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Understanding Unconscious Human Needs

The document discusses human motivation and behavior. It argues that unconscious needs are often more important motivators than conscious ones. While superficial desires differ between cultures, more basic needs are universal to humans. Behavior is motivated by multiple needs simultaneously rather than a single need. Multiple external and internal factors also influence behavior beyond just basic needs.

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Becky Valdez
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
462 views3 pages

Understanding Unconscious Human Needs

The document discusses human motivation and behavior. It argues that unconscious needs are often more important motivators than conscious ones. While superficial desires differ between cultures, more basic needs are universal to humans. Behavior is motivated by multiple needs simultaneously rather than a single need. Multiple external and internal factors also influence behavior beyond just basic needs.

Uploaded by

Becky Valdez
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION 15

Unconscious character of needs. -- These needs are neither necessarily conscio s nor nconscio s. On the !hole" ho!e#er" in the a#era$e %erson" they are &ore o'ten nconscio s rather than conscio s. It is not necessary at this %oint to o#erha l the tre&endo s &ass o' e#idence !hich indicates the cr cial i&%ortance o' nconscio s &oti#ation. It !o ld (y no! (e e)%ected" on a %riori $ro nds alone" that nconscio s &oti#ations !o ld on the !hole (e rather &ore i&%ortant than the conscio s &oti#ations. *hat !e ha#e called the (asic needs are #ery o'ten lar$ely nconscio s altho $h they &ay" !ith s ita(le techni+ es" and !ith so%histicated %eo%le (eco&e conscio s. Cultural specificity and generality of needs. -- This classi'ication o' (asic needs &a,es so&e atte&%t to ta,e acco nt o' the relati#e nity (ehind the s %er'icial di''erences in s%eci'ic desires 'ro& one c lt re to another. -ertainly in any %artic lar c lt re an indi#id al.s conscio s &oti#ational content !ill s ally (e e)tre&ely di''erent 'ro& the conscio s &oti#ational content o' an indi#id al in another society. Ho!e#er" it is the co&&on e)%erience o' anthro%olo$ists that %eo%le" e#en in di''erent societies" are & ch &ore ali,e than !e !o ld thin, 'ro& o r 'irst contact !ith the&" and that as !e ,no! the& (etter !e see& to 'ind &ore and &ore o' this co&&onness" *e then reco$ni/e the &ost startlin$ di''erences to (e s %er'icial rather than (asic" e. g." di''erences in style o' hair-dress" clothes" tastes in 'ood" etc. O r classi'ication o' (asic 0%. 1234 needs is in %art an atte&%t to acco nt 'or this nity (ehind the a%%arent di#ersity 'ro& c lt re to c lt re. No clai& is &ade that it is lti&ate or ni#ersal 'or all c lt res. The clai& is &ade only that it is relati#ely more lti&ate" &ore ni#ersal" &ore (asic" than the s %er'icial conscio s desires 'ro& c lt re to c lt re" and &a,es a so&e!hat closer a%%roach to co&&on-h &an characteristics" 5asic needs are more co&&on-h &an than s %er'icial desires or (eha#iors. Multiple motivations of behavior. -- These needs & st (e nderstood not to (e exclusive or sin$le deter&iners o' certain ,inds o' (eha#ior. An e)a&%le &ay (e 'o nd in any (eha#ior that see&s to (e %hysiolo$ically &oti#ated" s ch as eatin$" or se) al %lay or the li,e. The clinical %sycholo$ists ha#e lon$ since 'o nd that any (eha#ior &ay (e a channel thro $h !hich 'lo! #ario s deter&inants. Or to say it in another !ay" &ost (eha#ior is & lti-&oti#ated. *ithin the s%here o' &oti#ational deter&inants any (eha#ior tends to (e deter&ined (y se#eral or all o' the (asic needs si& ltaneo sly rather than (y only one o' the&. The latter !o ld (e &ore an e)ce%tion than the 'or&er. Eatin$ &ay (e %artially 'or the sa,e o' 'illin$ the sto&ach" and %artially 'or the sa,e o' co&'ort and a&elioration o' other needs. One &ay &a,e lo#e not only 'or % re se) al release" ( t also to con#ince one.s sel' o' one.s &asc linity" or to &a,e a con+ est" to 'eel %o!er' l" or to !in &ore (asic a''ection. As an ill stration" I &ay %oint o t that it !o ld (e %ossi(le 6theoretically i' not %ractically7 to analy/e a sin$le act o' an indi#id al and see in it the e)%ression o' his %hysiolo$ical needs" his sa'ety needs" his lo#e needs" his estee& needs and sel'act ali/ation. This contrasts shar%ly !ith the &ore nai#e (rand o' trait %sycholo$y in !hich one trait or one &oti#e acco nts 'or a certain ,ind o' act" i. e." an a$$ressi#e act is traced solely to a trait o' a$$ressi#eness. Multiple determinants of behavior. -- Not all (eha#ior is deter&ined (y the (asic needs. *e &i$ht e#en say that not all (eha#ior is &oti#ated. There are &any deter&inants o'

