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 12 May 1994
[Link] is a FORTRAN implementation of a modified approach proposed by Krenkel and Salzman to solve for aircraft takeoff. The original methodology solved the aircraft equations of motion parametrically, whereas this program solves through a time-step integration technique. The methodlology was also modified to calculate Balanced Field Length (BFL) for preliminary design purposes. Balanced field length is often, as here, defined as the distance required to make either a One Engine Inoperative (OEI) takeoff (including obstacle passage) or a braked stop when an engine fails at critical engine failure speed. Krenkel and Salzman assumed thrust vectoring capability and thrust variation with velocity to create the balance of forces equations on the aircraft during its takeoff run. All necessary input parameters can be obtained from the performance parameters necessary for preliminary aircraft design. Some sources for estimating design parameters are located below. The program is broken into two, each describing different aspects in a takeoff analysis: 1) Normal Takeoff - From stop to liftoff to passage over a 35ft (11m )obstacle. 2) Balance Field Length calculation - Interative solution to find where the engine can fail so that the distance to perform a OEI takeoff is equal to the distance to brake to a stop. Each section prints out important times, distances and velocities for the takeoff run. For normal takeoff , incremental time distance and velocity data is output as well. References Krenkel, A.R., Salzman, A., "Takeoff Performance of Jet-Propelled Conventional and Vectored Thrust STOL Aircraft", Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1968, pp. 429. Roskam, Jan, Airplane Design Part 1: Preliminary Sizing of Airplanes, Roskam Aviation and Engineering Corp., Ottawa, KS, 1989. Torenbeek, Egbert, Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1982. Input Format The input file to the program ([Link]) was designed to be self-explanatory and to provide a ready reference to some of the input parameters. The twenty five input parameters (two of which control output) are FORTRAN unformatted input, although 15 spaces have been allocated for each input. As will be noticed, each input line contains a description of the input necessary for that line. Note that all input is in english engineering units, as is the output. A sample input file is included below. Note: File [Link] is a blank version of the input file.
TEST RUN DC9 .002376900 95000.0 1000. 2.000 0.30 1.6500 .080 0.121 .025 .3 0.0 1.1 3. 35. 0.5 31450.0 0. 1.00 3. 7 Note 1:
(03/10/93) <- Run Title and Information <- Density of air at takeoff (sl/ft^3) <- Weight of aircraft (lbs) <- Wing area of aircraft (ft^2) <- CLmax - max lift coefficient of the aircraft <- CLgrd - lift coeff. for ground run takeoff segment <- CLair - lift coeff. for climb takeoff segment <- CDgrd - drag coeff. for ground run takeoff segment <- CDair - drag coeff. for climb takeoff segment <- MUgrd - rolling friction coefficient *Note 1* <- MUbrk - braking friction coefficient *Note 2* <- LAMBDA - thrust deflection angle, positive up (rad) <- K - stall margin *Note 3* <- TIME between engine failure and braking (sec) *Note4* <- OBSHT - height of obstacle (ft) (usu 35 or 50 ft) <- PLOSS - fraction of power remaining when engine fails 29835.0 28475.0 <- 3 thrusts (lbs) *Note 5* 111.6 334. <- 3 velocities (ft/s) <- TSTEP - time step for incremental output (sec) *Note 6* <- TROT - time required for rotation <- Integer for output device *Note 7*
Rolling friction coefficient is typically: Dry concrete/Asphalt - 0.02 Hard turf/Gravel - 0.04 Short, dry grass - 0.05 Long grass - 0.10 Soft Ground - 0.10 to 0.30 Braking friction coefficient is typically: 0.20 to 0.40 with good assumptions being, 0.30 or 0.35 Takeoff speed is usually defined as Vto = k * Vstall, where k is the stall margin and Vstall is the aircraft stall speed. k is usually defined as 1.1, although 1.2 is also used, (ie. the takeoff speed is 10% to 20% higher than stall speed). This is the time lag between engine failure and the decision to begin braking. (by MIL-M-007700B this is 3 sec after failure) These three thrusts are used to calculate a quadratic thrust curve for the aircraft engine. Each thrust should correspond to the velocity below it. For cases with unknown thrust curves a constant thrust can be entered for three different velocities. This is the time step between incremental distance and velocity output points. From experience, 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 second intervals work well. This time step is only for display purposes as the adaptive differential equation solver will often break the internal step size down to maintain solution integrity. Output destination is specified by the following integers: 6 - Sends output to the printer 7 - Sends output to a file 8 - Sends output to the screen This integer number specifies how many data points will be generated for each curve. For instance, 20 as an input will create 20 points between V=0 and V= Vto for normal takeoff.