TEORI MOTIVASI MANUSIA 15 Karakter sadar kebutuhan. - Kebutuhan-kebutuhan ini tidak sadar atau Seharusnya sadar. Secara kese uruhan! na"un ka"i! da a" rata-rata #ran$! Mereka %ebih Serin$ sadar dari&ada sadar. 'a ini tidak di&er ukan &ada saat ini untuk "er#"bak "assa yan$ uar biasa bukti (an$ Menun)ukkan &entin$ ide-ide &entin$nya sadar "#ti*asi. Ini akan sekaran$ dihara&kan! &ada a asan a&ri#ri sa)a! itu tidak sadar "#ti*asi akan secara kese uruhan a$ak ebih &entin$ dari&ada "#ti*asi sadar. A&a in+# yan$ ka"i te ah disebut kebutuhan dasar san$at Serin$ Mereka Seba$ian besar tidak sadar "eski&un Se"#$a! den$an teknik yan$ sesuai! dan den$an can$$ih Men)adi #ran$ sadar. Kekhususan budaya dan kebutuhan u"u". - Ini k asi+ikasi kebutuhan dasar "e"buat bebera&a u&aya untuk "e"&erhitun$kan kesatuan re ati+ ba ik ,erbedaan &er"ukaan di kein$inan tertentu dari satu budaya ke yan$ ain. Tentu sa)a da a" setia& budaya ter"asuk Isi "#ti*asi sadar indi*idu -iasanya akan san$at berbeda dari isi "#ti*asi sadar Indi*idu da a" "asyarakat ain. Na"un! itu ada ah Itu &en$a a"an u"u" dari &ara antr#&# #$ #ran$! bahkan da a" "asyarakat yan$ berbeda! )auh ebih "iri& dari&ada yan$ kita akan ber&ikir dari K#ntak &erta"a ka"i den$an "ereka! se&erti yan$ kita tahu dan Itu "ereka ebih baik kita ta"&aknya "ene"ukan ebih dan ebih dari kea.a"an ini! Ka"i ke"udian Men$ena i Kebanyakan ,erbedaan "en$e)utkan "en)adi dan$ka dari&ada dasar! e. $.! ,erbedaan $aya ra"but-dress! &akaian! se era da a" "akanan! d . K asi+ikasi ka"i dasar /&. 0123 kebutuhan ini seba$ian u&aya untuk "en)e askan kesatuan ini di be akan$ kera$a"an )e as dari budaya ke budaya. Tidak ada k ai" yan$ dibuat -ah.a akhir atau uni*ersa untuk se"ua budaya. K ai" dibuat hanya -ah.a re ati*a"ente ebih uta"a! ebih uni*ersa ! ebih "endasar! dari &er"ukaan kein$inan sadar dari budaya ke budaya! dan "e"buat &endekatan yan$ a$ak ebih dekat den$an karakteristik u"u" "anusia! kebutuhan dasar yan$ ebih u"u"-"anusia dari&ada &er"ukaan kein$inan atau &eri aku. -ebera&a "#ti*asi &eri aku. - Kebutuhan ini harus di&aha"i tidak "en)adi eksk usi+ atau &enentu tun$$a Un )enis &eri aku tertentu. 4#nt#h 5a&at dite"ukan da a" (an$ ta"&aknya "en)adi &eri aku ter"#ti*asi +isi# #$is!6 se&erti "akan! atau ber"ain seksua atau se)enisnya. ,ara &sik# #$ k inis te ah a"a se)ak "ene"ukan (an$ Mun$kin &eri aku untuk "enya urkan (an$ "en$a ir "e a ui berba$ai +akt#r &enentu. Atau "en$atakannya den$an cara ain! Kebanyakan &eri aku "u ti-ter"#ti*asi. 5a a" in$ku& &enentu "#ti*asi &eri aku setia& 4enderun$ ditentukan # eh bebera&a atau se"ua kebutuhan dasar dari&ada -ersa"aan den$an hanya satu dari "ereka. The Oran$ akan ebih &en$ecua ian dari "antan. Mun$kin seba$ian untuk Makan

de"i "en$isi &erut! dan seba$ian de"i kenya"anan dan a"e i#rasi kebutuhan ainnya. Satu Mei bercinta tidak hanya untuk ri is seksua Murni! Ta&i 7u$a untuk Meyakinkan diri sese#ran$ "asku initas sese#ran$! atau untuk "e"buat &enak ukan! untuk "erasa kuat! atau untuk "e"enan$kan ebih banyak sayan$ dasar. Seba$ai $a"baran! saya "un$kin "enun)ukkan Itu akan "un$kin 8secara te#ritis ,raktis )ika tidak9 untuk "en$ana isis satu tindakan Indi*idu dan "e ihat di da a"nya eks&resi kebutuhannya +isi# #$is! kebutuhan kese a"atan-Nya! kebutuhan cintanya! kebutuhan har$a diri dan se +actua i:ati#n nya. 'a ini san$at k#ntras den$an "erek yan$ ebih nai+ &sik# #$i si+at di yan$ satu si+at atau satu "#ti+ "enyu"ban$ Un )enis tertentu tindakan! i. e.! ada ah tindakan a$resi+ Se"ata-"ata dite usuri ke suatu si+at a$resi*itas. -ebera&a +akt#r-+akt#r &enentu &eri aku. - Tidak se"ua &eri aku ditentukan # eh kebutuhan dasar. Katakan -ah.a Kita Mun$kin bahkan tidak se"ua &eri aku ter"#ti*asi. Ada banyak +akt#r &enentu

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