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Output Format The program was designed to output a variety of data to satisfy many needs. The output data is divided into three sections: 1) Echo the input case data 2) Output normal takeoff data 3) Output OEI BFL takeoff data Each section, in turn, is divided into three sections: critical times, distances and velocity output. As can be seen, it is a fairly simple task to modify the data for import to a spreadsheet for graphing.
TEST RUN DC9 (03/10/93)
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< CASE INPUT DATA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Gravitational accel. (g)= Air density at takeoff = Aircraft weight (W)= Aircraft wing area (S)= Max lift coeff (CLmax)= Ground lift coeff(CLgrd)= Air lift coeff (CLair)= Ground drag coeff(CDgrd)= Air drag coeff (CDair)= Roll frict coeff (MUgrd)= Brake frict coeff(MUbrk)= Angle of thrust (LAMBDA)= Stall margin (k)= Descision time (TIME)= Obstacle height (OBSHT)= EI pwr remaining (PLOSS)= THRUST = 31450.000 + 32.174(ft/s^2) 0.002(sl/ft^3 95000.000 (lbs) 1000.000(ft/s^2) 2.000(nondim) 0.300(nondim) 1.650(nondim) 0.080(nondim) 0.121(nondim) 0.025(nondim) 0.300(nondim) 0.000 (deg) 1.100(ft/s^2) 3.000 (sec) 35.000 (ft) 0.500 (fract) 0.025*V^2
-17.263*V +
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< NORMAL TAKEOFF DATA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Time (s) X-Dist (ft) X-Vel (ft/s) Y-Dist (ft) Y-Vel (ft/s) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 4.914 9.818 0.000 0.000 2.000 19.615 19.574 0.000 0.000 3.000 44.040 29.266 0.000 0.000 4.000 78.123 38.889 0.000 0.000 5.000 121.794 48.441 0.000 0.000 6.000 174.980 57.918 0.000 0.000 7.000 237.604 67.318 0.000 0.000 8.000 309.588 76.636 0.000 0.000 9.000 390.849 85.871 0.000 0.000 10.000 481.301 95.020 0.000 0.000 11.000 580.858 104.079 0.000 0.000 12.000 689.429 113.047 0.000 0.000 13.000 806.921 121.921 0.000 0.000 14.000 933.239 130.699 0.000 0.000 15.000 1068.286 139.378 0.000 0.000 16.000 1211.962 147.958 0.000 0.000 17.000 1364.167 156.435 0.000 0.000 18.000 1524.798 164.808 0.000 0.000 19.000 1693.749 173.076 0.000 0.000 20.000 1870.914 181.237 0.000 0.000 21.000 2056.187 189.290 0.000 0.000
22.000 23.000 24.000 24.936 27.936 28.000 29.000 30.000 30.716 Time (s)
2249.458 2450.617 2659.553 2862.368 3555.614 3571.035 3816.719 4067.677 4249.870 X-Dist (ft)
197.233 205.066 212.787 219.912 242.080 242.515 248.600 252.999 254.706 X-Vel (ft/s)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014 4.282 17.637 35.000 Y-Dist (ft)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.434 8.473 18.539 26.859 Y-Vel (ft/s)
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< NORMAL TAKEOFF SUMMARY >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Rotation Velocity (Vr)= Liftoff Velocity (Vlo)= Velocity over obs.(Vobs)= Rotation Distance (Xr)= Liftoff Distance (Xlo)= Distance to obst. (Xobs)= Rotation Time (Tr)= Liftoff Time (Tlo)= Time to obst. (Tobs)= TOTAL TAKEOFF DIST (Xto)= TOTAL TAKEOFF TIME (Tto)= 219.912 242.079 256.118 2862.368 3555.614 4249.870 24.936 27.936 30.716 4249.870 30.716 (ft/s) (ft/s) (ft/s) (ft) (ft) (ft) (s) (s) (s) (ft) (s)
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< OEI TAKEOFF SUMMARY >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Critical Velocity (Vcrit) Decision Velocity (V1) Velocity over obs. (Vobs) Critical Distance (Xcrit) Decision Distance (X1) Balanced Field Length (BFL) Critical Time (Tcrit) Decision Time (T1) OEI Takeoff Time (TBFL) = = = = = = = = = 203.830 212.327 256.118 2418.157 3042.478 5399.453 22.841 25.841 48.333 (ft/s) (ft/s) (ft/s) (ft) (ft) (ft) (s) (s) (s)
